492:
291:
31:
646:
Efonidipine is primarily metabolized in the liver. The important metabolites are N-dephenylated
Efonidipine (DPH), deaminated Efonidipine (AL) and N-debenzylated Efonidipine (DBZ). DBZ and DPH exhibit activity as calcium antagonists. The vasodilating properties of DBZ and DPH were about two-thirds
757:
equalizes the hydrostatic pressure across the capillary bed through equal arteriolar and venular dilatation, thus reducing vasodilatory edema. These incremental microcirculatory benefits of efonidipine over the conventional L-type Ca2+ channel blockers (Amlodipine) are likely attributed to their
518:
Efonidipine has a negative chronotropic effect. Working on sino atrial node cells by inhibiting T-type calcium channel activation, Efonidipine prolongs the late phase-4 depolarization of the sino atrial node action potential and suppresses an elevated HR. The negative chronotropic effect of
655:
Biliary route is the main pathway of excretion. No significant amount of unchanged drug was excreted in urine. In the urine collected for 24 h after an oral dosing, 1.1 % of the dose was excreted as deaminated
Efonidipine, and 0.5% as a pyridine analogue of deaminated Efonidipine.
647:
and one-third respectively than that of the parent compound. Results suggest that the majority of the pharmacological effect after oral dosing of
Efonidipine hydrochloride in man is due to unchanged compound and its metabolites make a small contribution to the pharmacological effect.
487:
Efonidipine is a dual
Calcium Channel Blocker (L & T-type). It has a unique chemical structure. The phosphonate moiety (Figure 1) at the C5 position of the dihydropyridine ring is considered to be important for the characteristic pharmacological profile of the drug. (figure-1)
783:
The drug should not be administered to pregnant women and women suspected of being pregnant. Administration to lactating women should be avoided unless benefit significantly surpasses the risk to the child. Mothers on
Efonidipine treatment should avoid breast feeding.
724:
Grape fruit juice: Grapefruit juice suppresses enzymes metabolizing calcium channel antagonists (cytochrome P450) and reduces the clearance. Thus, there is a possibility that blood concentration of the drug may increase and the anti-hypertensive effect is
367:
737:
The common side effects are hot flushes, facial flushing and headache. In addition, elevation in serum total cholesterol, ALT (SGPT), AST (SGOT) and BUN may occur. Frequent urination, pedal edema, increased triglycerides occurs in
1108:
Sugano N, Sugano N, Wakino S, Tatematsu S, Homma K, Yoshioka K, et al. (December 2006). "Role of T-type Ca2 channels (TCCs) as a determinant of Rho-kinase activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal injury".
774:
The drug should be started at low dose (20 mg/day) in elderly. Patient should be carefully observed for development of hypo-tension. Dose may be halved if there is intolerance to the 20 mg/day dosage regimen.
534:
Efonidipine enhances sodium excretion from the kidneys by suppressing aldosterone synthesis and secretion from the adrenal glands. Aldosterone induced renal parenchymal fibrosis is suppressed by
Efonidipine.
717:
Other anti-hypertensive agents: Efonidipine enhances the antihypertensive action additively and may produce hypotension and shock. Blood pressure should be monitored regularly to adjust dose of concomitant
721: Cimetidine: Cimetidine inhibits CYP450 enzymes involved in metabolism of CCBs. Blood concentration of calcium channel antagonists increase leading to higher incidence of side effects (hot flushes).
409:
InChI=1S/C34H38N3O7P/c1-24-30(33(38)42-19-18-36(28-15-9-6-10-16-28)21-26-12-7-5-8-13-26)31(27-14-11-17-29(20-27)37(39)40)32(25(2)35-24)45(41)43-22-34(3,4)23-44-45/h5-17,20,31,35H,18-19,21-23H2,1-4H3
554:
Peak plasma concentration is achieved in about 1.5 to 3.67 hours after administration. Half life is approximately 4 hours. The pharmacokinetic parameters of
Efonidipine are depicted in Table-1.
863:
728:
Tacrolimus: Efonidipine inhibits metabolic enzymes involved in
Tacrolimus metabolism and reduces its clearance. So, increase in blood concentration of Tacrolimus can occur.
898:
Masumiya H, Shijuku T, Tanaka H, Shigenobu K (May 1998). "Inhibition of myocardial L- and T-type Ca2+ currents by efonidipine: possible mechanism for its chronotropic effect".
758:
additional T-type Ca2+ channel blocking properties and the increased presence of T-type Ca2+channels in the microvasculature (e.g. arterioles, capillaries, venules etc.).
528:
Efonidipine increases glomerular filtration rate without increasing intra-glomerular pressure and filtration fraction. This prevents hypertension induced renal damage.
4390:
4341:
3106:
2951:
1902:
136:
2-(Phenyl-(phenylmethyl)amino)ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxa-2λ5-phosphacyclohex-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate
749:
One common adverse effect of the L-type Ca2+ channel blockers like
Amlodipine is vasodilatory Pedal edema. Combined L-/T-type Ca2+ channel blockers, such as
83:
1773:
4223:
4218:
4208:
704:
As dizziness can occur due to hypotensive action, one should be careful while operating machines, with aerial work platforms and driving of a motor vehicle
4158:
3447:
1831:
1826:
425:
1897:
1783:
1493:
1433:
1338:
874:
4292:
2913:
1658:
1603:
1598:
1563:
761:
Among the CCBs, Efonidipine (<0.1%) has lowest incidence of pedal edema compared to amlodipine ( 5-16%), cilnidipine (5%), benidipine (5%)
3774:
3537:
3467:
2396:
2253:
2128:
1872:
1720:
1683:
1583:
1578:
1478:
1463:
1458:
1423:
53:
3093:
2516:
2491:
2406:
2053:
2043:
1633:
1623:
1593:
1588:
1553:
1508:
1453:
1443:
1438:
381:
1128:
Nakabeppu H, Asada M, Oda T, Shinozaki Y, Yajima T (February 1996). "Plasma and urinary metabolites of efonidipine hydrochloride in man".
3976:
3098:
3078:
3063:
3033:
2451:
2361:
1793:
1698:
1688:
1668:
1648:
1628:
4012:
3769:
3764:
3749:
3053:
1967:
1750:
2501:
2481:
1877:
1857:
4415:
3794:
3116:
2765:
1862:
753:, display antihypertensive efficacy similar to their predecessors (Amlodipine) with much less propensity of pedal edema formation.
4410:
4032:
1985:
1309:
1882:
1808:
506:
Efonidipine, a new generation dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel blocker, inhibits both L-type and T-type calcium channels.
4327:
2817:
3257:
3235:
1331:
522:
Efonidipine increases coronary blood flow by blocking L & T-type calcium channels and attenuates myocardial ischaemia.
491:
3130:
525:
By reducing synthesis and secretion of aldosterone, Efonidipine prevents hypertrophy and remodeling of cardiac myocytes.
4059:
1364:
432:
4430:
4420:
707:
Drug should not be stopped abruptly. Discontinuation should be gradual and under supervision of a qualified physician
531:
Efonidipine prevents Rho-kinase and NF-κB induced renal parenchymal fibrosis and provides long term renal protection.
446:
401:
2329:
515:
Efonidipine exhibits antihypertensive effect through vasodilatation by blocking L-type and T-type calcium channels.
473:
792:
Safety of
Efonidipine in low birth weight infants, newborns, infants and children has not been established.
537:
Efonidipine prevents NF-κB induced hypertrophy and inflammation in the renal vasculature and protects the kidneys.
3020:
2840:
1324:
128:
104:
540:
Efonidipine lowers blood pressure in cerebral resistance vessels and prevents hypertension induced brain damage.
3587:
3317:
4386:
210:
259:
4440:
4435:
4366:
270:
4450:
4425:
4352:
3926:
3249:
3147:
2831:
2343:
1069:"The effects of calcium channel blockers on nuclear factor kappa B activation in the mesangium cells"
4254:
4172:
4073:
3990:
3859:
3282:
3179:
3011:
2780:
286:
873:. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Government of India. 11 August 2016. Archived from
4200:
4136:
3472:
1378:
469:
453:
71:
43:
4004:
3940:
3331:
2297:
2288:
1852:
1839:
1821:
1763:
1387:
1282:
1262:
1166:
465:
239:
3968:
3869:
519:
Efonidipine decreases heart rate, myocardial oxygen demand and increases coronary blood flow.
199:
154:
3562:
2093:
2028:
2008:
476:(DCGI) has approved the use of efonidipine in India. It is launched under the brand name "
219:
8:
4213:
2351:
1755:
290:
145:
2623:
2618:
2521:
2228:
1998:
1204:
1187:
1000:
973:
954:
937:
845:
832:
815:
63:
911:
4445:
4272:
3883:
3557:
3201:
3073:
2320:
2213:
1347:
1244:
1240:
1209:
1145:
1090:
1046:
1005:
915:
837:
698:
849:
4050:
3547:
3462:
3262:
2981:
2770:
2108:
1236:
1199:
1137:
1080:
1036:
995:
985:
949:
907:
827:
389:
O=P1(OCC(CO1)(C)C)C/4=C(/N\C(=C(\C(=O)OCCN(c2ccccc2)Cc3ccccc3)C\4c5cccc(()=O)c5)C)C
307:
179:
974:"Suppression of aldosterone synthesis and secretion by ca(2+) channel antagonists"
678:
Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to Efonidipine or any of the excipients
4302:
4297:
4267:
4096:
4091:
3694:
3659:
3649:
3614:
3221:
3196:
2663:
2356:
2238:
1393:
1355:
450:
4277:
4233:
3824:
3724:
3634:
3308:
3164:
3107:
2952:
2908:
2863:
2608:
2598:
2218:
2138:
1735:
1638:
1768:
1363:
1141:
4404:
4287:
4180:
4126:
4111:
3897:
3834:
3567:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3452:
3272:
3206:
3058:
2868:
2853:
2698:
2391:
2273:
2113:
1993:
1972:
1947:
1867:
1488:
1483:
1023:
Hayashi K, Homma K, Wakino S, Tokuyama H, Sugano N, Saruta T, Itoh H (2010).
691: Should be administered with caution in patients with hepatic impairment
816:"Efonidipine hydrochloride: a dual blocker of L- and T-type ca(2+) channels"
22:
4159:
3907:
3819:
3809:
3719:
3654:
3552:
3482:
3417:
3407:
3362:
2986:
2971:
2918:
2873:
2728:
2683:
2668:
2658:
2643:
2583:
2223:
2203:
2143:
1693:
1548:
1408:
1248:
1213:
1094:
1050:
1009:
841:
1149:
1085:
1068:
990:
919:
3958:
3912:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3704:
3689:
3684:
3639:
3618:
3610:
3522:
3517:
3502:
3487:
3422:
3367:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2903:
2888:
2878:
2858:
2760:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2678:
2653:
2648:
2628:
2613:
2578:
2563:
2526:
2461:
2421:
2411:
2268:
2263:
2248:
2233:
2173:
2038:
1942:
1937:
1922:
1917:
1798:
1745:
1740:
1725:
1568:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1316:
30:
4262:
4190:
4185:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4101:
4081:
3902:
3891:
3887:
3854:
3739:
3734:
3709:
3699:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3605:
3595:
3577:
3572:
3542:
3532:
3492:
3457:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3377:
3342:
3267:
3211:
3188:
3156:
3083:
3043:
3001:
2991:
2966:
2938:
2898:
2883:
2803:
2798:
2738:
2718:
2703:
2693:
2558:
2548:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2416:
2371:
2366:
2278:
2258:
2198:
2188:
2118:
2098:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2048:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1927:
1907:
1887:
1813:
1803:
1788:
1778:
1730:
1678:
1613:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1498:
1473:
1468:
1448:
1428:
1398:
343:
190:
1041:
1024:
4282:
4228:
4144:
4027:
4017:
3948:
3877:
3839:
3814:
3804:
3729:
3679:
3624:
3600:
3527:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3357:
3216:
3088:
3068:
3048:
3038:
2996:
2976:
2893:
2688:
2603:
2593:
2573:
2511:
2496:
2486:
2446:
2431:
2401:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2302:
2243:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2163:
2153:
2133:
2123:
2103:
2078:
1708:
1673:
1653:
1618:
1608:
1573:
1558:
165:
57:
3953:
3759:
3754:
3714:
3629:
3477:
3352:
3290:
2673:
2638:
2543:
2158:
2088:
2058:
2018:
1912:
1703:
1663:
1643:
1188:"Combined L-/T-type calcium channel blockers: ready for prime time"
694:
Dose adjustment may be required in elderly as hypotension can occur
1025:"T-type Ca channel blockade as a determinant of kidney protection"
366:
4022:
3844:
3644:
3169:
2568:
2506:
2168:
2148:
1844:
1715:
697: Efonidipine may worsen clinical condition in patients with
1130:
Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems
3848:
3112:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
2961:
2957:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
2633:
2553:
2436:
2426:
2208:
1977:
250:
897:
744:
4328:
2818:
2588:
2441:
1227:
Osterloh IH (1991). "An update on the safety of amlodipine".
457:
357:
230:
3236:
1067:
Hayashi M, Yamaji Y, Nakazato Y, Saruta T (September 2000).
681: It is also contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation.
275:
4164:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
4086:
3131:
2789:
2751:
2534:
1107:
1066:
4060:
1365:
1127:
1022:
16:
Antihypertensive drug of the calcium channel blocker class
665:
Essential hypertension and renal parenchymal hypertension
2330:
3021:
2841:
971:
972:
Ikeda K, Isaka T, Fujioka K, Manome Y, Tojo K (2012).
3318:
938:"Efonidipine hydrochloride: a new calcium antagonist"
558:
Table 1: PK Parameters in Adult Healthy Male Subjects
482:
4353:
3927:
4402:
3991:
460:. It was launched in 1995, under the brand name
178:
4391:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
813:
153:
1062:
1060:
4333:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
2823:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
1332:
1121:
931:
929:
871:34th SEC (Cardiovascular & Renal) Meeting
3241:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
1220:
1179:
967:
965:
935:
891:
809:
807:
805:
769:
764:
3139:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
1057:
1016:
745:Lesser incidence of pedal edema (< 0.1%)
478:Efnocar" (Zuventus Health care ltd, India).
112:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
4065:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
2357:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
1370:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
1346:
1339:
1325:
926:
778:
289:
198:
29:
1203:
1084:
1040:
999:
989:
962:
953:
831:
802:
732:
218:
2335:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1226:
701:, sinus arrest or sinus node dysfunction
496:Figure-1:Efonidipine: Chemical Structure
490:
3029:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
2849:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1289:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
1269:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
1173:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
285:
4403:
1229:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
978:International Journal of Endocrinology
501:
3323:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
1320:
1185:
1161:
1159:
258:
238:
62:
3258:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1312:(PDF) Shionogi & Co. April 2005.
711:
672:
2352:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
544:
509:
169:
13:
1299:
1205:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.127548
1156:
955:10.1111/j.1527-3466.1994.tb00287.x
833:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2002.tb00084.x
456:marketed by Shionogi & Co. of
336:
14:
4462:
4358:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
3932:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
3996:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1241:10.1097/00005344-199117001-00020
936:Masuda Y, Tanaka S (June 1994).
900:European Journal of Pharmacology
787:
474:Drug Controller General of India
324:
318:
4416:Aldosterone synthase inhibitors
1275:
1255:
483:Structure Activity Relationship
414:Key:NSVFSAJIGAJDMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
4411:Drugs not assigned an ATC code
1814:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
1101:
856:
814:Tanaka H, Shigenobu K (2002).
685:
659:
650:
330:
312:
1:
4387:Receptor/signaling modulators
1789:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
912:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00204-0
795:
641:
549:
1029:The Keio Journal of Medicine
7:
942:Cardiovascular Drug Reviews
820:Cardiovascular Drug Reviews
10:
4467:
3350:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
1186:Ge W, Ren J (April 2009).
302:Chemical and physical data
4380:
4351:
4326:
4319:
4253:
4246:
4199:
4171:
4157:
4135:
4072:
4058:
4049:
4003:
3989:
3967:
3939:
3925:
3868:
3860:Tricyclic antidepressants
3330:
3316:
3307:
3281:
3248:
3234:
3178:
3146:
3129:
3010:
2869:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
2830:
2816:
2779:
2342:
2328:
2319:
2287:
1377:
1354:
1142:10.3109/00498259609046703
770:Administration to elderly
765:Use in special population
569:
564:
422:
397:
377:
355:
342:
306:
301:
269:
249:
229:
209:
189:
164:
144:
124:
119:
103:
98:
82:
70:
52:
42:
37:
28:
4431:Nitrobenzene derivatives
4421:Calcium channel blockers
1283:
1263:
1167:
464:. The drug blocks both
64:International Drug Names
3473:Eslicarbazepine acetate
1111:Journal of Hypertension
779:Pregnancy and lactation
470:L-type calcium channels
454:calcium channel blocker
3217:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
1348:Ion channel modulators
733:Adverse Drug Reactions
498:
1574:Ryodipine (riodipine)
1086:10.1291/hypres.23.521
1073:Hypertension Research
494:
3563:Valproate semisodium
2094:Carboxyamidotriazole
2029:Gabapentin enacarbil
2009:Arbaclofen placarbil
4214:1,10-Phenanthroline
2771:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
1756:Tetrahydropalmatine
1264:医療用医薬品 : アテレック
991:10.1155/2012/519467
502:Mechanism of action
25:
4441:Phosphonate esters
4436:Carboxylate esters
4224:7,8-Benzoquinoline
4219:4,7-Phenanthroline
4209:1,7-Phenanthroline
3585:Local anesthetics:
3117:ML-297 (VU0456810)
2624:Diallyl trisulfide
2619:Dextropropoxyphene
2522:Tetraethylammonium
2229:Pinaverium bromide
1999:4-Methylpregabalin
1284:医療用医薬品 : コニール
1235:(Suppl 1): S65–8.
1168:医療用医薬品 : ランデル
499:
21:
4398:
4397:
4376:
4375:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4273:Meclofenamic acid
4242:
4241:
4153:
4152:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
3985:
3984:
3921:
3920:
3795:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
3558:Valproate pivoxil
3448:Acetylpheneturide
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3230:
3229:
3202:Meclofenamic acid
3165:Ethanol (alcohol)
3125:
3124:
3074:Minoxidil sulfate
2812:
2811:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2214:Otilonium bromide
2139:Ethanol (alcohol)
1903:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
1639:Phenylalkylamines
1042:10.2302/kjm.59.84
864:"Recommendations"
712:Drug Interactions
699:sinus bradycardia
673:Contraindications
639:
638:
440:
439:
368:Interactive image
271:CompTox Dashboard
4458:
4451:Benzyl compounds
4426:Dihydropyridines
4359:
4355:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4251:
4250:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3548:Sodium valproate
3463:Chlorphenacemide
3445:Anticonvulsants:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3263:Arachidonic acid
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3113:
3109:
3030:
3026:
2982:Dextromethorphan
2958:
2954:
2850:
2846:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2298:L-type-selective
2109:Dimeditiapramine
2071:Others/unsorted:
1853:T-type-selective
1840:R-type-selective
1822:P-type-selective
1774:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
1764:N-type-selective
1394:Dihydropyridines
1388:L-type-selective
1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1293:
1292:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
993:
969:
960:
959:
957:
933:
924:
923:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
879:
868:
860:
854:
853:
835:
811:
562:
561:
545:Pharmacokinetics
510:Pharmacodynamics
436:
435:
428:
370:
350:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
294:
293:
279:
277:
262:
242:
222:
202:
182:
172:
171:
157:
66:
33:
26:
24:
20:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4372:
4357:
4347:
4332:
4307:
4303:Trifluoperazine
4298:Tolfenamic acid
4268:Flufenamic acid
4238:
4195:
4163:
4149:
4131:
4097:Flufenamic acid
4092:Ethacrynic acid
4064:
4037:
3995:
3981:
3963:
3931:
3917:
3864:
3695:Metabutoxycaine
3660:Diphenhydramine
3650:Cyclomethycaine
3615:Levobupivacaine
3322:
3295:
3277:
3240:
3226:
3222:Tolfenamic acid
3197:Flufenamic acid
3192:
3174:
3160:
3138:
3135:
3121:
3111:
3028:
3025:
3006:
2956:
2848:
2845:
2822:
2808:
2793:
2775:
2755:
2664:Norpropoxyphene
2541:11.1)-specific:
2540:
2334:
2307:
2283:
2239:Rhynchophylline
1989:
1369:
1350:
1345:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1300:Further reading
1297:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1225:
1221:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1126:
1122:
1117:(suppl 6): 128.
1106:
1102:
1065:
1058:
1021:
1017:
970:
963:
934:
927:
896:
892:
883:
881:
877:
866:
862:
861:
857:
812:
803:
798:
790:
781:
772:
767:
747:
735:
714:
688:
675:
662:
653:
644:
627:
610:
593:
552:
547:
512:
504:
485:
451:dihydropyridine
431:
429:
426:(what is this?)
423:
418:
415:
410:
405:
404:
393:
390:
385:
384:
373:
348:
335:
329:
323:
317:
297:
273:
265:
245:
225:
205:
185:
168:
160:
140:
137:
132:
131:
115:
94:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4464:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4396:
4395:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4360:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Mefenamic acid
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4234:Phenanthridine
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
3998:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3882:Atracotoxins (
3880:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3825:Zetekitoxin AB
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Proxymetacaine
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Chloroprocaine
3632:
3627:
3622:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Glyclopyramide
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Chlorpropamide
2861:
2856:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Clarithromycin
2606:
2601:
2599:Chlorpromazine
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Paramethadione
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1994:gabapentinoids
1987:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:Non-selective:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1834:
1832:ω-Agatoxin IVB
1829:
1827:ω-Agatoxin IVA
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Huwentoxin XVI
1781:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Cyproheptadine
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Levniguldipine
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:Dexniguldipine
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1274:
1254:
1219:
1178:
1155:
1120:
1100:
1056:
1015:
961:
925:
906:(2–3): 351–7.
890:
855:
800:
799:
797:
794:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
768:
766:
763:
746:
743:
740:ess than 0.1%.
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
722:
719:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
702:
695:
692:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
661:
658:
652:
649:
643:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
625:
620:
619:
616:
613:
608:
603:
602:
599:
596:
591:
586:
585:
580:
574:
573:
568:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
511:
508:
503:
500:
484:
481:
438:
437:
420:
419:
417:
416:
413:
411:
408:
400:
399:
398:
395:
394:
392:
391:
388:
380:
379:
378:
375:
374:
372:
371:
363:
361:
353:
352:
346:
340:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
310:
304:
303:
299:
298:
296:
295:
282:
280:
267:
266:
264:
263:
255:
253:
247:
246:
244:
243:
235:
233:
227:
226:
224:
223:
215:
213:
207:
206:
204:
203:
195:
193:
187:
186:
184:
183:
175:
173:
162:
161:
159:
158:
150:
148:
142:
141:
139:
138:
135:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
117:
116:
114:
113:
109:
107:
101:
100:
96:
95:
93:
92:
88:
86:
80:
79:
76:
74:administration
68:
67:
60:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4463:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Niflumic acid
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Glibenclamide
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4127:Niflumic acid
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Glibenclamide
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Grayanotoxins
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Batrachotoxin
3896:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3884:ω-Atracotoxin
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Buprenorphine
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Valproic acid
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Oxitriptyline
3511:
3509:
3508:Oxcarbazepine
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Licarbazepine
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Carbamazepine
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:Antianginals:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3273:Norfluoxetine
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Niflumic acid
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Levcromakalim
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Acetohexamide
2852:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Roxithromycin
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Charybdotoxin
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Trimethadione
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Diproteverine
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Ruthenium red
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Levetiracetam
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:ω-Agatoxin TK
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Niflumic acid
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Levamlodipine
1487:
1485:
1484:Lercanidipine
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1307:(in Japanese)
1305:
1304:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:(2): 229–39.
1135:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
966:
956:
951:
948:(2): 123–35.
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
880:on 2017-11-07
876:
872:
865:
859:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
806:
801:
793:
788:Pediatric use
785:
776:
762:
759:
756:
752:
742:
741:
727:
723:
720:
716:
715:
706:
703:
700:
696:
693:
690:
689:
680:
677:
676:
667:
664:
663:
657:
648:
634:
631:
629:
622:
621:
617:
614:
612:
605:
604:
600:
597:
595:
588:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
572:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
514:
513:
507:
497:
493:
489:
480:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Landel (ランデル)
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
434:
427:
421:
412:
407:
406:
403:
396:
387:
386:
383:
376:
369:
365:
364:
362:
359:
354:
347:
345:
341:
311:
309:
305:
300:
292:
288:
287:DTXSID9043988
284:
283:
281:
272:
268:
261:
260:ChEMBL2074922
257:
256:
254:
252:
248:
241:
237:
236:
234:
232:
228:
221:
217:
216:
214:
212:
208:
201:
197:
196:
194:
192:
188:
181:
177:
176:
174:
167:
163:
156:
152:
151:
149:
147:
143:
134:
133:
130:
123:
118:
111:
110:
108:
106:
102:
97:
90:
89:
87:
85:
81:
77:
75:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
48:Landel (ランデル)
47:
45:
41:
38:Clinical data
36:
32:
27:
19:
4383:
4382:
4293:Talniflumate
3831:
3820:Tetrodotoxin
3810:Neosaxitoxin
3801:
3746:
3720:Propoxycaine
3655:Dimethocaine
3588:
3584:
3553:Valnoctamide
3483:Fosphenytoin
3444:
3418:Procainamide
3408:Pilsicainide
3363:Disopyramide
3349:
3339:
3187:
3155:
3105:
3019:
2987:Ethosuximide
2972:Cloperastine
2950:
2919:Metahexamide
2914:Glycyclamide
2874:Glibornuride
2839:
2788:
2750:
2729:Thioridazine
2684:Promethazine
2669:Orphenadrine
2659:Ketoconazole
2644:Erythromycin
2533:
2296:
2224:Phensuximide
2204:Ochratoxin A
2144:Ethosuximide
2070:
1992:-selective (
1984:
1932:
1894:
1851:
1838:
1820:
1769:ω-Conotoxins
1762:
1712:
1694:Norverapamil
1659:Dexverapamil
1637:
1611:derivatives:
1607:
1604:Vatanidipine
1599:Trombodipine
1564:Palonidipine
1549:Nitrendipine
1504:Mepirodipine
1409:Azelnidipine
1392:
1386:
1288:
1277:
1268:
1257:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1198:(4): 592–4.
1195:
1192:Hypertension
1191:
1181:
1172:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1079:(5): 521–5.
1076:
1072:
1035:(3): 84–95.
1032:
1028:
1018:
981:
977:
945:
941:
903:
899:
893:
882:. Retrieved
875:the original
870:
858:
826:(1): 81–92.
823:
819:
791:
782:
773:
760:
754:
750:
748:
739:
736:
654:
645:
623:
606:
589:
582:
577:
570:
565:
557:
556:
553:
505:
495:
486:
477:
461:
442:
441:
430:
424:
240:CHEBI:135859
105:Legal status
99:Legal status
18:
3959:Triamterene
3913:Poneratoxin
3903:Ciguatoxins
3790:Raxatrigine
3785:Ralfinamide
3780:PF-05089771
3775:PF-04531083
3747:Analgesics:
3705:Piperocaine
3690:Meprylcaine
3685:Mepivacaine
3640:Cinchocaine
3619:Ropivacaine
3611:Bupivacaine
3538:Sipatrigine
3523:Pheneturide
3518:Phenacemide
3503:Mephenytoin
3488:Lamotrigine
3468:Elpetrigine
3423:Propafenone
3368:Dronedarone
2944:Tolbutamide
2934:Repaglinide
2929:Nateglinide
2924:Mitiglinide
2904:Glisoxepide
2889:Glimepiride
2879:Glicaramide
2859:Carbutamide
2761:Linopirdine
2744:Vernakalant
2734:Tolterodine
2724:Terfenadine
2714:Tamulotoxin
2709:Solifenacin
2679:PNU-282,987
2654:Haloperidol
2649:Gigactonine
2629:Domperidone
2614:Darifenacin
2579:Bedaquiline
2564:Azaspiracid
2527:Vernakalant
2462:Linopirdine
2422:Dronedarone
2412:Dendrotoxin
2397:Clamikalant
2269:Tolperisone
2264:Tetrandrine
2254:Sipatrigine
2249:Silperisone
2234:Prenylamine
2174:Lidoflazine
2129:Elpetrigine
2039:Mirogabalin
1943:Lamotrigine
1938:Flunarizine
1933:Efonidipine
1923:Cinnarizine
1918:Cilnidipine
1873:NNC 55-0396
1799:Ralfinamide
1746:Fantofarone
1741:Dronedarone
1726:Budiodarone
1721:Brinazarone
1684:Levemopamil
1584:Sornidipine
1579:Sagandipine
1569:Pranidipine
1544:Nisoldipine
1534:Nilvadipine
1524:Niguldipine
1514:Nicardipine
1479:Lemildipine
1464:Iganidipine
1459:Furnidipine
1424:Cronidipine
1419:Clevidipine
1414:Barnidipine
1404:Aranidipine
1310:Landel ランデル
755:Efonidipine
751:Efonidipine
686:Precautions
660:Indications
651:Elimination
601:9.66-66.91
571:Efonidipine
443:Efonidipine
351: g·mol
155:111011-63-3
120:Identifiers
44:Trade names
23:Efonidipine
4405:Categories
4263:Bumetanide
4201:Activators
4191:Piretanide
4186:Lonidamine
4137:Activators
4122:Mibefradil
4117:Mefloquine
4107:Furosemide
4102:Fluoxetine
4082:Crofelemer
3969:Activators
3892:Versutoxin
3888:Robustoxin
3870:Activators
3855:Safinamide
3805:Conotoxins
3740:Trimecaine
3735:Tetracaine
3710:Prilocaine
3700:Orthocaine
3675:Iontocaine
3670:Hexylcaine
3665:Etidocaine
3606:Benzocaine
3596:Amylocaine
3578:Zonisamide
3573:Valpromide
3543:Topiramate
3533:Rufinamide
3493:Lacosamide
3458:Cenobamate
3413:Prajmaline
3403:Moricizine
3398:Mexiletine
3393:Lorcainide
3378:Flecainide
3343:Ranolazine
3283:Activators
3268:Fluoxetine
3212:Nimesulide
3194:-specific:
3180:Activators
3162:-specific:
3114:-specific:
3094:Rilmakalim
3084:Nicorandil
3044:Cromakalim
3031:-specific:
3012:Activators
3002:Tipepidine
2992:Ifenprodil
2967:Caramiphen
2959:-specific:
2939:Tolazamide
2899:Gliquidone
2884:Gliclazide
2851:-specific:
2804:Retigabine
2799:Flupirtine
2796:-specific:
2781:Activators
2758:-specific:
2739:Vanoxerine
2719:Terodiline
2704:Sertindole
2694:Ranolazine
2559:Astemizole
2549:Amiodarone
2517:Terikalant
2492:Pinokalant
2477:Nifekalant
2472:Maurotoxin
2467:Lolitrem B
2457:Kaliotoxin
2417:Dofetilide
2407:Dalazatide
2402:Conotoxins
2372:Amiodarone
2367:Almokalant
2289:Activators
2279:Valperinol
2259:Terodiline
2199:Naftopidil
2189:Mesuximide
2119:Enpiperate
2099:Cycleanine
2084:Bevantolol
2074:Bencyclane
2064:Pregabalin
2054:PD-299,685
2049:PD-217,014
2044:PD-200,347
2034:Imagabalin
2024:Gabapentin
2014:Atagabalin
2004:Arbaclofen
1963:Mibefradil
1958:Loperamide
1953:Lomerizine
1928:Dotarizine
1908:Benidipine
1888:Zonisamide
1804:Safinamide
1779:Caroverine
1731:Celivarone
1679:Gallopamil
1634:Siratiazem
1624:Iprotiazem
1614:Clentiazem
1594:Tiamdipine
1589:Teludipine
1554:Olradipine
1539:Nimodipine
1529:Niludipine
1519:Nifedipine
1509:Mesudipine
1499:Manidipine
1474:Lacidipine
1469:Isradipine
1454:Flordipine
1449:Felodipine
1444:Elnadipine
1439:Elgodipine
1429:Darodipine
1399:Amlodipine
1027:. review.
984:: 519467.
884:2019-08-04
796:References
642:Metabolism
635:2.15-6.85
618:1.50-3.67
550:Absorption
356:3D model (
344:Molar mass
220:40ZTP2T37Q
191:ChemSpider
146:CAS Number
129:IUPAC name
4384:See also:
4283:Mepacrine
4229:Ivacaftor
4145:Carbachol
4028:Ibuprofen
4018:Amiloride
3977:Solnatide
3949:Amiloride
3878:Aconitine
3840:Evenamide
3815:Saxitoxin
3730:Risocaine
3680:Lidocaine
3625:Butacaine
3601:Articaine
3528:Phenytoin
3438:Tocainide
3433:Sparteine
3428:Quinidine
3388:Lorajmine
3383:Lidocaine
3373:Encainide
3358:Aprindine
3099:Sarakalim
3089:Pinacidil
3079:Naminidil
3069:Minoxidil
3064:Mazokalim
3049:Diazoxide
3039:Bimakalim
3034:Aprikalim
2997:Tertiapin
2977:Clozapine
2894:Glipizide
2689:Quinidine
2639:Ergtoxins
2604:Cisapride
2594:BRL-32872
2574:Azimilide
2537:(KCNH2, K
2512:Tedisamil
2497:Quinidine
2487:Paxilline
2452:Inakalant
2447:Ibutilide
2432:Hanatoxin
2387:Bunaftine
2382:Bretylium
2377:Azimilide
2362:Adekalant
2321:Potassium
2303:Bay K8644
2244:Sesamodil
2194:Monatepil
2184:Manoalide
2179:Magnesium
2164:Imepitoin
2154:Fendiline
2134:Ethadione
2124:Eperisone
2104:Dauricine
2079:Berbamine
1990:δ subunit
1794:PD-173212
1709:Verapamil
1699:Ronipamil
1689:Nexopamil
1674:Falipamil
1669:Etripamil
1654:Devapamil
1649:Dagapamil
1629:Nictiazem
1619:Diltiazem
1609:Diltiazem
1559:Oxodipine
725:enhanced.
72:Routes of
58:Drugs.com
4446:Anilines
4369:instead.
4344:instead.
4255:Blockers
4247:Unsorted
4173:Blockers
4074:Blockers
4051:Chloride
4013:A-317567
4005:Blockers
3954:Benzamil
3941:Blockers
3770:NKTR-171
3765:GDC-0276
3760:Funapide
3755:DSP-2230
3750:AZD-3161
3715:Procaine
3630:Butamben
3478:Ethotoin
3353:Ajmaline
3332:Blockers
3291:Riluzole
3250:Blockers
3148:Blockers
3054:Emakalim
2832:Blockers
2674:Pimozide
2544:Ajmaline
2344:Blockers
2159:Fostedil
2089:Canadine
2059:Phenibut
2019:Baclofen
1968:NP078585
1913:Bepridil
1751:SR-33805
1704:Tiapamil
1664:Emopamil
1644:Anipamil
1379:Blockers
1249:16296714
1214:19237678
1095:11016808
1051:20881449
1010:23097668
850:32370329
842:12070536
566:Variable
433:(verify)
84:ATC code
4023:Aspirin
3845:Menthol
3832:Others:
3802:Toxins:
3645:Cocaine
3170:GAL-021
2790:KCNQ (K
2752:KCNQ (K
2569:AZD1305
2507:Sotalol
2502:ShK-186
2482:Notoxin
2169:JTV-519
2149:Fasudil
1878:ProTx I
1858:ABT-639
1845:SNX-482
1716:AH-1058
1713:Others:
1356:Calcium
1150:8868006
1001:3477571
920:9671117
594:(ng/ml)
449:) is a
349:631.666
308:Formula
166:PubChem
4320:Others
3309:Sodium
2962:Barium
2766:XE-991
2634:E-4031
2584:BeKm-1
2554:AmmTX3
2437:HgeTx1
2427:E-4031
2209:Osthol
1978:TROX-1
1863:ML-218
1247:
1212:
1148:
1093:
1049:
1008:
998:
918:
848:
840:
718:drugs.
668:Angina
628:(hour)
611:(hour)
598:36.25
466:T-type
382:SMILES
251:ChEMBL
200:106463
180:119171
4354:LGICs
4061:CaCCs
4033:PcTX1
3992:ASICs
3319:VGSCs
2589:BmTx3
2442:HsTx1
2331:VGKCs
1366:VDCCs
878:(PDF)
867:(PDF)
846:S2CID
632:4.18
615:2.59
583:Range
458:Japan
402:InChI
358:JSmol
231:ChEBI
4367:here
4365:See
4342:here
4340:See
4329:TRPs
4160:CFTR
4087:DIDS
3928:ENaC
3849:mint
3237:K2Ps
3108:GIRK
2953:GIRK
2819:IRKs
2535:hERG
1883:Z944
1809:Z160
1245:PMID
1210:PMID
1146:PMID
1091:PMID
1047:PMID
1006:PMID
982:2012
916:PMID
838:PMID
578:Mean
468:and
211:UNII
91:none
78:Oral
54:AHFS
3591:FBT
3024:ATP
2844:ATP
1237:doi
1200:doi
1138:doi
1081:doi
1037:doi
996:PMC
986:doi
950:doi
908:doi
904:349
828:doi
626:1/2
609:max
592:max
447:INN
276:EPA
170:CID
4407::
4389:•
3890:,
3886:,
3617:,
3191:Ca
3189:BK
3159:Ca
3157:BK
3134:Ca
2794:7)
2756:7)
1996:):
1711:;
1636:;
1606:;
1287:.
1267:.
1243:.
1233:17
1231:.
1208:.
1196:53
1194:.
1190:.
1171:.
1158:^
1144:.
1134:26
1132:.
1115:24
1113:.
1089:.
1077:23
1075:.
1071:.
1059:^
1045:.
1033:59
1031:.
1004:.
994:.
980:.
976:.
964:^
946:12
944:.
940:.
928:^
914:.
902:.
869:.
844:.
836:.
824:20
822:.
818:.
804:^
472:.
322:38
316:34
3894:)
3851:)
3847:(
3621:)
3613:(
3589:p
3132:K
3022:K
2842:K
2792:v
2754:v
2539:v
2300::
1988:2
1986:α
1855::
1842::
1824::
1766::
1641::
1396::
1390::
1340:e
1333:t
1326:v
1291:.
1271:.
1251:.
1239::
1216:.
1202::
1175:.
1152:.
1140::
1097:.
1083::
1053:.
1039::
1012:.
988::
958:.
952::
922:.
910::
887:.
852:.
830::
738:l
624:T
607:T
590:C
445:(
360:)
337:P
334:7
331:O
328:3
325:N
319:H
313:C
278:)
274:(
56:/
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