Effects of climate change on biomes

937:

fish living in cold or cool water can see a reduction in population of up to 50% in the majority of U.S. freshwater streams, according to most climate change models. The increase in metabolic demands due to higher water temperatures, in combination with decreasing amounts of food will be the main contributors to their decline. Additionally, many fish species (such as salmon) use seasonal water levels of streams as a means of reproducing, typically breeding when water flow is high and migrating to the ocean after spawning. Because snowfall is expected to be reduced due to climate change, water runoff is expected to decrease which leads to lower flowing streams, affecting the spawning of millions of salmon. To add to this, rising seas will begin to flood coastal river systems, converting them from fresh water habitats to saline environments where indigenous species will likely perish. In southeast Alaska, the sea rises by 3.96 cm/year, redepositing sediment in various river channels and bringing salt water inland. This rise in sea level not only contaminates streams and rivers with saline water, but also the reservoirs they are connected to, where species such as

515:, which leads to a whole host of subsequent issues. Climate change has a direct impact on the productivity of the boreal forest, as well as health and regeneration. As a result of the rapidly changing climate, trees show declines in growth at the southern limit of their range, and are migrating to higher latitudes and altitudes (northward) to remain their climatic habitat, but some species may not be migrating fast enough. The number of days with extremely cold temperatures (e.g., −20 to −40 °C (−4 to −40 °F) has decreased irregularly but systematically in nearly all the boreal region, allowing better survival for tree-damaging insects. The 10-year average of 1007:, as opposed to 84% being able to do so now, with the figure dropping to 0% by 2 °C (3.6 °F) and beyond. However, it was found in 2021 that each square meter of coral reef area contains about 30 individual corals, and their total number is estimated at half a trillion - equivalent to all the trees in the Amazon, or all the birds in the world. As such, most individual coral reef species are predicted to avoid extinction even as coral reefs would cease to function as the ecosystems we know. A 2013 study found that 47–73 coral species (6–9%) are vulnerable to climate change while already threatened with extinction according to the 497: 614: 240: 567: 860: 438: 733: 985: 7009: 714:(the weather and temperature). However, as climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier, pine beetles have more power to infest and destroy the forest ecosystems, such as the whitebark pine forests of the Rocky Mountains. Increased temperatures also allow the pine beetle to increase their life cycle by 100%: it only takes a single year instead of two for the pine beetle to develop. As the Rockies have not adapted to deal with pine beetle 6997: 19: 7033: 7021: 899: 263:. Agriculture suffers as a result. This means even regions where overall rainfall is expected to remain relatively stable will experience these impacts. These regions include central and northern Europe. Without climate change mitigation, around one third of land areas are likely to experience moderate or more severe drought by 2100. Due to global warming droughts are more frequent and intense than in the past. 616: 620: 619: 615: 621: 618: 1011:, and 74–174 (9–22%) coral species were not vulnerable to extinction at the time of publication, but could be threatened under continued climate change, making them a future conservation priority. The authors of the recent coral number estimates suggest that those older projections were too high, although this has been disputed. 3194:

Engler, Robin; Randin, Cristophe F.; Thuiler, Wilfried; Dullinger, Stefan; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; Araujo, Miguel B.; Pearman, Peter B.; Le Lay, Gwenaelle; Piedallu, Christian; Albert, Cecile H.; Choler, Philippe; Coldea, Gheorghe; De Lamo, Xavier; Dirnböck, Thomas; Gegout, Jean-Claude; Gomez-Garcia,

79:

is complex, and there is no single metric which can define all aspects. However, more intense climate change is still expected to increase the current extent of drylands on the Earth's continents. Most of the expansion will be seen over regions such as "southwest North America, the northern fringe of

5304:

Foden, Wendy B.; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Stuart, Simon N.; Vié, Jean-Christophe; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Angulo, Ariadne; DeVantier, Lyndon M.; Gutsche, Alexander; Turak, Emre; Cao, Long; Donner, Simon D.; Katariya, Vineet; Bernard, Rodolphe; Holland, Robert A.; Hughes, Adrian F.; O’Hanlon, Susannah E.;

1733:

Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial

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scenario, ecosystems in the tropical oceans would be the first to experience abrupt disruption before 2030, with tropical forests and polar environments following by 2050. In total, 15% of ecological assemblages would have over 20% of their species abruptly disrupted if as warming eventually reaches

472:

and RCP8.5. However, for RCP8.5, that rebound would be deceptive, followed by the same collapse in biodiversity at the end of the century as simulated in the earlier papers. This is because on average, every degree of warming reduces total species population growth by 7%, and the rebound was driven

412:

Studies suggest a warmer climate would cause lower-elevation habitats to expand into the higher alpine zone. Such a shift would encroach on rare alpine meadows and other high-altitude habitats. High-elevation plants and animals have limited space available for new habitat as they move higher on the

258:

again. Warming over land increases the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world. In some tropical and subtropical regions of the world, there will probably be less rain due to global warming. This will make them more prone to drought. Droughts are set to worsen in many regions of

3577:

Seidl, Rupert; Thom, Dominik; Kautz, Markus; Martin-Benito, Dario; Peltoniemi, Mikko; Vacchiano, Giorgio; Wild, Jan; Ascoli, Davide; Petr, Michal; Honkaniemi, Juha; Lexer, Manfred J.; Trotsiuk, Volodymyr; Mairota, Paola; Svoboda, Miroslav; Fabrika, Marek; Nagel, Thomas A.; Reyer, Christopher P. O.

574:

It has been hypothesized that the boreal environments have only a few states which are stable in the long term - a treeless tundra/steppe, a forest with >75% tree cover and an open woodland with ~20% and ~45% tree cover. Thus, continued climate change would be able to force at least some of the

174:

found that half of all species with long-term data had shifted their ranges poleward (or upward for mountain species). Two-thirds have had their spring events occur earlier. For instance, the range of hundreds of North American birds has shifted northward at an average rate of 1.5 km/year over the

3234:

Dullinger, Stefan; Gattringer, Andreas; Thuiler, Wilfried; Moser, Dietmar; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; Guisan, Antoine; Willner, Wolfgang; Plutzar, Cristoph; Leitner, Michael; Mang, Thomas; Caccianiga, Marco; Dirnböck, Thomas; Ertl, Siegrun; Fischer, Anton; Lenoir, Jonathan; Svenning, Jens-Christian;

1757:

Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L.

936:

can be strongly affected by heatwaves. However, the impact could vary strongly depending on the presence or absence of predators in the stream community. In their absence, the impacts are much more severe and the local extinction of most species could occur, homogenizing the community. Species of

604:

Forest expansion is likely to take longer than decline, as juveniles of boreal species are the worst-affected by the climate shifs, while the temperate species capable of replacing them have slower growth rates. Disappearance of forest also causes detectable carbon emissions, while gain acts as a

363:

The Arctic was historically described as warming twice as fast as the global average, but this estimate was based on older observations which missed the more recent acceleration. By 2021, enough data was available to show that the Arctic had warmed three times as fast as the globe - 3.1°C between

186:

mismatch. The disruption of species-species associations is a potential consequence of climate-driven movements of each individual species in opposite directions. Climate change may, thus, lead to another extinction, more silent and mostly overlooked: the extinction of species' interactions. As a

652:

A 2018 study found that trees grow faster due to increased carbon dioxide levels; however, the trees are also 8–12 percent lighter and denser since 1900. The authors note, "Even though a greater volume of wood is being produced today, it now contains less material than just a few decades ago."

600:

areas to boreal forest - as separate examples of such, which would likely become unstoppable around 4 °C (7.2 °F), though they would still take at least 50 years, if not a century or more. However, the certainty level is still limited; there's an outside possibility that 1.5 °C

314:

on plant growth will vary with local climate patterns, species adaptations to water limitations, and nitrogen availability. Studies indicate that nutrient depletion may happen faster in drier regions, and with factors like plant community composition and grazing. Nitrogen deposition from air

280:

Grasslands often occur in areas with annual precipitation is between 600 mm (24 in) and 1,500 mm (59 in) and average mean annual temperatures ranges from −5 and 20 °C. However, some grasslands occur in colder (−20 °C) and hotter (30 °C) climatic conditions.

222:

is complex, and there is no single metric which can define all aspects. However, more intense climate change is still expected to increase the current extent of drylands on the Earth's continents: from 38% in late 20th century to 50% or 56% by the end of the century, under the "moderate" and

791:

has been the greatest threat to it, and the main reason why, as of 2022, about 20% of it had been deforested and another 6% "highly degraded". Yet, climate change is also a threat as it exacerbates wildfire and interferes with precipitation. It is considered likely that hitting 3.5 °C

701:

were too cold for their survival. Under normal seasonal freezing weather conditions in the lower elevations, the forest ecosystems that pine beetles inhabit are kept in balance by factors such as tree defense mechanisms, beetle defense mechanisms, and freezing temperatures. It is a simple

297:

grasslands, where woody encroachment is prevented as low nutrient levels in the soil may inhibit the growth of forest and shrub species. Another common predicament often experienced by the ill-fated grassland creatures is the constant burning of plants, fueled by oxygen and many expired

259:

the world. These include Central America, the Amazon and south-western South America. They also include West and Southern Africa. The Mediterranean and south-western Australia are also some of these regions. Higher temperatures increase evaporation. This dries the soil and increases

380:: weather stations located on its path record decadal warming up to seven times faster than the global average. This has fuelled concerns that unlike the rest of the Arctic sea ice, ice cover in the Barents Sea may permanently disappear even around 1.5 degrees of global warming. 405:, and accelerates snowmelt, which makes more water available earlier in the year and reduces availability later in the year, while the reduction in snow cover insulation can paradoxically increase cold damage from springtime frost events. It also causes remarkable changes in 468:. In 2022, it was found that those earlier studies simulated abrupt, "stepwise" climate shifts, while more realistic gradual warming would see a rebound in alpine plant diversity after mid-century under the "intermediate" and most intense global warming scenarios 459:

found that depending on the climate scenario, 36–55% of alpine species, 31–51% of subalpine species and 19–46% of montane species would lose more than 80% of their suitable habitat by 2070–2100. In 2012, it was estimated that for the 150 plant species in the

3195:

Daniel; Grythes, John-Arvid; Heegaard, Einar; Hoistad, Fride; Nogues-Bravo, David; Normand, Signe; Puscas, Mihai; Sebastia, Maria-Theresa; Stanisci, Angela; Theurillat, Jean-Paul; Trivedi, Mandar R.; Vittoz, Pascal; Guisan, Antoine (24 December 2010).

519:

burned in North America, after several decades of around 10,000 km (2.5 million acres), has increased steadily since 1970 to more than 28,000 km (7 million acres) annually., and records in Canada show increases in wildfire from 1920 to 1999.

575:

presently existing taiga forests into one of the two woodland states or even into a treeless steppe - but it could also shift tundra areas into woodland or forest states as they warm and become more suitable for tree growth. Consistent with that, a

392:

cover approximately 25 percent of earth's surface and provide a home to more than one-tenth of global human population. Changes in global climate pose a number of potential risks to mountain habitats. Climate change can adversely affect both

617: 822:, this means that liana become the prevalent species; and because they decompose much faster than trees their carbon content is more quickly returned to the atmosphere. Slow growing trees incorporate atmospheric carbon for decades. 587:

trees is stunted by unusually warm summers, while trees on some of the coldest fringes of the forest are experiencing faster growth than previously. At a certain stage, such shifts could become effectively irreversible, making them

792:(6.3 °F) of global warming would trigger the collapse of rainforest to savannah over the course of around a century (50-200) years, although it occur at between 2 °C (3.6 °F) to 6 °C (11 °F) of warming. 413:

mountains in order to adapt to long-term changes in regional climate. Such uphill shifts of both ranges and abundances have been recorded for various groups of species across the world. In some mountain areas, such as the

3062:

Brandt, Jodi S.; Haynes, Michelle A.; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Waller, Donald M.; Radeloff, Volker C. (February 2013). "Regime shift on the roof of the world: Alpine meadows converting to shrublands in the southern Himalayas".

464:, their range would, on average, decline by 44%-50% by the end of the century - moreover, lags in their shifts would mean that around 40% of their remaining range would soon become unsuitable as well, often leading to an 4983:

Ross, Samuel R. P.-J.; García Molinos, Jorge; Okuda, Atsushi; Johnstone, Jackson; Atsumi, Keisuke; Futamura, Ryo; Williams, Maureen A.; Matsuoka, Yuichi; Uchida, Jiro; Kumikawa, Shoji; Sugiyama, Hiroshi (January 2022).

2283:

Amstrup, Steven C.; Stirling, Ian; Smith, Tom S.; Perham, Craig; Thiemann, Gregory W. (27 April 2006). "Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea".

673:

infestation, which had killed 33 million acres or 135,000 km by 2008; a level an order of magnitude larger than any previously recorded outbreak. Such losses can match an average year of forest fires in all of

640:

In the western U.S., since 1986, longer, warmer summers have resulted in a fourfold increase in major wildfires and a sixfold increase in the area of forest burned, compared to the period from 1970 to 1986. While

3106:

Debinski, Diane M.; Wickham, Hadley; Kindscher, Kelly; Caruthers, Jennet C.; Germino, Matthew (2010). "Montane meadow change during drought varies with background hydrologic regime and plant functional group".

86:

cover approximately 25 percent of the Earth's surface and provide a home to more than one-tenth of the global human population. Changes in global climate pose a number of potential risks to mountain habitats.

2201:

Craven, Dylan; Isbell, Forest; Manning, Pete; Connolly, John; Bruelheide, Helge; Ebeling, Anne; Roscher, Christiane; van Ruijven, Jasper; Weigelt, Alexandra; Wilsey, Brian; Beierkuhnlein, Carl (2016-05-19).

601:(2.7 °F) would be enough to lock in either of the two shifts; on the other hand, reversion to grassland may require 5 °C (9.0 °F), and the replacement of tundra 7.2 °C (13.0 °F). 2121:

Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:

941:

live. Although this species of Salmon can survive in both salt and fresh water, the loss of a body of fresh water stops them from reproducing in the spring, as the spawning process requires fresh water.

685:. This is because temperature is a factor which determines insect development and population success. Prior to climatic and temperature changes, the mountain pine beetle predominately lived and attacked 579:

analysis of 100,000 undisturbed sites found that the areas with low tree cover became greener in response to warming, but areas with a lot of trees got more "brown" as some of them died due to the same.

108:. Updated 2022 estimates show that even at a global average increase of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial temperatures, only 0.2% of the world's coral reefs would still be able to withstand 4448:

Kurz, W. A.; Dymond, C. C.; Stinson, G.; Rampley, G. J.; Neilson, E. T.; Carroll, A. L.; Ebata, T.; Safranyik, L. (April 2008). "Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change".

1099:"IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Summary for Policymakers" 4128: 4158:

Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).

2623:

Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).

1003:. Updated 2022 estimates show that even at a global average increase of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial temperatures, only 0.2% of the world's coral reefs would still be able to withstand 1758:

Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation.

799:

have dramatically increased since 1997 as well. These fires are often actively started to clear forest for agriculture. They can set fire to the large peat bogs in the region and the CO

681:

Climate change and the associated changing weather patterns occurring worldwide have a direct effect on biology, population ecology, and the population of eruptive insects, such as the

323:

as faster-growing plants outcompete others. A study of a California grassland found that global change may speed reductions in diversity and forb species are most prone to this process.

2773:

Forrest, Jessica; Inouye, David W.; Thomson, James D. (February 2010). "Flowering phenology in subalpine meadows: Does climate variation influence community co-flowering patterns?".

913:-fed waters to ensure a cold water habitat that they have adapted to. Some species of freshwater fish need cold water to survive and to reproduce, and this is especially true with 959:

are ice-free for three weeks longer than they were thirty years ago, affecting polar bears, which prefer to hunt on sea ice. Species that rely on cold weather conditions such as

783:

as air moves across the forest; tree losses interfere with that capability, to the point where if enough is lost, much of the rest will likely die off and transform into a dry

5133: 6733: 372:

itself (above the 66th parallel) has been nearly four times faster than the global average. Within the Arctic Circle itself, even greater Arctic amplification occurs in the

45:. Climate change represents long-term changes in temperature and average weather patterns. This leads to a substantial increase in both the frequency and the intensity of 4551:

Sambaraju, Kishan R.; Carroll, Allan L.; Zhu, Jun; et al. (2012). "Climate change could alter the distribution of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in western Canada".

1464:

Nogués-Bravoa D.; Araújoc M.B.; Erread M.P.; Martínez-Ricad J.P. (August–October 2007). "Exposure of global mountain systems to climate warming during the 21st Century".

455:

Alpine and mountain plant species are known to be some of the most vulnerable to climate change. In 2010, a study looking at 2,632 species located in and around European

101:, which leads to a whole host of subsequent impacts. Climate change has a direct impact on the productivity of the boreal forest, as well as its health and regeneration. 4769: 4777:

Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.

2386: 1788: 6909: 870:. It found that if their water temperature increases by 4 °C (7.2 °F) in July (said to occur under approximately the same amount of global warming), then 302:

concentration in the air increases plant growth, similarly as water use efficiency, which is very important in drier regions. However, the advantages of elevated CO

6577: 6034: 1440: 1190:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

559:. At the same time, eastern Canadian forests have been much less affected; yet some research suggests it would also reach a tipping point around 2080, under the 2128:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

570:

The response of six tree species common in Quebec's forests to 2 °C (3.6 °F) and 4 °C (7.2 °F) warming under different precipitation levels.

1265:

Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022:

3861:

Peng, Changhui; Ma, Zhihai; Lei, Xiangdong; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Wang, Weifeng; Liu, Shirong; Li, Weizhong; Fang, Xiuqin; Zhou, Xiaolu (20 November 2011).

227:

4.5 and 8.5. Most of the expansion will be seen over regions such as "southwest North America, the northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, and Australia".

6750: 1394:

Sales, L. P.; Rodrigues, L.; Masiero, R. (November 2020). "Climate change drives spatial mismatch and threatens the biotic interactions of the Brazil nut".

1197: 2439:

Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).

6186: 6007: 3961:"Boreal forests will be more severely affected by projected anthropogenic climate forcing than mixedwood and northern hardwood forests in eastern Canada" 6181: 3758: 6049: 4132: 3534:

McLane, S.C.; S.N. Aiken (2012). "Whiteback pine (Pinus albicaulis) assisted migration potential: testing establishment north of the species range".

1216:"Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels" 4899:

Wagner, Tyler; Schliep, Erin M.; North, Joshua S.; Kundel, Holly; Custer, Christopher A.; Ruzich, Jenna K.; Hansen, Gretchen J. A. (April 3, 2023).

1710:

Olson, D. M. & E. Dinerstein (1998). The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions.

72:

mismatch. For example, climate change can cause species to move in different directions, potentially disrupting their interactions with each other.

1717: 5206: 5050:

Bryant, M. D. (14 January 2009). "Global climate change and potential effects on Pacific salmonids in freshwater ecosystems of southeast Alaska".

2596: 1608: 5981: 4016: 2172: 4254:

Reich, Peter B.; Bermudez, Raimundo; Montgomery, Rebecca A.; Rich, Roy L.; Rice, Karen E.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Stefanski, Artur (10 August 2022).

2147: 5690: 3759:"Boreal Forests and Climate Change - Changes in Climate Parameters and Some Responses, Effects of Warming on Tree Growth on Productive Sites" 3637: 3900:

Ma, Zhihai; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Yu, Guirui; Li, Weizhong; Zhou, Xiaolu; Wang, Weifeng; Zhang, Wenhua (30 January 2012).

1334:

Malhi, Yadvinder; Franklin, Janet; Seddon, Nathalie; Solan, Martin; Turner, Monica G.; Field, Christopher B.; Knowlton, Nancy (2020-01-27).

1288:

Sales, L. P.; Culot, L.; Pires, M. (July 2020). "Climate niche mismatch and the collapse of primate seed dispersal services in the Amazon".

364:

1971 and 2019, as opposed to the global warming of 1°C over the same period. Moreover, this estimate defines the Arctic as everything above

298:

photosynthesizing organisms, with the lack of rain pushing this problem to further heights. When not limited by other factors, increasing CO

5923: 1805:

Rosenzweig, C.; Casassa, G.; Karoly, D. J.; Imeson, A.; Liu, C.; Menzel, A.; Rawlins, S.; Root, T. L.; Seguin, B.; Tryjanowski, P. (2007).

5807: 5307:"Identifying the World's Most Climate Change Vulnerable Species: A Systematic Trait-Based Assessment of all Birds, Amphibians and Corals" 4501:"Climate change and range expansion of an aggressive bark beetle: evidence of higher reproductive success in naïve host tree populations" 1765: 3277:

Block, Sebastián; Maechler, Marc-Jacques; Levine, Jacob I.; Alexander, Jake M.; Pellissier, Loïc; Levine, Jonathan M. (26 August 2022).

6071: 6024: 5109: 4673: 3705:"Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada's boreal forests" 6950: 6066: 5646: 1900: 1741: 3784: 1636: 199:

4 °C (7.2 °F); in contrast, this would happen to fewer than 2% if the warming were to stay below 2 °C (3.6 °F).

30:

system. A shift of 1 or 100% (darker colours) indicates that the region has fully moved into a completely different biome zone type.

6281: 5997: 5715: 5492: 5140: 727: 6637: 6426: 5589: 977: 430: 6286: 6249: 6103: 6088: 6002: 5651: 5595: 788: 4825: 4229: 2689: 852: 6945: 6083: 4758: 4657: 170:

concluded that over the last three decades human-induced warming had likely had an influence on many biological systems. The

6967: 5918: 5913: 5364:

Muir, Paul R.; Obura, David O.; Hoeksema, Bert W.; Sheppard, Charles; Pichon, Michel; Richards, Zoe T. (14 February 2022).

1786: 589: 560: 469: 224: 195: 112:, as opposed to 84% being able to do so now, with the figure dropping to 0% at 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming and beyond. 1098: 6448: 6226: 6044: 5971: 5961: 5851: 5658: 3434:

Jump, A.S.; J. Peñuelas (2005). "Running to stand still: Adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change".

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Reich, P.B.; J. Oleksyn (2008). "Climate warming will reduce growth and survival of Scots pine except in the far north".

1510: 1273:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-260 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004 5976: 7064: 6877: 6738: 6695: 6191: 2826:"Effects of experimentally reduced snowpack and passive warming on montane meadow plant phenology and floral resources" 2327:

Mills, L. Scott; Zimova, Marketa; Oyler, Jared; Running, Steven; Abatzoglou, John T.; Lukacs, Paul M. (15 April 2013).

2035: 1695: 1432: 2506: 61:, half were found to have shifted their distribution to higher latitudes or elevations in response to climate change. 6804: 6680: 6497: 5695: 4401: 1666: 398: 357: 64:

Furthermore, climate change may cause ecological disruption among interacting species, via changes in behaviour and

26:

for 2081–2100. Top row is low emissions scenario, bottom row is high emissions scenario. Biomes are classified with

7037: 6675: 6655: 6602: 6554: 5611: 1503:"SPECIAL REPORT: GLOBAL WARMING OF 1.5 °C; Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5°C global warming on natural and human systems" 523:

Early 2010s research confirmed that since the 1960s, western Canadian boreal forests, and particularly the western

281:

Grassland can exist in habitats that are frequently disturbed by grazing or fire, as such disturbance prevents the

1266: 843:. Indeed, even a slight increase in temperature during development impairs growth efficiency and survival rate in 645:

policies have played a substantial role as well, both healthy and unhealthy forests now face an increased risk of

6794: 6745: 6171: 6133: 6078: 5543: 2123: 1188: 368:, or a full third of the Northern Hemisphere: in 2021–2022, it was found that since 1979, the warming within the 1781:

Spalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas.

6862: 6146: 5898: 5284: 232: 6972: 6507: 6039: 425:, eventually converting them to shrublands. Changes in precipitation appear to be the most important driver. 316: 167: 3762: 527:, had already suffered substantial tree losses due to drought, and some conifers were getting replaced with 178:

Furthermore, climate change may disrupt the ecology among interacting species, via changes on behaviour and

6955: 6627: 6156: 6151: 6056: 5928: 5485: 2986: 925:, a cornerstone species, prefer cold water and are the primary food source for aquatic mammals such as the 194:

Whole ecosystem disruptions will occur earlier under more intense climate change: under the high-emissions

58: 4901:"Predicting climate change impacts on poikilotherms using physiologically guided species abundance models" 810:

Research suggests that slow-growing trees are only stimulated in growth for a short period under higher CO

247:. In 2022, the state was experiencing its most serious drought in 1,200 years, worsened by climate change. 6166: 6014: 5164:

Dixon, Adele M.; Forster, Piers M.; Heron, Scott F.; Stoner, Anne M. K.; Beger, Maria (1 February 2022).

4802: 3279:"Ecological lags govern the pace and outcome of plant community responses to 21st-century climate change" 1566:

Dixon, Adele M.; Forster, Piers M.; Heron, Scott F.; Stoner, Anne M. K.; Beger, Maria (1 February 2022).

5231:"The population sizes and global extinction risk of reef-building coral species at biogeographic scales" 1715: 803:

released by these peat bog fires has been estimated, in an average year, to be 15% of the quantity of CO

7025: 6789: 6592: 6549: 6322: 6244: 6098: 3196: 2716:"Impacts of different climate change regimes and extreme climatic events on an alpine meadow community" 752: 2204:"Plant diversity effects on grassland productivity are robust to both nutrient enrichment and drought" 2180: 921:. Reduced glacier runoff can lead to insufficient stream flow to allow these species to thrive. Ocean 839:

and consequent reductions in body size despite increased foraging, which in turn elevates the risk of

319:

from higher temperatures can increase plant productivity, but increases are often among a discount in

6894: 6569: 6544: 6517: 6479: 6396: 6214: 6061: 6019: 5769: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5421:"Reply to: Conclusions of low extinction risk for most species of reef-building corals are premature" 6409: 4959: 1835: 863:

The projected changes in freshwater fish distribution in Minnesotan lakes under high future warming.

555:(evergreen trees absorb more heat than the snow-covered ground) and acts as a small, yet detectable 6904: 6899: 6889: 6830: 6670: 6176: 6141: 6029: 5956: 5797: 5626: 5562: 5523: 1021: 902: 496: 377: 282: 260: 3634: 3169: 2259: 1918:

Martins, Paulo Mateus; Anderson, Marti J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Punnett, Andrew J. (2024-04-09).

1135: 1043:"Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space" 7013: 6935: 6845: 6587: 6559: 6239: 5893: 5871: 5478: 4533: 4500: 4383: 3809: 1687: 556: 171: 23: 4230:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer" 2875:"Relationships between Flowering Phenology and Functional Traits in Eastern Tibet Alpine Meadow" 2690:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer" 213: 6612: 6432: 6374: 6291: 6276: 6161: 5802: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 4352:"Impacts of Climate Change on Hydroclimatic Conditions of U.S. National Forests and Grasslands" 3960: 629: 501: 244: 4986:"Predators mitigate the destabilising effects of heatwaves on multitrophic stream communities" 2999:

Chen, I-Ching; Hill, Jane K.; Ohlemüller, Ralf; Roy, David B.; Thomas, Chris D. (2011-08-19).

2061: 1763: 1115: 967:

that prey on lemmings that use the cold winter to their advantage may be negatively affected.

7001: 6647: 6524: 6332: 5787: 5710: 3235:

Psomas, Achilleas; Schmatz, Dirk R.; Silc, Urban; Vittoz, Pascal; Hülber, Karl (6 May 2012).

2130:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, 1822: 1116:"Summary for Policymakers — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate" 592:, and a major assessment designated both processes - reversion of southern boreal forests to 46: 4586:

Kurz, W. (April 2008). "Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change".

4311:"Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests" 885:

would see its numbers decline by about 7% across all of Minnesota's lakes, while warm-water

6840: 6718: 6379: 5949: 5876: 5432: 5377: 5366:"Conclusions of low extinction risk for most species of reef-building corals are premature" 5318: 5242: 5059: 4912: 4850: 4714: 4595: 4560: 4457: 4322: 4267: 4025: 3972: 3913: 3874: 3821: 3716: 3591: 3543: 3490: 3443: 3400: 3347: 3290: 3248: 3116: 3072: 3012: 2943: 2886: 2837: 2782: 2727: 2541: 2452: 2340: 2293: 2073: 1990: 1931: 1473: 1297: 1054: 682: 642: 605:

carbon sink: yet the changes in albedo more than outweigh that in terms of climate impact.

511:, are warming at a faster rate than the global average. leading to drier conditions in the 97:, are warming at a faster rate than the global average, leading to drier conditions in the 27: 4649: 4643: 4427: 3902:"Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests" 2411: 1739: 1463: 8: 6857: 6632: 5861: 5856: 5419:

Dietzel, Andreas; Bode, Michael; Connolly, Sean R.; Hughes, Terry P. (14 February 2022).

4759:"Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025" 1628: 764: 732: 711: 563:

8.5 scenario which represents the largest potential increase in anthropogenic emissions.

365: 147: 131: 5436: 5381: 5322: 5246: 5063: 4985: 4935: 4916: 4900: 4854: 4839:"Mechanisms for climate-induced mortality of fish populations in whole-lake experiments" 4789: 4718: 4599: 4564: 4461: 4326: 4271: 4029: 3976: 3917: 3878: 3825: 3808:

Shuman, Jacquelyn Kremper; Shugart, Herman Henry; O'Halloran, Thomas Liam (2011-03-25).

3720: 3704: 3595: 3547: 3494: 3447: 3404: 3351: 3294: 3252: 3120: 3076: 3016: 2947: 2890: 2841: 2786: 2731: 2545: 2456: 2344: 2297: 2077: 1994: 1935: 1477: 1301: 1196:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23; Fig. SPM.6. 1058: 6685: 6617: 6534: 6384: 6349: 6306: 6301: 6296: 5866: 5456: 5401: 5341: 5306: 5266: 5187: 5075: 5021: 4873: 4838: 4740: 4619: 4481: 4291: 4205: 4129:"Fairbanks Daily News-Miner – New study states boreal forests shifting as Alaska warms" 4105: 4080: 4056: 4011: 3988: 3936: 3901: 3863:"A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests" 3837: 3740: 3685: 3612: 3579: 3511: 3478: 3368: 3335: 3311: 3278: 3216: 3044: 2912: 2750: 2715: 2670: 2577: 2564: 2529: 2488: 2363: 2328: 2309: 2236: 2203: 2097: 2016: 1877: 1850: 1589: 1411: 1368: 1335: 1313: 1240: 1215: 1075: 1042: 1041:

Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021).

989: 633: 290: 4159: 3635:

US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change

3000: 2624: 239: 6919: 6582: 6327: 6093: 5881: 5844: 5631: 5585: 5460: 5448: 5420: 5405: 5393: 5365: 5346: 5285:"Half a trillion corals: World-first coral count prompts rethink of extinction risks" 5270: 5258: 5230: 5229:

Dietzel, Andreas; Bode, Michael; Connolly, Sean R.; Hughes, Terry P. (1 March 2021).

5207:"Last refuges for coral reefs to disappear above 1.5C of global warming, study finds" 5191: 5025: 5013: 5005: 4940: 4878: 4744: 4732: 4653: 4623: 4611: 4572: 4519: 4485: 4473: 4295: 4283: 4255: 4209: 4197: 4189: 4110: 4061: 4043: 3992: 3941: 3833: 3732: 3689: 3677: 3617: 3559: 3516: 3502: 3459: 3455: 3416: 3412: 3373: 3316: 3212: 3150: 3142: 3088: 3048: 3036: 3028: 2969: 2961: 2904: 2855: 2806: 2798: 2755: 2674: 2662: 2654: 2581: 2569: 2492: 2480: 2368: 2241: 2223: 2089: 2020: 2008: 1959: 1947: 1882: 1691: 1662: 1609:"Last refuges for coral reefs to disappear above 1.5C of global warming, study finds" 1593: 1415: 1373: 1355: 1317: 1245: 1162: 1080: 878:

would disappear from 167 lakes, which represents 61% of their habitat in Minnesota.

760: 524: 188: 75:

Examples of effects on some biome types are provided in the following. Research into

5079: 4350:

Heidari, Hadi; Warziniack, Travis; Brown, Thomas C.; Arabi, Mazdak (February 2021).

4081:"Satellite observations document trends consistent with a boreal forest biome shift" 3841: 3744: 3479:"Adaptation, migration or extirpation: Climate change outcomes for tree populations" 3220: 2916: 2313: 2101: 1849:

Root, T. L.; MacMynowski, D. P; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Schneider, S. H. (17 May 2005).

1485: 274: 6962: 6529: 6512: 6453: 6344: 6108: 5827: 5700: 5636: 5440: 5385: 5336: 5326: 5250: 5224: 5222: 5177: 5067: 4997: 4930: 4920: 4868: 4858: 4722: 4603: 4568: 4515: 4465: 4363: 4330: 4275: 4179: 4171: 4100: 4092: 4051: 4033: 3980: 3931: 3921: 3882: 3829: 3724: 3667: 3607: 3599: 3551: 3506: 3498: 3451: 3408: 3363: 3355: 3306: 3298: 3256: 3237:"Extinction debt of high-mountain plants under twenty-first-century climate change" 3208: 3132: 3124: 3080: 3020: 2951: 2894: 2845: 2790: 2745: 2735: 2644: 2636: 2559: 2549: 2470: 2460: 2358: 2348: 2301: 2231: 2215: 2131: 2081: 1998: 1955: 1939: 1872: 1862: 1810: 1579: 1546: 1481: 1403: 1363: 1347: 1305: 1235: 1227: 1070: 1062: 707: 666: 418: 401:. It increases the number of extreme events such as the frequency and intensity of 183: 69: 2932:"Climate drives phenological reassembly of a mountain wildflower meadow community" 566: 7059: 6914: 6835: 6799: 6728: 6702: 6690: 6607: 6539: 6414: 6271: 5888: 5839: 5817: 5331: 5182: 5165: 4894: 4892: 4007: 3641: 3084: 1792: 1769: 1745: 1721: 1584: 1567: 1309: 1066: 1004: 918: 866:

In 2023, a study looked at freshwater fish in 900 lakes of the American state of

694: 478: 465: 345: 219: 109: 76: 5219: 3272: 3270: 2989:

Report to Congress Editors: Joel B. Smith and Dennis Tirpak US-EPA December 1989

859: 437: 150:

classification, terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments each consist of

6867: 6723: 6665: 6660: 6502: 6391: 6123: 6118: 6113: 5966: 5903: 5641: 5621: 5580: 5501: 5444: 5389: 5305:

Garnett, Stephen T.; Şekercioğlu, Çagan H.; Mace, Georgina M. (June 12, 2013).

5254: 4727: 4702: 4498: 4279: 3984: 3862: 3236: 2899: 2874: 2824:

Sherwood, J. A.; Debinski, D. M.; Caragea, P. C.; Germino, M. J. (March 2017).

2554: 2465: 2440: 1919: 938: 703: 690: 686: 456: 286: 191:

derived from biotic interactions are also at risk from climate niche mismatch.

90: 34: 5297: 5071: 4889: 4160:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points" 3197:"21st century climate change threatens mountain flora unequally across Europe" 3001:"Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming" 2625:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points" 2305: 2135: 2085: 2003: 1978: 1502: 665:

and keep their outbreaks contained. Since 1998, the lack of severe winters in

551:

are replaced with evergreen conifers - a change which also affects the area's

7053: 6940: 6872: 6597: 6419: 6404: 6339: 6234: 5009: 4193: 4047: 3267: 3146: 3092: 3032: 2965: 2908: 2859: 2802: 2658: 2484: 2227: 2093: 1951: 1807:"Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems" 1359: 1008: 984: 909:

Many species of freshwater and saltwater plants and animals are dependent on

844: 780: 772: 698: 516: 461: 394: 369: 349: 5092: 4925: 4863: 4674:"Explainer: Nine "tipping points" that could be triggered by climate change" 4256:"Even modest climate change may lead to major transitions in boreal forests" 4175: 4038: 3926: 3672: 3655: 3477:

Aiken, S.N.; S. Yeaman; J.A. Holliday; W. TongLi; S. Curtis- McLane (2008).

3024: 2930:

Theobald, Elli J.; Breckheimer, Ian; HilleRisLambers, Janneke (2017-10-11).

2640: 2353: 1943: 1867: 6825: 6622: 6266: 6256: 5908: 5792: 5705: 5452: 5397: 5350: 5262: 5211: 5017: 4944: 4882: 4736: 4678: 4615: 4477: 4287: 4201: 4114: 4065: 3945: 3736: 3681: 3621: 3563: 3520: 3463: 3420: 3377: 3320: 3154: 3040: 2973: 2873:

Jia, Peng; Bayaerta, Twenke; Li, Xiangqian; Du, Guozhen (1 November 2011).

2810: 2759: 2666: 2601: 2573: 2372: 2329:"Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration" 2245: 2219: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2012: 1963: 1886: 1806: 1613: 1377: 1351: 1249: 1231: 1084: 882: 875: 744: 740: 715: 625: 402: 320: 4405: 4335: 4310: 4157: 2622: 2441:"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979" 2148:"Scientists confirm global floods and droughts worsened by climate change" 2060:

Cook, Benjamin I.; Mankin, Justin S.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J. (2018-05-12).

1979:"The projected timing of abrupt ecological disruption from climate change" 6852: 6369: 6361: 5616: 3886: 3603: 3336:"Drivers of local extinction risk in alpine plants under warming climate" 3260: 2475: 2387:"Polar Vortex: How the Jet Stream and Climate Change Bring on Cold Snaps" 670: 662: 646: 373: 255: 4607: 4469: 4184: 2649: 2108: 6884: 6261: 1851:"Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: Joint attribution" 1551: 1534: 1000: 993: 956: 926: 836: 819: 736: 449: 341: 294: 187:

consequence of the spatial decoupling of species-species associations,

105: 18: 5110:"International Species Action Plan for the Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolis" 5001: 4368: 4351: 4096: 3728: 3555: 3359: 3302: 3137: 3128: 2850: 2825: 2794: 2740: 2208:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2127: 1814: 1407: 1340:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1270: 1220:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1214:

Van der Putten, Wim H.; Macel, Mirka; Visser, Marcel E. (2010-07-12).

473:

by colonization of niches left behind by most vulnerable species like

5834: 5166:"Future loss of local-scale thermal refugia in coral reef ecosystems" 2956: 2931: 2036:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years" 1568:"Future loss of local-scale thermal refugia in coral reef ecosystems" 1336:"Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions" 964: 960: 867: 840: 796: 593: 474: 414: 406: 337: 179: 143: 139: 127: 65: 42: 4648:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 3476: 2507:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world" 1977:

Trisos, Christopher H.; Merow, Cory; Pigot, Alex L. (8 April 2020).

5289: 3656:"Climate change. Is Global Warming causing More, Larger Wildfires?" 2987:

The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change On The United States

2416: 2039: 1848: 1535:"Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada" 1267:

Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services

898: 886: 776: 389: 307: 83: 3810:"Russian boreal forests undergoing vegetation change, study shows" 2929: 1920:"Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North American birds" 661:

Historically, a few days of extreme cold would kill most mountain

306:

are limited by factors including water availability and available

5812: 5470: 3105: 2438: 2412:"Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns" 933: 910: 905:

in central Alaska, home to various indigenous freshwater species.

784: 748: 576: 544: 500:

Change in Photosynthetic Activity in Northern Forests 1982–2003;

251: 158:

biome types, and a single-digit number of biogeographic regions.

135: 4982: 4309:

Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis (August 2021).

2588: 2432: 1901:"Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change" 999:

Almost no other ecosystem is as vulnerable to climate change as

104:

Almost no other ecosystem is as vulnerable to climate change as

6820: 3233: 2521: 1905:

AR4 Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

914: 675: 597: 584: 552: 536: 532: 422: 333: 4499:

Cudmore TJ; Björklund N; Carrollbbb, AL; Lindgren BS. (2010).

2823: 2260:"Grassland Carbon Management | Climate Change Resource Center" 1917: 417:, climate change appears to promote the appearance of various 6734:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

5822: 4005: 2597:"New data reveals extraordinary global heating in the Arctic" 1804: 1163:"Why extreme rains are gaining strength as the climate warms" 922: 815: 768: 548: 540: 528: 512: 491: 285:. Species richness is particularly high in grasslands of low 121: 98: 54: 50: 38: 4010:; Van Nes, Egbert H.; Chapin, F. Stuart (26 December 2012). 3276: 3193: 2714:

Alatalo, Juha M.; Jägerbrand, Annika K.; Molau, Ulf (2016).

2528:

Isaksen, Ketil; Nordli, Øyvind; et al. (15 June 2022).

5107: 4349: 4253: 3807: 3576: 3061: 2200: 1433:"Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change" 656: 57:

follows. For instance, out of 4000 species analyzed by the

3959:

Boulanger, Yan; Puigdevall, Jesus Pascual (3 April 2021).

2499: 2404: 2282: 1271:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

678:

or five years worth of emissions from its transportation.

254:. These include how much rain falls and how fast the rain 22:

Predicated changes for Earth's biomes under two different

6910:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

5418: 5363: 5228: 1213: 344:

Climate change is also leading to a mismatch between the

4898: 4550: 4447: 1333: 818:

benefit in the long term. In general, but especially in

775:. This size allows it to produce around half of its own 693:

pine trees at lower elevations, as the higher elevation

5163: 4384:"Trees and climate change: Faster growth, lighter wood" 2326: 1565: 5303: 4837:

Biro, P. A.; Post, J. R.; Booth, D. J. (29 May 2007).

4428:"Bark Beetles Kill Millions of Acres of Trees in West" 4308: 4079:

Berner, Logan T.; Goetz, Scott J. (24 February 2022).

3334:

Nomoto, Hanna A.; Alexander, Jake M. (29 March 2021).

2713: 1661:(Third ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer. p. 51. 1657:

Cain, Michael; Bowman, William; Hacker, Sally (2014).

6751:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4641: 2998: 2059: 1734:

ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth.

1393: 1389: 1387: 531:. Similarly, the already dry forest areas in central 2772: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1180: 310:, particularly nitrogen. Thus effects of elevated CO 250:

Climate change affects many factors associated with

3958: 1509:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2018. 1261: 1259: 1040: 4751: 3785:"Forest Changes in Alaska Reveal Changing Climate" 1384: 3170:"Climate Change Adaption Manual – Lowland meadow" 2594: 2062:"Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future" 1276: 358:Polar amplification § Recent Arctic amplification 115: 49:. As a region's climate changes, a change in its 7051: 6951:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4153: 4151: 4149: 3533: 1976: 1656: 1532: 1256: 4905:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4843:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4666: 4227: 4017:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3433: 3390: 3333: 3167: 2872: 2687: 2333:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1924:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1855:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1287: 718:, they lack the defenses to fight the beetles. 539:are also experiencing greater drought, placing 835:Warmer-than-ideal conditions result in higher 779:by recycling moisture through evaporation and 5691:History of climate change policy and politics 5486: 4836: 4803:"When bogs burn, the environment takes a hit" 4637: 4635: 4633: 4146: 3899: 2527: 2033: 1682:Bowman, William D.; Hacker, Sally D. (2021). 41:, adversely affecting terrestrial and marine 5139:. University of Alaska. 2006. Archived from 4223: 4221: 4219: 3860: 2252: 1681: 978:Extinction risk from climate change § Corals 431:Extinction risk from climate change § Plants 5808:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 4703:"When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?" 4534:"Pine Forests Destroyed by Beetle Takeover" 4228:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). 4078: 2688:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). 2530:"Exceptional warming over the Barents area" 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 7032: 7020: 6477: 5493: 5479: 4630: 3703:Chen, Han Y. H.; Luo, Yong (2 July 2015). 3653: 3580:"Forest disturbances under climate change" 853:Extinction risk from climate change § Fish 632:since 2019) talks about climate change at 448:, which is projected to go extinct in the 352:with the increasingly snow-free landscape. 6772: 6578:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 5716:United Nations Climate Change conferences 5340: 5330: 5181: 4934: 4924: 4872: 4862: 4726: 4367: 4334: 4216: 4183: 4104: 4055: 4037: 4012:"Thresholds for boreal biome transitions" 3935: 3925: 3671: 3611: 3510: 3367: 3310: 3136: 2955: 2898: 2849: 2749: 2739: 2648: 2563: 2553: 2474: 2464: 2362: 2352: 2235: 2002: 1876: 1866: 1727: 1704: 1583: 1550: 1367: 1239: 1074: 814:levels, while faster growing plants like 80:Africa, southern Africa, and Australia". 6282:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 4775:from the original on 10 September 2022. 1775: 1517: 1034: 983: 897: 858: 731: 728:Effects of climate change on the tropics 657:Expansion of beetles that can harm trees 612: 565: 495: 481:going extinct by mid-century or earlier. 436: 238: 138:. A single biome would include multiple 17: 6638:National Adaptation Programme of Action 6427:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 4492: 4443: 4441: 4425: 4419: 3702: 207: 7052: 6287:Economics of climate change mitigation 6250:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 5768: 5596:Scientific consensus on climate change 5049: 4957: 4800: 2879:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 2445:Communications Earth & Environment 1809:. Cambridge University Press: 79–131. 932:In general, freshwater bodies such as 789:deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 130:, defined by a distinctive biological 126:are the main constituent parts of the 6946:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6771: 6476: 6212: 5767: 5679: 5560: 5512: 5474: 5204: 4960:"Warming Could End Antarctic Species" 4700: 1751: 1606: 1497: 1495: 1459: 1457: 1427: 1425: 1329: 1327: 1203:from the original on 4 November 2021. 543:trees under particular stress, while 225:Representative Concentration Pathways 214:Desertification § Climate change 202: 6968:Representative Concentration Pathway 5914:Tipping points in the climate system 5590:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 5108:Pertti Koskimies (compiler) (1999). 5032: 4585: 4438: 3527: 825: 807:produced by fossil fuel combustion. 767:in the world. It is twice as big as 608: 590:tipping points in the climate system 233:Effects of climate change § Droughts 6739:Nationally determined contributions 6449:Individual action on climate change 5659:World energy supply and consumption 5098:London Review of Books January 2005 3782: 721: 13: 6878:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 5500: 4006:Scheffer, Marten; Hirota, Marina; 3161: 3099: 2923: 2766: 1492: 1454: 1422: 1324: 161: 14: 7076: 6805:Satellite temperature measurement 6410:forestry for carbon sequestration 5696:History of climate change science 4426:Robbins, Jim (17 November 2008). 2173:"EO Experiments: Grassland Biome" 1533:Hogg, E.H.; P.Y. Bernier (2005). 1160: 485: 399:montane grasslands and shrublands 7031: 7019: 7008: 7007: 6995: 6656:Climate Change Performance Index 6035:Destruction of cultural heritage 5412: 5357: 5277: 5205:Dunne, Daisy (1 February 2022). 5198: 5157: 5126: 5101: 5086: 4976: 4951: 4645:Changing Planet, changing health 4642:Epstein, P.; Ferber, D. (2011). 4573:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06847.x 4520:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01848.x 3834:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02417.x 3503:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x 3456:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00796.x 3413:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01172.x 3213:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02393.x 2595:Damian Carrington (2022-06-15). 1607:Dunne, Daisy (1 February 2022). 1513:from the original on 2019-03-05. 976:This section is an excerpt from 945: 851:This section is an excerpt from 649:because of the warming climate. 429:This section is an excerpt from 356:This section is an excerpt from 332:Many of the species at risk are 273:This section is an excerpt from 231:This section is an excerpt from 6795:Instrumental temperature record 6746:Sustainable Development Goal 13 4830: 4819: 4794: 4790:Asian peat fires add to warming 4782: 4694: 4579: 4544: 4526: 4394: 4376: 4343: 4302: 4247: 4131:. Newsminer.com. Archived from 4121: 4072: 3999: 3952: 3893: 3854: 3801: 3776: 3751: 3696: 3647: 3628: 3570: 3470: 3427: 3384: 3327: 3227: 3187: 3055: 2992: 2980: 2866: 2817: 2707: 2681: 2616: 2379: 2320: 2276: 2194: 2165: 2140: 2053: 2027: 1970: 1911: 1893: 1842: 1798: 1675: 1650: 1639:from the original on 2008-12-04 1621: 1600: 1559: 1486:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.007 1443:from the original on 2022-02-10 1396:Global Ecology and Biogeography 950: 583:In Alaska, the growth of white 6863:Climate variability and change 6213: 5899:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 5425:Nature Ecology & Evolution 5370:Nature Ecology & Evolution 5235:Nature Ecology & Evolution 2124:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes 2066:Current Climate Change Reports 1207: 1154: 1128: 1108: 1091: 970: 507:Boreal forests, also known as 116:Terminology and classification 1: 6973:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 6508:Climate emergency declaration 4958:Lovell, Jeremy (2002-09-09). 4801:Hamers, Laurel (2019-07-29). 4768:. September 2022. p. 8. 2034:Irina Ivanova (2 June 2022). 1027: 955:In the Arctic, the waters of 889:would increase by around 10%. 283:encroachment of woody species 267: 168:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 6956:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 6182:Middle East and North Africa 5513: 5332:10.1371/journal.pone.0065427 5183:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000004 3174:Publications Natural England 3085:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.026 1585:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000004 1310:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108628 1187:"Summary for Policymakers". 1067:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017 771:and spans nine countries in 384: 59:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 7: 5680: 1466:Global Environmental Change 1015: 376:area, with hotspots around 10: 7081: 6790:Global surface temperature 6681:Popular culture depictions 6593:Ecosystem-based adaptation 6323:Carbon capture and storage 6245:Carbon offsets and credits 5561: 5445:10.1038/s41559-022-01660-y 5390:10.1038/s41559-022-01659-5 5255:10.1038/s41559-021-01393-4 4826:Swiss Canopy Crane Project 4728:10.1038/d41586-020-00508-4 4508:Journal of Applied Ecology 4402:"Natural Resources Canada" 4280:10.1038/s41586-022-05076-3 3985:10.1007/s10980-021-01241-7 3654:Running SW (August 2006). 2900:10.1657/1938-4246-43.4.585 2555:10.1038/s41598-022-13568-5 2466:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3 975: 850: 753:Niokolo-Koba National Park 725: 669:had enabled a devastating 489: 428: 355: 348:of arctic animals such as 275:Grassland § Climate change 272: 230: 211: 7065:Effects of climate change 7002:Climate change portal 6989: 6928: 6895:Extreme event attribution 6813: 6782: 6778: 6767: 6711: 6646: 6568: 6518:School Strike for Climate 6490: 6486: 6472: 6441: 6397:Climate-smart agriculture 6358: 6315: 6225: 6221: 6208: 6132: 5990: 5937: 5780: 5776: 5763: 5686: 5675: 5604: 5573: 5569: 5556: 5539:Climate change adaptation 5534:Climate change mitigation 5529:Effects of climate change 5519: 5508: 5072:10.1007/s10584-008-9530-x 4234:climatetippingpoints.info 3483:Evolutionary Applications 2694:climatetippingpoints.info 2306:10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5 2177:Earthobservatory.nasa.gov 2136:10.1017/9781009157896.010 2086:10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2 2004:10.1038/s41586-020-2189-9 893: 327: 315:pollutants and increased 6905:Global warming potential 6712:International agreements 6359:Preserving and enhancing 5798:Arctic methane emissions 5720:Years in climate change 5627:Greenhouse gas emissions 5524:Causes of climate change 5115:. BirdLife International 1022:Woody plant encroachment 830: 378:West Spitsbergen Current 154:of ecoregions, around a 37:is already now altering 24:climate change scenarios 6936:Climate change scenario 6588:Disaster risk reduction 6240:Carbon emission trading 6050:U.S. insurance industry 6025:Civilizational collapse 5872:sea surface temperature 4926:10.1073/pnas.2214199120 4864:10.1073/pnas.0701638104 4701:Amigo, Ignacio (2020). 4176:10.1126/science.abn7950 4039:10.1073/pnas.1219844110 3927:10.1073/pnas.1111576109 3673:10.1126/science.1130370 3536:Ecological Applications 3065:Biological Conservation 3025:10.1126/science.1206432 2641:10.1126/science.abn7950 2354:10.1073/pnas.1222724110 1944:10.1073/pnas.2307525121 1868:10.1073/pnas.0502286102 1688:Oxford University Press 1290:Biological Conservation 739:ecosystems are rich in 702:relationship between a 557:climate change feedback 172:Sixth Assessment Report 6929:Research and modelling 6613:Nature-based solutions 6433:Nature-based solutions 6375:Carbon dioxide removal 6292:Fossil fuel divestment 6277:Climate risk insurance 6187:Small island countries 5803:Arctic sea ice decline 3644:Regional Paper: Alaska 2220:10.1098/rstb.2015.0277 1830:Cite journal requires 1352:10.1098/rstb.2019.0104 1232:10.1098/rstb.2010.0037 997: 906: 864: 756: 637: 630:governor of California 596:and the conversion of 571: 504: 502:NASA Earth Observatory 453: 248: 134:and a shared regional 47:extreme weather events 31: 6890:Earth's energy budget 6773:Background and theory 6661:Climate crisis (term) 6333:Fossil fuel phase-out 6227:Economics and finance 6192:by individual country 6134:By country and region 6109:Security and conflict 6104:Psychological impacts 5788:Abrupt climate change 5711:Charles David Keeling 5544:By country and region 4990:Global Change Biology 4336:10.3390/atmos12080981 4085:Global Change Biology 3867:Nature Climate Change 3814:Global Change Biology 3709:Global Change Biology 3241:Nature Climate Change 3201:Global Change Biology 3168:Natural England, UK. 1633:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu 987: 901: 862: 735: 710:(the beetle) and the 624: 569: 499: 475:Androsace chamaejasme 440: 242: 21: 6719:Glasgow Climate Pact 6380:Carbon sequestration 5950:Mass mortality event 3887:10.1038/nclimate1293 3604:10.1038/nclimate3303 3261:10.1038/nclimate1514 1690:. pp. H3–1–51. 1629:"The world's biomes" 787:landscape. For now, 683:mountain pine beetle 208:Deserts and drylands 28:Holdridge life zones 6858:Climate sensitivity 6633:The Adaptation Fund 6089:Infectious diseases 5991:Social and economic 5437:2022NatEE...6..359D 5382:2022NatEE...6..357M 5323:2013PLoSO...865427F 5247:2021NatEE...5..663D 5064:2009ClCh...95..169B 4917:2023PNAS..12014199W 4911:(15): e2214199120. 4855:2007PNAS..104.9715B 4719:2020Natur.578..505A 4608:10.1038/nature06777 4600:2008Natur.452..987K 4565:2012Ecogr..35..211S 4470:10.1038/nature06777 4462:2008Natur.452..987K 4327:2021Atmos..12..981H 4272:2022Natur.608..540R 4030:2012PNAS..10921384S 4024:(52): 21384–21389. 3977:2021LaEco..36.1725B 3918:2012PNAS..109.2423M 3906:Biological Sciences 3879:2011NatCC...1..467P 3826:2011GCBio..17.2370S 3789:Scientific American 3721:2015GCBio..21.3675C 3596:2017NatCC...7..395S 3548:2012EcoAp..22..142M 3495:2008EvApp...1...95A 3448:2005EcolL...8.1010J 3405:2008EcolL..11..588R 3352:2021EcolL..24.1157N 3295:2022EcolL..25.2156B 3253:2012NatCC...2..619D 3121:2010Ecol...91.1672D 3077:2013BCons.158..116B 3017:2011Sci...333.1024C 3011:(6045): 1024–1026. 2948:2017Ecol...98.2799T 2891:2011AAAR...43..585J 2842:2017Ecosp...8E1745S 2787:2010Ecol...91..431F 2732:2016NatSR...621720A 2546:2022NatSR..12.9371I 2457:2022ComEE...3..168R 2345:2013PNAS..110.7360M 2298:2006PoBio..29..997A 2078:2018CCCR....4..164C 1995:2020Natur.580..496T 1936:2024PNAS..12107525M 1930:(15): e2307525121. 1478:2007GEC....17..420N 1302:2020BCons.24708628S 1226:(1549): 2025–2034. 1140:National Geographic 1059:2021OEart...4..720K 765:tropical rainforest 547:'s needle-shedding 366:60th parallel north 148:World Wildlife Fund 146:. According to the 6429:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 6401:Forest management 6385:Direct air capture 6350:Sustainable energy 6307:Net zero emissions 6302:Low-carbon economy 6297:Green Climate Fund 6084:Indigenous peoples 5982:Plant biodiversity 5770:Effects and issues 4682:. 10 February 2020 4432:The New York Times 4170:(6611): eabn7950. 3640:2014-02-22 at the 2720:Scientific Reports 2635:(6611): eabn7950. 2534:Scientific Reports 2391:InsideClimate News 2214:(1694): 20150277. 1791:2016-10-06 at the 1768:2016-10-06 at the 1744:2012-09-17 at the 1720:2016-10-07 at the 1712:Conservation Biol. 1552:10.5558/tfc81675-5 1539:Forestry Chronicle 1346:(1794): 20190104. 1161:Witze, Alexandra. 998: 990:Raja Ampat Islands 907: 874:fish species like 865: 757: 638: 634:North Complex Fire 572: 525:coniferous forests 505: 454: 291:serpentine barrens 249: 203:Terrestrial biomes 189:ecosystem services 32: 7047: 7046: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6920:Radiative forcing 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6583:Adaptive capacity 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6328:Energy transition 6204: 6203: 6200: 6199: 5919:Tropical cyclones 5845:Urban heat island 5759: 5758: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5632:Carbon accounting 5586:Greenhouse effect 5552: 5551: 5002:10.1111/gcb.15956 4849:(23): 9715–9719. 4713:(7796): 505–507. 4659:978-0-520-26909-5 4594:(7190): 987–990. 4540:. April 25, 2008. 4456:(7190): 987–990. 4369:10.3390/f12020139 4266:(7923): 540–545. 4097:10.1111/gcb.16121 4091:(10): 3846–3858. 3965:Landscape Ecology 3783:Morello, Lauren. 3729:10.1111/gcb.12994 3715:(10): 3675–3684. 3556:10.1890/11-0329.1 3360:10.1111/ele.13727 3303:10.1111/ele.14087 3289:(10): 2156–2166. 3129:10.1890/09-0567.1 2942:(11): 2799–2812. 2851:10.1002/ecs2.1745 2795:10.1890/09-0099.1 2741:10.1038/srep21720 2339:(18): 7360–7365. 1989:(7804): 496–501. 1861:(21): 7465–7469. 1815:10.5167/uzh-33180 1408:10.1111/geb.13200 826:Freshwater biomes 761:Amazon rainforest 706:(the forest), an 622: 609:Temperate forests 243:A dry lakebed in 7072: 7035: 7034: 7023: 7022: 7011: 7010: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6963:Paleoclimatology 6780: 6779: 6769: 6768: 6530:Ecological grief 6513:Climate movement 6488: 6487: 6474: 6473: 6454:Plant-based diet 6345:Renewable energy 6223: 6222: 6210: 6209: 6045:Economic impacts 5972:Invasive species 5828:Coastal flooding 5778: 5777: 5765: 5764: 5701:Svante Arrhenius 5677: 5676: 5647:from agriculture 5637:Carbon footprint 5622:Greenhouse gases 5571: 5570: 5558: 5557: 5510: 5509: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5334: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5105: 5099: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5058:(1–2): 169–193. 5047: 5030: 5029: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4938: 4928: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4866: 4834: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4730: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4639: 4628: 4627: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4505: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4404:. Archived from 4398: 4392: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4214: 4213: 4187: 4155: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4041: 4008:Holmgren, Milena 4003: 3997: 3996: 3971:(6): 1725–1740. 3956: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3929: 3912:(7): 2423–2427. 3897: 3891: 3890: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3761:. Archived from 3755: 3749: 3748: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3675: 3651: 3645: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3442:(9): 1010–1020. 3431: 3425: 3424: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3346:(6): 1157–1166. 3331: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3207:(7): 2330–2341. 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3115:(6): 1672–1681. 3103: 3097: 3096: 3059: 3053: 3052: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2957:10.1002/ecy.1996 2927: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2743: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2652: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2567: 2557: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2478: 2468: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2356: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2292:(11): 997–1002. 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2179:. Archived from 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2144: 2138: 2119: 2106: 2105: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2006: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1958: 11009622. 1915: 1909: 1908: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1880: 1870: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1802: 1796: 1779: 1773: 1755: 1749: 1738:51(11):933–938, 1731: 1725: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1686:(5th ed.). 1679: 1673: 1672: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1530: 1515: 1514: 1499: 1490: 1489: 1461: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1371: 1331: 1322: 1321: 1285: 1274: 1263: 1254: 1253: 1243: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1195: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1136:"Climate Change" 1132: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1078: 1038: 1005:marine heatwaves 988:Coral reefs off 795:Forest fires in 722:Tropical forests 667:British Columbia 643:fire suppression 623: 535:and far eastern 419:invasive species 110:marine heatwaves 93:, also known as 7080: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7043: 6996: 6994: 6977: 6924: 6915:Orbital forcing 6809: 6774: 6755: 6729:Paris Agreement 6707: 6703:Warming stripes 6642: 6608:Managed retreat 6603:Loss and damage 6564: 6498:Business action 6482: 6460: 6437: 6360: 6354: 6311: 6272:Climate finance 6217: 6196: 6128: 5986: 5962:Extinction risk 5938:Flora and fauna 5933: 5894:Permafrost thaw 5889:Ozone depletion 5818:Extreme weather 5772: 5755: 5682: 5663: 5600: 5565: 5548: 5515: 5504: 5499: 5469: 5468: 5417: 5413: 5362: 5358: 5302: 5298: 5293:. 1 March 2021. 5283: 5282: 5278: 5227: 5220: 5203: 5199: 5176:(2): e0000004. 5162: 5158: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5093:On Thinning Ice 5091: 5087: 5052:Climatic Change 5048: 5033: 4981: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4956: 4952: 4897: 4890: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4772: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4640: 4631: 4584: 4580: 4549: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4446: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4348: 4344: 4307: 4303: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4226: 4217: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4077: 4073: 4004: 4000: 3957: 3953: 3898: 3894: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3791: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3701: 3697: 3666:(5789): 927–8. 3652: 3648: 3642:Wayback Machine 3633: 3629: 3575: 3571: 3532: 3528: 3475: 3471: 3436:Ecology Letters 3432: 3428: 3393:Ecology Letters 3389: 3385: 3340:Ecology Letters 3332: 3328: 3283:Ecology Letters 3275: 3268: 3232: 3228: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3166: 3162: 3104: 3100: 3060: 3056: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2928: 2924: 2871: 2867: 2822: 2818: 2771: 2767: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2686: 2682: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2593: 2589: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2325: 2321: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2266: 2264:www.fs.usda.gov 2258: 2257: 2253: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2120: 2109: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2032: 2028: 1975: 1971: 1916: 1912: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1847: 1843: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1803: 1799: 1793:Wayback Machine 1780: 1776: 1770:Wayback Machine 1756: 1752: 1746:Wayback Machine 1732: 1728: 1722:Wayback Machine 1709: 1705: 1698: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1605: 1601: 1578:(2): e0000004. 1564: 1560: 1531: 1518: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1462: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1392: 1385: 1332: 1325: 1286: 1277: 1264: 1257: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1142:. 28 March 2019 1134: 1133: 1129: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1018: 1013: 1012: 981: 973: 953: 948: 919:cutthroat trout 896: 891: 890: 856: 833: 828: 813: 806: 802: 763:is the largest 730: 724: 695:Rocky Mountains 659: 613: 611: 494: 488: 483: 482: 479:Viola calcarata 466:extinction debt 457:mountain ranges 446:mountain violet 442:Viola Calcarata 434: 387: 382: 381: 361: 346:snow camouflage 330: 325: 324: 313: 305: 301: 278: 270: 265: 264: 236: 220:desertification 216: 210: 205: 175:past 55 years. 164: 162:General impacts 118: 77:desertification 12: 11: 5: 7078: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6870: 6868:Cloud feedback 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6726: 6724:Kyoto Protocol 6721: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6676:Media coverage 6673: 6668: 6666:Climate spiral 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6555:Public opinion 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6503:Climate action 6500: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6483: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6415:REDD and REDD+ 6412: 6407: 6399: 6394: 6392:Carbon farming 6389: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6237: 6231: 6229: 6219: 6218: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6124:Water security 6121: 6119:Water scarcity 6116: 6114:Urban flooding 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5967:Forest dieback 5964: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5904:Sea level rise 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5877:stratification 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5773: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642:Carbon leakage 5639: 5634: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5581:Climate system 5577: 5575: 5567: 5566: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5506: 5505: 5502:Climate change 5498: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5467: 5466: 5431:(4): 359–360. 5411: 5376:(4): 357–358. 5356: 5296: 5276: 5241:(5): 663–669. 5218: 5197: 5156: 5125: 5100: 5085: 5031: 4996:(2): 403–416. 4975: 4950: 4888: 4829: 4818: 4793: 4781: 4750: 4693: 4665: 4658: 4629: 4578: 4559:(3): 211–223. 4543: 4525: 4514:(5): 1036–43. 4491: 4437: 4418: 4393: 4375: 4342: 4301: 4246: 4215: 4145: 4120: 4071: 3998: 3951: 3892: 3873:(9): 467–471. 3853: 3820:(7): 2370–84. 3800: 3775: 3750: 3695: 3646: 3627: 3590:(6): 395–402. 3578:(2017-05-31). 3569: 3542:(1): 142–153. 3526: 3469: 3426: 3399:(6): 588–597. 3383: 3326: 3266: 3247:(8): 619–622. 3226: 3186: 3160: 3098: 3054: 2991: 2979: 2922: 2885:(4): 585–592. 2865: 2816: 2781:(2): 431–440. 2765: 2706: 2680: 2615: 2587: 2520: 2498: 2431: 2403: 2378: 2319: 2275: 2251: 2193: 2164: 2139: 2107: 2072:(2): 164–179. 2052: 2026: 1969: 1910: 1892: 1841: 1832:|journal= 1797: 1774: 1750: 1726: 1703: 1697:978-1605359212 1696: 1674: 1667: 1649: 1620: 1599: 1558: 1545:(5): 675–682. 1516: 1491: 1472:(3–4): 420–8. 1453: 1439:. 2019-08-06. 1421: 1402:(1): 117–127. 1383: 1323: 1275: 1255: 1206: 1179: 1153: 1127: 1107: 1090: 1053:(5): 720–729. 1032: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1014: 982: 974: 972: 969: 952: 949: 947: 944: 939:sockeye salmon 895: 892: 857: 849: 832: 829: 827: 824: 811: 804: 800: 743:. This is the 726:Main article: 723: 720: 658: 655: 610: 607: 490:Main article: 487: 486:Boreal forests 484: 435: 427: 386: 383: 362: 354: 350:snowshoe hares 340:fauna such as 329: 326: 317:mineralization 311: 303: 299: 287:soil fertility 279: 271: 269: 266: 237: 229: 218:Research into 209: 206: 204: 201: 163: 160: 117: 114: 91:Boreal forests 35:Climate change 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7077: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7040: 7039: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941:Climate model 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6873:Cloud forcing 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6766: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6648:Communication 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628:Vulnerability 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Flood control 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6420:reforestation 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:afforestation 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6340:Nuclear power 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6235:Carbon budget 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6072:Mental health 6070: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6008:United States 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:deoxygenation 5860: 5858: 5857:acidification 5855: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5652:from wetlands 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Deforestation 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5317:(6): e65427. 5316: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5146:on 2008-09-10 5142: 5135: 5129: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5096:Michael Byers 5094: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4827: 4822: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4408:on 2010-06-13 4407: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4135:on 2012-01-19 4134: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3765:on 2011-07-27 3764: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489:(1): 95–111. 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836:(3): e01745. 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2476:11250/3115996 2472: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:Polar Biology 2279: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2183:on 2000-10-27 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1837: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1785:57: 573–583, 1784: 1778: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1668:9780878939084 1664: 1660: 1653: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1296:(9): 108628. 1295: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1117: 1111: 1100: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1010: 1009:IUCN Red List 1006: 1002: 995: 991: 986: 979: 968: 966: 962: 958: 946:Marine biomes 943: 940: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 904: 900: 888: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 861: 854: 848: 846: 845:rainbow trout 842: 838: 823: 821: 817: 808: 798: 793: 790: 786: 782: 781:transpiration 778: 774: 773:South America 770: 766: 762: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 672: 668: 664: 654: 650: 648: 644: 635: 631: 627: 606: 602: 599: 595: 591: 586: 581: 578: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 518: 517:boreal forest 514: 510: 503: 498: 493: 480: 476: 471: 467: 463: 462:European Alps 458: 451: 447: 443: 439: 432: 426: 424: 420: 416: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395:alpine tundra 391: 379: 375: 371: 370:Arctic Circle 367: 359: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 322: 318: 309: 296: 292: 288: 284: 276: 262: 257: 253: 246: 241: 234: 228: 226: 223:high-warming 221: 215: 200: 197: 192: 190: 185: 184:climate niche 181: 176: 173: 169: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 124: 113: 111: 107: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 73: 71: 70:climate niche 67: 62: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 29: 25: 20: 16: 7036: 7024: 7012: 6993: 6826:Carbon cycle 6783:Measurements 6478:Society and 6362:carbon sinks 6267:Climate debt 6257:Carbon price 6079:Human rights 5944: 5909:Season creep 5867:heat content 5793:Anoxic event 5706:James Hansen 5428: 5424: 5414: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5314: 5310: 5299: 5288: 5279: 5238: 5234: 5212:Carbon Brief 5210: 5200: 5173: 5170:PLOS Climate 5169: 5159: 5148:. Retrieved 5141:the original 5128: 5117:. Retrieved 5103: 5095: 5088: 5055: 5051: 4993: 4989: 4978: 4967:. Retrieved 4963: 4953: 4908: 4904: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4821: 4810:. Retrieved 4807:Science News 4806: 4796: 4784: 4776: 4766:Amazon Watch 4765: 4753: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4679:Carbon Brief 4677: 4668: 4644: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4511: 4507: 4494: 4453: 4449: 4431: 4421: 4410:. Retrieved 4406:the original 4396: 4388:ScienceDaily 4387: 4378: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4237:. Retrieved 4233: 4185:10871/131584 4167: 4163: 4137:. Retrieved 4133:the original 4123: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4021: 4015: 4001: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3845:. Retrieved 3817: 3813: 3803: 3792:. Retrieved 3788: 3778: 3767:. 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