Phenology - Knowledge

652: 297:, from 1736. These took the form of dates of the first occurrence of events such as flowering, bud burst, emergence or flight of an insect. Generations of Marsham's family maintained consistent records of the same events or "phenophases" over unprecedentedly long periods of time, eventually ending with the death of Mary Marsham in 1958, so that trends can be observed and related to long-term climate records. The data show significant variation in dates which broadly correspond with warm and cold years. Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier. 457: 1261: 308:(RMS) organised a programme of phenological recording across the British Isles. Up to 600 observers submitted returns in some years, with numbers averaging a few hundred. During this period 11 main plant phenophases were consistently recorded over the 58 years from 1891 to 1948, and a further 14 phenophases were recorded for the 20 years between 1929 and 1948. The returns were summarised each year in the Quarterly Journal of the RMS as 206: 314:. Jeffree (1960) summarised the 58 years of data, which show that flowering dates could be as many as 21 days early and as many as 34 days late, with extreme earliness greatest in summer-flowering species, and extreme lateness in spring-flowering species. In all 25 species, the timings of all phenological events are significantly related to temperature, indicating that phenological events are likely to get earlier as climate warms. 231:, involved over 3,000 observers including many notable naturalists of the time. The program ran for 90 years and came to a close in 1970 when other programs starting up at PWRC took precedence. The program was again started in 2009 to digitize the collection of records and now with the help of citizens worldwide, each record is being transcribed into a database which will be publicly accessible for use. 684:

pollinators to aid in their reproductive success. Another example includes the interaction between plant species, where the presence of one species aids in the pollination of another through attraction of pollinators. However, if these plant species develop at mismatched times, this interaction will be negatively affected and therefore the plant species that relies on the other will be harmed.

494:(Infrared energy is mostly reflected by plants due to their cellular structure). Due to its robustness and simplicity, NDVI has become one of the most popular remote sensing based products. Typically, a vegetation index is constructed in such a way that the attenuated reflected sunlight energy (1% to 30% of incident sunlight) is amplified by ratio-ing red and NIR following this equation: 2188:

Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia; Da Rocha, Humberto R.; Hutyra, Lucy R.; Da Araujo, Alessandro C.; Borma, Laura S.; Christoffersen, Bradley; Cabral, Osvaldo M.R.; De Camargo, Plinio B.; Cardoso, Fernando L.; Da Costa, Antonio C. Lola; Fitzjarrald, David R.; Goulden, Michael L.; Kruijt, Bart; Maia, Jair M.F.;

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Burgess, Malcolm D.; Smith, Ken W.; Evans, Karl L.; Leech, Dave; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; Branston, Claire J.; Briggs, Kevin; Clark, John R.; du Feu, Chris R.; Lewthwaite, Kate; Nager, Ruedi G.; Sheldon, Ben C.; Smith, Jeremy A.; Whytock, Robin C.; Willis, Stephen G.; Phillimore, Albert B. (23 April

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Many species experience changes in life cycle development, migration or in some other process/behavior at different times in the season than previous patterns depict due to warming temperatures. Phenological mismatches, where interacting species change the timing of regularly repeated phases in their

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Templ, Barbara; Koch, Elisabeth; Bolmgren, K; Ungersböck, Markus; Paul, Anita; Scheifinger, H; Rutishauser, T; Busto, M; Chmielewski, FM; Hájková, L; Hodzić, S; Kaspar, Frank; Pietragalla, B; Romero-Fresneda, R; Tolvanen, A; Vučetič, V; Zimmermann, Kirsten; Zust, A (2018). "Pan European Phenological

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However, these phenological parameters are only an approximation of the true biological growth stages. This is mainly due to the limitation of current space-based remote sensing, especially the spatial resolution, and the nature of vegetation index. A pixel in an image does not contain a pure target

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Observations of phenological events have provided indications of the progress of the natural calendar since ancient agricultural times. Many cultures have traditional phenological proverbs and sayings which indicate a time for action: "When the sloe tree is white as a sheet, sow your barley whether

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interactions). For example, if a plant species blooms its flowers earlier than previous years, but the pollinators that feed on and pollinate this flower do not arrive or grow earlier as well, then a phenological mismatch has occurred. This results in the plant population declining as there are no

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found that "the average FFD of 385 British plant species has advanced by 4.5 days during the past decade compared with the previous four decades." They note that FFD is sensitive to temperature, as is generally agreed, that "150 to 200 species may be flowering on average 15 days earlier in Britain

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After 1960 the rate of warming accelerated, and this is mirrored by increasing earliness of oak leafing, recorded in the data collected by Jean Combes in Surrey. Over the past 250 years, the first leafing date of oak appears to have advanced by about 8 days, corresponding to overall warming on the

99:. For example, viticultural records of grape harvests in Europe have been used to reconstruct a record of summer growing season temperatures going back more than 500 years. In addition to providing a longer historical baseline than instrumental measurements, phenological observations provide high 259:

In Japan and China the time of blossoming of cherry and peach trees is associated with ancient festivals and some of these dates can be traced back to the eighth century. Such historical records may, in principle, be capable of providing estimates of climate at dates before instrumental records

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Morren participated in 1842 and 1843 in Quetelets 'Observations of Periodical Phenomena' (Observations des Phénomènes périodiques), and at first suggested to mention the observations concerning botanical phenomena "anthochronological observations". That term had already been used in 1840 by

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SI first leaf dates, measuring change in the start of 'early spring' (roughly the time of shrub budburst and lawn first greening), are getting earlier in nearly all parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The average rate of change over the 1955–2002 period is approximately -1.2 days per

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ended suddenly in 1948 after 58 years, and Britain remained without a national recording scheme for almost 50 years, just at a time when climate change was becoming evident. During this period, individual dedicated observers made important contributions. The naturalist and author

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NDVI temporal profile for a typical patch of coniferous forest over a period of six years. This temporal profile depicts the growing season every year as well as changes in this profile from year to year due to climatic and other constraints. Data and graph are based on the

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it be dry or wet" or attempt to forecast future climate: "If oak's before ash, you're in for a splash. If ash before oak, you're in for a soak". But the indications can be pretty unreliable, as an alternative version of the rhyme shows: "If the oak is out before the

190:, says: "This word is seldom used, and we have been informed by a very high authority that it may be defined as "Observational Biology", and as applied to birds, as it is here, may be taken to mean the study or science of observations on the appearance of birds". 2276:

Lopes, Aline Pontes; Nelson, Bruce Walker; Wu, Jin; Graça, Paulo Maurício Lima de Alencastro; Tavares, Julia Valentim; Prohaska, Neill; Martins, Giordane Augusto; Saleska, Scott R. (2016-09-01). "Leaf flush drives dry season green-up of the Central Amazon".

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with the typical green vegetation growth stages (emergence, vigor/growth, maturity, and harvest/senescence). These temporal curves are analyzed to extract useful parameters about the vegetation growing season (start of season, end of season, length of

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meticulously recorded the dates he mowed his lawn since 1984. His first cut of the year was 13 days earlier in 2004 than in 1984, and his last cut was 17 days later, providing evidence for an earlier onset of spring and a warmer climate in general.

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at USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) is in possession of a collection of millions of bird arrival and departure date records for over 870 species across North America, dating between 1880 and 1970. This program, originally started by

219:, 'Twill be a summer of wet and splash; If the ash is out before the oak, 'Twill be a summer of fire and smoke." Theoretically, though, these are not mutually exclusive, as one forecasts immediate conditions and one forecasts future conditions. 587: 448:, and in tropical evergreen forests of some regions of the Amazon basin (particularly regions with long dry seasons), many trees produce more young leaves in the dry season, seasonally increasing the photosynthetic capacity of the forest. 161:

in Brussels. He is considered "one of 19th century trendsetters in these matters." In 1839, he started his first observations and created a network over Belgium and Europe that reached a total of about 80 stations in the period 1840–1870.

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Menzel, A.; Sparks, T.H.; Estrella, N.; Koch, E.; Aasa, A.; Ahas, R.; Alm-kübler, K.; Bissolli, P.; Braslavská, O.; Briede, A.; et al. (2006). "European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern".

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Historical day of year for first bloom index (FBI) for the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas (dots) fitted with a local polynomial regression model (loess in red) and a 2 standard error band (blue). Data from William

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Malhi, Yadvinder S.; Manzi, Antonio O.; Miller, Scott D.; Nobre, Antonio D.; von Randow, Celso; Sá, Leonardo D. Abreu; Sakai, Ricardo K.; Tota, Julio; Wofsy, Steven C.; Zanchi, Fabricio B.; Saleska, Scott R. (2013-12-15).

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In Europe, phenological networks are operated in several countries, e.g. Germany's national meteorological service operates a very dense network with approx. 1200 observers, the majority of them on a voluntary basis. The

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life cycles at different rates, creates a mismatch in interaction timing and therefore negatively harming the interaction. Mismatches can occur in many different biological interactions, including between species in one

76:, the term is used more generally to indicate the time frame for any seasonal biological phenomena, including the dates of last appearance (e.g., the seasonal phenology of a species may be from April through September). 374:(PEP) project is a database that collects phenological data from European countries. Currently 32 European meteorological services and project partners from across Europe have joined and supplied data. 271:

have been used in an attempt to reconstruct spring–summer temperatures from 1370 to 2003; the reconstructed values during 1787–2000 have a correlation with Paris instrumental data of about 0.75.

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A picture depicting a hummingbird visiting and pollinating a flower. If the flower blooms too early in the season, or if the humming bird has a delay in migration, this interaction will be lost.

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Sparks T, Jeffree E, Jeffree C (2000). "An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK".

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are traditionally used by farmers for information on action phenology (in agriculture), taking into account the astronomical positions at the time. William Felker has studied phenology in

663:. These interactions (whether it be plant-plant, animal-animal, predator-prey or plant-animal interactions) can be vital to the success and survival of populations and therefore species. 138:), amongst others "study, discourse, reasoning" and indicates that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle. 2320:

Albert, Loren P.; Wu, Jin; Prohaska, Neill; de Camargo, Plinio Barbosa; Huxman, Travis E.; Tribuzy, Edgard S.; Ivanov, Valeriy Y.; Oliveira, Rafael S.; Garcia, Sabrina (2018-03-04).

490:(NDVI)). NDVI makes use of the vegetation's typical low reflection in the red (red energy is mostly absorbed by growing plants for Photosynthesis) and strong reflection in the Near 483:

on a global scale using proxy approaches. These methods complement the traditional phenological methods which recorded the first occurrences of individual species and phenophases.

466: 2785:"From "Periodical Observations" to "Anthochronology" and "Phenology" – the scientific debate between Adolphe Quetelet and Charles Morren on the origin of the word "Phenology"" 2128:

Wu, Jin; Albert, Loren P.; Lopes, Aline P.; Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia; Hayek, Matthew; Wiedemann, Kenia T.; Guan, Kaiyu; Stark, Scott C.; Christoffersen, Bradley (2016-02-26).

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Recent technological advances in studying the earth from space have resulted in a new field of phenological research that is concerned with observing the phenology of whole

359:. Latest research shows that oak bud burst has advanced more than 11 days since the 19th century and that resident and migrant birds are unable to keep up with this change. 620:. This work showed an apparent increase in vegetation productivity that most likely resulted from the increase in temperature and lengthening of the growing season in the 393:) has been observed and recorded since 1818, thus forming the oldest set of records of phenological events in Switzerland. This task is conducted by the secretary of the 2506:

Huete, Alfredo R.; Didan, Kamel; Shimabukuro, Yosio E.; Ratana, Piyachat; Saleska, Scott R.; Hutyra, Lucy R.; Yang, Wenze; Nemani, Ramakrishna R.; Myneni, Ranga (2006).

1268: 651: 500: 639:, as opposed to the long-held view of a monotonous growing season or growth only during the wet rainy season, does in fact exhibit growth spurts during the dry season. 310: 174: 429:, US, since 1973 and now publishes "Poor Will's Almanack", a phenological almanac for farmers (not to be confused with a late 18th-century almanac by the same name). 907:

One of the preferred indicators is phenology, the science of natural recurring events, as their recorded dates provide a high-temporal resolution of ongoing changes.

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Renner, Susanne S.; Zohner, Constantin M. (2018-11-02). "Climate Change and Phenological Mismatch in Trophic Interactions Among Plants, Insects, and Vertebrates".

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Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.

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Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.

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Towards the end of the 19th century the recording of the appearance and development of plants and animals became a national pastime, and between 1891 and 1948 the

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Monahan, William B.; Rosemartin, Alyssa; Gerst, Katharine L.; Fisichelli, Nicholas A.; Ault, Toby; Schwartz, Mark D.; Gross, John E.; Weltzin, Jake F. (2016).

167: 2027: 1801: 2595: 2191:"What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network" 64:

birds, the date of leaf colouring and fall in deciduous trees, the dates of egg-laying of birds and amphibia, or the timing of the developmental cycles of

1936:"An overview of the phenological observation network and the phenological database of Germany's national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst)" 778:

Diplomarbeit der Philosophisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bern (Thesis of Philosophy and Science Faculty of the University of Bern)

289:, the founding father of modern phenological recording, was a wealthy landowner who kept systematic records of "Indications of spring" on his estate at 1462:

Sparks, T.H.; Carey, P.D. (1995). "The responses of species to climate over two centuries: an analysis of the Marsham phenological record, 1736-1947".

2112: 1593:"An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK" 1039: 1845: 1831: 1332: 1066:

HAICTA International Conference on Information Systems in Sustainable Agriculture, Agro-environment and Food Technology (Volos, Greece); vol. 3

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Myneni, RB; Keeling, CD; Tucker, CJ; Asrar, G; Nemani, RR (1997). "Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991".

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could potentially be extracted, and global maps of any of these growing season parameters could then be constructed and used in all sorts of

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Four years later, Morren published "Phenological Memories". The term may not have been common in the decades to follow, as in an article in

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success, resource availability, population and community dynamics in future generations, and therefore evolutionary processes and overall

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recorded the First Flowering Date (FFD) of 557 species of British flowering plants in Oxfordshire between about 1954 and 1990. Writing in

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now than in the very recent past" and that these earlier FFDs will have "profound ecosystem and evolutionary consequences". In Scotland,

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of 1899 describing an ornithological meeting in Sarajevo, where "questions of Phaenology" were discussed, a footnote by the Editor,

2322:"Age-dependent leaf physiology and consequences for crown-scale carbon uptake during the dry season in an Amazon evergreen forest" 2476: 981: 965: 1690: 2490: 2076: 691:

are also at risk of being negatively affected or lost all together. Phenological mismatches will effect species and ecosystems

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are reported as the earliest and latest dates for each event over 25 years; so annual changes cannot therefore be determined.

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Jeffree, E.P. (1960). "Some long-term means from the Phenological reports (1891–1948) of the Royal Meteorological Society".

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in Brussels, to describe "the specific science which has the goal to know the manifestation of life ruled by the time."

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Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the first flight of butterflies, the first appearance of

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Most species, including both plants and animals, interact with one another within ecosystems and habitats, known as

397:(the local parliament), and the opening of the first leaf is announced publicly as indicating the beginning of the 356: 92: 1809: 2917: 919:

Schwartz, M. D.; Ahas, R.; Aasa, A. (2006). "Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere".

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The most successful of these approaches is based on tracking the temporal change of a Vegetation Index (like

386: 2984: 814: 305: 158: 2861: 2715:"Citizen Science: linking the recent rapid advances of plant flowering in Canada with climate variability" 2109: 416: 2964: 2944: 2901:

Information on the plant phenological network operated by Germany's national meteorological service (DWD)

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Terrestrial Photosynthesis in a Changing Environment: A Molecular, Physiological, and Ecological Approach

643:(like a tree, a shrub, etc.) but contains a mixture of whatever intersected the sensor's field of view. 1118:"The Phenological Observations and Networking of Adolphe Quetelet at the Royal Observatory of Brussels" 1058: 2190: 2129: 810:"Grape Harvest Dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions back to AD 1480" 2031: 632: 628: 173:

On 16 December 1849, Morren used the term 'phenology' for the first time in a public lecture at the

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The evolution of the vegetation index through time, depicted by the graph above, exhibits a strong

582:{\displaystyle \mathrm {NDVI} ={\mathrm {NIR} -\mathrm {red} \over \mathrm {NIR} +\mathrm {red} }} 441: 2928: 1221:"Souvenirs phénologiques de l'hiver 1852-1853" ("Phenological memories of the winter 1852-1853")" 1059:"A Concise History of Phenological Observations at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium" 401:. Data show a trend during the 20th century towards an opening that happens earlier and earlier. 394: 2907: 2889:

European open access database with plant phenology data sets for science, research and education

2546: 2130:"Leaf development and demography explain photosynthetic seasonality in Amazon evergreen forests" 1117: 2969: 2873: 880: 660: 129: 121: 88: 146: 2569: 1395: 1033: 732: 187: 38: 2979: 2799: 2726: 2522: 2443: 2286: 2201: 2144: 1985: 1947: 1876: 1705: 1647: 1604: 1549: 1514: 1471: 1428: 1363: 1294: 1174: 1011: 928: 872: 823: 50: 2656:

Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.; Høye, Toke Thomas; Inouye, David W.; Post, Eric (2010-10-12).

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Flexas, J.; Loreto; Medrano (2012). "Photosynthesis during leaf development and ageing".

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reported the seasonal events of more than 400 plant and animal species, Gilbert White in

100: 2803: 2730: 2526: 2447: 2290: 2205: 2148: 1989: 1951: 1880: 1709: 1651: 1608: 1553: 1518: 1475: 1432: 1367: 1298: 1178: 1015: 932: 876: 827: 771:"Grape Harvest Records as a Proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions" 2823: 2757: 2714: 2690: 2657: 2638: 2564: 2538: 2459: 2362: 2225: 2009: 1916: 1729: 1671: 1573: 1487: 1444: 1387: 944: 898: 841: 751: 727: 688: 290: 216: 1105:. Bruxelles: Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. 456: 2815: 2762: 2744: 2695: 2677: 2630: 2354: 2346: 2302: 2256: 2217: 2170: 2162: 2001: 1908: 1900: 1737: 1721: 1663: 1620: 1565: 1448: 1379: 1225:

Bulletin de l'Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique

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Phenological mismatches means the loss of many biological interactions and therefore

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at several sites. Early in their lifespan, leaves reach a peak in their capacity for

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National recording was resumed by Tim Sparks in 1998 and, from 2000, has been led by

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and Saskatchewan PlantWatch), China and Australia also have phenological programs.

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Fitter A, Fitter R (2002). "Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants".

1232: 349: 1283:"Climate change is advancing spring onset across the U.S. National park system" 613: 606: 598: 445: 390: 352: 322: 286: 247: 228: 118: 104: 96: 61: 2811: 2298: 1997: 1888: 1440: 1114:; this publications was followed by yearly publications until 1864. See also: 2958: 2748: 2681: 2634: 2350: 2306: 2221: 2166: 1904: 1254: 1110: 1077: 808:

Meier, N.; Rutishauser, T.; Luterbacher, J.; Pfister, C.; Wanner, H. (2007).

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over a 25-year period between 1768 and 1793. The data, reported in White's

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Citizen science and research network observations on phenology in the USA

2534: 2410:"Welcome to the Climate and Vegetation Research Group, Boston University" 1187: 1162: 1024: 999: 836: 809: 593: 382: 42: 1317: 2056: 1491: 480: 437: 261: 20: 2739: 2662:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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sensor standard public vegetation index product. Data archived at the

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Because many such phenomena are very sensitive to small variations in

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Citizen science and phenology monitoring in the Appalachian mountains

2455: 2187: 1347:; Yiou, P.; Viovy, N.; Seguin, B.; Daux, V.; Le Roy, Ladurie (2004). 1069: 602: 476: 412:

in which both professional scientists and lay recorders participate.

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Kaspar, Frank; Zimmermann, Kirsten; Polte-Rudolf, Christine (2014).

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interactions) (i.e. plant-plant), between different trophic levels (

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interactions) (i.e. plant-animal) or through creating competition (

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became available. For example, records of the harvest dates of the

243: 1260: 83:, especially to temperature, phenological records can be a useful 2898: 2855: 2088: 1142: 294: 150: 80: 73: 46: 1976:

database (PEP725): a single point of access for European data".

1280: 918: 378: 2922: 997: 2934: 625: 462: 264: 134: 2949: 2655: 1933: 2505: 2247:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–372. 2127: 1974: 426: 2858:

Citizen science program to digitize bird phenology records

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Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M.; Wu, Chaoyang (2013-07-19).

2319: 1862:"Tritrophic phenological match–mismatch in space and time" 1414:"Grape harvest dates are poor indicators of summer warmth" 175:

Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium

2904: 2867: 2508:"Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season" 410: 2886: 2433: 469: 415:

Many other countries such as Canada (Alberta Plantwatch

371: 1064:. In Dalezios, Nicolas R.; Tzortzios, Stergios (eds.). 157:. Quetelet made plant phenological observations at the 2658:"The effects of phenological mismatches on demography" 1858: 1591:

Sparks, T. H.; Jeffree, E. P.; Jeffree, C. E. (2000).

2028:"Botany in Geneva and the "marronnier de la Treille"" 1507:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

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Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

2565:"Defying Dry: Amazon Greener in Dry Season than Wet" 2562: 1590: 1539: 436:

of South America, the timing of leaf production and

2242: 1691:"Rapid Changes in Flowering Time in British Plants" 2782: 2275: 1846:"A brief history of phenology - Nature's Calendar" 1832:"A brief history of phenology - Nature's Calendar" 1455: 1252:'Ornithological meeting at Serajevo, Bosnia,' in: 1203: 1148: 581: 128:), "to show, to bring to light, make to appear" + 2563:Lindsey, Rebecca; Robert Simmon (June 30, 2006). 1160: 616:based phenology is the work of Ranga Myneni from 2956: 2020: 1763:"Change in climate leads to a month more mowing" 2931:Citizen Science for Plant Phenology in Slovenia 2053:"Long-term series of phenological observations" 1689:Fitter, A. H.; Fitter, R. S. R. (31 May 2002). 1333:The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne 2864:Citizen Science for Plant Phenology in the USA 2783:Demarée, Gaston R; Rutishauser, This (2011). 2712: 1161:Demarée, Gaston R.; Rutishaler, This (2009). 1052: 768: 2612: 1688: 1637: 1349:"Grape ripening as a past climate indicator" 1072:: University of Thessaly. pp. 815–824. 1038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2045: 1498: 1461: 253:Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne 1631: 1533: 1405: 409:There is a USA National Phenology Network 72:colonies. In the scientific literature on 2950:Austrian phenological network run by ZAMG 2925:Phenological survey on birds for children 2918:Naturewatch: A Canadian Phenology project 2756: 2738: 2689: 2340: 2156: 1959: 1316: 1306: 1186: 1154: 1023: 884: 855: 835: 801: 762: 301:order of 1.5 °C in the same period. 1097: 1090: 650: 646: 455: 204: 16:Study of the timing of biological events 2792:International Journal of Biometeorology 1802:"David's lawn mower and global warming" 1597:International Journal of Biometeorology 1542:International Journal of Biometeorology 1504: 1246: 1209: 1115: 1103:Observations des Phénomènes périodiques 998:Demaree, G, and T Rutishauser. (2009). 2957: 1760: 1411: 1337: 1215: 984:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 968:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 488:Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 385:, the opening of the first leaf of an 2887:Pan European Phenology Project PEP725 2856:North American Bird Phenology Program 2627:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062535 2499: 2427: 2077:Nature Saskatchewan : PlantWatch 1780: 1325: 362: 224:North American Bird Phenology Program 2030:. Living traditions in Switzerland, 1046: 331:in 2002, Richard Fitter and his son 246:, Hampshire and William Markwick in 2198:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 1421:Theoretical and Applied Climatology 1196: 631:(EVI) reported by Alfredo Huete at 612:A noteworthy example of the use of 451: 37:is the study of periodic events in 13: 1808:. 1 September 2005. Archived from 1781:Cramb, Auslan (3 September 2005). 1761:Clover, Charles (27 August 2005). 1125:Italian Journal of Agrometeorology 572: 569: 566: 558: 555: 552: 545: 542: 539: 531: 528: 525: 514: 511: 508: 505: 404: 14: 2996: 2849: 1163:"Origins of the word 'Phenology'" 1000:"Origins of the Word 'Phenology'" 2091:. EarthWatch Institute Australia 1783:"Lawn diarist earns his stripes" 1259: 941:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x 895:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x 357:Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 281: 41:and how these are influenced by 2914:Spring Watch & Autumn Watch 2706: 2649: 2606: 2588: 2556: 2481: 2477:ISI Web of Knowledge [v3.0] 2470: 2402: 2391: 2373: 2313: 2269: 2236: 2214:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.031 2181: 2121: 2103: 2081: 2070: 1968: 1927: 1852: 1838: 1824: 1793: 1773: 1754: 1682: 1584: 1274: 635:and colleagues showed that the 624:. Another example based on the 471:, courtesy of Dr. Robert Cook. 145:, a professor of botany at the 143:Charles François Antoine Morren 2868:USA National Phenology Network 2573:. EOS Project Science Office, 1869:Nature Ecology & Evolution 1204:Demarée & Rutishauser 2011 1202:Morren 1849/1851, as cited in 1149:Demarée & Rutishauser 2011 991: 975: 959: 912: 744: 601:, etc.). Other growing season 440:has been linked to rhythms in 103:of ongoing changes related to 45:and interannual variations in 1: 2279:Remote Sensing of Environment 738: 198: 117:The word is derived from the 91:, especially in the study of 2515:Geophysical Research Letters 2253:10.1017/CBO9781139051477.028 815:Geophysical Research Letters 306:Royal Meteorological Society 159:Royal Observatory of Belgium 110: 7: 2945:Wisconsin Public Television 1116:Demarée, Gaston R. (2009). 706: 153:). Morren was a student of 141:The term was first used by 10: 3001: 2776: 421:In eastern North America, 348:project Nature's Calendar 193: 18: 2905:Nature's Calendar Ireland 2812:10.1007/s00484-011-0442-5 2596:"Ecological Interactions" 2299:10.1016/j.rse.2016.05.009 2032:Federal Office of Culture 1998:10.1007/s00484-018-1512-8 1889:10.1038/s41559-018-0543-1 1441:10.1007/s00704-006-0197-9 633:the University of Arizona 629:enhanced vegetation index 274: 2937:French Phenology network 2935:Observatoire des Saisons 1265:4th series, vol 3 (1899) 442:gross primary production 318:The Phenological Reports 311:The Phenological Reports 234:The English naturalists 19:Not to be confused with 2158:10.1126/science.aad5068 1718:10.1126/science.1071617 1660:10.1126/science.1071617 986:A Greek-English Lexicon 970:A Greek-English Lexicon 661:biological interactions 395:Grand Council of Geneva 2674:10.1098/rstb.2010.0148 2115:July 22, 2012, at the 1961:10.5194/asr-11-93-2014 1527:10.1002/qj.49708636710 769:Meier, Nicole (2007). 656: 583: 472: 387:official chestnut tree 372:Pan European Phenology 211: 89:historical climatology 39:biological life cycles 2899:DWD phenology website 2570:The Earth Observatory 2488:Tbrs, Modis Vi Cd-Rom 2380:Tbrs, Modis Vi Cd-Rom 1617:10.1007/s004840000049 1562:10.1007/s004840000049 1412:Keenan, D.J. (2007). 921:Global Change Biology 865:Global Change Biology 733:Biological life cycle 654: 647:Phenological mismatch 584: 459: 208: 188:William Lucas Distant 2923:Spring Alive Project 2895:UK Phenology network 2893:UK Nature's Calendar 2874:AMC's Mountain Watch 2535:10.1029/2005GL025583 2200:. 182–183: 128–144. 1812:on 21 September 2019 1188:10.1029/2009EO340004 1053:Demarée, Gaston R.; 1025:10.1029/2009EO340004 837:10.1029/2007GL031381 501: 168:Carl Joseph Kreutzer 2985:Branches of biology 2804:2011IJBm...55..753D 2731:2013NatSR...3E2239G 2668:(1555): 3177–3186. 2527:2006GeoRL..33.6405H 2448:1997Natur.386..698M 2291:2016RSEnv.182...90L 2206:2013AgFM..182..128R 2149:2016Sci...351..972W 1990:2018IJBm...62.1109T 1978:Int. J. Biometeorol 1952:2014AdSR...11...93K 1881:2018NatEE...2..970B 1710:2002Sci...296.1689F 1652:2002Sci...296.1689F 1646:(5573): 1689–1691. 1609:2000IJBm...44...82S 1554:2000IJBm...44...82S 1519:1960QJRMS..86...95J 1476:1995JEcol..83..321S 1433:2007ThApC..87..255K 1368:2004Natur.432..289C 1299:2016Ecosp...7E1465M 1179:2009EOSTr..90..291D 1016:2009EOSTr..90..291D 933:2006GCBio..12..343S 877:2006GCBio..12.1969M 828:2007GeoRL..3420705M 689:ecosystem functions 338:David Grisenthwaite 147:University of Liège 101:temporal resolution 87:for temperature in 2965:Periodic phenomena 2943:Video produced by 2910:2021-01-28 at the 2879:2016-04-14 at the 2719:Scientific Reports 2493:2006-09-15 at the 2385:2006-12-30 at the 1464:Journal of Ecology 728:Growing degree-day 657: 579: 473: 434:Amazon rainforests 363:Continental Europe 291:Stratton Strawless 212: 2740:10.1038/srep02239 2342:10.1111/nph.15056 2143:(6276): 972–976. 1704:(5573): 1689–91. 1362:(7015): 289–290. 1308:10.1002/ecs2.1465 1099:Quetelet, Adolphe 1096:First published: 871:(10): 1969–1976. 718:Nature Detectives 637:Amazon Rainforest 618:Boston University 577: 2992: 2862:Project Budburst 2845: 2843: 2842: 2836: 2830:. Archived from 2789: 2771: 2770: 2760: 2742: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2545:. Archived from 2512: 2503: 2497: 2485: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2456:10.1038/386698a0 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2412:. Archived from 2406: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2344: 2326: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2160: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2085: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2024: 2018: 2017: 1984:(6): 1109–1113. 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1866: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1736:. Archived from 1695: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1427:(1–4): 255–256. 1418: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1394:. Archived from 1353: 1341: 1335: 1331:White, G (1789) 1329: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1310: 1278: 1272: 1263: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1213: 1207: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1122: 1113: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1063: 1055:Chuine, Isabelle 1050: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1029: 1027: 995: 989: 979: 973: 963: 957: 956: 916: 910: 909: 888: 859: 853: 852: 839: 805: 799: 798: 793: 792: 786: 780:. Archived from 775: 766: 760: 759: 748: 588: 586: 585: 580: 578: 576: 575: 561: 549: 548: 534: 522: 517: 452:Airborne sensors 240:William Markwick 155:Adolphe Quetelet 3000: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2955: 2954: 2912:Wayback Machine 2881:Wayback Machine 2852: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2787: 2779: 2774: 2711: 2707: 2654: 2650: 2611: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2495:Wayback Machine 2486: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2387:Wayback Machine 2378: 2374: 2329:New Phytologist 2324: 2318: 2314: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2241: 2237: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2117:Wayback Machine 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2026: 2025: 2021: 1973: 1969: 1932: 1928: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1787:Daily Telegraph 1778: 1774: 1767:Daily Telegraph 1759: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1743:on 18 July 2011 1740: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1636: 1632: 1589: 1585: 1538: 1534: 1513:(367): 95–103. 1503: 1499: 1484:10.2307/2261570 1460: 1456: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1376:10.1038/432289a 1351: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1279: 1275: 1251: 1247: 1238: 1236: 1217:Morren, Charles 1214: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1120: 1095: 1091: 1082: 1080: 1061: 1051: 1047: 1031: 1030: 996: 992: 980: 976: 964: 960: 917: 913: 860: 856: 806: 802: 790: 788: 784: 773: 767: 763: 756:Merriam-Webster 750: 749: 745: 741: 713:Citizen science 709: 649: 607:climatic change 565: 551: 550: 538: 524: 523: 521: 504: 502: 499: 498: 454: 407: 405:Other countries 365: 346:citizen science 333:Alistair Fitter 284: 277: 201: 196: 113: 51:habitat factors 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2998: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2915: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2851: 2850:External links 2848: 2847: 2846: 2798:(6): 753–761. 2778: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2705: 2648: 2621:(1): 165–182. 2605: 2587: 2555: 2552:on 2016-03-04. 2498: 2480: 2469: 2426: 2401: 2390: 2372: 2335:(3): 870–884. 2312: 2268: 2261: 2235: 2180: 2120: 2102: 2089:"ClimateWatch" 2080: 2069: 2044: 2019: 1967: 1926: 1875:(6): 970–975. 1851: 1837: 1823: 1792: 1772: 1753: 1681: 1630: 1583: 1532: 1497: 1470:(2): 321–329. 1454: 1404: 1401:on 2011-09-28. 1336: 1324: 1293:(10): e01465. 1273: 1245: 1208: 1206:, p. 758. 1195: 1153: 1151:, p. 756. 1141: 1089: 1045: 990: 974: 958: 927:(2): 343–351. 911: 886:10.1.1.167.960 854: 822:(20): L20705. 800: 761: 742: 740: 737: 736: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 708: 705: 648: 645: 614:remote sensing 599:growing season 590: 589: 574: 571: 568: 564: 560: 557: 554: 547: 544: 541: 537: 533: 530: 527: 520: 516: 513: 510: 507: 479:and stands of 453: 450: 446:photosynthesis 406: 403: 391:horse chestnut 364: 361: 353:Woodland Trust 323:Richard Fitter 287:Robert Marsham 283: 280: 276: 273: 248:Battle, Sussex 229:Wells W. Cooke 200: 197: 195: 192: 112: 109: 105:global warming 97:global warming 93:climate change 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2997: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2970:Chronobiology 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2837:on 2020-12-04 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521:(6): L06405. 2520: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442:(6626): 698. 2441: 2437: 2430: 2416:on 2016-02-24 2415: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2264: 2262:9781139051477 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2110:BioWatch Home 2106: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2073: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:Adv. Sci. Res 1937: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1855: 1847: 1841: 1833: 1827: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1255:The Zoologist 1249: 1234: 1230: 1227:(in French). 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1205: 1199: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1145: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1041: 1035: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 994: 987: 983: 978: 971: 967: 962: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 915: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 851: 847: 843: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816: 811: 804: 797: 787:on 2008-12-17 783: 779: 772: 765: 757: 753: 747: 743: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:trophic level 664: 662: 653: 644: 640: 638: 634: 630: 627: 623: 622:boreal forest 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 595: 562: 535: 518: 497: 496: 495: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 470: 468: 464: 458: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 411: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 367: 360: 358: 354: 351:, run by the 350: 347: 342: 339: 334: 330: 329: 324: 319: 315: 313: 312: 307: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 282:Great Britain 279: 272: 270: 266: 263: 257: 255: 254: 249: 245: 241: 237: 236:Gilbert White 232: 230: 225: 220: 218: 207: 203: 191: 189: 185: 184: 183:The Zoologist 178: 176: 171: 169: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 136: 131: 127: 123: 120: 115: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 56: 52: 49:, as well as 48: 44: 40: 36: 30: 29:Phenomenology 26: 22: 2839:. 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Retrieved 782:the original 777: 764: 755: 746: 723:Season creep 701:biodiversity 697:reproduction 686: 680: 677:intertrophic 676: 673:intratrophic 672: 665: 658: 641: 611: 591: 485: 474: 431: 420: 414: 408: 376: 368: 366: 343: 327: 317: 316: 309: 303: 299: 285: 278: 258: 251: 233: 221: 213: 202: 181: 179: 172: 164: 140: 133: 125: 116: 114: 78: 59: 34: 33: 2980:Climatology 2725:(1): 2239. 2398:49971CU_Txt 2062:11 December 2037:11 December 1173:(34): 291. 1010:(34): 291. 752:"Phenology" 594:correlation 383:Switzerland 2959:Categories 2841:2018-11-20 2420:2006-12-19 2057:MeteoSwiss 1897:1893/27121 1806:Fife Today 1747:2010-05-25 1345:Chuine, I. 1239:2019-05-22 1135:2019-05-20 1083:2019-05-22 791:2007-12-25 739:References 681:intraguild 603:parameters 481:vegetation 477:ecosystems 438:abscission 262:pinot noir 199:Historical 21:Phrenology 2941:Phenology 2929:Moj Popek 2749:2045-2322 2682:0962-8436 2635:1543-592X 2580:29 August 2351:0028-646X 2307:0034-4257 2285:: 90–98. 2222:0168-1923 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