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the plain customs they respected. In 1815 Hicks briefly gave up ornamental painting and attempted to support his family by farming, while also continuing with the plain, utilitarian type of painting that his Quaker neighbors thought acceptable. His financial difficulties only increased, as utilitarian painting was less remunerative, and Hicks did not have the experience he needed to cultivate the land, or run a farm primarily on his own.
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to be the most congested area, in which the size of each object seems to reflect its importance regardless of its position in space. Both paintings show humans and animals interacting together, and evoke a sense of community because the people are portrayed as trying to accomplish something. In the case of "Peaceable
Kingdom", there are settlers in the background, signing a treaty with the Native Americans.
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248:) and Orthodox Friends. As new settlers swelled Pennsylvania's Quaker community, many branched off into sects whose differences sometimes conflicted with one another, which greatly discouraged Edward Hicks from continuing to preach. Nonetheless, in his lifetime Hicks was better known as a minister than as a painter. He is buried at
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At this stage of his life Hicks was, as he later wrote in his memoirs, "in my own estimation a weak, wayward young man ... exceedingly fond of singing, dancing, vain amusements, and the company of young people, and too often profanely swearing". Dissatisfied with his life, he started to attend Quaker
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By 1816, his wife was expecting a fifth child. After a relative of Hicks, at the urging of Hicks' close friend John Comly, talked to him about painting again, Hicks resumed decorative painting. This friendly suggestion saved Hicks from financial disaster, and preserved his livelihood not as a Quaker
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makers
William and Henry Tomlinson. He stayed with them for seven years, during which he learned the craft of coach painting. In 1800 he left the Tomlinson firm to earn his living independently as a house and coach painter, and in 1801 he moved to Milford to work for Joshua C. Canby, a coach maker.
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Although none of his paintings are completely identical, there are certain compositional structures and patterns Hicks follows within all of his work. Although the space may appear shallow on the picture plane of these paintings, depth is created through objects and objects size, and secondarily by
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Hicks' works display similarities from painting to painting. For example, his 1834 version of "Peaceable
Kingdom" and 1845 version of "The Residence of David Twining" offer many comparisons (please see the second and third paintings displayed below). First, the right area of both paintings appears
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and other founding
Quakers had established and preached the Inner Light doctrine. Fox explained that along with scriptural knowledge, many individuals achieve salvation by yielding one's self-will to the divine power of Christ and the "Christ within". This "Christ in You" concept was derived from
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preacher. To meet the expenses of traveling, and for the support of his growing family, Hicks decided to expand his trade to painting household objects and farm equipment as well as tavern signs. His painting trade was lucrative, but it upset some in the Quaker community, because it contradicted
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exemplifies Quaker ideals. Hicks painted 62 versions of this composition. The animals and children are taken from Isaiah 11:6–8 (also echoed in Isaiah 65:25), including the lion eating straw with the ox. Hicks used his paintings as a way to define his central interest, which was the quest for a
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Hicks almost always painted outdoor scenes, in which the light source is the sun or sky. The color schemes of his work are not complicated, and within a painting such as "Peaceable
Kingdom" many of the colors have the same warmth or brown tone. This is another way that Hicks' tries to convey
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Calmness and peace, rather than abrupt action, characterize Hicks' compositions. Many of the shapes and forms in his work appear to be organic, flowing and soft. One must pay close attention to the gestures of individuals and animals in his paintings to derive meaning. Hicks uses small detail
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Quaker beliefs prohibited a lavish life or having excessive quantities of objects or materials. Unable to maintain his work as a preacher and painter at the same time, Hicks transitioned into a life of painting, and he used his canvases to convey his beliefs. He was unconfined by rules of his
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1:27. Hicks depicted humans and animals to represent the Inner Light's idea of breaking physical barriers (of difference between two individuals) to working and living together in peace. Many of his paintings further exemplify this concept with depictions of
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Hicks admired Penn as an opponent of
British power in America, and he hoped that Penn could help ensure reform. Like Penn, Hicks opposed Britain's hierarchy. Hicks most esteemed Penn for establishing the treaty of Pennsylvania with the
177:. After young Edward's mother died when he was eighteen months old, Matron Elizabeth Twining – a close friend of his mother's – raised him as one of her own at their farm, known as the
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His work often focused on religious subject matter while using current events to portray them. Hicks conveyed meaning through symbols, and depicted predators (such as
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410:"uniformity" or peace. Most of these paintings are asymmetrically balanced, to reflect actions taking place between groups of people and animals within the work.
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meetings regularly, and in 1803 he was accepted for membership in the
Society of Friends. Later that same year he married a Quaker woman named Sarah Worstall.
355:. It got mixed reviews due to Hicks' habit of repeating various arrangements over and over again. Hicks' earliest presentation of work was in 1826.
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light and shadows. The foreground, middle ground and background are all defined by objects, animals, landscape, humans, and skylines.
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382:(1826–30), is now located in Reynolda House, Museum of American Art, Winston-Salem, NC. It is a notable example of Hicks' legacy.
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Memoirs of the Life and
Religious Labors of Edward Hicks late of Newtown. Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Written by himself
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In 1827, a schism formed within the
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congregation, and able to freely express what religion could not: the human conception of faith.
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Minister but as a Quaker artist. Around 1820, Hicks made the first of his many paintings of
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Quaker
Tradition and the Paintings of Edward A Strategy for the Study of Folk Art,
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Quaker Tradition and the Paintings of Edward A Strategy for the Study of Folk Art,
790:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: David Leedom Farm"
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1030:. Philadelphia: Merrihew & Thomson. Printers. No. 7 Carter's Alley. 1851.
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Hicks' work was influenced by a specific Quaker belief referred to as the '
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redeemed soul. This theme was also from one of his theological beliefs.
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Edward Hicks was born in his grandfather's mansion at Attleboro (now
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A special collection on Edward Hicks is among the holdings of the
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who was left without any money after the British defeat in the
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1094:. Williamsburg, Va: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1999.
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Edward Hicks' first major exhibition took place in 1860 at
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beliefs, which had a great effect on the rest of his life.
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Edward Hicks, His Peaceable Kingdoms and Other Paintings.
363:. Hicks used Penn and the Native Americans to paraphrase
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Memoirs of the Life and Religious Labors of Edward Hicks
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Memoirs of the Life and Religious Labors of Edward Hicks
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Although it is not considered a religious image, Hicks'
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At the age of thirteen Hicks began an apprenticeship to
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Bauman, J. For The Reputation of Truth. London:1971
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214:A Peaceable Kingdom with Quakers Bearing Banners
378:) next to each other to show a theme of peace.
1123:Edward Hicks, Painter of the Peaceable Kingdom
110:(April 4, 1780 – August 23, 1849) was an
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919:. New York: Andrew Crispo Gallery Inc., 1975.
1178:The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum
317:meeting the settlers of Pennsylvania, with
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788:Elizabeth Gish and Leilani Stewart (1974).
53:Edward Hicks Painting the Peaceable Kingdom
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1087:. New York: American Folk Society, 1981.
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284:painted by Edward Hicks, c. 1833–1834.
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984:"Newtown Historic Association website"
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1241:Reynolda House Museum of American Art
953:New York: American Folk Society,1981.
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678:Reynolda House Museum of American Art
346:Reynolda House Museum of American Art
250:Newtown Friends Meetinghouse Cemetery
1126:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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181:. He apparently also resided at the
1588:Quaker Council for European Affairs
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587:, c. 1830–40, Museum of Fine Arts,
540:The Residence of David Twining 1785
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1853:19th-century American male artists
1533:American Friends Service Committee
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534:Selected works and their locations
169:. Isaac Hicks, his father, was a
23:. For the English politician, see
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1548:Central Yearly Meeting of Friends
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730:Mr. A. Newton Gish (March 1980).
218:Terra Foundation for American Art
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27:. For the Wisconsin pioneer, see
1608:World Gathering of Young Friends
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380:Peaceable Kingdoms of the Branch
1593:Quaker Peace and Social Witness
1214:The Newark Museum: American Art
1015:Hicks, E., & Mather, E. P.
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915:Hicks, E., & Mather, E. P.
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674:Peaceable Kingdom of the Branch
466:The Residence of David Twining,
344:, oil on canvas, c. 1826–1830.
342:Peaceable Kingdom of the Branch
19:For the bishop of Lincoln, see
1803:19th-century American painters
1201:The Philadelphia Museum of Art
934:1644. William Penn's Religion.
887:Weekley and Barry 1999, p. 34.
869:Weekley and Barry 1999, p. 10.
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838:Weekley and Barry 1999, p. 29.
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661:Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts
640:Penn's Treaty With the Indians
585:Penn's Treaty With the Indians
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1245:Winston-Salem, North Carolina
1054:1644. William Penn's Religion
1017:Edward Hicks: A gentle spirit
917:Edward Hicks: A gentle spirit
901:To Serve Well and Faithfully.
860:Weekley and Barry 1999, p. 6.
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1598:Quaker United Nations Office
1092:The Kingdoms of Edward Hicks
1061:To Serve Well and Faithfully
1010:For The Reputation of Truth.
387:Newtown Historic Association
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16:19th-century American artist
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1223:The National Gallery of Art
280:One of over 60 versions of
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185:. She also taught him the
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1568:Friends General Conference
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602:Philadelphia Museum of Art
576:Metropolitan Museum of Art
510:(1847), private collection
494:Philadelphia Museum of Art
428:Washington at the Delaware
361:Philadelphia Museum of Art
163:Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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1192:The Worcester Art Museum
1183:American Folk Art Museum
1075:American Folk Art Museum
1072:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller
1037:. Applewood Books, 2009
971:American Folk Art Museum
968:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller
561:Worcester, Massachusetts
544:American Folk Art Museum
470:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller
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359:was at that time in the
1603:Szechwan Yearly Meeting
1492:John Greenleaf Whittier
648:National Gallery of Art
632:The Landing of Columbus
527:National Gallery of Art
148:National Gallery of Art
79:Attleboro, Pennsylvania
1808:American male painters
1573:Friends United Meeting
1543:Britain Yearly Meeting
829:Hicks 2009, pp. 37–38.
414:Gallery of major works
367:'s prophecy, in full.
357:Kingdoms of the Branch
353:Williamsburg, Virginia
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321:prominent among them.
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29:Edward Hicks (pioneer)
1823:Converts to Quakerism
1538:A Quaker Action Group
1104:Hicks, Edward. 2009.
1056:. Pennsylvania: 1703.
1021:Andrew Crispo Gallery
986:. Newtownhistoric.org
771:(Searchable database)
713:(Searchable database)
657:The Peaceable Kingdom
636:The Peaceable Kingdom
611:Grave of William Penn
598:The Peaceable Kingdom
572:The Peaceable Kingdom
553:The Peaceable Kingdom
447:The Peaceable Kingdom
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144:The Peaceable Kingdom
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98:Newtown, Pennsylvania
21:Edward Hicks (bishop)
1848:19th-century Quakers
1553:Conservative Friends
1482:Mary Coffin Starbuck
642:, c. 1840–1l44; and
567:The Falls of Niagara
557:Worcester Art Museum
374:) and prey (such as
165:. His parents were
1772:ASFC Nobel nominees
1634:Integrity ("Truth")
1317:Kenneth E. Boulding
1120:Ford, Alice. 1998.
1110:. Applewood Books.
936:Pennsylvania: 1703.
847:Miller and Mather.
644:Portrait of a Child
264:. he died in 1849.
1711:Book of Discipline
1707:Faith and Practice
1422:Zephaniah Kingsley
1377:Joseph John Gurney
1218:Newark, New Jersey
820:Hicks 2009, p. 40.
802:on October 4, 2013
744:on October 4, 2013
619:Newark, New Jersey
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123:Society of Friends
119:religious minister
117:and distinguished
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1059:Saliner, Sharon.
899:Saliner, Sharon.
293:Peaceable Kingdom
183:David Leedom Farm
175:Revolutionary War
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1099:Further reading
1063:. London: 1862.
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1661:
1660:Latin America
1658:
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1655:North America
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1485:
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1477:Bayard Rustin
1475:
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1465:
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1450:
1448:
1447:Richard Nixon
1445:
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1437:Lucretia Mott
1435:
1433:
1432:Dave Matthews
1430:
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1043:1-4290-1885-2
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945:Vlach, John.
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850:
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616:
615:Newark Museum
612:
609:
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583:
581:
580:New York City
577:
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548:New York City
545:
541:
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524:
518:
513:
509:
508:Penn's Treaty
503:
498:
495:
491:
490:
483:
478:
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468:(1845–1848),
467:
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75:April 4, 1780
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1732:Inward light
1710:
1706:
1507:John Woolman
1462:William Penn
1442:James Nayler
1427:Benjamin Lay
1392:Edward Hicks
1391:
1357:Joshua Evans
1327:John Cadbury
1236:Find a Grave
1232:Edward Hicks
1209:Pennsylvania
1205:Philadelphia
1121:
1105:
1091:
1081:
1067:
1060:
1052:William Penn
1049:
1034:
1027:
1019:. New York:
1016:
1009:
988:. Retrieved
978:
963:
958:
946:
941:
932:William Penn
929:
924:
916:
900:
883:
874:
865:
856:
848:
843:
834:
825:
816:
804:. Retrieved
797:the original
783:
775:. Retrieved
768:the original
758:
746:. Retrieved
739:the original
725:
717:. Retrieved
710:the original
700:
673:
656:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
610:
606:Philadelphia
597:
593:
584:
571:
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552:
539:
522:
507:
487:
465:
446:
427:
408:
404:
400:
396:
384:
379:
369:
356:
350:
341:
323:
319:William Penn
308:the Bible's
298:
292:
290:
281:
271:
262:Pennsylvania
258:Bucks County
243:
238:
235:
226:Philadelphia
223:
213:
199:
191:
179:Twining Farm
156:
143:
115:folk painter
108:Edward Hicks
107:
106:
92:(1849-08-23)
57:Thomas Hicks
52:
40:Edward Hicks
33:
1798:1849 deaths
1793:1780 births
1617:Testimonies
1497:John Wilbur
1412:Rufus Jones
1397:Elias Hicks
1337:Anne Conway
1332:Levi Coffin
1289:Individuals
1008:Bauman, J.
659:, 1830–32,
646:, c. 1840,
638:, c. 1834;
634:, c. 1837;
596:, 1846 and
555:, c. 1833,
301:Inner Light
246:Elias Hicks
216:(1829–30),
1787:Categories
1639:Simplicity
1472:Betsy Ross
1457:Alice Paul
1387:Carl Heath
1367:George Fox
1352:Judi Dench
1347:James Dean
1066:Twinning.
962:Twinning.
806:October 7,
777:October 1,
748:October 7,
719:October 1,
692:References
665:Montgomery
594:Noah's Ark
489:Noah's Ark
475:Collection
333:Exhibition
310:Colossians
305:George Fox
134:Early life
71:1780-04-04
1648:By region
1158:Biography
1050:Remember
930:Remember
159:Langhorne
129:Biography
1757:Tapestry
1629:Equality
990:July 26,
626:, 1848;
613:, 1847,
542:, 1846,
525:(1848),
492:(1846),
473:Folk Art
268:Painting
171:Loyalist
167:Anglican
146:(1826),
112:American
1762:Wedding
1752:Schools
1717:History
1691:Science
1281:Quakers
1144:Portals
1077:, 2008.
1023:, 1975.
1003:Sources
973:, 2008.
669:Alabama
449:, circa
121:of the
1670:Africa
1665:Europe
1516:Groups
1130:
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1041:
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432:
365:Isaiah
230:Quaker
187:Quaker
161:), in
100:, U.S.
81:, U.S.
59:, 1839
1767:Women
1747:Query
1696:Clerk
1679:Other
1624:Peace
1084:JSTOR
949:JSTOR
800:(PDF)
793:(PDF)
784:Note:
742:(PDF)
735:(PDF)
726:Note:
434:1849)
430:, (c.
393:Works
376:lambs
372:lions
228:as a
194:coach
1128:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1039:ISBN
992:2014
808:2012
779:2013
750:2012
721:2013
453:1834
87:Died
65:Born
1709:or
1243:in
1234:at
1225:in
1216:in
1203:in
1194:in
1185:in
1170:Art
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