Economy of Myanmar

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border pass is permitted at several border checkpoints. The government requires a valid passport with an entry visa for all tourists and business people. As of May 2010, foreign business visitors from any country can apply for a visa on arrival when passing through Yangon and Mandalay international airports without having to make any prior arrangements with travel agencies. Both the tourist visa and business visa are valid for 28 days, renewable for an additional 14 days for tourism and three months for business. Seeing Burma through a personal tour guide is popular. Travellers can hire guides through travel agencies.

2203: 2258:(GAO) identified the financial and other restrictions that the military government places on international humanitarian assistance in the Southeast Asian country. The GAO report, entitled "Assistance Programs Constrained in Burma," outlines the specific efforts of the Burmese government to hinder the humanitarian work of international organisations, including by restricting the free movement of international staff within the country. The report notes that the regime has tightened its control over assistance work since former Prime Minister 2026:

liberalization measures were rescinded. Burma does not have monetary or fiscal stability, so the economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances – including inflation, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, and a distorted interest rate regime. Most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently refused to honor the results of the 1990 legislative elections. In response to the government of Burma's attack in May 2003 on

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major challenges over the upcoming years: 1) Road modernization and integration with neighboring roads and transportation networks; 2) Development of regional airports and expansion of existing airport capacity, and 3) Maintenance and consolidation of urban transport infrastructure, through instalments of innovative transportation tools including but not limited to water-taxis and air-conditioned buses. Myanmar needs to scale up its enabling infrastructure like transport, power supply and public utilities.

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from Myanmar intact. According to recent amendments to the new Myanmar foreign investment law, there is no longer a minimum capital requirement for investments, except in mining ventures, which require substantial proof of capital and must be documented through a domestic bank. Another important clarification in the investment law is the dropping of foreign ownership restrictions in joint ventures, except in restricted sectors, such as mining, where FDI will be capped at 80 per cent.

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Germany, and France has led to the development of new potential construction projects across Burma. Many of these infrastructure projects are in the hands of Chinese construction contractors and civil engineers with various projects such as irrigation dams, highways, bridges, ground satellite stations, and an international airport for Mandalay. Burmese entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry have also established numerous joint ventures and corporate partnerships with mainland Chinese

191: 7289: 6861: 1325: 7299: 6885: 2375: 35: 2286:(R-FL) said that the report "underscores the need for democratic change in Burma, whose military regime arbitrarily arrests, tortures, rapes and executes its own people, ruthlessly persecutes ethnic minorities, and bizarrely builds itself a new capital city while failing to address the increasingly urgent challenges of refugee flows, illicit narcotics and human trafficking, and the spread of HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases." 983: 2363: 432:, focused initially on the political system to restore peace and achieve national unity and moving quickly to an economic and social reform program. Current economic statistics were a huge decline from the economic statistics of Myanmar in the fiscal year of 2020, in which Myanmar’s nominal GDP was $ 81.26 billion and its purchasing power adjusted GDP was $ 279.14 billion. Myanmar has faced an economic crisis since the 387: 379: 371: 325: 313: 295: 6873: 137: 1256:

Chinese-owned jeweller reportedly controls 100 gem mines and produces over 2,000 kilograms of raw rubies annually. Since the privatization of the gem industry during the 1990s, Burmese jewelers and entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry have transformed Burma's gem industry into new retail jewelry shops, selling coveted pieces of expensive jewelry to customers mainly hailing from Hong Kong and Taiwan.

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because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade – often estimated to be as large as the official economy. Burma's trade with Thailand, China, and India is rising. Though the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, better investment and business climates and an improved political situation are needed to promote foreign investment, exports, and tourism.

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market. Between June 2012 and October 2015, the Myanmar Kyat depreciated by approximately 35%, from 850 down to 1300 against the US Dollar. Local businesses with foreign denominated loans from abroad suddenly found themselves rushing for a strategy to mitigate currency risks. Myanmar's current lack of available currency hedging solutions presents a real challenge for Geothermal project financing.

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India, Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British. After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land. The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy which caused some inflation.

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area, citing lower labour costs. In mid-2015, about 55% of officially registered garment firms in Myanmar were known to be fully or partly foreign-owned, with about 25% of the foreign firms from China and 17% from Hong Kong. Foreign-linked firms supply almost all garment exports, and these have risen

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are old and dilapidated, with few repairs since their construction under British rule in the late nineteenth century. Presently China and Japan are providing aid to upgrade rail transport. Highways are normally paved, except in remote border regions. Energy shortages are common throughout the country

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In recent years, China and India attempted to strengthen ties with Myanmar for mutual benefit. The European Union and some nations including the United States and Canada imposed investment and trade sanctions on Burma. The United States banned all imports from Burma, though this restriction was since

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to evaluate options to reform the current exchange rate system, to stabilise the domestic foreign exchange trading market and reduce economic distortions. The dual exchange rate system allows for the government and state-owned enterprises to divert funds and revenues, while also giving the government

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policy. They destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese. Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies. After independence, the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed. With the loss of

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monopoly. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853. It produced 75% of the world's teak. The wealth was however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In the 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for several decades.

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Under the British administration, the people of Burma were at the bottom of social hierarchy, with Europeans at the top, Indians, Chinese, and Christianized minorities in the middle, and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom. Integrated into the world economy by force, economic growth in Burma was driven by

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shuttered the country's 20 private banks and disrupted the economy. As of December 2005, the largest private banks operate under tight restrictions limiting the private sector's access to formal credit. Official statistics are inaccurate. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated

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and her convoy, the US imposed new economic sanctions against Burma – including a ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of financial services by US persons. A poor investment climate further slowed the inflow of foreign exchange. The most productive sectors will continue to be in

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The Myanmar Infrastructure Summit 2018 noted that Myanmar has an urgent need to "close its infrastructure gap", with an anticipated expenditure of US$ 120 billion funding its infrastructural projects between now and 2030. More specifically, infrastructural development in Myanmar should address three

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Tourism is a growing sector of the economy of Burma. Burma has diverse and varied tourist attractions and is served internationally by numerous airlines via direct flights. Domestic and foreign airlines also operate flights within the country. Cruise ships also dock at Yangon. Overland entry with a

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formally began re-engaging with the country, to finance infrastructure and development projects in the country. The $ 512 million loan is the first issued by the ADB to Myanmar in 30 years and will target banking services, ultimately leading to other major investments in road, energy, irrigation and

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organised a two-day workshop on the economy. The workshop concluded that skyrocketing inflation was impeding economic growth. "Basic commodity prices have increased from 30% to 60% since the military regime promoted a pay rise for government workers in April 2006," said Soe Win, the moderator of the

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and the free market, and opened up the country to a large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s. Historian Thant Myint-U states, "This was out of a total population of only 13 million; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom

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agriculture, and the country had the second-highest GDP per capita in Southeast Asia. However, much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans. The country became the world's largest exporter of rice, mainly to European markets, while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation.

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kyats per US dollar – 1,205 (2008 est.), 1,296 (2007), 1,280 (2006), 5.82 (2005), 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003) note: unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by year end 2005, the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar; data shown

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and Myanmar's military forces developed and formalised key ties between the two states. China became Myanmar's key source of aid, loans and other financial assistance. China remained Myanmar's biggest foreign investor in 2013 even after the economy opened up to other providers like Japan and India.

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Before 2012, much of the country was completely off-limits to tourists, and the military tightly controlled interactions between foreigners and the people of Burma. Locals were not allowed to discuss politics with foreigners, under penalty of imprisonment, and in 2001, the Myanmar Tourism Promotion

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In the first eight months, Myanmar has received investment of US$ 5.7 billion. Singapore has remained as the top source of foreign direct investments into Myanmar in the financial year of 2019-2020 with 20 Singapore-listed enterprises bringing in US$ 1.85 billion into Myanmar in the financial year

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and have a considerable amount of structural power over the illicit economy of Myanmar. Chinese structural power over Burma's structure of finance also allows China to maintain a dominant position within the country's natural resource sector, primarily Burma's latent oil, gas, and uranium sectors.

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2013, Chin accounted for 61 percent of all foreign direct investment. Between 2007 and 2015, Chinese FDI increased from US$ 775 million to US$ 21.867 billion accounting for 40 percent of all FDI in the country. Much of this investment went into Burma's energy and mining industries. Chinese private

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In March 2012, a draft foreign investment law emerged, the first in more than 2 decades. This law oversees the unprecedented liberalisation of the economy. It for example stipulates that foreigners no longer require a local partner to start a business in the country and can legally lease land. The

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as a conduit between mainland China and Burmese Chinese businesses to navigate the local economic landscape and facilitate trade between the two countries. Mainland China is now Burma's most important source of foreign goods and services as well as one of the most important sources of capital for

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Burma, a resource-rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. The junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after decades of failure under the "Burmese Way to Socialism," but those efforts stalled, and some of the

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The permits for new gem mines in Mogoke, Mineshu and Nanyar state will be issued by the ministry according to a statement issued by the ministry on 11 February. While many sanctions placed on the former regime were eased or lifted in 2012, the US has left restrictions on importing rubies and jade

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varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988, modern varieties were planted on half of the country's rice fields, including 98% of the irrigated areas. In 2011, Myanmar's

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Legal two-way trade between Burma and mainland China reached US$ 1.5 billion annually by 1988 and additional Chinese trade, investment, economic, and military aid was sought to invigorate and jumpstart the re-emerging Burmese economy. An influx of foreign capital investment from mainland China,

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deposits. Currently, Burma has attracted investment from Thai, Malaysian, Filipino, Russian, Australian, Indian, and Singaporean companies. Trade with the US amounted to $ 243.56 million as of February 2013, accounting for 15 projects and just 0.58 per cent of the total, according to government

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has requested that international tourists not visit Burma. Moreoever, the junta's forced labour programmes were focused on tourist destinations; these designations have been heavily criticised for their human rights records. Even disregarding the obviously governmental fees, Burma's Minister of

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The Chinese have also been the chief driving force behind Burma's gem mining industry and jade exports. The industry is completely under Chinese hands at every level, from the financiers, concession operators, all the way to the retail merchants that own scores of newly opened gem markets. One

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Financing geothermal projects in Myanmar use an estimated break even power cost of 5.3–8.6 U.S cents/kWh or in Myanmar Kyat 53–86K per kWh. This pegs a non-fluctuating $ 1=1000K, which is a main concern for power project funding. The main drawback with depreciation pressures, in the current FX

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Burma also has a low fertility rate of 2.07 children per woman (2010), especially as compared to other Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing, like Cambodia (3.18) and Laos (4.41), representing a significant decline from 4.7 in 1983, despite the absence of a national population

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by about 25%. In response, the government relaxed import restrictions and abolished export taxes. Despite current currency problems, Burmese economy is expected to grow by about 8.8% in 2011. After the completion of 58-billion dollar Dawei deep seaport, Burma is expected be at the hub of trade

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from a government-appointed body into an independent board. This could bring greater transparency to the process of issuing investment licenses, according to the proposed reforms drafted by experts and senior officials. However, even with this draft, it will still remain a question on whether

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According to one report released on 30 May 2013, by the McKinsey Global Institute, Burma's future looks bright, with its economy expected to quadruple by 2030 if it invests in more high-tech industries. This however does assume that other factors (such as drug trade, the continuing war of the

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The prominence of major drug traffickers have allowed them to penetrate other sectors of the Burmese economy, including the banking, airline, hotel and infrastructure industries. Their investment in infrastructure have allowed them to make more profits, facilitate drug trafficking and money

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Since 1992, the government has encouraged tourism. Until 2008, fewer than 750,000 tourists entered the country annually, but there has been substantial growth over the past years. In 2012, 1.06 million tourists visited the country, and 1.8 million are expected to visit by the end of 2013.

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Furthermore, the reports states that the military government passed guidelines in February 2006, which formalised Burma's restrictive policies. According to the report, the guidelines require that programs run by humanitarian groups "enhance and safeguard the national interest" and that

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sector. During this period, an underdeveloped Burmese industrial sector was driven in part by Chinese investment and consumption of a few key extractive sectors such as mining, driving domestic production away from consumer goods sectors like textiles and electronics.

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Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit "unnecessary contact" between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people. Since 2012, Burma has opened up to more tourism and foreign capital, synonymous with the country's transition to democracy.

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extractive industries, especially oil and gas, mining, and timber. Other areas, such as manufacturing and services, are struggling with inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable import/export policies, deteriorating health and education systems, and corruption.

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China's position as the country's primary investor also allows it to be it's largest consumer of its extractive industries. Many Chinese investors have realized that investing in Burma's mining, lumber, and energy sectors is more advantageous. Many Chinese

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On 28 January 2013, the government of Myanmar announced deals with international lenders to cancel or refinance nearly $ 6 billion of its debt, almost 60 per cent of what it owes to foreign lenders. Japan wrote off US$ 3 Billion, nations in the group of

2278:(D-CA). "In eastern Burma, where the military regime has burned or otherwise destroyed over 3,000 villages, humanitarian relief has been decimated. At least one million people have fled their homes and many are simply being left to die in the jungle." 760:

As of October 2017, less than 10% of Myanmar's population has a bank account. As of 2016–17 approximately 98 percent of the population has smartphones and mobile money schemes are being implemented without the use of banks similar to African countries.

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Myanmar has rich solar power and hydropower potential. The country's technical solar power potential is the greatest among the countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion. Wind energy, biogas and biomass have limited potential and are weakly developed.

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The garment industry is a major job creator in the Yangon area, with around 200,000 workers employed in total in mid-2015. The Myanmar Government has introduced minimum wage of MMK 4,800 (US$ 3.18) per day for the garment workers from March 2018.

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China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) infrastructure projects may affect 24 million people in Myanmar living in the BRI corridors, thus transforming the allocation of economic benefits and losses among economic actors in the country.

915:. About 30 percent of the country's population does not have access to electricity, with 70 per cent of people living in rural areas. The civilian government has indicated that electricity will be imported from Laos to fulfil demand. 823:, as economic hardship results in extreme delays of marriage and family building. The average age of marriage in Burma is 27.5 for men, 26.4 for women, almost unparalleled in the region, with the exception of developed countries like 1298:

admitted that the government receives a significant percentage of the income of private sector tourism services. In addition, only a very small minority of impoverished people in Burma receive any money with any relation to tourism.

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In 2010, Burma trafficked 1 billion tablets to neighbouring Thailand. In 2009, the Chinese authorities seized over 40 million tablets that had been illegally trafficked from Burma. Ethnic militias and rebel groups (in particular the

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The level of international aid to Burma ranks amongst the lowest in the world (and the lowest in the Southeast Asian region)—Burma receives $ 4 per capita in development assistance, as compared to the average of $ 42.30 per capita.

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corruption in the government can be addressed (links have been shown between certain key individuals inside the government and the drug trade, as well as many industries that use forced labour -for example the mining industry-).

1113:(MOGE) is the national oil and gas company of Burma. The company is a sole operator of oil and gas exploration and production, as well as domestic gas transmission through a 1,900-kilometre (1,200 mi) onshore pipeline grid. 461:. Burma used silver as a medium of exchange. All land was technically owned by the Burmese monarch. Exports, along with oil wells, gem mining and teak production were controlled by the monarch. Burma was vitally involved in the 2999: 3693: 6047: 1267:

company in 2013 to critical acclaim and premium prices due to strong Chinese demand. Notable pearls include the New Dawn of Myanmar, a 19mm round golden pearl which sold to an anonymous buyer for undisclosed price.

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violations in the country. Many nations in Asia, particularly India, Thailand and China have actively traded with Burma. However, on April 22, 2013, the EU suspended economic and political sanctions against Burma.

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connecting Southeast Asia and the South China Sea, via the Andaman Sea, to the Indian Ocean receiving goods from countries in the Middle East, Europe and Africa, and spurring growth in the ASEAN region.

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The major agricultural product is rice which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the

957:, if measured by the number of entries rather than their value. In March 2012, six of Thailand's largest garment manufacturers announced that they would move production to Myanmar, principally to the 4927: 3370: 5358: 2274:

The shameful behavior of Burma's military regime in tying the hand of humanitarian organizations is laid out in these pages for all to see, and it must come to an end," said U.S. Representative

565:, a plan to nationalise all industries, with the exception of agriculture. The catastrophic program turned Burma into one of the world's most impoverished countries. Burma was classified as a 2060:

The public sector enterprises remain highly inefficient and also privatisation efforts have stalled. The estimates of Burmese foreign trade are highly ambiguous because of the great volume of

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has placed embargoes on arms, non-humanitarian aid, visa bans on military regime leaders, and limited investment bans. Both the European Union and the US have placed sanctions on grounds of

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Many regions (such as the Golden Triangle) remain off-limits for foreigners, and in some of these regions, the government is at war with the country's ethnic minorities and the opposition.

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to facilitate the construction of oil pipelines that potentially could create thousands of jobs throughout the country. Private Chinese companies rely on the established overseas Chinese

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called for a boycott of a Myanmar gem auction held twice yearly, arguing that the sale of the stones profited the dictatorial regime in that country. Debbie Stothard of the Alternative

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Myanmar's inward foreign direct investment has steadily increased since its reform. The country approved US$ 4.4 billion worth of investment projects between January and November 2014.

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s special report on Burma points to increased economic activity resulting from Burma's political transformation and influx of foreign direct investment from Asian neighbours. Near the

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measures. By the 1950s, rice exports had decreased by two-thirds and mineral exports by over 96%. Plans were implemented in setting up light consumer industries by private sector. The

513:, the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population. The Burmese under British rule felt helpless, and reacted with a "racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear". 3757: 4473: 2445: 2345:

2019-2020. Hong Kong stood as the second-largest investors with an estimated capital of US$ 1.42 billion from 46 enterprises, followed by Japan investing $ 760 million in Myanmar.

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trade. Logged teak was a prized export that was used in European shipbuilding because of its durability, and became the focal point of Burmese exports from the 1700s to the 1800s.

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Japan is not the largest investor in Myanmar. "Thailand, for instance, the second biggest investor in Myanmar after China, is forging ahead with a bigger version of Thilawa at

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Industrial Park, for example, Japanese-owned factories have risen from the "debris" caused by "decades of sanctions and economic mismanagement." Japanese Prime Minister

1252:, a Bangkok-based gemologist makes the point that for every ruby sold through the junta, another gem that supports subsistence mining is smuggled over the Thai border. 4003: 636:

workshop. "Inflation is also correlated with corruption." Myint Thein, an NLD spokesperson, added: "Inflation is the critical source of the current economic crisis."

4397: 6057: 3548: 585:. It permitted modest expansion of the private sector, allowed some foreign investment, and received much needed foreign exchange. The economy was rated in 2009 as 3653: 2101:

has identified Burma as an economically attractive market that will help stimulate the Japanese economy. Among its various enterprises, Japan is helping build the

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The Norwegian company Seadrill owned by John Fredriksen is involved in offshore oildrilling, expected to give the Burmese government oil and oil export revenues.

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policy. This is at least partly attributed to the economic strain that additional children place on family income, and has resulted in the prevalence of illegal

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China, by far the biggest investor in Burma, has focused on constructing oil and gas pipelines that "crisscross the country, starting from a new terminus at

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Myanmar is famed for its production of Golden South Sea Pearls. In recent years, the countries has auctioned its production in Hong Kong, first organized by

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In a first ever countrywide study in 2013, the Myanmar government found that 37 per cent of the population were unemployed and 26 per cent lived in poverty.

4442: 593:). All basic market institutions are suppressed. Private enterprises were often co-owned or indirectly owned by state. The corruption watchdog organisation 4424: 3378: 2471: 5942: 742:

draft law also stipulates that Burmese citizens must constitute at least 25% of the firm's skilled workforce, and with subsequent training, up to 50–75%.

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Though foreign investment has been encouraged, it has so far met with only moderate success. The United States has placed trade sanctions on Burma. The

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increased from US$ 300 million in 2009–10 to a US$ 20 billion in 2010–11 by about 6567%. Large inflow of capital results in stronger Burmese currency,

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rapidly in recent years, especially since EU sanctions were lifted in 2012. Myanmar exported $ 1.6 billion worth of garments and textiles in 2016.

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have set their sights on Burma's high-value natural resource industries such as raw jade stones, teak and timber, rice, and marine fisheries.

620:. The market rate was around two hundred times below the government-set rate in 2006. In 2011, the Burmese government enlisted the aid of the 7254: 5189: 904:

Lately, the Myanmar lacks adequate infrastructure. Goods travel primarily across Thai and China borders and through the main port in Yangon.

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international organisations co-ordinate with state agents and select their Burmese staff from government-prepared lists of individuals.

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Network on Burma stated that mining operators used drugs on employees to improve productivity, with needles shared, raising the risk of

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Under the monarchy, the economy of Myanmar had been one of redistribution, a concept embedded in local society, religion, and politics (

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Since at least 2022, Myanmar is undergoing an ailing economy; the ruling military junta plans to shore up the worsening state of its

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June 2023 Myanmar Economic Monitor : A Fragile Recovery - Special Focus on Employment, Incomes and Coping Mechanisms (English)

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Mark, S., Overland, I. and Vakulchuk, R., 2020. Sharing the Spoils: Winners and Losers in the Belt and Road Initiative in Myanmar.

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Other industries include agricultural goods, textiles, wood products, construction materials, gems, metals, oil and natural gas.

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Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of Strategic and International Studies (MISIS) Report.

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laundering. The share of informal economy in Myanmar is one of the largest in the world that feeds into trade in illegal drugs.

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Initiation to bid on oil exploration licenses for 18 of Myanmar's onshore oil blocks has been released on 18 January 2013.

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Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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Vakulchuk, Roman; Kyaw Kyaw Hlaing; Edward Ziwa Naing; Indra Overland; Beni Suryadi and Sanjayan Velautham (2017).

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Chinese monetary assistance allowed China to gain structural power of Myanmar and a dominant position within the

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Total foreign trade reached over US$ 24.5 billion in the first eight months of the fiscal year (FY) 2019-2020 .

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Prior to the 1980s, heroin was typically transported from Burma to Thailand, before being trafficked by sea to

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The lack of an educated workforce skilled in modern technology contributes to the country's economic problems.

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total milled rice production accounted for 10.60 million tons, an increase from the 1.8 per cent back in 2010.

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in February 2021 could reverse economic gains made over the last sixteen years. Myanmar's economy has been in

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7,572.60 GWh Residential, 4,650.90 GWh Industrial, 3,023.27 GWh Commercial, 2,384.89 GWh Loss (2016 est.)

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rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, watermelon, avocado sugarcane; hardwood; fish and fish products

2190: 2032: 1556: 621: 7218: 7123: 6825: 6712: 6128: 4052: 3141: 594: 3596: 3108: 1229:. Burma's gemstone industry is a cornerstone of the Burmese economy with exports topping $ 1 billion. 6563: 6424: 6409: 6384: 5278: 4912:

Myanmar's Attractiveness for Investment in the Energy Sector. A Comparative International Perspective

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Myanmar exported $ 3.5 billion worth of gas, mostly to Thailand in the fiscal year up to March 2012.

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lifted. Foreign investment comes primarily from China, Singapore, South Korea, India, and Thailand.

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On April 30, 2021, the United Nations Development Programme published a report indicating that the

562: 232: 5178: 3780:""The Latest @ USIP: For Myanmar's Economy to Recover, Military Rule Must End " Sean Turnell says" 2124: ... Thai rulers have for centuries been toying with the idea of building a canal across the 7173: 7138: 7093: 6835: 6707: 6662: 6601: 6490: 6470: 6157: 5772:

Chinese Foreign Relations with Weak Peripheral States: Asymmetrical Economic Power and Insecurity

5616:

Chinese Foreign Relations with Weak Peripheral States: Asymmetrical Economic Power and Insecurity

5494: 4226:, Facts About Cooperation, International Rice Research Institute. Retrieved on 25 September 2007. 2239: 2216: 907: 797: 566: 329: 150: 45: 5155: 4928:"How Myanmar can Hedge Foreign Loans for Geothermal Projects to Mitigate Kyat Devaluation Risks" 3454: 2673: 2667: 92: 7063: 7058: 6953: 6596: 6495: 5829: 5671: 5665: 3631: 2603: 2407: 2153: 734: 714: 303: 256: 6001: 4888: 4657: 7183: 7158: 7073: 7053: 7003: 6973: 6963: 6760: 6740: 6475: 6305: 6218: 4743: 481: 252: 4369: 3514: 675: 625:

more control over the local economy and making it possible to temporarily subdue inflation.

601:

released on 26 September 2007 ranked Burma the most corrupt country in the world, tied with

7269: 7148: 7143: 7023: 6830: 6692: 6667: 6626: 6551: 6512: 6480: 6367: 6278: 5911:"Myanmar's rulers implement increasingly restrictive regulations for aid-giving agencies". 4122: 3935: 3574: 3164: 1131: 1057: 1031: 401: 5455: 5048: 4335: 4270: 8: 7243: 7213: 7163: 7118: 7098: 7088: 6988: 6914: 6840: 6697: 6453: 6429: 6263: 2968: 2283: 2121: 2094: 789: 4717: 2202: 709:'s government came to power, Burma embarked on a major policy of reforms including anti- 497:

today taking 2 million people a year." By then, in most of the largest cities in Burma,

7188: 7083: 6968: 6958: 6895: 6805: 6722: 6621: 6534: 6389: 6335: 6268: 6210: 6184: 5889: 4598: 4557: 4100: 3974: 3846: 3349: 3246: 613: 272: 5332: 5218: 4095: 4078: 2573: 7298: 7233: 7168: 7133: 7068: 7048: 7038: 6998: 6983: 6978: 6884: 6790: 6765: 6682: 6238: 5800: 5775: 5750: 5725: 5700: 5675: 5644: 5619: 5311: 5131: 5106: 4910: 4859: 4804: 4775: 4618: 4394: 4305: 4178:"On Patrol With Myanmar Rebels Fighting Both the Army and Drug Addiction – VICE News" 4048: 3978: 3901: 3040: 3021: 2880: 2847: 2803: 2793: 2770: 2760: 2702: 2677: 2643: 2487: 2141: 1249: 2888: 2399: 457:. The majority of the population was involved in rice production and other forms of 7274: 7193: 7153: 7128: 7108: 7043: 7018: 7008: 6993: 6865: 6815: 6810: 6785: 6770: 6750: 6702: 6657: 6507: 6290: 6081:

Myanmar Economic Monitor Report June 2023 (English); The World Bank, 28 June 2023.

5774:. Asian Security Studies. Routledge (published 2 November 2015). pp. 151–156. 5618:. Asian Security Studies. Routledge (published 2 November 2015). pp. 153–156. 5244: 4214: 4090: 4044: 3966: 3306: 2367: 2195: 2129: 2027: 1290: 1277: 1185:

The Union of Myanmar's economy depends heavily on sales of precious stones such as

1134:

refers to planned oil and natural gas pipelines linking Burma's deep-water port of

805: 801: 554: 493: 6092:, by Edwards,Kim Alan, Mansaray,Kemoh Myint,Thi Da Hayati,Fayavar Maw,Aka Kyaw Min 5859: 5079: 819:

The current state of the Burmese economy has also had a significant impact on the

7113: 7078: 7033: 7028: 6937: 6795: 6775: 6273: 6248: 6223: 6144: 6132: 6109: 6089: 6075: 6061: 6040: 6026: 6020:

Geothermal Energy in Myanmar, Securing Electricity for Eastern Border Development

5339: 4968: 4961: 4797: 4718:"The Chinese Connection: Cross-border Drug Trafficking between Myanmar and China" 4428: 4401: 3878: 3720: 2945: 2918: 2841: 2179: 1056:, which was and still remains the major transit point at which heroin enters the 995: 820: 808:

and import restrictions which led to shortages of diabetes and cancer medicines.

778: 582: 546: 6053:

Taipei American Chamber of Commerce; Topics Magazine, Analysis, November 2012.

6889: 6755: 6730: 6300: 6253: 6228: 6116:

News, information, journals, magazines related to Burmese business and commerce

4828: 4155: 2379: 2267: 2220: 2049: 1218: 1117: 1061: 938: 930: 922: 570: 529: 421: 3970: 3073: 1098: 528:

During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II, the British followed a

449:

Burma has been the main trade route between China and India since 100 BC. The

7317: 7292: 6780: 6325: 6258: 6243: 6233: 3905: 3658: 3301: 3066:"Burma Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption" 2884: 2086: 2069: 2040:

The economy saw continuous real GDP growth of at least 5% from 2009 onwards.

1551:

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Burma at market prices

1143: 1080:) because of a growing market for drugs in China, before reaching Hong Kong. 836: 550: 454: 3748:"Military Coup Has Inflicted 'Permanent' Damage on Myanmar, World Bank Says" 2807: 2790:

Late Victorian holocausts: El Niño famines and the making of the third world

2774: 2098: 842:

The 2012 foreign investment law draft, included a proposal to transform the

6735: 6616: 6125:

Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (UMFCCI)

6034:

Myanmar's Institutional Infrastructure Constraints and How to Fill the Gaps

5391: 3752: 2722: 2137: 2102: 2061: 2053: 1560: 793: 679: 462: 207: 5103:

Chinese Circulations: Capital, Commodities, and Networks in Southeast Asia

4680: 1454:

Total Trade Value for Financial year 2006–2007 to Financial year 2009–2010

7302: 6295: 2229: 2133: 2125: 2073: 1125: 1121: 926: 880: 590: 517: 458: 450: 317: 248: 216: 4625:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 25 June 2010. 1205:

come from the country, whose red stones are prized for their purity and

190: 5241:"Industry applauds visa on arrival 'breakthrough' | Myanmar Times" 4104: 2441: 2275: 2259: 1237: 1042: 1009: 747: 710: 706: 521: 2869:"The Burma Development Disaster in Comparative Historical Perspective" 1324: 890:

Rubber plantations are being promoted in areas of high elevation like

5011:"CBC – Gem dealers push to ban Burmese rubies after bloody crackdown" 4619:"MYANMAR: Producing drugs for the region, fuelling addiction at home" 3894:"An economically illiterate junta is running Myanmar into the ground" 2159: 1668:

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 2004–2017.

1135: 1103: 1077: 1053: 895: 824: 668: 628: 488: 541:

After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister

34: 6517: 6149: 2233:

firms account for 87% percent of total legal cross-border trade at

2167: 2065: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1186: 1022:, before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of 891: 832: 718: 664: 510: 6906: 6069:

Myanmar's Overlooked Industry Opportunities and Investment Climate

5407: 2072:

stability. One government initiative was to utilise Burma's large

986:

A world map of the world's primary opium or heroin producers. The

6180: 4981:"Myanmar's Jade Millionaires Fuel Property Surge: Southeast Asia" 3481:"ADB Preparing First Myanmar Projects in 25 Years as Thein Opens" 2175: 1147: 1073: 1069: 982: 602: 536: 506: 498: 416: 240: 4421:

Foreign direct investment and economic transformation in Myanmar

3371:"Taste of democracy sends Burma's fragile economy into freefall" 757:

government with specific ethnic groups, etc.) do not interfere.

750:

wrote off US$ 2.2 Billion and Norway wrote off US$ 534 Million.

469: 136: 6067:

Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center; ASEAN Outlook Magazine, May 2013.

2362: 2163: 2110: 1202: 1198: 1151: 1139: 1065: 1046: 958: 934: 912: 884: 195: 3812:"Myanmar Economy in Tailspin, 2 Years after the Military Coup" 1037:

Burma is also the second largest supplier of opium (following

5998:"Myanmar's foreign trade reaches over 24 bln USD in 8 months" 4393:

Stokke, Kristian; Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2018)

2942:"Political and Economic History of Myanmar (Burma) Economics" 2915:"Political and Economic History of Myanmar (Burma) Economics" 2234: 2171: 2117: 1241: 1236:, human rights organisations, gem dealers, and US First Lady 1190: 1014: 1000: 876: 502: 236: 6126: 5882:"Australia's aid to Burma—Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" 5797:

Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Cultures and Practices

5747:

Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Cultures and Practices

5722:

Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Cultures and Practices

5641:

China's Asian Dream: Empire Building Along the New Silk Road

4271:"Drugs and Democracy – From Golden Triangle to Rubber Belt?" 3957:

Myat Mon (2008). "The Economic Position of Women in Burma".

3654:"In dirt-poor Myanmar, smartphones are transforming finance" 2328: 2140:

to avoid the journey round peninsular Malaysia through the

2064:

trading. A major ongoing problem is the failure to achieve

1194: 1023: 1019: 1012:, which borders Thailand, Laos and China. Burmese-produced 953:

The Myanmar garments sector has seen significant influx of

868: 864: 726: 617: 609: 542: 6048:

A Roadmap to Building Myanmar into the Food Basket of Asia

6046:

Myanmar Business Today; Print Edition, 27 February 2014.

990:

region, which Burma is part of, is pinpointed in this map.

933:, and transport activities, while the government controls 6103:

Google Earth Map of oil and gas infrastructure in Myanmar

6018:

Myanmar Business Today; Print Edition, 5 November 2015.

5968:"Singapore tops source of FDIs in Myanmar in 2020-2021FY" 4030:"Delayed Marriage and Very Low Fertility in Pacific Asia" 3842:"'Riding a rollercoaster' in Myanmar's post-coup economy" 2270:

officials have declared these restrictions unacceptable.

1245: 1206: 1004:

found in Thailand produced in Burma, particularly in the

631:

averaged 30.1% between 2005 and 2007. In April 2007, the

453:

of lower Burma served as important trading centre in the

5333:

The Tourism Campaign – Campaigns – The Burma Campaign UK

4852:"Oil and gas ranks second largest FDI at $ 3.24 billion" 3541:"Exclusive: Myanmar drafts new foreign investment rules" 3000:"'Burmese Way to Socialism' Drives Country into Poverty" 5888:. Government of Australia. 30 June 2011. Archived from 4772:

The Golden Triangle: inside Southeast Asia's drug trade

1225:, is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue 6055:

Myanmar: Southeast Asia's Last Frontier for Investment

6032:

Myanmar Business Today; Print Edition, 19 June 2014.

4431:. London: Supporting Economic Transformation programme 1334:

2006–2007 Financial Year Trade volume (in US$ 000,000)

883:. Between 20,000 and 30,000 ex-poppy farmers left the 643: 5352:"World Bank Group. Myanmar Economic Monitor May 2018" 4795:

Lyman, Michael D.; Gary W. Potter (14 October 2010).

2759:(1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2757:

The river of lost footsteps : histories of Burma

2185:

Since the Myanmar's military junta took power as the

811: 5101:

Chang, Wen-chin; Tagliacozzo, Eric (13 April 2011).

4715: 3399: 2206:

Yanlonkyine Gate on the Myanmar-China Border within

1120:

is a project to exploit the Yadana gas field in the

4794: 4334:. International IDEA. November 2001. Archived from 3297:"High Inflation Impeding Burma's Economy, Says NLD" 2699:

Consuming space: placing consumption in perspective

879:bans have ended a century old tradition of growing 576: 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6196: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5154:. Investvine.com. 20 February 2013. Archived from 4796: 4474:"Six top garment makers fleeing to low-wage Burma" 3426: 3034: 4887:. Investvine.com. 23 January 2013. Archived from 4443:"Government sets new daily minimum wage at K4800" 4441:Aung, Nyan Linn; Phyo, Pyae Thet (6 March 2008). 4121:. Investvine.com. 5 February 2013. Archived from 3934:. Investvine.com. 26 January 2013. Archived from 3573:. Investvine.com. 29 January 2013. Archived from 3513:. Investvine.com. 28 January 2013. Archived from 3196:"Myanmar starts to deal with official forex rate" 835:in the country, as well as use of other forms of 764: 7315: 6000:. www.xinhuanet.com. 4 June 2020. Archived from 5100: 3362: 516:Crude oil production, an indigenous industry of 5566: 4142: 4140: 3336:. Archived from the original on 6 November 2004 3233:. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 2541:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023" 2511:"World Economic Outlook Database: January 2024" 2144:." Dawei would give Thailand that connection. 5990: 4799:Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control 4774:. Cornell University Press. pp. 239–240. 4656:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from 4585:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 4414: 4412: 4410: 4079:"Abortion: A Public Health Problem in Myanmar" 3716:"How the coup is destroying Myanmar's economy" 3368: 2754: 1234:crackdown on pro-democracy protests in Myanmar 1209:. Thailand buys the majority of the country's 1049:to diversify into methamphetamine production. 561:was followed by an economic scheme called the 537:Post-independence and under Ne Win (1948–1988) 520:, was taken over by the British and put under 6922: 6165: 4716:Chin, Ko-lin; Sheldon X. Zhang (April 2007). 4579:"Myanmar's drug 'exports' to China test ties" 4471: 4418:Gelb, S., Calabrese, L. and Tang. X. (2017). 3874:"Myanmar plunges deeper into economic crisis" 3538: 3446: 3267:"Myanmar Considers Foreign-Exchange Overhaul" 3165:"The rape of Burma: where did the wealth go?" 2723:"Myanmar - The initial impact of colonialism" 2400:"Asian Development Bank and Myanmar: Economy" 5585:"Geopolitical consequences: Rite of passage" 5430:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 5119: 4962:Gems of Burma and their Environmental Impact 4576: 4544:. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 4137: 4043:(3). The Population Council, Inc.: 453–478. 3193: 3162: 3099: 2109:, and helping fix the electricity supply in 475: 400:All values, unless otherwise stated, are in 6138:World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Myanmar 5794: 5744: 5719: 5697:Impact of China's Rise on the Mekong Region 5694: 5478: 5105:. Duke University Press. pp. 215–216. 4647: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4407: 4238:"Myanmar rice exports could double by 2020" 3924: 3589: 3563: 3455:"Dawei deep-sea port, SEZ gets green light" 2944:. San José State University. Archived from 2917:. San Jose State University. Archived from 2866: 2846:. Georgetown University Press. p. xi. 2787: 1201:are the biggest earner; 90% of the world's 1041:) in the world, with 95% of opium grown in 994:Burma (Myanmar) is the largest producer of 796:fell by a third of its pre-coup value, the 6929: 6915: 6172: 6158: 5939:Myanmar Ministry of Electricity and Energy 5384:Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 5130:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 28. 5069: 4879: 4877: 4472:Pratruangkrai, Petchanet (17 March 2012). 4293: 4265: 4263: 3646: 3452: 3400:JOSEPH ALLCHINJOSEPH (23 September 2011). 3095: 3093: 3091: 3060: 3058: 3056: 2966: 2505: 2503: 1559:and EconStats with figures in millions of 7329:World Trade Organization member economies 5487:"End of EU sanctions augurs Myanmar rush" 4678: 4148:"Burma: Rubies and Religion – Java Films" 4094: 3327: 2997: 2839: 2833: 2665: 1221:area, 200 km (120 mi) north of 894:. Sugar is grown in the lowlands such as 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 5799:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 234–235. 5724:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 234–236. 5541: 5484: 5392:https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420962116 5152:"Mining block permits issued in Myanmar" 4648:Kurlantzick, Joshua (16 February 2012). 4577:Macan-Markar, Marwaan (4 January 2011). 4535: 4509: 4496: 4440: 4359: 4329:"Challenges to Democratization in Burma" 4235: 4076: 3956: 3624:"Myanmar's economy to quadruple by 2030" 3621: 3503: 3224: 2991: 2701:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 241. 2672:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 2338:for 2003–05 are official exchange rates 2201: 2189:junta in 1988, the ties between China's 1546: 1323: 1097: 1018:is typically trafficked to Thailand via 981: 717:regulation, foreign investment laws and 581:After 1988, the regime retreated from a 161:of all important aspects of the article. 6050:, by David DuByne & Hishamuddin Koh 6043:, by David DuByne & Hishamuddin Koh 6029:, by David DuByne & Hishamuddin Koh 5670:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 5544:"US to boost Myanmar trade, investment" 4955: 4874: 4849: 4323: 4321: 4260: 3088: 3053: 2696: 2661: 2659: 2500: 2434:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups" 1060:. Now, drug trafficking has shifted to 887:region as a result of the ban in 2002. 492:The British followed the ideologies of 14: 7316: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5769: 5638: 5613: 5523:from the original on 27 September 2007 4925: 4885:"Myanmar opens bids for 18 oil blocks" 4629:from the original on 25 September 2011 4395:Myanmar: A Political Economy Analysis. 4362:"Energy: Myanmar's greatest challenge" 3692:. United Nations Development Program. 3534: 3532: 3402:"Burma tells IMF of economic optimism" 2967:Tallentire, Mark (28 September 2007). 2750: 2748: 2637: 2492:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 157:Please consider expanding the lead to 6910: 6153: 5466:from the original on 10 February 2021 5265: 5195:from the original on 25 February 2009 5176: 4944:from the original on 22 November 2015 4817: 4389: 4387: 4299: 4027: 4009:from the original on 25 December 2003 3932:"37% jobless in Myanmar, study finds" 3427:CHATRUDEE THEPARAT (28 August 2011). 2633: 2631: 2629: 2521:from the original on 15 February 2024 2474:from the original on 15 February 2024 2170:and on to the Chinese border town of 2147: 2043: 2021:According to the CIA World Factbook, 965: 944: 861:International Rice Research Institute 6872: 6179: 5819: 5663: 5268:"The Politics of Tourism in Myanmar" 5179:"The Politics of Tourism in Myanmar" 5125: 5041:"Reuters, Move over, blood diamonds" 4769: 4318: 4188:from the original on 24 January 2016 4111: 3854:from the original on 24 January 2024 3822:from the original on 24 January 2024 3792:from the original on 24 January 2024 3760:from the original on 24 January 2024 3728:from the original on 24 January 2024 3666:from the original on 13 October 2017 3603:from the original on 7 February 2015 3571:"Myanmar clears 60% of foreign debt" 3511:"ADB ends 30-year hiatus in Myanmar" 3479:Yap, Karl Lester M. (1 March 2012). 3369:Joseph Allchin (20 September 2011). 3328:Fullbrook, David (4 November 2004). 2960: 2656: 2614:from the original on 30 October 2023 2568: 2566: 2551:from the original on 2 November 2023 2448:from the original on 28 October 2019 647: 130: 57:adding citations to reliable sources 28: 6936: 6331:State Peace and Development Council 6114:Myanmar Ministry of Commerce (MMC) 5919: 5749:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 235. 5436:from the original on 29 August 2018 5364:from the original on 1 January 2019 5144: 5072:"Burma Embargo & the Gem Trade" 4843: 4679:Sun Wyler, Liana (21 August 2008). 4510:Thornton, Phil (12 February 2012). 4119:"Myanmar to reform investment body" 4070: 4021: 3950: 3912:from the original on 4 October 2022 3599:. InvestAsian.com. 7 January 2015. 3529: 3478: 3259: 3018:"List of Least Developed Countries" 2939: 2912: 2745: 2533: 2289: 2187:State Peace and Development Council 2080: 1692:Government debt (in % of GDP) 1167: 998:in the world, with the majority of 644:Economic liberalisation (2011–2019) 24: 6012: 5948:from the original on 20 April 2021 5542:Calderon, Justin (29 April 2013). 5485:Calderon, Justin (24 April 2013). 4723:. U.S. Department of Justice: 98. 4690:. Congressional Research Service. 4384: 4281:from the original on 18 March 2015 3597:"Myanmar FDI Expected to Jump 70%" 3551:from the original on 16 March 2012 3491:from the original on 27 April 2012 3453:Thein Linn (15–21 November 2010). 3277:from the original on 11 March 2016 3227:"Myanmar exchange scam fleeces UN" 3225:McCartan, Brian (20 August 2008). 2626: 2604:"Myanmar: Unlocking the Potential" 2584:from the original on 28 April 2023 2414:from the original on 26 March 2024 812:Still unresolved internal problems 701:Economic liberalization in Myanmar 25: 7340: 6096: 5822:"UK to become top donor to Burma" 4730:from the original on 30 July 2020 4697:from the original on 9 March 2016 4538:"Holes in Thailand's drug fences" 4236:Calderon, Justin (21 June 2013). 4037:Population and Development Review 3175:from the original on 14 July 2012 3039:. Solid Star Press. p. 559. 3020:. UN-OHRLLS. 2005. Archived from 2979:from the original on 4 March 2016 2820: 2563: 1319: 1306: 1294:Hotels and Tourism Major-General 800:then sold $ 600 million worth of 198:, the financial center of Myanmar 7297: 7288: 7287: 6883: 6871: 6860: 6859: 5960: 5932:"Myanmar Energy Statistics 2019" 5904: 5874: 5844: 5813: 5788: 5763: 5738: 5713: 5688: 5657: 5632: 5607: 5595:from the original on 31 May 2013 5535: 5509: 5448: 5422: 5275:Nanyang Technological University 5186:Nanyang Technological University 5021:from the original on 3 July 2007 4536:McCartan, Brian (13 July 2010). 4360:Calderon, Justin (6 June 2013). 4049:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00180.x 3785:United States Institute of Peace 3622:Calderon, Justin (30 May 2013). 3330:"So long US, hello China, India" 2373: 2361: 2256:Government Accountability Office 978:Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia) 652: 577:Rule of the generals (1988–2011) 444: 386: 385: 378: 377: 370: 369: 324: 323: 312: 311: 294: 293: 189: 135: 33: 5396: 5376: 5344: 5326: 5296: 5259: 5233: 5207: 5170: 5094: 5063: 5033: 5003: 4973: 4926:DuByne, David (November 2015), 4919: 4903: 4788: 4763: 4709: 4681:"Burma and Transnational Crime" 4672: 4641: 4611: 4570: 4529: 4465: 4434: 4353: 4229: 4200: 4170: 3985: 3886: 3866: 3834: 3804: 3772: 3740: 3708: 3696:from the original on 7 May 2021 3678: 3615: 3539:Aung Hla Htun (16 March 2012). 3472: 3420: 3393: 3321: 3305:. 30 April 2007. Archived from 3289: 3218: 3187: 3156: 3126: 3028: 3010: 2933: 2906: 2873:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 2860: 2814: 2781: 2733:from the original on 4 May 2021 2715: 2690: 2297:17,866.99 GWh (2016 est.) 1094:Oil and gas industry in Myanmar 549:. He attempted to make Burma a 426:return of civilian rule in 2011 149:may be too short to adequately 44:needs additional citations for 7255:British Indian Ocean Territory 6121:Myanmar-US Chamber of Commerce 5820:Wade, Francis (2 March 2011). 3993:"World Marriage Patterns 2000" 3429:"Big-shift-to-dawei-predicted" 3194:Feng Yingqiu (1 August 2011). 3100:Sean Turnell (29 March 2006). 2596: 2460: 2426: 2392: 2245: 2033:A major banking crisis in 2003 1346:2006–2007 Budget Trade Volume 1087: 765:Economic crisis (2020–present) 667:format but may read better as 487:the extractive industries and 428:, the new government launched 159:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 4512:"Myanmar's rising drug trade" 4096:10.1016/s0968-8080(97)90010-0 2642:. NUS Press. pp. 38–40. 2385: 2228:(FDI) in the country. In the 2208:Kokang Self-Administered Zone 2107:Thilawa Special Economic Zone 1680:GDP per capita (in US$ PPP) 1111:Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise 853: 844:Myanmar Investment Commission 633:National League for Democracy 608:The national currency is the 6540:State Administration Council 6286:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 5913:International Herald Tribune 4302:A Colonial Economy in Crisis 4077:Ba-Thike, Katherine (1997). 2840:Steinberg, David I. (2002). 2697:Goodman, Michael K. (2010). 2666:Steinberg, David I. (2001). 2262:was purged in October 2004. 1472:Trade Value (US$ , 000,000) 1349:2006–2007 Real Trade Volume 1180: 1128:to Thailand through Myanmar. 705:In 2011, when new President 599:Corruption Perceptions Index 7: 6341:2011–2015 political reforms 4827:. Total S.A. Archived from 4083:Reproductive Health Matters 3163:Sean Turnell (2 May 2008). 3134:"Research – CPI – Overview" 3035:Stephen Codrington (2005). 2867:Booth, Anne (Spring 2003). 2843:Burma: The State of Myanmar 2669:Burma, the state of Myanmar 2545:International Monetary Fund 2515:International Monetary Fund 2354: 1683:GDP (in bil. US$ nominal) 1578:Inflation index (2000=100) 1557:International Monetary Fund 1385: 941:, and military industries. 622:International Monetary Fund 277:Lower-middle income economy 10: 7345: 2638:Taylor, Robert H. (2009). 2438:datahelpdesk.worldbank.org 2301:Electricity – consumption: 2151: 1275: 1271: 1091: 975: 969: 698: 595:Transparency International 545:embarked upon a policy of 479: 439: 420:is the seventh largest in 7283: 7242: 7202: 6944: 6855: 6721: 6653: 6644: 6592: 6583: 6461: 6452: 6375: 6366: 6209: 6197:Myanmar is also known as 6195: 6191: 6039:13 September 2014 at the 5826:Democratic Voice of Burma 5795:Santasombat, Yos (2017). 5745:Santasombat, Yos (2017). 5720:Santasombat, Yos (2017). 5695:Santasombat, Yos (2015). 4603:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4562:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3971:10.1080/10357820008713272 3354:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3251:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2342:Foreign Direct Investment 2295:Electricity – production: 2226:foreign direct investment 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 972:Opium production in Burma 955:foreign direct investment 476:British Burma (1885–1948) 397: 360: 339: 302: 289: 284: 263: 226: 214: 203: 188: 7004:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6466:Administrative divisions 6131:23 November 2012 at the 6060:25 February 2014 at the 6025:20 November 2015 at the 5770:Reeves, Jeffrey (2015). 5614:Reeves, Jeffrey (2015). 5517:"VOL NO REGD NO DA 1589" 4850:Ye Lwin (21 July 2008). 4825:"Oil and Gas in Myanmar" 4650:"Myanmar's Drug Problem" 4427:8 September 2017 at the 4028:Jones, Gavin W. (2007). 2969:"The Burma road to ruin" 2823:"Oil and Gas in Myanmar" 2574:"WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK" 2191:People's Liberation Army 775:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 612:. Burma currently has a 563:Burmese Way to Socialism 559:1962 Burmese coup d'état 7265:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6836:Twelve Auspicious Rites 6617:Myanmar kyat (currency) 6108:12 January 2014 at the 6088:4 November 2023 at the 5045:Features.us.reuters.com 4688:CRS Report for Congress 3271:The Wall Street Journal 2755:Thant Myint-U. (2006). 2727:Encyclopedia Britannica 2319:Agriculture – products: 2240:state-owned enterprises 2217:State-owned enterprises 2105:, which is part of the 1689:Inflation (in Percent) 1677:GDP (in bil. US$ PPP) 1328:Burmese exports in 2006 1232:In 2007, following the 676:converting this section 567:least developed country 222:1 October– 30 September 6074:28 August 2013 at the 5856:Refugees International 5699:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4751:Cite journal requires 2608:Asian Development Bank 2408:Asian Development Bank 2313:Electricity – imports: 2307:Electricity – exports: 2280: 2254:In April 2007, the US 2211: 2154:BCIM Economic Corridor 2038: 1572:Gross Domestic Product 1329: 1106: 991: 735:Asian Development Bank 715:currency exchange rate 587:the least free in Asia 298:54,510,000 (2024 est.) 5338:29 April 2009 at the 4770:Chin, Ko-lin (2009). 3965:(2). Wiley: 243–255. 3404:. DVD. Archived from 2272: 2205: 2023: 1547:Macro-economic trends 1327: 1101: 985: 970:Further information: 482:British rule in Burma 480:Further information: 7179:United Arab Emirates 6673:Environmental issues 6632:Units of measurement 6279:First Toungoo Empire 5832:on 27 September 2011 5639:Miller, Tom (2017). 5456:"The World Factbook" 4400:28 July 2020 at the 4220:on 7 September 2005. 3959:Asian Studies Review 3517:on 28 September 2013 3408:on 26 September 2011 2788:Davis, Mike (2001). 2640:The State in Myanmar 2368:Economics portal 2309:2,381.34 kWh (2016) 1132:Sino-Burma pipelines 1102:A petrol station in 1058:international market 1032:United Wa State Army 738:education projects. 347:86th (nominal, 2023) 68:"Economy of Myanmar" 53:improve this article 7206:limited recognition 6311:Japanese occupation 6264:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 6143:12 May 2014 at the 5972:consult-myanmar.com 5892:on 17 November 2011 5862:on 17 November 2011 5284:on 9 September 2008 5266:Henderson, Joan C. 5215:"Tourism Statistic" 5177:Henderson, Joan C. 5082:on 11 February 2015 5051:on 16 February 2008 4967:26 May 2010 at the 4831:on 12 December 2003 4660:on 19 February 2012 4372:on 14 February 2014 4300:Brown, Ian (2005). 3938:on 8 September 2019 3662:. 12 October 2017. 3076:on 19 November 2011 3024:on 26 October 2013. 3006:on 8 December 2012. 2284:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen 1456: 1336: 1217:", the mountainous 875:In northern Burma, 790:balance of payments 723:Foreign investments 430:large-scale reforms 273:Developing/Emerging 228:Trade organisations 185: 7324:Economy of Myanmar 6896:Outline of Myanmar 6612:Telecommunications 6528:commander-in-chief 6321:Socialist Republic 6269:Kingdom of Mrauk U 5978:on 20 October 2020 5664:Chua, Amy (2003). 5410:on 13 October 2008 5404:"Myanmar TradeNet" 5308:Tayzathuria.org.uk 5126:Chua, Amy (2003). 4891:on 7 December 2013 4248:on 4 November 2013 4208:"Myanmar and IRRI" 3847:Al Jazeera English 3309:on 16 January 2009 3206:on 8 November 2012 2517:. 1 January 2024. 2410:. 10 August 2022. 2380:Myanmar portal 2282:US Representative 2212: 2148:Chinese investment 2044:Foreign investment 1686:GDP growth (real) 1575:US dollar exchange 1452: 1332: 1330: 1107: 992: 966:Illegal drug trade 945:Garment production 678:, if appropriate. 616:system similar to 614:dual exchange rate 328:$ 291.56 billion ( 180: 7311: 7310: 7248:other territories 6904: 6903: 6851: 6850: 6688:Human trafficking 6640: 6639: 6579: 6578: 6547:Political parties 6486:Foreign relations 6448: 6447: 6239:Myinsaing Kingdom 6205: 6204: 6078:, by David DuByne 6064:, by David DuByne 6004:on 9 August 2020. 5806:978-981-10-4695-7 5781:978-1-138-89150-0 5756:978-981-10-4695-7 5731:978-981-10-4695-7 5706:978-1-349-69307-8 5681:978-0-385-72186-8 5650:978-1-78360-923-9 5625:978-1-138-89150-0 5390:(3), pp.381-404. 5137:978-0-385-72186-8 5112:978-0-8223-4903-7 5076:Ruby-sapphire.com 4991:on 7 October 2012 4985:The Jakarta Globe 4862:on 4 January 2010 4856:The Myanmar Times 4810:978-1-4377-4450-7 4781:978-0-8014-7521-4 4453:on 16 August 2018 4184:. 23 April 2015. 4125:on 1 January 2018 3818:. February 2023. 3634:on 2 January 2014 3273:. 8 August 2011. 3114:on 6 January 2010 2940:Watkins, Thayer. 2913:Watkins, Thayer. 2853:978-1-58901-285-1 2829:on 15 April 2015. 2792:. London: Verso. 2766:978-0-374-16342-6 2708:978-0-7546-7229-6 2683:978-0-87840-893-1 2649:978-9971-69-466-1 2178:, the capital of 2142:Strait of Malacca 2018: 2017: 1666: 1665: 1544: 1543: 1450: 1449: 1250:Richard W. Hughes 1008:and Northeastern 771:COVID-19 pandemic 697: 696: 410: 409: 316:$ 68.01 billion ( 176: 175: 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 7336: 7301: 7291: 7290: 7260:Christmas Island 6946:Sovereign states 6938:Economy of Asia 6931: 6924: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6887: 6875: 6874: 6863: 6862: 6821:National symbols 6651: 6650: 6607:Opium production 6590: 6589: 6459: 6458: 6373: 6372: 6291:Konbaung dynasty 6193: 6192: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6006: 6005: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5974:. Archived from 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5936: 5928: 5917: 5916: 5915:. 19 April 2007. 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5858:. Archived from 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5828:. Archived from 5817: 5811: 5810: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5581: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5550:. Archived from 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5493:. Archived from 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5406:. Archived from 5400: 5394: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5342: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5314:on 30 April 2011 5310:. Archived from 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5277:. Archived from 5272: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5243:. Archived from 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5217:. 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Archived from 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3577:on 10 April 2013 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3381:on 2 August 2017 3377:. Archived from 3366: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3202:. Archived from 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3144:on 28 April 2008 3140:. Archived from 3138:Transparency.org 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3107:. Archived from 3106: 3097: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3072:. Archived from 3062: 3051: 3050: 3037:Planet geography 3032: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3002:. Archived from 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2894:on 9 August 2007 2893: 2887:. Archived from 2864: 2858: 2857: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2825:. Archived from 2818: 2812: 2811: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2635: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2396: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2290:Other statistics 2196:natural resource 2132:directly to the 2130:Gulf of Thailand 2122:Tenasserim Coast 2092: 2081:Asian investment 2028:Aung San Suu Kyi 1671: 1670: 1566: 1565: 1457: 1451: 1337: 1331: 1291:Aung San Suu Kyi 1278:Tourism in Burma 1215:Valley of Rubies 1168:Renewable energy 996:methamphetamines 806:capital controls 802:foreign reserves 692: 689: 683: 674:You can help by 656: 655: 648: 555:central planning 494:Social Darwinism 434:2021 coup d'état 389: 388: 381: 380: 373: 372: 352:63rd (PPP, 2023) 327: 326: 315: 314: 297: 296: 193: 186: 184: 179: 171: 168: 162: 139: 131: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 18:Economy of Burma 7344: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7279: 7247: 7238: 7219:Northern Cyprus 7205: 7198: 6940: 6935: 6905: 6900: 6847: 6826:Public holidays 6717: 6713:Sex trafficking 6636: 6575: 6513:Law enforcement 6444: 6420:Protected areas 6362: 6274:Toungoo dynasty 6249:Sagaing Kingdom 6224:Pyu city-states 6201: 6187: 6178: 6145:Wayback Machine 6133:Wayback Machine 6110:Wayback Machine 6099: 6090:Wayback Machine 6076:Wayback Machine 6062:Wayback Machine 6041:Wayback Machine 6027:Wayback Machine 6015: 6013:Further reading 6010: 6009: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5920: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5591:. 25 May 2013. 5583: 5582: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5548:Inside Investor 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5497:on 17 June 2013 5491:Inside Investor 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5340:Wayback Machine 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5247:on 21 June 2011 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5221:on 29 July 2013 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5158:on 4 March 2013 5150: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4969:Wayback Machine 4960: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4768: 4764: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4700: 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3741: 3731: 3729: 3721:East Asia Forum 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3628:Inside Investor 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3375:The Independent 3367: 3363: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3169:The Japan Times 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3098: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3054: 3047: 3033: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2998:Kate Woodsome. 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2838: 2834: 2819: 2815: 2800: 2786: 2782: 2767: 2753: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2636: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2610:. August 2014. 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2572: 2571: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2468:"Archived copy" 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2374: 2372: 2360: 2357: 2335:Exchange rates: 2331:(K) = 100 pyas 2292: 2248: 2180:Yunnan province 2156: 2150: 2120:, on Myanmar's 2090: 2083: 2046: 2020: 1549: 1322: 1309: 1280: 1274: 1183: 1170: 1152:Yunnan province 1096: 1090: 1006:Golden Triangle 988:Golden Triangle 980: 974: 968: 947: 856: 821:people of Burma 814: 783:the coup d’état 779:economic crisis 767: 703: 693: 687: 684: 673: 657: 653: 646: 583:command economy 579: 547:nationalisation 539: 484: 478: 447: 442: 412: 406: 393: 363: 356: 335: 280: 266: 229: 219: 199: 182: 172: 166: 163: 156: 144:This article's 140: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7342: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7295: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 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6531: 6530: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6501:Women's rights 6498: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6316:Union of Burma 6313: 6308: 6303: 6301:Karenni States 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6254:Kingdom of Ava 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6229:Thaton Kingdom 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6189: 6188: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6098: 6097:External links 6095: 6094: 6093: 6079: 6065: 6051: 6044: 6030: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6007: 5989: 5959: 5918: 5903: 5873: 5843: 5812: 5805: 5787: 5780: 5762: 5755: 5737: 5730: 5712: 5705: 5687: 5680: 5656: 5649: 5631: 5624: 5606: 5565: 5554:on 20 May 2013 5534: 5508: 5477: 5447: 5421: 5395: 5375: 5343: 5325: 5295: 5258: 5232: 5206: 5169: 5143: 5136: 5118: 5111: 5093: 5062: 5032: 5002: 4972: 4954: 4918: 4902: 4873: 4842: 4816: 4809: 4787: 4780: 4762: 4753:|journal= 4708: 4671: 4640: 4610: 4569: 4528: 4495: 4464: 4433: 4406: 4383: 4352: 4317: 4310: 4292: 4259: 4228: 4224:(21.2 KB) 4199: 4169: 4136: 4110: 4069: 4020: 3984: 3949: 3923: 3885: 3865: 3833: 3803: 3771: 3739: 3707: 3690:United Nations 3677: 3645: 3614: 3588: 3562: 3528: 3502: 3471: 3445: 3419: 3392: 3361: 3320: 3288: 3258: 3217: 3186: 3155: 3125: 3087: 3052: 3045: 3027: 3009: 2990: 2959: 2948:on 26 May 2006 2932: 2921:on 26 May 2006 2905: 2859: 2852: 2832: 2813: 2798: 2780: 2765: 2744: 2714: 2707: 2689: 2682: 2655: 2648: 2625: 2595: 2562: 2532: 2499: 2459: 2425: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2370: 2356: 2353: 2291: 2288: 2268:United Nations 2247: 2244: 2221:bamboo network 2152:Main article: 2149: 2146: 2128:, linking the 2082: 2079: 2050:European Union 2045: 2042: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463:Financial Year 1461: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1321: 1320:External trade 1318: 1308: 1307:Infrastructure 1305: 1276:Main article: 1273: 1270: 1182: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1129: 1118:Yadana Project 1114: 1092:Main article: 1089: 1086: 1062:southern China 967: 964: 946: 943: 939:heavy industry 931:light industry 923:private sector 855: 852: 813: 810: 766: 763: 699:Main article: 695: 694: 660: 658: 651: 645: 642: 578: 575: 571:United Nations 538: 535: 530:scorched earth 477: 474: 446: 443: 441: 438: 422:Southeast Asia 408: 407: 398: 395: 394: 392: 391: 383: 375: 366: 364: 361: 358: 357: 355: 354: 349: 343: 341: 337: 336: 334: 333: 321: 308: 306: 300: 299: 291: 287: 286: 282: 281: 279: 278: 275: 269: 267: 264: 261: 260: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 215: 212: 211: 205: 201: 200: 194: 174: 173: 153:the key points 143: 141: 134: 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7341: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7294: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7229:South Ossetia 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6927: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678:Ethnic groups 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6523:military rule 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6395:Deforestation 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:2007 protests 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:8888 Uprising 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259:Prome Kingdom 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6244:Pinya Kingdom 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Pagan Kingdom 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5914: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5667:World On Fire 5660: 5652: 5646: 5643:. Zed Books. 5642: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5589:The Economist 5586: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304:"Tayzathuria" 5299: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5128:World On Fire 5122: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4958: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4791: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4745: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4452: 4448: 4447:Myanmar Times 4444: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4337: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4311:0-415-30580-2 4307: 4304:. Routledge. 4303: 4296: 4280: 4277:. July 2009. 4276: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4089:(9): 94–100. 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898:The Economist 3895: 3889: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3659:The Economist 3655: 3649: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3460: 3459:Myanmar times 3456: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3302:The Irrawaddy 3298: 3292: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3046:0-9579819-3-7 3042: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2799:1-85984-739-0 2795: 2791: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2349:Foreign Trade 2346: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2315:0 kWh (2006) 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162:, just below 2161: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2087:The Economist 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561:Myanmar kyats 1558: 1554: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369:Trade Volume 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1174: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:Bay of Bengal 1141: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124:and to carry 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 989: 984: 979: 973: 963: 960: 956: 951: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 916: 914: 911:including in 909: 905: 902: 899: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 873: 870: 867:), 52 modern 866: 862: 851: 848: 845: 840: 838: 837:birth control 834: 828: 826: 822: 817: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 762: 758: 754: 751: 749: 743: 739: 736: 733:In 2012, the 731: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 702: 691: 682:is available. 681: 677: 671: 670: 666: 661:This section 659: 650: 649: 641: 637: 634: 630: 626: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551:welfare state 548: 544: 534: 531: 526: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 490: 483: 473: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 455:Bay of Bengal 452: 445:Classical era 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418: 405: 403: 396: 390:2.64% (2024f) 384: 382:2.58% (2023f) 376: 368: 367: 365: 359: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 342: 338: 331: 322: 320:; 2024 est.) 319: 310: 309: 307: 305: 301: 292: 288: 283: 276: 274: 271: 270: 268: 265:Country group 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 231: 225: 221: 218: 213: 209: 206: 202: 197: 192: 187: 178: 170: 160: 154: 152: 147: 142: 138: 133: 132: 123: 120: 112: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: – 69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7244:Dependencies 7174:Turkmenistan 7139:Saudi Arabia 7103: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6708:Prostitution 6663:Demographics 6602:Central bank 6584: 6491:Human rights 6471:Constitution 6306:British rule 6198: 6002:the original 5992: 5980:. 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