Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States

493:

educational qualifications and attainment rates (30% of National Merit Scholarships are awarded to Asian Americans), high representation in professional occupations such as academia, financial services, high technology, law, management consulting, and medicine, coupled with a higher household income than other racial groups in the United States. East Asians are most often perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the U.S. population average. As well, other socioeconomic indicators are used to support this argument, such as low poverty rates, low crime rates, low illegitimacy rates, low rates of welfare dependency, and lower divorce rates coupled with higher family stability. However, though East Asian Americans have a higher median income than most other ethno-racial in the United States, they also have a larger income gap than any other ethno-racial group. However, the indicators fail to reflect the diversity of the East Asian community as a whole. According to a report for the Ascend Foundation, whilst the probability of East Asians getting hired for high-tech employment opportunities is high, East Asian Americans as a collective racial group also have the lowest probability of earning a management promotion while climbing the ladders of corporate America. This is also reflected in the under representation of Asian American lawyers in leadership and management roles.

510:

issues and needs that are not properly addressed in American society at large. Additionally, the stereotypical view that East Asians are generally socioeconomically successful obscures other disadvantages that East Asians generally face, especially in a comparative sense with regards to their fellow East Asian American counterparts who do not fit the standard model minority mold and are less socioeconomically successful. For example, the widespread notion that East Asian Americans are overrepresented at elite Ivy League and other prestigious American universities, have higher educational attainment rates, constitute a large presence in professional and managerial occupations and earn above average per capita incomes obscures workplace issues such as the "

530:

East Asian American students who are erroneously perceived largely on part of their inherent racial attributes, rather than other factoring extraneous characteristics such as a strong work ethic, tenacity and discipline. The pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image have taken a mental and psychological toll on some East Asian Americans as studies have noted a spike in prescription drug abuse by East Asian Americans, particularly students. The pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image have taken a mental and psychological toll on East Asian Americans. Many have speculated that the use of illegal prescription drugs have been in response to East Asian Americans' pressure to succeed academically.

770:, Earl Derr Biggers describes Charlie Chan in the following manner: "He was very fat indeed, yet he walked with the light dainty step of a woman. His cheeks were chubby as a baby's, his skin ivory tinted, his black hair close-cropped, his amber eyes slanting." Charlie Chan speaks English with a heavy accent and flawed grammar, and is exaggeratedly polite and apologetic. After one particular racist affront by a Bostonian woman, Chan responds with exaggerated submission, "Humbly asking pardon to mention it, I detect in your eyes slight flame of hostility. Quench it, if you will be so kind. Friendly co-operation are essential between us." Bowing deeply, he added, "Wishing you good morning." 1272:. It is the story of a Japanese maiden (Cio-Cio San), who falls in love with and marries a white American navy lieutenant. After the officer leaves her to continue his naval service away from Japan, Cio-Cio San gives birth to their child. Cio-Cio San blissfully awaits the lieutenant's return, unaware that he had not considered himself bound by his Japanese marriage to a Japanese woman. When he arrives back in Japan with an American wife in tow and discovers that he has a child by Cio-Cio San, he proposes to take the child to be raised in America by himself and his American wife. The heartbroken Japanese girl bids farewell to her callous lover, then kills herself. 590:

hierarchy, it also can break solidarity between non-white American peoples. When East Asian Americans internalize this stereotype, it can cause them to look down upon other racial groups and not want to see them as equals and join in with them. It might also cause other groups to not see any need for East Asian American empowerment and feel no need for solidarity. Therefore, this stereotype can warp the way some East Asian Americans perceive themselves, how East Asians are treated in mainstream and academic discussions, and how other people of color in American society generally perceive East Asians.

1625: 278:, restricting immigration between 1901 and 1973, with some elements of the policies persisting up until the 1980s. On February 12, 2002, Helen Clark, then prime minister of New Zealand apologized "to those Chinese people who had paid the poll tax and suffered other discrimination, and to their descendants". She also stated that Cabinet had authorized her and the Minister for Ethnic Affairs to pursue with representatives of the families of the early settlers a form of reconciliation which would be appropriate to and of benefit to the Chinese community. 1609:

and prevailing stereotypes. It unfolds the narrative that the complex health scenarios of Asian Americans stem from the nation's history, migration patterns, and specific policies affecting this group. A critical issue highlighted is the aggregation of diverse Asian communities, such as Chinese, Vietnamese, and Bangladeshi, into a single category, obscuring the distinct health challenges each group faces. Furthermore, the persistence of stereotypes paints a misleading picture of Asian Americans as not facing health disparities, which is inaccurate.

774:

Chan has none of the daring, assertive, or romantic traits generally attributed to white fictional detectives of the time, allowing "white America ... securely indifferent about us as men." Charlie Chan's good qualities are the product of what Frank Chin and Jeffery Chan call "racist love", arguing that Chan is a model minority and "kissass". Instead, Charlie Chan's successes as a detective are in the context of proving himself to his white superiors or white racists who underestimate him early on in the various plots.

1639: 619:

stereotype, "citing Asians' hard work ethic and material successes and implying deficiencies in the latter." Second, Asians are ostracized and deemed "immutably foreign and unassimilable with Whites." This second process is aided by the "perpetual foreigner" stereotype, which reinforces a belief that Asians are inherently alien and apolitical. However Kim also notes that many Westerners do see Asians as easily integrated, with the caveat that their ability to be normalized is markedly

502:

that emerged in a study of commonly experienced Asian American microaggressions. Many scholars, activists, and most major American news sources have started to oppose this stereotype, calling it a misconception that exaggerates the socioeconomic success of East Asian Americans. According to Kevin Nguyen Do, the portrayal of the model minority image in American media has created negative psychological impacts such as stress, depression and anxiety and can lead to increased levels of

578:, who was convicted of shooting an unarmed black man. Some viewed Officer Liang as being privileged by "adjacent whiteness", while Jenn Fang argues that his fate "proves that the benefits of 'model minority' status are in fact transient—and easily revoked." Another more recent high profile incident involved former Cornell University student Patrick Dai, who was sentenced to two years in federal prison for posting anti-semitic online threats targeting Jewish students at Cornell. 977: 586:. Believing that due to their archetypal socioeconomic success by fitting East Asian Americans in artificial model minority mold and that they possess so-called "positive" stereotypical attributes and traits, leading many ordinary Americans to assume that East Asian Americans face no absolute forms of racial discrimination or social issues in American society at large, and that their community is thriving, having "gained" their socioeconomic success through their own merits. 329: 599: 939:

relationship for East Asian men is more of a reflection of what is expected of them, than a desire. These stereotypes are attempts of an overall perception that East Asian men are less sexually desirable to women compared to men of other races, especially whites. These stereotypes may have an impact on the dating lives of Asian men; a 2018 study found that Asian teenaged males were less likely than their non-Asian peers to have a romantic relationship.

393:, found that Asian-American actors were underrepresented on network TV. While Asian-Americans make up 5 percent of the US population, the report found only 2.6 percent were primetime TV regulars. Shows set in cities with significant Asian populations, like New York and Los Angeles, had few East Asian roles. The lack of East Asian representation in American film and theater supports the argument that they are still perceived as foreigners. 246:, first peaking in the late 19th-century. Such perilism stems from a claim that whites would be "displaced" by a "massive influx of East Asians"; who would fill the nation with a "foreign culture" and "speech incomprehensible" to those already there and "steal jobs away from the European inhabitants" and that they would eventually "take over and destroy their civilization, ways of life, culture and values." 969: 935:'s Romeo. The original ending had Aaliyah kissing Chinese actor Li, which would have explained the title of Romeo, a scenario that did not test well with an urban audience. The studio changed the ending to Trish (Aaliyah) giving Han (Li) a tight hug. According to Cajayon, "Mainstream America, for the most part, gets uncomfortable with seeing an East Asian man portrayed in a sexual light." 1613:

stereotype, which unjustly views Asian Americans as eternal outsiders in the U.S. The findings reveal that these stereotypes, combined with the lack of detailed data, lead to Asian Americans often being overlooked in health resources and attention, which perpetuates stereotypes due to insufficient data to challenge them. This data shortage is, in part, a result of these stereotypes.

1574:

struggle. This stereotype can prevent others from comprehending or acknowledging the real challenges some face, like feeling left out, stressed, or not getting enough help. On the other hand, East Asian students are also sometimes imagined as not having good thinking skills, copying others' work, and not helping the class environment. This is conflicts with the model minority stereotype.

1220: 514:" phenomenon, where the advancement in corporate America where attaining the highest-level managerial and top-tiered executive positions at major American corporations reaches a limit, and the fact that East Asians must acquire more education, possess work experience, and have to work longer hours than their white American counterparts to earn the same amount of money. 1583:

are polite and not too direct. But in American culture, people are usually very straight to the point and treat everyone the same, no matter their age or position. This can make communication tricky between Asian American students and their mentors who might expect them to speak up more or brag about their achievements, which can feel uncomfortable or rude to them.

716: 6115: 1596:

whether this favorable reputation indeed correlates with increased wages for Asian-Americans in comparison to other racial groups. Utilizing data from the expansive Current Population Survey, Tashiro and Conrad aim to uncover whether Asian-Americans genuinely receive a financial premium for employing computer skills in their professional roles.

482:

conscientious, industrious, disciplined, persistent, driven, studious, and intelligent people who have elevated their socioeconomic status through merit, persistence, tenacity, self-discipline, drive, and diligence. The model minority construct is typically measured by their above average levels of educational attainment, representation in

2321: 1464:

with straight overgrown bangs (girls). They are often homogenized as one indiscriminate monolithic conglomeration of cultures, languages, histories, and physiological and behavioral characteristics. Almost invariably it is assumed that a person of Asian descent has ancestral origins from an East Asian country.

1048:). Yen becomes infatuated with Davis, and knowing that she is believed to be dead, keeps her at his summer palace. That being said, it was also one of the first films to deal openly with interracial sexual attraction (despite the fact that the actor playing General Yen is played by a non-Asian actor). 1496:

East Asians are often stereotyped as being inherently bad drivers. East Asians are also stereotyped as academic overachievers who are intelligent but socially inept, either lacking social skills or being asocial. A 2010 study found that East Asians in the United States are most likely to be perceived

1455:

of the eyelid have the negative effect of caricature, whether describing the Asiatic eye positively as "almond-shaped" or negatively as "slanted", "slant-eyed", or "slanty". These "slanted" stereotypes have even led to the spread of a sexual rumor purporting that Asian women possess sideways vaginas.

533:

East Asian Americans also commit crimes at disproportionately lower rates than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States despite having a younger average age and higher family stability. Research findings have shown that Asian American offenders are sometimes given more lenient punishments.

1599:

Contrary to common assumptions, their findings reveal that simply being Asian-American does not assure a wage boost for computer-centric tasks. Their investigation further addresses how stereotypes could potentially influence wage structures. The premise explored is whether employers are inclined to

1582:

When Asian American scholars try to work with their teachers or find a mentor, they sometimes run into misunderstandings because their cultural background is different. For example, in many Asian cultures, it's important to respect those who are older or in charge, and people often talk in ways that

1359:

child rearing techniques, which she describes as being typical for Chinese immigrant parents. Her book received a huge backlash and media attention and ignited global debate about different parenting techniques and cultural attitudes that foster such techniques. Furthermore, the book provoked uproar

690:

Sax Rohmer inextricably tied the evil character of Dr. Fu Manchu to all East Asians as a physical representation of the Yellow Peril, attributing the villain's evil behavior to his race. Rohmer also adds an element of mysticism and exoticism to his portrayal of Dr. Fu Manchu. Despite Dr. Fu Manchu's

667: 581:

Another effect of the stereotype is that American society at large may tend to ignore the underlying racism and discrimination that many East Asian Americans still face despite possessing above-average socioeconomic indicators and exhibiting positive statistical profiles. Complaints are dismissed by

529:

Due to this image, East Asian Americans have been the target of harassment, bullying, and racism from other racial groups due to the racially divisive model minority stereotype. In that way, the model minority does not protect Asian Americans from racism. The myth also undermines the achievements of

509:

According to those critical of this belief, the model minority stereotype also alienates other Asian American subgroups, such as Southeast Asian Americans, where many of whom hail from far less affluent Asian countries than their East Asian American counterparts and covers up existing Asian American

501:

However, some East Asian Americans believe the model minority image to be damaging and inaccurate and are acting to dispel this stereotype. Some have said that the model minority myth may perpetuate and trigger a denial of Asian Americans' racial reality, which happens to also be one of eight themes

1608:

Stella S. Yi, and Simona C. Kwon have examined the significant impact of poor data quality and prevalent stereotypes on the health of Asian Americans. The discussion delves into how Asian American health is significantly influenced by two primary factors: the inadequate quality of their health data

1306:. This musical has also been criticized for what some have perceived as racist or sexist overtones. Criticism has led to protests against the musical's portrayal of Asian men, Asian women, and women in general. It banked a record $ 25 million in advance ticket sales when it was opening on Broadway. 1242:

According to author Sheridan Prasso, the "China doll" stereotype and its variations of feminine submissiveness recurs in American movies. These variations can be presented as an associational sequence such as: "Geisha Girl/Lotus Flower/Servant/China Doll: Submissive, docile, obedient, reverential;

811:

In 2019, 7% of all female characters and 6% of all male characters in the top 100 grossing movies in the United States were Asian. Additionally, a study conducted by AAPIsOnTV (Asian American and Pacific Islanders) indicated that 64% of shows lack a presence of main Asian actors. On the other hand,

674:

Thirteen novels, three short stories, and one novella have been written about Dr. Fu Manchu, the villainous Chinese mastermind. Millions of copies have been sold in the United States with publication in American periodicals and adaptations to film, comics, radio, and television. Due to his enormous

589:

Additionally, the stereotypical perception that East Asian Americans as being wealthy and having "better behavior" implicitly invites a comparison to be made between the artificially standardized "model minority" East Asians and the stereotypes of other racial groups. While this reinforces a racial

249:

The term has also referred to the belief and fear that East Asian societies would "invade and attack" Western societies, "wage war with them" and lead to their "eventual destruction, demise and eradication." During this time, numerous anti-Asian sentiments were expressed by politicians and writers,

1595:

In the research conducted by Sanae Tashiro and Cecilia A. Conrad delves into the widely held perception that Asian-Americans, known for their proficiency in mathematics and technology, might enjoy higher earnings, especially in positions that necessitate computer skills. The study scrutinizes

1463:

This colorist portrayal negatively contrasts "colored" Asian Americans with the European population of North America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. East Asians are also stereotyped (or orientalized) as having straight dark (or shiny "blue") hair usually styled in a "bowl cut" (boys) or

959:

suggest that portrayals of East Asian males have not significantly changed. According to Elizabeth Tunstall, East Asian men in the West are still largely denied the stereotypical masculinity ideal of Western societies; however, the hybrid "soft masculinity" of K-pop has improved the image of Asian

897:

which was compulsory in China) and sometimes wore long silk gowns. Because Chinese men were seen as an economic threat to the white workforce, laws were passed that barred the Chinese from many "male" labor-intensive industries, and the only jobs available to the Chinese at the time were jobs that

773:

Because of Charlie Chan's emasculated, unassertive, and apologetic physical appearance and demeanor he is considered a non-threatening East Asian man to mainstream audiences despite his considerable intellect and ability. Many modern critics, particularly Asian-American critics, claim that Charlie

305:

There is a widespread perception that East Asians are not considered genuine Americans but are instead "perpetual foreigners". Asian Americans often report being asked the question, "Where are you really from?" by other Americans, regardless of how long they or their ancestors have lived in United

2187:

In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the

1591:

In the context of East Asians in North America, it has been found that they are stereotypically viewed as more competent but less warm and less dominant compared to Whites. However, the prescriptive aspect of these stereotypes, particularly the belief that East Asians should be less dominant, has

1512:

A psychological experiment conducted by two researchers found that East Asians who do not conform to common stereotypes and who possess qualities such as dominance in the workplace are often seen as "unwelcome and unwanted by their co-workers" and can even elicit negative reactions and harassment

1160:

lawyer, who is fluent in both English and Mandarin and is well-versed in the arts of sexual pleasuring unknown to the American world. At the time, she provided the only major representation of East Asian women on television, apart from news anchors and reporters. Because there were no other major

875:

According to Christina Chong, if Asian actors in American movies are needed, it is usually for "international regional accuracy". These inaccurate representations shape public perceptions due to the large influence TV shows and films have on the understanding of people from different backgrounds.

1164:

This attention has led to the idea that orientalist stereotyping is a specific form of racial microaggression against women of East Asian descent. For example, while the beauty of Asian American women has been exoticized, Asian American women have been stereotyped as submissive in the process of

796:

Chinese-born academic and author Yunte Huang acknowledges that "Asian American criticism of the Charlie Chan character . . . carries the weight of the Asian experience in contemporary America," but sees Chan as an "American folk hero" and an example of "a peculiar brand of trickster prevalent in

414:

Some scholars believe that modern stereotypes of Asian women's sexuality may trace their roots to European colonialism and overseas military intervention. Overseas soldiers saw East and Southeast Asian women as physically and sexually superior to white women. East Asian women were stereotyped as

3656:

When New York Police Department officer Peter Liang was convicted and found guilty in 2016 of the shooting death of Akai Kareem Gurley in 2014. questions arose as to whether Officer Liang was a racialized scapegoat punished for simply "doing what he had to do," or a model minority privileged by

1504:

stereotype is on both physical and mental aspects of the race. East Asians are believed to mature slower in appearance and body, while also thought of as less autonomous and therefore requiring guidance from the "mature" white race. Like children, the perception is that they have little power,

1375:

in East Asia to the detriment of the child's social, physical, psychological and emotional well-being. According to Marie Moro, Amy Chua links the academic success of Chinese Americans to Tiger mothering. Paul Tullis suggests that this assumption is unfounded, and cites a study suggesting that

706:

Blatantly racist statements made by white protagonists such as: "the swamping of the white world by yellow hordes might well be the price of our failure" again add to East Asian stereotypes of exclusion. Dr. Fu Manchu's inventively sardonic methods of murder and white protagonist Denis Nayland

1864:

Cultural studies literature has suggested that stereotypes of Asians portray both genders as being feminine. According to Fujino (1992) and Williams (1994), Asian women are portrayed in the media as "exotic, subservient, or simply nice" (Mok, 1999, p.107) – all feminine traits. Asian men, in

1573:

In Western universities, students from East Asia and Asian American students often face unfair treatment and stereotypes. People sometimes think Asian American students don't have any problems because they're seen as the "model minority," meaning they're expected to do well in school without

1531:

East Asian bodies are often stereotyped of as lacking the innate athletic ability to endure labor-intensive tasks which is required to play and excel in sports, especially in sporting disciplines that involve heavy amounts of physical contact. This stereotype has led to discrimination in the

797:

ethnic literature," one of several such characters "indeed rooted in the toxic soil of racism, but racism has made their tongues only sharper, their art more lethally potent . . . As much as well meaning Asian Americans try to banish the character," he writes, Charlie Chan "is here to stay."

492:

Generalized statistics and positive socioeconomic indicators of East Asian Americans are often cited to back up the model minority image include the high likelihoods and probabilities of East Asian Americans of getting into an elite American university in addition to possessing above average

1612:

Three stereotypes are notably discussed: the "model minority" myth, suggesting Asian Americans are universally successful and self-sufficient; the "healthy immigrant" effect, falsely indicating that all Asian immigrants are healthier than U.S.-born individuals; and the "perpetual foreigner"

938:

One study has shown East Asians as being perceived as being "less masculine" than their white and black American counterparts. East Asian men are also emasculated, being stereotyped and portrayed as having small penises. Such an idea fueled the phenomenon that being a bottom in a homosexual

618:

relative to and through interaction with Whites and Blacks." The theory states that racial triangulation occurs through two processes, both of which ultimately reinforce existing racial power structures. First, Asians are "valorized" relative to Blacks. This is aided by the "model minority"

481:

East Asians in the United States have been stereotyped as a "model minority"; where as a collective group have achieved an above average socioeconomic performance and standing compared to other ethno-racial groups in United States while possessing positive traits such as being seen as being

426:

by the U.S. military, American soldiers came to view Japanese women as superior to American women. Among U.S. soldiers, it was said that the heart of a Japanese woman was "twice as big" as an American woman's; reflecting the stereotype that Asian women are more feminine than Western women.

517:

The "model minority" image is also seen as being damaging to East Asian American students because their generalized socioeconomic success makes it easy for American educators to overlook other East Asian American students who are less socioeconomically successful, less achieving, struggle

1324:, a study found that young East Asian women are overrepresented. It had been suggested that the hypersexualized yet compliant representations of East Asian women being a frequent theme in American media is the cause of this. In addition, East Asian women being often stereotyped as having 2335: 163:

East Asian American men are often stereotyped as physically unattractive and lacking social skills. This contrasts with the common view of East Asian women being perceived as highly desirable relative to their white female counterparts, which often manifests itself in the form of the

5811:"I've heard it at most of the Ivies if not all of them," he says. Lin is reluctant to mention the specific nature of such insults, but according to Harvard teammate Oliver McNally, another Ivy League player called him a C word that rhymes with ink during a game last season. 1600:

offer higher wages to individuals from groups perceived positively. However, Tashiro and Conrad's research findings contradict this assumption, demonstrating that such positive stereotypes do not afford Asian-Americans any wage advantage in technology-oriented employment.

1492:

as a whole. While people of Chinese descent make up roughly 5 million of the roughly 18 million Asians in America, a plurality, other Asian American ethnic groups such as the Filipinos, Indonesian, Japanese, Koreans and Vietnamese make up a larger portion of the total.

827:, the portrayal of stereotypes is still a present issue. Asian actors are cast for movies usually represent stereotypes of East Asians. In most instances, they also play the roles of sex workers, nerds, foreigners, and doctors. In the episode "A Benihana Christmas" of 325:. Wang asserts that mainstream media coverage of Asian communities in the United States has always been "miserable". He states, "In mainstream media's and policymakers' eyes, Asian Americans don't exist. They are not on their radar... and it's the same for politics." 3390:: Additional information about the document that does not fit in any of the other fields; not used after 2004. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (30th, Little Rock, AR, November 14–16, 2001): Full text available. 1009:

humanized Chinese men, while portraying Japanese men as a military and security threat to the country, and therefore a sexual danger to white women due to the perception of a woman's body traditionally symbolizing her "tribe's" house or country. In the 1916 film

582:

American politicians and other government legislators with the claim that the racism that many East Asian Americans still face is less important than or not as bad as the racism faced by other minority racial groups, thus establishing a systematically deceptive

558:

who was captured after being a fugitive for sixteen years for failing to appear at a sentencing for a felony fraud conviction. Other examples of criminal and unethical behavior are in contrast to the artificially standardized model minority construct.

1128:

sometimes stereotyped powerful Asian women as "Dragon Ladies" and subservient Asian women as "Lotus Blossoms". These memes persists in to the present time, and other stereotypes related to the Lotus Blossom include the hyper-feminine "China dolls",

1931:

Media portrayals of Asian Americans continue to present these memes: Dragon Lady, Lotus Blossom and the male as a sexless nerd. The Dragon Lady has too much power, whereas the Lotus Blossom and the male loser have too little power (Ono & Pham,

614:" stereotype contribute to the theory of "racial triangulation" proposed by political scientist Claire Jean Kim. With many previous discussions of race focusing solely on a "Black vs. white" dichotomy, Kim proposes that Asian Americans "have been 1467:

There is also a common assumption that people of East Asian descent are always Chinese or are supposed to be proficient in a Chinese language. This often results in racist remarks and ethnic slurs against Asian Americans such as telling them to

1424:. It refers primarily to millennial or younger women who are highly outgoing and have adopted a gangster aesthetic or personality without necessarily being involved with actual organized crime. Other associated traits include an interest in 127:

Largely and collectively, these stereotypes have been internalized by society and in daily interactions, current events, and government legislation, their repercussions for Americans or immigrants of East Asian ancestry are mainly negative.

1212:, about a Hong Kong woman. The titular character is represented through a frame of white masculine heterosexual desire: Suzie is portrayed as a submissive prostitute that is sexually aroused at the idea of being beaten by a white man. 570:, which led to the deaths of 33 individuals, including the eventual suicide of Cho himself. The shooting spree, along with Cho's Korean ancestry, stunned American society. Other notable cases include the downfall of politician 989:

East Asian men have been portrayed as threats to white women by white men in many aspects of American media. Depictions of East Asian men as "lascivious and predatory" were common at the turn of the 20th century. Fears of

1969:(Chua, 2011), depicts a strict, rigid form of Chinese mothering, in contrast to permissive Western parenting, as essential to the academic and professional success of Chinese Americans (Cheah et al., 2013; Guo, 2013). 534:

Occasionally however, such extraordinarily rare exceptions involving individual East Asian American criminals do receive widespread media coverage. Such vanishingly rare exceptional occurrences include the infamous

1243:

the Vixen/Sex Nymph: Sexy, coquettish, manipulative; tendency toward disloyalty or opportunism; the Prostitute/Victim of Sex Trade/War/Oppression: Helpless, in need of assistance or rescue; good-natured at heart."

785:, once said: 'He who squanders to-day talking of yesterday's triumph, will have nothing to boast of tomorrow.'" Fletcher Chan, however, argues that the Chan of Biggers's novels is not subservient to whites, citing 518:

academically, and assimilate more slowly in the American school system. Some American educators hold East Asian American students to a higher academic standard and ignore other students of East Asian ancestry with

1317:, Asian women in golden era Hollywood film were represented as sexually passive and compliant. According to Hagedorn, "good" Asian women are portrayed as being "childlike, submissive, silent, and eager for sex". 1185:

while relaxing on the sofa." Hamamoto does maintain, however, that Ling "sends a powerful message to white America that East Asian American women are not to be trifled with. She runs circles around that tower of

1180:

fantasy figure concocted by a white man whose job it is to satisfy the blocked needs of other white men who seek temporary escape from their banal and deadening lives by indulging themselves in a bit of visual

6014:"The Mutually Reinforcing Cycle Of Poor Data Quality And Racialized Stereotypes That Shapes Asian American Health: Study examines poor data quality and racialized stereotypes that shape Asian American health" 4871: 646:, respectively, in the early part of the 20th century, Dr. Fu Manchu is the embodiment of America's imagination of a threatening, mysterious East Asian while Charlie Chan is an apologetic, submissive Chinese- 100:, internet, as well as in other forms of creative expression in American culture and society. Many of these commonly generalized stereotypes are largely correlative to those that are also found in other 1472:" even if the Asian-American person does not happen to be of Chinese descent. In reality, the term "Asian American" broadly refers to all people who descend from the Continental Asian sub-regions of 1388:"Asian baby girl", commonly abbreviated "ABG" and sometimes referred to as "Asian bad girl" or "Asian baby gangster", is a term that arose in the 1990s New York City area, originally used to describe 199:, who are excessively concerned with their child's academic performance. This is stereotypically associated with high academic achievement and above-average socioeconomic success in American society. 506:. This is because the model minority image in film is usually coupled with negative characteristics of a personality such as being obedient, nerdy and unable to express a sexual or romantic longing. 5775: 1282:

list of the 20 most-performed operas in North America. This popularity only helps to perpetuate the stereotype of Japanese women being self-sacrificing victims to "cruel and powerful" Western men.

6120:

Ng, Jennifer C., Sharon S. Lee, and Yoon K. Pak. "Chapter 4 contesting the model minority and perpetual foreigner stereotypes: A critical review of literature on Asian Americans in education."

3962:

Huang, Yunte; Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History, pp. 282-287; W. W. Norton & Company, 15 August 2011 ISBN 978-0-87722-955-1.

5790: 872:

A study of top grossing films in the 2010s found that films encouraged audiences to laugh at 43.4% of Asian and Pacific Islander characters, meaning that they may be serving as a "punchline".

1451:

discourse exists throughout American society, especially as it is reproduced by network television and cinema. Critics argue that portrayals of East Asians in American media fixating on the

309:

East Asian Americans have been perceived, treated, and portrayed by many in American society as "perpetual" foreigners who are unable to be assimilated and inherently foreign regardless of

1456:

Even worse, these critics contend, is the common portrayal of the East Asian population as having yellow, sometimes orange or even lemon colored skin tones (which the critics reference as

3587: 522:

from being given attention that they need. This may deprive those students being encumbered with negative connotations of being a model minority and labeled with the unpopular Hollywood "

407:

East Asian women have long been fetishized as highly desirable by white men, and studies have shown that they are the most desired women in the Western world, and are considered the most

1881: 4511: 6245: 6235: 4688: 285:

on Chinese immigrants to Canada in the early 20th century; a formal government apology was given in 2007 (with compensation to the surviving head tax payers and their descendants).

4025: 4248:

Drummond, Murray JN, and Shaun M. Filiault. "The long and the short of it: Gay men's perceptions of penis size." Gay and lesbian issues and psychology review 3.2 (2007): 121–129.

542:

where several prominent Chinese American businessmen were convicted of violating various campaign finance laws. Other incidents include the shooting rampage by physics student

1275:

There has been much controversy about the opera, especially its treatment of sex and race. It is the most-performed opera in the United States, where its rank as Number 1 in

5030:

Park, Hijin. "Interracial Violence, Western Racialized Masculinities, and the Geopolitics of Violence Against Women." Social & Legal Studies 21.4 (2012): 491–509. Web.

4875: 5705: 2266: 6344: 419:

was passed, banning Chinese women from entering the United States, to prevent married white men from falling to the temptation to cheat on their wives with Asian women.

2771: 2513: 6185: 4384: 759:", where white actors play the characters of non-white roles. White actors who have played the role of Charlie Chan were covered in "yellowface" makeup and spoke in 1161:

Asian American celebrity women whose television presence could counteract the Dragon Lady stereotype, the portrayal of Ling Woo attracted much scholarly attention.

766:

In stark contrast to the Chinese villain Dr. Fu Manchu, East Asian-American protagonist Charlie Chan represents the American archetype of the "good" East Asian. In

3438: 415:

extremely seductive and sinister. and this stereotype was so alarming that nationalist politicians sought to ban Asian women from entering the United States. The

6100:

Li, Yao, and Harvey L. Nicholson Jr. "When "model minorities" become "yellow peril"—Othering and the racialization of Asian Americans in the COVID‐19 pandemic."

4769: 3539:

Johnson, Brian D.; Betsinger, Sara (November 9, 2009). "Punishing the "Model Minority": Asian-American Criminal Sentencing Outcomes in Federal District Courts".

789:

as an example; in this novel, Chan's eyes blaze with anger at racist remarks and in the end, after exposing the murderer, Chan remarks "Perhaps listening to a '

777:

The Chan character also perpetuates stereotypes as well, oft quoting supposed ancient Chinese wisdom at the end of each novel, saying things like: "The Emperor

378:

criticized Rooney's portrayal as "an irascible bucktoothed nerd and an offensive ethnic caricature". Critics note that the character of Mr. Yunioshi reinforced

5173: 1723: 731:(1871–1933), a real-life Chinese-Hawaiian police officer, has been the subject of 11 novels (spanning from 1925 to as late as 2023), over 40 American films, a 460: 1216:

Professor of Asian American Studies Elaine Kim argued in the 1980s that the stereotype of East Asian women as submissive has impeded their economic mobility.

6250: 5283: 4976: 4897: 4714:

Sumi K. Cho. "Converging Stereotypes in Racialized Sexual Harassment: Where the Model Minority Meets Suzie Wong". In Richard Delgado; Jean Stefancic (eds.).

1371:) refers to a strict or demanding mother who pushes her children to high levels of scholastic and academic achievement, using methods regarded as typical of 806: 129: 93: 5649: 3124:"Positive Portrayal versus Positive Stereotype: The Effect of Media Exposure to the Model Minority Stereotype on Asian Americans' Self-Concept and Emotions" 2673: 5767: 3607: 1539:

believed that his race played a role in him going undrafted in NBA initially. This belief has been echoed and reiterated by sports writer Sean Gregory of

4940:

More insidious perhaps is the opera's enduring fantasy of Japanese women as self-sacrificing and, the helpless victims of cruel and powerful Western men.

5249: 379: 1400:

caused many of them to become defunct. The term was then adopted by other Asian Americans from outside the Chinese American gangster subculture of the

1841: 6349: 856: 2204: 2003: 1404:. The looks, fashion, and aesthetics associated with ABGs gained popularity in the 2010s, and was regarded as a negative stereotype similar to the " 5584: 2163: 1190:

who serves as her white boyfriend. She's competitive in a profession that thrives on verbal aggression and analytical skill." Contemporary actress

160:, which respectively represents a threatening, mysterious East Asian character as well as an apologetic, submissive, "good" East Asian character. 539: 6194: 6178: 1718: 842: 5102: 4661: 136:

perception rather than authentic depictions of East Asian cultures, customs, traditions, and behaviors. East Asian Americans have experienced

447:

often receive heightened attention in Western media. Asians are also stereotyped as eating animals unusual for consumption in the US such as

435:

Food from Chinese restaurants in the United States is often claimed to be unsafe due to contamination of Chinese-imported food or the use of

4356: 1657: 4692: 3670: 3584: 5110: 4268: 4148: 1652: 6077: 5132: 3568: 1500:

East Asians have been stereotyped as immature, childlike, small, infantile looking, needing guidance and not to be taken seriously. The

6132: 6110:

Lin, Monica H., et al. "Stereotype content model explains prejudice for an envied outgroup: Scale of Anti-Asian American stereotypes."

5823: 5798: 5741: 1985: 707:

Smith's grudging respect for his intellect reinforce stereotypes of East Asian intelligence, exoticism/mysticism, and extreme cruelty.

4923: 6359: 6171: 6012:

Yi, Stella S.; Kwon, Simona C.; Suss, Rachel; Ðoàn, Lan N.; John, Iyanrick; Islam, Nadia S.; Trinh-Shevrin, Chau (February 1, 2022).

852: 3025: 6145: 3267: 650:-American detective who represents America's archetypal "good" East Asian. Both characters found widespread popularity in numerous 5343: 6354: 5073: 4441: 4174:"Where Are the Asians in Hollywood? Can §1981, Title VII, Colorblind Pitches, and Understanding Biases Break the Bamboo Ceiling?" 743:, and a 1970s animated television series. In the films, the role of Charlie Chan has usually been played by white actors (namely 65:

and their American-born descendants and citizenry with East Asian ancestry or whose family members who recently emigrated to the

5706:"Studying Antecedent and Consequence of Self Efficacy of Asian American Sport Consumers: Development of a Theoretical Framework" 5680: 5716: 4788: 4733: 2270: 1549:. Although Asian Americans comprised 6% of the nation's population in 2012, Asian American athletes represented only 2% of the 17: 5512: 4146: 2358: 5468: 5209: 5133:"S.A.D. Defines the "popular" Asian, but it's what we expect.: Networks Course blog for INFO 2040/CS 2850/Econ 2040/SOC 2090" 4831: 4051: 3833: 3649: 3624:

a shooting spree was committed by a naturalized citizen, when Jiverly Wang gunned down 14 people, and injured 3 at the local

3331: 3288: 3050: 2657: 2630: 2603: 1958: 1924: 386: 4380: 1914: 1883:

Lotus Blossoms Don't Bleed: Images of Asian Women in Making Waves: An Anthology of Writing By And About Asian American Women

1865:

contrast, are presented as lacking in the physical appearance and social skills needed to attract women (Mok, 1999, p. 107).

675:

popularity, the "image of Fu Manchu has been absorbed into American consciousness as the archetypal East Asian villain." In

5618: 3496: 1044:) and help in his work. They become separated at a railway station, and Davis is rescued/kidnapped by warlord General Yen ( 4958: 4455: 3639: 2132: 2029: 4597:

Patton, Tracey Owens (November 2001). ""Ally McBeal" and Her Homies: The Reification of White Stereotypes of the Other".

3079:

Greg Toppo, "'Model' Asian student called a myth ; Middle-class status may be a better gauge of classroom success,"

2772:"GOP senator says China 'to blame' for coronavirus spread because of 'culture where people eat bats and snakes and dogs'" 859:), are depicted as overly sexual students who have an affair with the PE teacher and possess limited English skills. The 4224: 3773: 3248: 2918: 467:

characterizing the country in March 2020 as "a culture where people eat bats and snakes and dogs and things like that".

6223: 5657: 5531: 5041: 3445: 2461: 322: 3846: 3401: 1532:

recruitment process for professional American sports teams where Asian American athletes are highly underrepresented.

1060:, insensitive, and disrespectful towards women. However, studies have shown that East Asian American men express more 5594: 5541: 5448: 5353: 5259: 4644: 4576: 4548: 4278: 4125: 3356: 3309: 2542: 2293: 2218: 2173: 2086: 1948: 1894: 97: 1360:

after the release where Chua received death threats, racial slurs, and calls for her arrest on child-abuse charges.

85:, analogous to other ethnic and racial stereotypes, are often erroneously misunderstood and negatively portrayed in 6210: 4080: 358: 342: 4980: 4901: 4003:

Chin, Christina; Deo, Meera; DuCros, Faustina; Jong-Hwa Lee, Jenny; Milman, Noriko; Yuen, Nancy (September 2017).

1842:"Racial Stereotypes and Interracial Attraction: Phenotypic Prototypicality and Perceived Attractiveness of Asians" 1416:

Facebook group. In the 2020s, the ABG stereotype was adopted as a fashion trend on social media platforms such as

2726: 1401: 1351: 1173: 972:

American anti-Japanese propaganda poster from World War II depicting a Japanese soldier threatening a white woman

829: 251: 86: 5490: 4341: 6339: 6230: 5293: 4525: 4099: 1209: 889:

In the mid-1800s, early Chinese immigrant workers were derided as emasculated men due to cultural practices of

444: 184:. In media, East Asian women may be stereotyped as exceptionally feminine and delicate "Lotus Blossums", or as 1785: 489:

and managerial occupations, and household incomes relative to other ethno-racial groups in the United States.

6095: 3975:"Distribution of male and female characters in top grossing films in the United States in 2019, by ethnicity" 2051: 1032: 982: 5021:

Mayall, Alice, and Diana EH Russell. "Racism in pornography." Feminism & Psychology 3.2 (1993): 275–281.

3604: 1497:

as nerds. This stereotype is socially damaging and contributes to a long history of Asian exclusion in USA.

1087:

Even literature written by Asian American authors is not free of the pervasive popular cliche of Asian men.

382:

to further exclude Japanese Americans from being treated as normal citizens, rather than hated caricatures.

4147:

Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media; Coalition of Asian Pacifics in Entertainment; Gold House (2023).

3148: 3008:

Asian-American Scientists: Silent No Longer: 'Model Minority' Mobilizes – Lawler 290 (5494): 1072 – Science

1848: 4849: 2066: 1509:, who are perceived as more demure, submissive, more eager to please and easily yielding to powerful men. 1016:, a group of fanatical Japanese individuals invade the United States in an attempt to rape a white woman. 4257:

Hoppe, Trevor. "Circuits of Power, Circuits of Pleasure: Sexual Scripting in Gay Men's Bottom Narratives.

4100:"What Are Some Problematic And Racist Depictions Of East Asian People In TV And Movies That You've Seen?" 3521: 2411:

Inequality in 700 Popular Films: Examining Portrayals of Gender, Race & LGBT Status from 2007 to 2014

1751:

Vanishing Son: The Appearance, Disappearance, and Assimilation of the Asian-US Man in US Mainstream Media

1713: 1687: 1070: 968: 535: 440: 46: 5557: 4005:

Tokens on the Small Screen: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Prime Time and Streaming Television

4004: 3974: 3428:, Journal of experimental social psychology vol. 35, no1, pp. 29–46 (1 p.3/4): Elsevier, San Diego 1999. 3063: 2857:"Why East Asians but not South Asians are underrepresented in leadership positions in the United States" 1447:, an American Orientialist and professor of Asian American studies at UC Irvine argued that a pervasive 6303: 6083:

Kawai, Yuko. "Stereotyping Asian Americans: The dialectic of the model minority and the yellow peril."

5971: 5850:"The myth of academic tolerance: the stigmatisation of East Asian students in Western higher education" 5397:

Zhang, Qin (2010). "Asian Americans Beyond the Model Minority Stereotype: The Nerdy and the Left Out".

3625: 2975: 2745: 282: 62: 4427:

Rich, Adrienne. 1994 Blood, Bread and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979–1985. New York: Norton 1986: p. 212.

4173: 1299: 719:

Warner Oland, a Swedish-American actor, portraying Charlie Chan, a Chinese-Hawaiian-American detective

5849: 4149:

I Am Not a Fetish or Model Minority: Redefining What it Means to Be API in the Entertainment Industry

4026:"Asian Americans on TV: Study finds continued Underrepresentation despite new wave of AAPI-led shows" 2946:"Trends in Racial and Ethnic Minority Applicants and Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools, 1980–2016" 1526: 1392:

women involved in gangster subcultures. These women were a part of, or admired the lifestyles of the

1093: 1078:, in which Japanese businessmen mistreat and denigrate their white mistresses. Popular films such as 5059: 3092:

Benjamin Pimentel, "Model minority image is a hurdle, Asian Americans feel left out of mainstream,"

2359:"'Breakfast at Tiffany's' protest is misguided: Let's deal openly with the film's Asian stereotypes" 2251:

Racial Hierarchy, Asian Americans and Latinos as Foreigners, and Social Change: Is Law the Way to Go

1425: 6202: 2409:

Smith, Stacy; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Gillig, Traci; Lee, Carmen; DeLuca, Dylan (2015).

2004:"Conference Indorses Chinese Exclusion; Editor Poon Chu Says China Will... – Article Preview – The" 1364: 1194:

has been accused of popularizing this stereotype by characters she has played in mainstream media.

817: 185: 4665: 815:

While there has been progress in the representation of Asian actors in TV shows and films through

6266: 6160:, a 2006 documentary film addressing the portrayals of Asian men in American television and film. 6151:, a 2007 documentary film about the portrayals of Chinese men and women in Hollywood productions. 5222: 4415: 4397:

Espiritu, Y. E. (1997). Ideological Racism and Cultural Resistance: Constructing Our Own Images,

4302: 3721: 3694: 2534: 1469: 1204: 1202:

An iconic source of images of East Asian women in the 20th century in the West is the 1957 novel

1021: 575: 408: 263: 5972:"Stereotypes, Asian Americans, and Wages: An Empirical Strategy Applied to Computer Use at Work" 2699: 574:

from serving in the California State Senate to serving time in federal prison, and NYPD Officer

1558: 1064:

attitudes than the American average. East Asian men are commonly portrayed in Western media as

563: 318: 275: 6013: 4155: 3007: 2384: 5174:"Everything You Need To Know About The Asian Baby Girl Trend That's Taking Over The Internet" 3565: 2647: 2593: 1672: 1662: 1166: 1084:

portray Japanese patriarchs as domineering, controlling and abusive towards their daughters.

1036:

portrays the way in which an "Oriental" beguiles white women. The film portrays Megan Davis (

991: 955: 638:

are two well-known fictional East Asian characters in America's cultural history. Created by

519: 137: 1355:, published in January 2011. The book was a memoir about her parenting journey using strict 845:). The portrayal of Asian Americans is based on the stereotype that they look identical. In 4927: 4270:

Pg. 130, 142 "Being an Asian American Male is Really Hard Actually": Cultural Psychology...

2868: 2159: 1644: 1393: 1079: 1041: 756: 436: 362:

is one such example which had been broadly criticized by mainstream publications. In 1961,

6072:

Harpalani, Vinay. "Asian Americans, Racial Stereotypes, and Elite University Admissions."

5316: 8: 6240: 5251:

Body Politics of the Asian American Woman: From Orientalist Stereotype to the Hybrid Body

5147: 4208:

The Asian Mystique: dragon ladies, geisha girls, & our fantasies of the exotic orient

3194: 2559: 1413: 1377: 861: 782: 611: 483: 423: 294: 6129:

Language, identity, and stereotype among Southeast Asian American youth: The other Asian

6105: 6090:

Lee, Jennifer. "Asian Americans, affirmative action & the rise in anti-Asian hate."

5376: 2872: 2595:

Scars of War: The Politics of Paternity and Responsibility for the Amerasians of Vietnam

6046: 5437: 5414: 4614: 4569:

The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies of the Exotic Orient

4475: 3466: 3226: 3218: 2891: 2856: 2815: 2790: 1693: 1325: 1125: 1061: 1012: 976: 903: 869:) as someone who is unable to form romantic relationships and communicate with women. 823: 364: 5930:"Prescriptive stereotypes and workplace consequences for East Asians in North America" 6313: 6051: 6033: 5991: 5987: 5949: 5910: 5871: 5590: 5537: 5444: 5418: 5349: 5289: 5255: 5205: 4640: 4618: 4572: 4544: 4322: 4274: 3829: 3645: 3552: 3352: 3327: 3183: 3046: 2896: 2653: 2626: 2599: 2571: 2538: 2214: 2169: 2082: 2045: 1954: 1920: 1890: 1667: 1409: 1389: 908: 894: 724: 643: 503: 82: 58: 34: 4795: 4752: 4479: 3671:"A system that doesn't value black lives can never truly value Asian American lives" 3230: 1177: 946:

established a presence in Hollywood, he was one of the few Asians who had achieved "

6163: 6041: 6025: 5983: 5941: 5902: 5861: 5406: 5178: 5002:

Hagedorn, Jessica (January–February 1994). "Asian Women in Film: No Joy, No Luck".

4606: 4494: 4467: 4314: 4052:"'We're the geeks, the prostitutes': Asian American actors on Hollywood's barriers" 3754: 3657:"adjacent whiteness" whose actions betrayed a fundamental disregard for human life. 3548: 3426:

When white men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat

3210: 2886: 2876: 2810: 2802: 2791:"Seven Reasons to Care About Racism and COVID-19 and Seven Things to Do to Stop It" 2440: 2326: 2072: 1444: 1321: 1310: 1269: 1248: 1235: 1169: 1157: 1075: 1065: 1037: 923: 679:, Sax Rohmer introduces Dr. Fu Manchu as a cruel and cunning man, with a face like 647: 583: 416: 374: 313:

or duration of residence in the United States. A similar view has been advanced by

89: 74: 42: 5866: 4789:"Portrayals of Gender and Generation,East and West: Suzie Wong in the Noble House" 3285: 3201:

Yang, KaYing (2004). "Southeast Asian American Children: Not the Model Minority".

2830: 1056:

Another stereotype of East Asian men, especially of Chinese men, is that they are

4962: 4456:"Negotiating New Asian American Masculinities: Attitudes and Gender Expectations" 3611: 3591: 3572: 3503: 3292: 2620: 2528: 1703: 1624: 1541: 1522: 1501: 1452: 1295: 1261: 1231: 998: 838: 790: 555: 300: 266:

limited the number of Asians because they were considered an "undesirable" race.

196: 5626: 3758: 2486: 841:) with a Sharpie, because he is unable to differentiate her from Amy (played by 6296: 6281: 6029: 4951: 4610: 3621: 2861:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2530:

Asian American Sexual Politics: The Construction of Race, Gender, and Sexuality

2514:"'Yellow fever' fetish: Why do so many white men want to date a Chinese woman?" 2298: 2294:"The Screen: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Audrey Hepburn Stars in Music Hall Comedy" 2136: 1481: 1227: 917: 752: 607: 551: 511: 476: 349: 337: 219: 117: 78: 5410: 3715: 3688: 3043:

Unraveling the "Model Minority" Stereotypes: Listening to Asian American Youth

2425: 2240:

Neil Gotanda, "Exclusion and Inclusion: Immigration and American orientalism".

1749: 6333: 6037: 5995: 5953: 5914: 5890: 5875: 4567:

Prasso, Sheridan (2006). "Hollywood, Burbank, and the Resulting Imaginings".

4326: 4318: 3187: 2806: 2575: 1950:

Parenthood and Immigration in Psychoanalysis: Shaping the Therapeutic Setting

1708: 1682: 1397: 1303: 1277: 960:

men as potentially desirable partners among K-pop fans in Western countries.

778: 615: 567: 459:

for consumption, despite the declining consumption in China. This notion was

369: 353: 333: 314: 243: 169: 66: 38: 3854: 3123: 3064:"'Model Minority' Resentments Spawn Anti-Asian-American Insults and Violence 2881: 6055: 5929: 5768:"Lin tells "60 Minutes" his ethnicity played a role in him going undrafted" 5004: 2945: 2944:

Acosta, David; Poll-Hunter, Norma Iris; Eliason, Jennifer (November 2017).

2900: 2674:"Eddie Huang on racial insensitivities behind MSG, Chinese food criticisms" 1506: 1505:

access, and control over themselves. The stereotype goes hand in hand with

1473: 1372: 1356: 1340: 1265: 1141: 1121: 1057: 1006: 912: 890: 866: 834: 748: 744: 696: 684: 635: 486: 402: 239: 213: 165: 157: 133: 3388:

From "Yellow Peril" to "Model Minority": The Transition of Asian Americans

1836: 1834: 6318: 6308: 4486: 4471: 3280:"The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic (Latino), and Asian Americans," 2210: 2200: 2077: 1677: 1630: 1546: 1433: 1405: 1368: 1290: 1213: 1182: 1145: 1115: 1045: 1025: 732: 728: 464: 328: 310: 235: 223: 113: 101: 4924:"Puccini's masterpiece transcends its age | The Japan Times Online" 4812:

Kim, Elaine (1984). "Asian American writers: A bibliographical review".

4635:

Dow, Bonnie J. (2006). "Gender and Communication in Mediated Contexts".

4436:

Quinsaat, J. (1976). Asians in the media, The shadows in the spotlight.

3745:

Kim, Claire Jean (1999). "The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans".

2445: 666: 6276: 5906: 5824:"The Lack of Asians and Asian-American Athletes in Professional Sports" 5742:"The Lack of Asians and Asian-American Athletes in Professional Sports" 5223:"After 170 Years, the 'Sideways Asian Vagina' Myth Still Won't Go Away" 5042:"Amy Chua: 'I'm going to take all your stuffed animals and burn them!'" 4539:

Shimizu, Celine Parreñas (2007). "The Sexual Bonds of Racial Stardom".

3424:

Aronson J.; Lustina M. J.; Good C.; Keough K.; Steele C. M.; Brown J.;

3222: 2917:

Chung, Eric; Dong, Samuel; Hu, Xiaonan; Kwon, Christine; Liu, Goodwin.

1831: 1536: 1485: 1448: 1098: 1002: 947: 847: 736: 639: 598: 571: 547: 173: 149: 145: 121: 30: 5202:

Monitored peril: Asian Americans and the politics of TV representation

4358:

Asian Stereotypes lost or found in the first season of TV series Lost?

4081:"The Office Actor Kat Ahn calls out show for portrayal of Asian women" 3167: 2109: 898:

whites deemed "women's work" (i.e., laundry, cooking, and childcare).

148:

related to their ethnic stereotypes, as it has been used to reinforce

5945: 4301:

Kao, Grace; Balistreri, Kelly Stamper; Joyner, Kara (November 2018).

3616: 1489: 1477: 1421: 943: 740: 631: 456: 227: 181: 153: 105: 70: 5891:"Mentoring Asian American scholars: Stereotypes and cultural values" 3690:

Yellow Face: The documentary part 4 – Asian Americans do face racism

3214: 2789:

Gee, Gilbert C.; Ro, Marguerite J.; Rimoin, Anne W. (July 1, 2020).

2560:"White Sexual Imperialism: A Theory of Asian Feminist Jurisprudence" 2157: 1219: 41:, but certain parts of it are applicable to other groups. For other 3175: 2426:"Why Yellow Fever Isn't Flattering: A Case against Racial Fetishes" 2267:"Loss of AsianWeek Increases Hole in Asian-American Coverage – NAM" 1457: 1376:

children of purported "tiger parents" actually have slightly worse

1346: 1223: 1191: 1153: 1137: 994:

were promulgated in both dime store novels and melodramatic films.

699:

attributes, again reinforcing Dr. Fu Manchu as representational of

452: 448: 168:, which has been influenced by their portrayals as hyper-feminine " 141: 4952:

Steinberg, Avi. "Group targets Asian stereotypes in hit musical,"

1826:

The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction, 1850–1940

6291: 5377:"Perceptions of Asian American Students: Stereotypes and Effects" 4872:"Puccini opera is 'racist': News24: Entertainment: International" 2993:

Gee, Buck; Peck, Denise (2015). "The Illusion of Asian Success".

1429: 1150: 1088: 928: 760: 543: 6154: 4412:

White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness.

2855:

Lu, Jackson; Nisbett, Richard; Morris, Michael (March 3, 2020).

2462:"The uncomfortable racial preferences revealed by online dating" 6286: 6271: 5103:"It was a cultural reset: a short history of the ABG aesthetic" 3826:

Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identity

3152: 2331: 1417: 1328: 1187: 1130: 932: 715: 692: 651: 620: 231: 177: 109: 2068:

Office of Ethnic Affairs – Formal Apology To Chinese Community

1916:

Women's Issues for a New Generation: A Social Work Perspective

4786: 2564:

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

1767:

Felicia R. Lee, "'Model Minority' Label Taxes Asian Youths,"

1257: 680: 655: 439:, the latter of which putatively causes a condition known as 372:'s bucktoothed, myopic Japanese is broadly exotic." In 1990, 5558:"Dominant East Asians face workplace harassment, says study" 3847:"Internet Movie Database — list of Charlie Chan movies" 3444:. National Asian Women's Health Organization. Archived from 3286:

The Glass Ceiling for African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans

800: 4512:

Come All Ye Asian American Writers of the Real and the Fake

4381:"Un-designing masculinities: K-pop and the new global man?" 3026:"Racial Microaggressions and the Asian American Experience" 1698: 523: 262:, 1905) and the later Japanese Exclusion Act. The American 189: 188:, while East Asian men are often stereotyped as sexless or 3473: 3304:

Constable, Pamela, "A 'Glass Ceiling' of Misperceptions,"

1136:

More recently, the Dragon Lady stereotype was embodied by

389:

researchers for the Asian American Justice Center (AAJC),

5681:"Asian Americans remain rare in men's college basketball" 5469:""Little Rocket Man": The Anti-Asian Racism of US Empire" 5430: 5428: 4002: 3467:"Push to achieve tied to suicide in Asian-American women" 2408: 2065:

Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda, eds. (February 12, 2002).

1562: 1554: 1550: 1513:

from their fellow employees of other racial backgrounds.

915:

talks about the revised ending for the 2000 action movie

5533:

Korean American Women: From Tradition to Modern Feminism

5513:"Yellow Fever: The Problem with Fetishizing Asian Women" 5399:

Journal of International and Intercultural Communication

4770:"Asian American Cinema: Representations and Stereotypes" 2943: 2165:

The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community

1875: 1873: 5506: 5504: 4926:. Search.japantimes.co.jp. July 3, 2005. Archived from 4689:"Five Common Asian-American Stereotypes in TV and Film" 4571:(Illustrated ed.). PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73. 4218: 4216: 3918:

Frank Chin and Jeffery Chan, quoted in Kim (1982), 179.

3451:

on September 10, 2006 – via University of Hawaii.

3322:

Chen, Edith Wen-Chu; Grace J. Yoo (December 23, 2009).

1979: 1977: 1412:" stereotype. It appeared in online forums such as the 812:

96% of shows have a 96% presence of White main actors.

5791:"Harvard's Hoops Star Is Asian. Why's That a Problem?" 5425: 5342:

Tewari, Nita; Alvarez, Alvin N. (September 17, 2008).

3310:

Washingtonpost.com: A GLASS CEILING' OF MISPERCEPTIONS

2133:"Asian Americans and the Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome" 1724:

Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic

1535:

The Taiwanese-American professional basketball player

1345:

In early 2011, the Chinese-American lawyer and writer

1097:

has been criticized by Asian American figures such as

723:

Charlie Chan, a fictional character created by author

269: 5619:"Asian population critically underrepresented in NFL" 5439:

America's Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy

5060:'Tiger Mother': Are Chinese Moms Really So Different? 4751:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from 3815:(1917; reprint ed., New York: Pyramid, 1962), p. 111. 3566:"Our big cultural heritage, our awful little secrets" 3502:(Report). FBI. 2003. pp. 267–336. Archived from 3324:

Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today, Volume 1

2912: 2910: 2625:. Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale. p. 213. 2479: 2261: 2259: 1870: 807:

Portrayal of East Asians in American film and theater

258:, 1886) and "Conference Endorses Chinese Exclusion" ( 6193: 5564:. University of Toronto, Rotman School of Management 5501: 4213: 3940:(1930; reprint ed., New York: Bantam, 1975), p. 233. 3802:(1913; reprint ed., New York: Pyramid, 1961), p. 17. 3315: 1974: 1947:

Moro, Marie Rose; Welsh, Geneviève (March 7, 2022).

1620: 1396:

gangs, before the crime crackdowns ordered by Mayor

1363:

The archetypal Chinese tiger mom is (similar to the

1197: 5650:"Hey American Sports! Where are all the Asians at?" 5484: 5482: 5285:

Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics

4300: 4260: 4222: 3998: 3996: 3117: 3115: 623:, with Asian women being seen as ideal immigrants. 554:graduate, businessman and former campaign donor to 5436: 5345:Asian American Psychology:Asians Bad Drivers False 5125: 3780: 3585:"Some Korean Americans fearful of racial backlash" 3519: 2907: 2612: 2256: 1156:portrayed. Ling is a cold and ferocious bilingual 1101:for perpetuating racist stereotypes of Asian men. 1068:. This can be seen in best-selling novels such as 626: 5970:Tashiro, Sanae; Conrad, Cecilia A. (April 2009). 5934:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 5583:Azzarito, Laura; Kirk, David (October 10, 2014). 4126:"5 Most Offensive Asian Characters in TV History" 4074: 4072: 3774:"The Black, Asian and White Racial Triangulation" 3638:Kim, Nami; Joh, Wonhee Anne (December 15, 2019). 3628:.January 1, 2008. Retrieved on December 21, 2009. 3439:"Mental Health and Depression in Asian Americans" 2980:Center of the legal profession Harvard law School 2923:Center of the legal profession Harvard law School 2433:Journal of the American Philosophical Association 2124: 1439: 6331: 5479: 3993: 3900:(New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1925), p. 76. 3538: 3372:Chou, Rosalind; Feagin, Joe (November 5, 2008). 3321: 3112: 1568: 1024:in the lead up to the United States' entry into 566:committed by the Korean-American mass murderer, 5976:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 5782: 5586:Pedagogies, Physical Culture, and VisualMethods 5247: 5017: 5015: 4974: 4686: 4303:"Asian American Men in Romantic Dating Markets" 4019: 4017: 3464: 3349:Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience 2854: 2727:"Please Stop Writing Racist Restaurant Reviews" 953:Study findings from an analysis of the TV show 893:. The Chinese workers sported long braids (the 540:1996 United States campaign finance controversy 55:Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States 6345:Anti–East Asian sentiment in the United States 6011: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5096: 5094: 5065: 4069: 2649:Identity, Gender and Teaching English in Japan 2206:Yellow: race in America beyond black and white 2071:. Archives of Australian National University. 1889:(1 ed.). Beacon Press. pp. 308–309. 1719:Stereotypes of groups within the United States 1331:than other races is another suggested factor. 593: 6179: 5969: 5816: 5530:Song, Young In; Moon, Ailee (July 27, 1998). 5341: 5071: 4637:The SAGE handbook of gender and communication 3399: 3340: 3246: 1172:, Professor of Asian American Studies at the 274:Australia had similar fears and introduced a 5582: 5012: 4731: 4404: 4014: 2587: 2585: 2064: 2032:. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011 1658:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States 1288:received a modern adaptation in the form of 884: 254:, with headlines like "The 'Yellow Peril'" ( 124:are often closely interlinked between them. 5888: 5457: 5194: 5091: 5074:"The truth about the Tiger Mother's family" 4874:. News24. February 15, 2007. Archived from 4523: 4438:Counterpoint: Perspectives on Asian America 3400:Bhattacharyya, Srilata (October 31, 2001). 2916: 2788: 1942: 1940: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1653:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 963: 195:East Asian mothers are also stereotyped as 6186: 6172: 6112:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5927: 5467:Petersen-Smith, Khury (January 19, 2018). 5165: 4659: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4562: 4560: 4495:"Big American Misconceptions about Asians" 4453: 4333: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4140: 3418: 3371: 3035: 2956:. Association of American Medical Colleges 2919:"A Portrait of Asian Americans in the Law" 2746:"The History of the Dog-Eating Stereotype" 2639: 1784:Matthew Yi; et al. (April 27, 2001). 1783: 6045: 5889:Chin, Dorothy; Kameoka, Velma A. (2019). 5865: 5678: 5647: 5434: 5281: 5171: 5139: 4794:. University of Hong Kong. Archived from 4720:...Hong Kong hooker with a heart of gold. 4639:. Julia T. Wood. SAGE. pp. 302–303. 4430: 4391: 3927:Chin and Chan, quoted in Kim (1982), 179. 3883:(Thesis). Chukyo University. p. 145. 3792: 3717:Asians, Blacks, Stereotypes and the Media 3605:Sadly, Cho is Most Newsworthy APA of 2007 3484:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 190. 3242: 3240: 3121: 3045:, Teachers College Press, New York: 1996 2890: 2880: 2814: 2582: 2444: 2076: 1946: 1908: 1906: 1763: 1761: 1577: 1516: 1040:) coming to China to marry a missionary ( 1020:was an independent film serial funded by 801:Stereotypes in American film and TV shows 202: 6350:East Asian diaspora in the United States 5928:Berdahl, Jennifer L.; Min, Ji-A (2012). 5529: 5001: 4852:. AustinChronicle.com. November 29, 1996 4630: 4628: 4532: 4123: 3874: 3872: 3644:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74. 3176:"Stereotypes of Asian American Students" 2646:Nagatomo, Diane Hawley (April 7, 2016). 2645: 2413:. The Harnish Foundation. pp. 1–31. 1937: 1919:. Oxford University Press. p. 356. 1779: 1777: 1736: 1592:notable implications in the workplace. 1380:than those raised by non-tiger parents. 1218: 975: 967: 950:" status on screen in the 20th century. 865:portrays Rajesh Koothrapalli (played by 714: 665: 597: 496: 327: 152:. Notable fictional stereotypes include 5847: 5788: 5759: 5616: 4995: 4713: 4605:(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 229–260. 4585: 4557: 4538: 4442:University of California at Los Angeles 4195: 4124:Sreedhar, Anjana (September 20, 2013). 3930: 3641:Feminist Praxis against U.S. Militarism 3479: 3460: 3458: 3346: 3268:"The Glass Ceiling and Asian Americans" 3249:"The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority" 2992: 2130: 1912: 1747: 1176:, describes Ling as "a neo-Orientalist 306:States and been a part of its society. 14: 6332: 6007: 6005: 5965: 5963: 5765: 5390: 5039: 4716:Critical Race Theory: the Cutting Edge 4596: 4566: 4492: 4401:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishing. 4387:from the original on January 27, 2014. 4383:. The Conversation. January 23, 2014. 4078: 4024:Ramos, Dino-Ray (September 12, 2017). 3892: 3890: 3805: 3772:RHEE, kate-hers (September 24, 2018). 3724:from the original on December 21, 2021 3697:from the original on December 21, 2021 3637: 3237: 3174:Kim, Angela; Yeh, Christine J (2002). 3173: 3105:"What 'Model Minority' Doesn't Tell," 2591: 2417: 2291: 1983: 1903: 1879: 1758: 546:at the University of Iowa in 1991 and 461:amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic 288: 6215:Asian and Pacific Islander Americans 6167: 5396: 5204:University of Minnesota Press, 1994, 5172:Shamsudin, Shazrina (March 5, 2020). 4977:"Theater: Will Broadway Miss Saigon?" 4787:Staci Ford; Geetanjali Singh Chanda. 4625: 4543:. Duke University Press. p. 87. 4421: 4339: 4097: 4049: 4023: 3869: 3740: 3738: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2618: 2527:Chou, Rosalind S. (January 5, 2015). 2423: 1774: 602:Visualization of racial triangulation 391:Asian Pacific Americans in Prime Time 6246:Native Americans and Alaskan Natives 5100: 5040:Hodson, Heather (January 15, 2011). 4662:"The Ling Thing – – News – New York" 4223:Jose Antonio Vargas (May 25, 2007). 3839: 3771: 3668: 3520:Walter E. Williams (March 9, 2003). 3455: 3200: 2744:Bahk, Jean Rachel (April 30, 2021). 2743: 2737: 2700:"China Food Scare: A Dash of Racism" 2652:. Multilingual Matters. p. 69. 2557: 2526: 2459: 2356: 2350: 2319: 2269:. News.ncmonline.com. Archived from 2253:, Oregon Law Rev., 76, pages 347–356 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1771:, March 20, 1990, pages B1 & B4. 1754:, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center 1586: 1349:generated controversy with her book 1315:Asian Women in Film: No Joy, No Luck 695:ethnicity, his evil and cunning are 77:whose family members emigrated from 6002: 5960: 5895:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 5882: 5789:Gregory, Sean (December 31, 2009). 5778:from the original on April 8, 2013. 5488: 4975:Richard Corliss (August 20, 1990). 4811: 4634: 4454:Chua, Peter; Fujino, Diane (1999). 4266: 3887: 3881:Asian Stereotypes in American Films 3786: 3744: 3265: 3128:Thesis for University of California 2724: 2598:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 41. 2511: 2460:King, Ritchie (November 20, 2013). 396: 270:Laws in other Anglosphere countries 24: 6066: 5510: 5248:Jung Heum Whang (September 2007). 5145: 5072:Kira Cochrane (February 7, 2014). 4354: 4181:Asian Pacific American Law Journal 3735: 3122:Nguyen Do, Kevin (December 2020). 3013: 2199: 1383: 1140:, a fictional character in the US 323:University of California, Berkeley 218:The term "Yellow Peril" refers to 96:, music, television, literature, 29:This article primarily focuses on 25: 6371: 6139: 4361:(Thesis). University of Tennessee 4171: 4098:Jokic, Natasha (March 19, 2021). 3972: 3878: 2795:American Journal of Public Health 2592:Thomas, Sabrina (December 2021). 2110:"Chinese Immigration Act 1885, c" 1803: 1786:"Asian Americans seen negatively" 1198:Hypersexuality and submissiveness 470: 281:Similarly, Canada had in place a 6360:Stereotypes of East Asian people 6195:Stereotypes in the United States 6085:Howard Journal of Communications 5988:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00630.x 5921: 5841: 5734: 5698: 5672: 5641: 5610: 5576: 5550: 5523: 5369: 5335: 5309: 5275: 5241: 5215: 5058:Emily Rauhala (August 14, 2014) 5052: 5033: 5024: 4968: 4965:Retrieved on 2007 – December 15. 4945: 4916: 4890: 4864: 4842: 4824: 4805: 4780: 4762: 4734:"Hong Kong as City/Imaginary in 4725: 4707: 4680: 4660:Chisun Lee (November 30, 1999). 4653: 4517: 4505: 4447: 4444:, Asian American Studies Center. 4373: 4348: 4294: 4251: 4242: 4165: 4117: 4091: 4079:Murphy, Chris (March 26, 2021). 3669:Fang, Jenn (February 23, 2016). 3553:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00169.x 3495:"Section IV: Persons Arrested". 3465:Elizabeth Cohen (May 16, 2007). 3270:. Cornell University ILR School. 2382: 2292:Weiler, A.H. (October 6, 1961). 2030:"History World: Asian Americans" 1847:. Washington.edu. Archived from 1637: 1623: 1120:In the 19th and 20th centuries, 661: 380:anti-Japanese wartime propaganda 356:' 1961 American romantic-comedy 61:found in American society about 6122:Review of research in education 5766:Barron, David (April 5, 2013). 5679:Bryan Chu (December 16, 2008). 5489:Lim, Audrea (January 6, 2018). 4740:Love is a Many Splendored Thing 4664:. Village Voice. Archived from 4043: 3966: 3955: 3943: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3828:Temple University Press, 1992, 3818: 3765: 3708: 3681: 3662: 3631: 3597: 3578: 3559: 3532: 3513: 3488: 3431: 3393: 3380: 3365: 3298: 3274: 3259: 3247:Ronald Takaki (June 16, 1990). 3141: 3099: 3086: 3073: 3056: 3001: 2986: 2968: 2937: 2848: 2823: 2782: 2763: 2718: 2692: 2666: 2622:Encyclopedia of Race and Racism 2551: 2520: 2505: 2453: 2402: 2376: 2313: 2285: 2243: 2234: 2193: 2168:. Psychology Press. p. 7. 2151: 2102: 2058: 2022: 1996: 1967:Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother 1352:Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother 1334: 1309:According to artist and writer 1174:University of California, Davis 1149:(1997–2002), whom the American 997:Between 1850 and 1940, both US 837:) has to mark Nikki (played by 710: 670:A modern twist on Dr. Fu Manchu 627:Stereotypes in American fiction 207: 130:Media portrayals of East Asians 6355:Stereotypes of Asian Americans 6236:Hispanics and Latino Americans 5848:Moosavi, Leon (July 3, 2022). 5536:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5491:"The Alt-Right's Asian Fetish" 4814:American Studies International 4340:Blake, John (August 2, 2016). 3800:The Insidious Doctor Fu-Manchu 3522:"Affirmative Action Bake Sale" 2769: 2725:Dai, Serena (March 23, 2016). 1913:Ukockis, Gail (May 13, 2016). 1440:Physical attributes and traits 1109: 1051: 855:) and Sun Jin Dinh (played by 677:The Insidious Doctor Fu-Manchu 562:One notable case was the 2007 340:in the theatrical trailer for 13: 1: 5867:10.1080/14631369.2021.1882289 5511:Hu, Nian (February 4, 2016). 5317:"The Rise of Asian Americans" 5101:Tran, Mai (October 7, 2020). 5062:Time. Retrieved March 8, 2014 4832:"Controversy About the Opera" 4342:"Enter the mind of Bruce Lee" 4050:Levin, Sam (April 11, 2017). 3308:, October 10, 1995, Page A01 3266:Woo, Deborah (July 1, 1994). 1729: 1569:Stereotypes of Asian students 1557:and less than 1% in both the 1033:The Bitter Tea of General Yen 983:The Bitter Tea of General Yen 6074:Boston University Law Review 5443:. Harvard University Press. 4691:. About News. Archived from 4399:Asian American Women and Men 4267:Yim, Jennifer Young (2009). 3351:. Rutgers University Press. 3182:. ERIC Educational Reports. 2357:Yang, Jeff (July 17, 2011). 2322:"Quick Cuts and Stereotypes" 2320:Koch, John (April 1, 1990). 1984:Tullis, Paul (May 8, 2013). 73:, as well as members of the 7: 6211:African and Black Americans 5146:Li, Vicki (March 7, 2020). 4526:"Review: The Joy Luck Club" 4225:"Asian Men: Slanted Screen" 4172:Chong, Christina Shu Jien. 3759:10.1177/0032329299027001005 3480:Flowers, Ronald B. (1990). 3347:Ancheta, Angelo N. (2006). 3291:September 12, 2007, at the 2831:"Model Minority Stereotype" 1790:The San Francisco Chronicle 1714:Racism in the United States 1688:Elderly martial arts master 1616: 594:Racial triangulation theory 536:Han Twins Murder Conspiracy 441:Chinese restaurant syndrome 63:first-generation immigrants 47:Stereotypes of South Asians 10: 6376: 6030:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01417 4611:10.1177/002193470103200205 4541:The hypersexuality of race 4528:– via Google Groups. 3626:American Civic Association 3497:Crime in the United States 3482:Minorities and criminality 3376:(1st ed.). Routledge. 3374:Myth of the Model Minority 2558:Woan, Sunny (March 2008). 2385:"Stereotypes in the Media" 1953:. Routledge. p. 113. 1520: 1507:fetish against Asian women 1338: 1113: 804: 755:). This is an example of " 683:, who is essentially the " 474: 400: 298: 292: 211: 81:countries. Stereotypes of 28: 6259: 6201: 5546:– via Google Books. 5435:Shibusawa, Naoko (2010). 5411:10.1080/17513050903428109 5288:. Duke University Press. 3326:. ABC-CLIO. p. 223. 3109:, January 3, 1998, p. 18. 3083:December 10, 2002, p. 11. 3070:February 13, 1989, p. 12. 2976:"The Model Minority Myth" 2050:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1603: 1527:Asian Americans in sports 885:Emasculation and celibacy 222:apprehension in the core 140:and have been victims of 5348:. Taylor & Francis. 4599:Journal of Black Studies 4460:Journal of Men's Studies 4410:Frankenberg, R. (1993). 4319:10.1177/1536504218812869 4273:University of Michigan. 4154:(Report). Archived from 4010:(Report). pp. 2–13. 3952:, quoted in Chan (2007). 3610:January 3, 2008, at the 3590:January 9, 2009, at the 3571:August 20, 2007, at the 3386:Bhattacharyya, Srilata: 3094:San Francisco Chronicle, 2807:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305712 2535:Rowman & Littlefield 1365:Jewish mother stereotype 1165:sexual objectification. 1104: 964:Predators of white women 901:In the 2006 documentary 317:, professor emeritus of 6094:150.2 (2021): 180–198. 4961:April 30, 2012, at the 4736:The World of Suzie Wong 4416:University of Minnesota 3938:Charlie Chan Carries On 3898:The House Without a Key 3526:George Mason University 2882:10.1073/pnas.1918896117 2619:Moore, John H. (2008). 2512:Ren, Yuan (July 2014). 2249:Johnson, Kevin (1997), 2162:; Janelle Wong (2004). 1986:"Poor Little Tiger Cub" 1300:Claude-Michel Schönberg 1205:The World of Suzie Wong 1022:William Randolph Hearst 768:The House Without a Key 430: 264:Immigration Act of 1924 120:, as entertainment and 4979:. TIME. Archived from 4210:, PublicAffairs, 2005. 3747:Politics & Society 3203:The Future of Children 3096:August 5, 2001, p. 25. 1880:Tajima, Renee (1985). 1578:Deference to authority 1517:Physicality and sports 1239: 1208:that was adapted into 986: 973: 879: 851:, Trag Pak (played by 720: 671: 610:" stereotype and the " 603: 564:Virginia Tech massacre 359:Breakfast at Tiffany's 346: 343:Breakfast at Tiffany's 319:Asian American studies 276:White Australia policy 203:Exclusion or hostility 104:countries, such as in 45:subgroups, please see 18:East Asian stereotypes 6340:Asian-American issues 6260:Regional & social 6203:Ethnic & national 6104:15.2 (2021): e12849. 6087:16.2 (2005): 109–130. 5660:on September 15, 2013 5589:. Sports. Routledge. 5323:. Pew Research Center 5200:Darrell Y. Hamamoto, 5148:"The Rise of the ABG" 4687:Nadra Kareem Nittle. 3857:on September 19, 2017 3813:The Hand of Fu-Manchu 2982:. Harvard Law School. 2424:Zheng, Robin (2016). 2139:on September 28, 2007 1965:"...Amy Chua's book, 1828:, Archon Press, 1982. 1673:Chinese Exclusion Act 1663:Anti-Korean sentiment 1545:and NBA commissioner 1222: 1167:University of Wyoming 979: 971: 718: 669: 601: 520:learning disabilities 497:Issues with the label 409:physically attractive 331: 150:xenophobic sentiments 6124:31.1 (2007): 95–130. 6114:31.1 (2005): 34–47. 4878:on September 3, 2012 4472:10.3149/jms.0703.391 4161:on November 5, 2023. 3936:Biggers, Earl Derr, 3620:. Another incident 3509:on October 27, 2004. 2925:. Harvard Law School 2188:American mainstream. 2160:Mary Margaret Conway 2078:10.22459/DHM.09.2009 1645:United States portal 833:, Michael Scott (as 445:food scares in China 437:monosodium glutamate 332:The introduction of 5629:on November 3, 2016 5517:The Harvard Crimson 5321:pewsocialtrends.org 5152:The F-Word Magazine 5113:on November 1, 2020 4983:on October 16, 2007 3896:Earl Derr Biggers, 3155:on October 22, 2016 2873:2020PNAS..117.4590L 2706:. February 11, 2009 2446:10.1017/apa.2016.25 2338:on November 8, 2012 1690:, a stock character 1445:Darrell Y. Hamamoto 1414:Subtle Asian Traits 1322:rape in pornography 793:' is no disgrace." 783:Great Wall of China 703:East Asian people. 612:perpetual foreigner 526:" or "geek" image. 424:occupation of Japan 295:Perpetual foreigner 289:Perpetual foreigner 6231:European Americans 6158:The Slanted Screen 6155:The Slanted Screen 6131:(Routledge, 2017) 5907:10.1037/ort0000411 5722:on October 4, 2013 5282:Lisa Lowe (1996). 5229:. January 16, 2020 4904:on August 22, 2008 4836:The New York Times 4758:on April 10, 2011. 4732:Thomas Y. T. Luk. 3950:The Chinese Parrot 3253:The New York Times 2680:. January 14, 2020 2010:. December 9, 1905 1748:Kashiwabara, Amy, 1694:Fresh off the boat 1394:New York Chinatown 1240: 1133:" and war brides. 1126:Western literature 1062:gender egalitarian 1005:before and during 987: 974: 904:The Slanted Screen 824:Fresh Off The Boat 787:The Chinese Parrot 721: 672: 604: 463:, with US Senator 368:review said that " 365:The New York Times 347: 336:'s performance of 260:The New York Times 250:especially on the 226:countries such as 59:ethnic stereotypes 6327: 6326: 6314:White Southerners 6251:Arabs and Muslims 6149:Hollywood Chinese 6146:Hollywood Chinese 6102:Sociology compass 6076:102 (2022): 233+ 5772:Houston Chronicle 5210:978-0-8166-2368-6 4801:on March 6, 2009. 4695:on April 12, 2014 4668:on April 12, 2011 4524:Tanaka Tomoyuki. 4206:Sheridan Prasso, 3834:978-0-87722-955-1 3651:978-1-4985-7922-3 3403:ERIC PDF Download 3333:978-0-313-34749-8 3068:Los Angeles Times 3051:978-0-8077-3509-1 2950:Analysis in Brief 2659:978-1-78309-522-3 2632:978-0-02-866021-9 2605:978-1-4962-2935-9 1960:978-1-000-54479-4 1926:978-0-19-023941-1 1668:Anti-Mongolianism 1587:Impact on earning 1434:sexual activeness 1367:and the Japanese 1094:The Joy Luck Club 921:, a retelling of 909:Filipino American 895:"queue hairstyle" 818:Crazy Rich Asians 727:loosely based on 725:Earl Derr Biggers 644:Earl Derr Biggers 538:in 1996, and the 504:depersonalization 256:Los Angeles Times 132:often reflect an 43:Continental Asian 16:(Redirected from 6367: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6165: 6164: 6060: 6059: 6049: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5967: 5958: 5957: 5946:10.1037/a0027692 5925: 5919: 5918: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5797:. Archived from 5786: 5780: 5779: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5715:. Archived from 5710: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5656:. Archived from 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5625:. Archived from 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5499: 5498: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5442: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5219: 5213: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5109:. Archived from 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4972: 4966: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4900:. Archived from 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4793: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4750: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4594: 4583: 4582: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4451: 4445: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4355:Biswas, Tulika. 4352: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4211: 4204: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4178: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4153: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3979:www.statista.com 3970: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3909:Kim (1982), 179. 3907: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3853:. Archived from 3843: 3837: 3824:Yen Le Espiritu 3822: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3720:, July 5, 2010, 3712: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3693:, July 5, 2010, 3685: 3679: 3678: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3635: 3629: 3601: 3595: 3582: 3576: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3501: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3319: 3313: 3302: 3296: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3151:. Archived from 3149:"Model Minority" 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3060: 3054: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2914: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2884: 2867:(9): 4590–4600. 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2334:. Archived from 2327:The Boston Globe 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2273:on July 14, 2011 2263: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2135:. Archived from 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1888: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1854:on July 17, 2018 1853: 1846: 1838: 1829: 1822: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1781: 1772: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1470:Go back to China 1390:Chinese American 1320:In instances of 1311:Jessica Hagedorn 1270:Giuseppe Giacosa 1254:Madame Butterfly 1249:Madama Butterfly 1236:Madama Butterfly 1230:as Butterfly in 1170:Darrell Hamamoto 1158:Chinese American 1076:Michael Crichton 1066:male chauvinists 1038:Barbara Stanwyck 931:plays Juliet to 924:Romeo and Juliet 781:, who built the 584:racial hierarchy 397:East Asian women 375:The Boston Globe 90:mainstream media 75:Chinese diaspora 21: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6297:Mountain Whites 6255: 6197: 6192: 6142: 6127:Reyes, Angela. 6069: 6067:Further reading 6064: 6063: 6010: 6003: 5968: 5961: 5926: 5922: 5887: 5883: 5854:Asian Ethnicity 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5804: 5802: 5801:on June 4, 2011 5787: 5783: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5648:Michelle Banh. 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5509: 5502: 5487: 5480: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5433: 5426: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5144: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5070: 5066: 5057: 5053: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4973: 4969: 4963:Wayback Machine 4956:, January 2005. 4950: 4946: 4933: 4931: 4930:on June 5, 2011 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4850:"Film Listings" 4848: 4847: 4843: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4748: 4730: 4726: 4718:. p. 535. 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4633: 4626: 4595: 4586: 4579: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4537: 4533: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4491: 4487: 4452: 4448: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4409: 4405: 4396: 4392: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4338: 4334: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4229:Washington Post 4221: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4096: 4092: 4077: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3888: 3879:Umeda, Mihori. 3877: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3770: 3766: 3743: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3698: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3667: 3663: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3612:Wayback Machine 3602: 3598: 3592:Wayback Machine 3583: 3579: 3573:Wayback Machine 3564: 3560: 3537: 3533: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3320: 3316: 3303: 3299: 3293:Wayback Machine 3282:Ethnic Majority 3279: 3275: 3264: 3260: 3245: 3238: 3215:10.2307/1602799 3199: 3195: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3113: 3107:Chicago Tribune 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3061: 3057: 3041:Stacey J. Lee, 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2991: 2987: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2908: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2835:cmhc.utexas.edu 2829: 2828: 2824: 2787: 2783: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2742: 2738: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2590: 2583: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2525: 2521: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2458: 2454: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2198: 2194: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2063: 2059: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1982: 1975: 1961: 1945: 1938: 1927: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1886: 1878: 1871: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1824:William F. Wu, 1823: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1782: 1775: 1766: 1759: 1746: 1737: 1732: 1704:Microaggression 1643: 1638: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1606: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1529: 1523:Race and sports 1519: 1453:epicanthic fold 1442: 1386: 1384:Asian baby girl 1343: 1337: 1262:Giacomo Puccini 1210:a movie in 1960 1200: 1118: 1112: 1107: 1054: 992:"white slavery" 966: 887: 882: 862:Big Bang Theory 857:Danielle Nguyen 839:Kulap Vilaysack 809: 803: 713: 664: 629: 596: 556:Hillary Clinton 499: 479: 473: 433: 405: 399: 303: 301:Microaggression 297: 291: 272: 216: 210: 205: 79:Southeast Asian 50: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6373: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6304:Ugly Americans 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6152: 6141: 6140:External links 6138: 6137: 6136: 6125: 6118: 6108: 6098: 6088: 6081: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6024:(2): 296–303. 6018:Health Affairs 6001: 5982:(2): 427–443. 5959: 5940:(2): 141–152. 5920: 5901:(3): 337–342. 5881: 5860:(3): 484–503. 5840: 5815: 5781: 5758: 5733: 5713:Socioeconomics 5697: 5671: 5640: 5609: 5595: 5575: 5549: 5542: 5522: 5500: 5495:New York Times 5478: 5456: 5449: 5424: 5389: 5368: 5354: 5334: 5308: 5294: 5274: 5260: 5240: 5214: 5193: 5164: 5138: 5124: 5090: 5064: 5051: 5032: 5023: 5011: 4994: 4967: 4944: 4915: 4898:"Cornerstones" 4889: 4863: 4841: 4823: 4804: 4779: 4774:Film Reference 4761: 4724: 4706: 4679: 4652: 4645: 4624: 4584: 4577: 4556: 4549: 4531: 4516: 4504: 4485: 4466:(3): 391–413. 4446: 4440:(pp 264–269). 4429: 4420: 4403: 4390: 4372: 4347: 4332: 4293: 4279: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4212: 4194: 4164: 4139: 4116: 4090: 4068: 4042: 4013: 3992: 3973:Stoll, Julia. 3965: 3954: 3942: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3886: 3868: 3838: 3817: 3804: 3791: 3789:, p. 122. 3779: 3764: 3753:(1): 105–138. 3734: 3707: 3680: 3661: 3650: 3630: 3622:Binghamton, NY 3596: 3577: 3558: 3531: 3512: 3487: 3472: 3454: 3430: 3417: 3392: 3379: 3364: 3357: 3339: 3332: 3314: 3306:WashingtonPost 3297: 3273: 3258: 3236: 3209:(2): 127–133. 3193: 3166: 3140: 3111: 3098: 3085: 3072: 3055: 3034: 3012: 3000: 2985: 2967: 2936: 2906: 2847: 2822: 2801:(7): 954–955. 2781: 2770:Wu, Nicholas. 2762: 2736: 2717: 2691: 2665: 2658: 2638: 2631: 2611: 2604: 2581: 2550: 2543: 2537:. p. 65. 2519: 2504: 2493:. June 1, 1999 2478: 2452: 2416: 2401: 2375: 2349: 2312: 2299:New York Times 2284: 2255: 2242: 2233: 2219: 2213:. p. 79. 2192: 2174: 2158:Lien, Pei-te; 2150: 2123: 2101: 2087: 2057: 2021: 2008:New York Times 1995: 1973: 1959: 1936: 1925: 1902: 1895: 1869: 1830: 1802: 1773: 1769:New York Times 1757: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1634: 1618: 1615: 1605: 1602: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1553:, 1.9% of the 1518: 1515: 1441: 1438: 1385: 1382: 1339:Main article: 1336: 1333: 1228:Licia Albanese 1199: 1196: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1053: 1050: 965: 962: 918:Romeo Must Die 886: 883: 881: 878: 805:Main article: 802: 799: 761:broken English 753:Roland Winters 712: 709: 663: 660: 628: 625: 608:model minority 595: 592: 552:Wharton School 512:bamboo ceiling 498: 495: 477:Model minority 475:Main article: 472: 471:Model minority 469: 432: 429: 401:Main article: 398: 395: 350:I. Y. Yunioshi 338:I. Y. Yunioshi 293:Main article: 290: 287: 271: 268: 212:Main article: 209: 206: 204: 201: 138:discrimination 118:United Kingdom 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6372: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6006: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5833:September 14, 5829: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5751:September 14, 5747: 5743: 5737: 5726:September 14, 5718: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5690:September 14, 5686: 5682: 5675: 5664:September 14, 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5633:September 14, 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617:Samer Kalaf. 5613: 5602:September 14, 5598: 5596:9780415815727 5592: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5568:September 14, 5563: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5543:9780275959777 5539: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5505: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5450:9780674057470 5446: 5441: 5440: 5431: 5429: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5378: 5372: 5357: 5355:9781841697499 5351: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5278: 5263: 5261:9780549173045 5257: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4851: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4728: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4646:9781412904230 4642: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4578:9781586483944 4574: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4550:9780822340331 4546: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4424: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4282: 4280:9781109120486 4276: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4120: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4006: 3999: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3811:Rohmer, Sax, 3808: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3406:. Eric.ed.gov 3405: 3404: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3358:0-8135-3902-1 3354: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3269: 3262: 3255:. p. 21. 3254: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2755:September 14, 2751: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2546: 2544:9781442209251 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2515: 2508: 2492: 2488: 2487:"APA PsycNet" 2482: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2390: 2386: 2383:Kerr, David. 2379: 2364: 2363:NY Daily News 2360: 2353: 2342:September 24, 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2305:September 24, 2301: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2222: 2220:9780465006403 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2177: 2175:9780415934657 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2138: 2134: 2131:Frank H. Wu. 2127: 2111: 2105: 2090: 2088:9781921536953 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2053: 2047: 2031: 2025: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1896:9780807059050 1892: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1709:Oriental riff 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1683:Covert racism 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1610: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:Rudy Giuliani 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1304:Alain Boublil 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1278:Opera America 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1081:The Wolverine 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:popular media 995: 993: 985: 984: 978: 970: 961: 958: 957: 951: 949: 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 925: 920: 919: 914: 910: 906: 905: 899: 896: 892: 877: 873: 870: 868: 864: 863: 858: 854: 850: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 826: 825: 820: 819: 813: 808: 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 717: 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 691:specifically 688: 686: 682: 678: 668: 662:Dr. Fu Manchu 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:Dr. Fu Manchu 624: 622: 617: 613: 609: 600: 591: 587: 585: 579: 577: 573: 569: 568:Seung-Hui Cho 565: 560: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 531: 527: 525: 521: 515: 513: 507: 505: 494: 490: 488: 485: 478: 468: 466: 462: 458: 457:stealing pets 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 428: 425: 420: 418: 417:1875 Page Act 412: 410: 404: 394: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 376: 371: 370:Mickey Rooney 367: 366: 361: 360: 355: 354:Blake Edwards 351: 345: 344: 339: 335: 334:Mickey Rooney 330: 326: 324: 320: 316: 315:Ling-chi Wang 312: 307: 302: 296: 286: 284: 279: 277: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 247: 245: 244:United States 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 215: 200: 198: 193: 191: 187: 186:Dragon Ladies 183: 179: 175: 171: 170:Lotus Blossom 167: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 67:United States 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 6309:Valley Girls 6267:Appalachians 6224:South Asians 6218: 6157: 6148: 6128: 6121: 6111: 6101: 6091: 6084: 6073: 6021: 6017: 5979: 5975: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5831:. Retrieved 5827: 5818: 5810: 5803:. Retrieved 5799:the original 5794: 5784: 5771: 5761: 5749:. Retrieved 5745: 5736: 5724:. Retrieved 5717:the original 5712: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5684: 5674: 5662:. Retrieved 5658:the original 5653: 5643: 5631:. Retrieved 5627:the original 5622: 5612: 5600:. Retrieved 5585: 5578: 5566:. Retrieved 5561: 5552: 5532: 5525: 5516: 5494: 5472: 5438: 5405:(1): 20–37. 5402: 5398: 5392: 5380:. Retrieved 5371: 5359:. Retrieved 5344: 5337: 5325:. Retrieved 5320: 5311: 5299:. Retrieved 5284: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5250: 5243: 5231:. Retrieved 5227:MEL Magazine 5226: 5217: 5212:, 311 pages. 5201: 5196: 5184:. Retrieved 5177: 5167: 5155:. Retrieved 5151: 5141: 5127: 5117:September 6, 5115:. Retrieved 5111:the original 5107:i-D Magazine 5106: 5081:. Retrieved 5078:The Guardian 5077: 5067: 5054: 5046:The Guardian 5045: 5035: 5026: 5005:Ms. Magazine 5003: 4997: 4987:February 21, 4985:. Retrieved 4981:the original 4970: 4954:Boston Globe 4953: 4947: 4939: 4934:February 21, 4932:. Retrieved 4928:the original 4918: 4906:. Retrieved 4902:the original 4892: 4882:February 21, 4880:. Retrieved 4876:the original 4866: 4856:February 21, 4854:. Retrieved 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4796:the original 4782: 4773: 4764: 4753:the original 4743: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4697:. Retrieved 4693:the original 4682: 4672:February 21, 4670:. Retrieved 4666:the original 4655: 4636: 4602: 4598: 4568: 4540: 4534: 4519: 4507: 4498: 4493:Conrad Kim. 4488: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4437: 4432: 4423: 4411: 4406: 4398: 4393: 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4357: 4350: 4335: 4313:(4): 48–53. 4310: 4306: 4296: 4284:. Retrieved 4269: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4232:. Retrieved 4228: 4207: 4185:. Retrieved 4180: 4167: 4156:the original 4142: 4130:. Retrieved 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4103: 4093: 4084: 4059:. Retrieved 4056:The guardian 4055: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4029: 3983:. Retrieved 3978: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3897: 3880: 3859:. Retrieved 3855:the original 3850: 3841: 3836:, 222 pages. 3825: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3799: 3798:Sax Rohmer, 3794: 3782: 3767: 3750: 3746: 3728:February 24, 3726:, retrieved 3716: 3710: 3701:February 24, 3699:, retrieved 3689: 3683: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3640: 3633: 3615: 3599: 3580: 3561: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3515: 3504:the original 3490: 3481: 3475: 3446:the original 3433: 3425: 3420: 3410:February 21, 3408:. Retrieved 3402: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3348: 3342: 3323: 3317: 3305: 3300: 3281: 3276: 3261: 3252: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3179: 3169: 3157:. Retrieved 3153:the original 3143: 3131:. Retrieved 3127: 3106: 3101: 3093: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3067: 3058: 3042: 3037: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2953: 2949: 2939: 2927:. Retrieved 2922: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2838:. Retrieved 2834: 2825: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2775: 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2749: 2739: 2730: 2720: 2708:. Retrieved 2703: 2694: 2682:. Retrieved 2677: 2668: 2648: 2641: 2621: 2614: 2594: 2570:(2): 2, 19. 2567: 2563: 2553: 2529: 2522: 2507: 2495:. Retrieved 2490: 2481: 2469:. Retrieved 2465: 2455: 2436: 2432: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2392:. Retrieved 2389:mrkerronline 2388: 2378: 2366:. Retrieved 2362: 2352: 2340:. Retrieved 2336:the original 2325: 2315: 2303:. Retrieved 2297: 2287: 2277:February 21, 2275:. Retrieved 2271:the original 2250: 2245: 2236: 2224:. Retrieved 2205: 2201:Wu, Frank H. 2195: 2186: 2179:. Retrieved 2164: 2153: 2141:. Retrieved 2137:the original 2126: 2116:February 21, 2114:. Retrieved 2104: 2092:. Retrieved 2067: 2060: 2036:September 1, 2034:. Retrieved 2024: 2014:February 21, 2012:. Retrieved 2007: 1998: 1989: 1966: 1964: 1949: 1930: 1915: 1882: 1863: 1856:. Retrieved 1849:the original 1825: 1793:. Retrieved 1789: 1768: 1750: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1511: 1502:infantilized 1499: 1495: 1466: 1462: 1443: 1387: 1373:childrearing 1362: 1350: 1344: 1341:Tiger mother 1335:Tiger mother 1319: 1314: 1308: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1274: 1266:Luigi Illica 1253: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1203: 1201: 1178:masturbatory 1163: 1144: 1142:comedy-drama 1135: 1131:Geisha girls 1122:Western film 1119: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1069: 1058:misogynistic 1055: 1042:Gavin Gordon 1031: 1030: 1017: 1011: 1007:World War II 996: 988: 981: 954: 952: 941: 937: 922: 916: 913:Gene Cajayon 902: 900: 891:Qing dynasty 888: 874: 871: 867:Kunal Nayyar 860: 846: 843:Kathrien Ahn 835:Steve Carell 828: 822: 816: 814: 810: 795: 786: 779:Shi Hwang-ti 776: 772: 767: 765: 757:whitewashing 749:Sidney Toler 745:Warner Oland 722: 711:Charlie Chan 705: 700: 689: 687:incarnate". 685:Yellow Peril 676: 673: 636:Charlie Chan 630: 605: 588: 580: 561: 532: 528: 516: 508: 500: 491: 487:professional 484:white-collar 480: 434: 421: 413: 406: 403:Asian fetish 390: 384: 373: 363: 357: 348: 341: 308: 304: 280: 273: 259: 255: 248: 240:South Africa 217: 214:Yellow Peril 208:Yellow Peril 194: 180:girls", and 166:Asian fetish 162: 158:Charlie Chan 134:Americentric 126: 54: 53: 51: 26: 6319:White Trash 6277:Poor Whites 6219:East Asians 5805:November 8, 5473:Verso Books 5327:January 24, 5186:November 5, 5157:November 5, 4820:(2): 41–78. 4744:Chinese Box 4699:October 16, 4085:Vanity Fair 3547:(4): 1045. 3541:Criminology 3180:ERIC Digest 3062:Bill Sing, 2840:February 5, 2710:January 12, 2684:January 12, 2491:APA PsycNet 2226:February 9, 2211:Basic Books 2181:February 9, 2094:December 3, 1858:October 13, 1678:Ching chong 1631:Asia portal 1547:David Stern 1406:valley girl 1369:Kyoiku mama 1291:Miss Saigon 1246:Another is 1214:UC Berkeley 1183:cunnilingus 1146:Ally McBeal 1116:Dragon Lady 1110:Dragon Lady 1052:Misogynists 1046:Nils Asther 1026:World War I 980:Poster for 733:comic strip 729:Chang Apana 576:Peter Liang 465:John Cornyn 422:During the 385:A study by 311:citizenship 236:New Zealand 224:Anglosphere 174:China dolls 146:hate crimes 114:New Zealand 102:Anglosphere 98:video games 83:East Asians 35:East Asians 31:stereotypes 6334:Categories 5562:psychology 5382:August 21, 5295:0822318644 4344:. cnn.com. 3981:. Statista 3081:USA Today, 2439:(3): 406. 2112:. Asian.ca 1730:References 1537:Jeremy Lin 1521:See also: 1449:racialized 1410:dumb blond 1402:East Coast 1114:See also: 1099:Frank Chin 1071:Rising Sun 1003:propaganda 948:alpha male 848:Mean Girls 830:The Office 737:board game 640:Sax Rohmer 616:racialized 606:Both the " 572:Leland Yee 548:Norman Hsu 455:, or even 299:See also: 252:West Coast 242:, and the 197:tiger moms 182:war brides 172:Babies", " 122:mass media 116:, and the 6038:0278-2715 5996:0002-9246 5954:1939-0106 5915:1939-0025 5876:1463-1369 5419:144533905 5181:Singapore 5048:. London. 4619:144240462 4327:1536-5042 3617:Asianweek 3188:0889-8049 2776:USA TODAY 2576:1535-0843 2471:March 30, 1490:West Asia 1482:Southeast 1422:Instagram 1357:Confucian 1294:, a 1989 1286:Butterfly 1232:Puccini's 944:Bruce Lee 927:in which 911:director 741:card game 697:pan-Asian 228:Australia 154:Fu Manchu 106:Australia 71:East Asia 6292:Rednecks 6282:Crackers 6092:Daedalus 6056:35130076 5776:Archived 5301:June 26, 5267:June 26, 5233:July 28, 5083:July 14, 4959:Archived 4480:52220779 4385:Archived 4307:Contexts 4286:July 13, 4234:July 13, 4104:Buzzfeed 4030:Deadline 3861:June 30, 3787:Kim 1999 3722:archived 3695:archived 3608:Archived 3588:Archived 3569:Archived 3289:Archived 3231:70895306 2901:32071227 2750:Inlandia 2731:Eater NY 2704:ABC News 2678:NBC News 2368:July 19, 2203:(2003). 2143:June 14, 2046:cite web 1795:June 14, 1617:See also 1458:colorism 1426:partying 1347:Amy Chua 1226:soprano 1192:Lucy Liu 1154:Lucy Liu 1138:Ling Woo 1091:'s book 791:Chinaman 648:Hawaiian 621:gendered 283:head tax 142:bullying 87:American 6287:Redlegs 6272:Cowboys 6047:9942602 5361:June 8, 4499:GoldSea 4365:July 1, 3223:1602799 2892:7060666 2869:Bibcode 2816:7287554 1474:Central 1430:fashion 1329:vaginas 1326:tighter 1296:musical 1224:Italian 1151:actress 1089:Amy Tan 929:Aaliyah 853:Ky Pham 544:Gang Lu 321:at the 37:in the 6133:online 6116:online 6106:online 6096:online 6078:online 6054: 6044: 6036: 5994: 5952: 5913: 5874: 5828:Sports 5746:Sports 5685:Sports 5654:Sports 5623:Sports 5593: 5540: 5447: 5417: 5352: 5292: 5258: 5208: 4908:May 9, 4742:, and 4643: 4617: 4575: 4547: 4478: 4418:Press. 4325: 4277: 4187:May 2, 4132:May 9, 4109:May 9, 4061:May 2, 4035:May 8, 3985:May 2, 3832: 3675:Quartz 3648: 3469:. CNN. 3355: 3330: 3229: 3221: 3186: 3159:May 9, 3133:May 8, 3049: 2995:Ascend 2960:May 9, 2929:May 9, 2899: 2889: 2813: 2656: 2629: 2602: 2574: 2541: 2497:May 4, 2466:Quartz 2394:May 1, 2332:Boston 2217: 2172: 2085: 1957: 1932:2009). 1923: 1893: 1604:Health 1488:, and 1418:TikTok 1408:" or " 1256:), an 1188:Jell-O 1018:Patria 1013:Patria 933:Jet Li 751:, and 693:Manchu 652:novels 443:, and 232:Canada 178:Geisha 110:Canada 94:cinema 5720:(PDF) 5709:(PDF) 5415:S2CID 5179:Nylon 4799:(PDF) 4792:(PDF) 4756:(PDF) 4749:(PDF) 4615:S2CID 4476:S2CID 4177:(PDF) 4159:(PDF) 4152:(PDF) 4128:. Mic 4008:(PDF) 3507:(PDF) 3500:(PDF) 3449:(PDF) 3442:(PDF) 3227:S2CID 3219:JSTOR 3029:(PDF) 2429:(PDF) 1990:Slate 1887:(PDF) 1852:(PDF) 1845:(PDF) 1486:South 1258:opera 1105:Women 942:When 681:Satan 656:films 352:from 220:white 190:nerdy 69:from 6241:Jews 6052:PMID 6034:ISSN 5992:ISSN 5950:ISSN 5911:ISSN 5872:ISSN 5835:2013 5807:2010 5795:Time 5753:2013 5728:2013 5692:2013 5666:2013 5635:2013 5604:2013 5591:ISBN 5570:2013 5538:ISBN 5445:ISBN 5384:2012 5363:2013 5350:ISBN 5329:2017 5303:2013 5290:ISBN 5269:2013 5256:ISBN 5235:2024 5206:ISBN 5188:2020 5159:2020 5119:2021 5085:2014 4989:2010 4936:2010 4910:2015 4884:2010 4858:2010 4701:2014 4674:2010 4641:ISBN 4573:ISBN 4545:ISBN 4367:2023 4323:ISSN 4288:2013 4275:ISBN 4236:2013 4189:2021 4183:: 29 4134:2021 4111:2021 4063:2021 4037:2021 3987:2021 3863:2018 3851:IMDB 3830:ISBN 3730:2013 3703:2013 3646:ISBN 3412:2010 3353:ISBN 3328:ISBN 3184:ISSN 3161:2015 3135:2021 3047:ISBN 2962:2021 2931:2021 2897:PMID 2842:2017 2757:2024 2712:2023 2686:2023 2654:ISBN 2627:ISBN 2600:ISBN 2572:ISSN 2539:ISBN 2499:2024 2473:2014 2396:2017 2370:2011 2344:2011 2307:2011 2279:2010 2228:2012 2215:ISBN 2183:2012 2170:ISBN 2145:2007 2118:2010 2096:2013 2083:ISBN 2052:link 2038:2007 2016:2010 1955:ISBN 1921:ISBN 1891:ISBN 1860:2021 1797:2007 1699:Gook 1561:and 1542:Time 1525:and 1478:East 1432:and 1428:and 1420:and 1378:GPAs 1302:and 1268:and 1124:and 1001:and 956:Lost 821:and 739:, a 735:, a 654:and 642:and 634:and 550:, a 524:nerd 453:dogs 451:and 449:cats 431:Food 387:UCLA 176:", " 156:and 144:and 57:are 6042:PMC 6026:doi 5984:doi 5942:doi 5903:doi 5862:doi 5407:doi 4607:doi 4468:doi 4315:doi 3755:doi 3614:." 3549:doi 3211:doi 3066:," 2887:PMC 2877:doi 2865:117 2811:PMC 2803:doi 2799:110 2441:doi 2073:doi 1563:NBA 1559:NHL 1555:MLB 1551:NFL 1460:). 1313:in 1298:by 1260:by 1074:by 880:Men 701:all 411:. 33:of 6336:: 6050:. 6040:. 6032:. 6022:41 6020:. 6016:. 6004:^ 5990:. 5980:68 5978:. 5974:. 5962:^ 5948:. 5938:18 5936:. 5932:. 5909:. 5899:89 5897:. 5893:. 5870:. 5858:23 5856:. 5852:. 5826:. 5809:. 5793:. 5774:. 5770:. 5744:. 5711:. 5683:. 5652:. 5621:. 5560:. 5515:. 5503:^ 5493:. 5481:^ 5471:. 5459:^ 5427:^ 5413:. 5401:. 5319:. 5254:. 5225:. 5176:. 5150:. 5105:. 5093:^ 5076:. 5044:. 5014:^ 4938:. 4834:. 4818:22 4816:. 4772:. 4738:, 4627:^ 4613:. 4603:32 4601:. 4587:^ 4559:^ 4497:. 4474:. 4462:. 4458:. 4414:, 4321:. 4311:17 4309:. 4305:. 4227:. 4215:^ 4197:^ 4179:. 4102:. 4083:. 4071:^ 4054:. 4028:. 4016:^ 3995:^ 3977:. 3889:^ 3871:^ 3849:. 3751:27 3749:. 3737:^ 3673:. 3654:. 3545:47 3543:. 3524:. 3457:^ 3284:, 3251:. 3239:^ 3225:. 3217:. 3207:14 3205:. 3178:. 3126:. 3114:^ 3015:^ 2978:. 2954:17 2952:. 2948:. 2921:. 2909:^ 2895:. 2885:. 2875:. 2863:. 2859:. 2833:. 2809:. 2797:. 2793:. 2774:. 2748:. 2729:. 2702:. 2676:. 2584:^ 2568:14 2566:. 2562:. 2533:. 2489:. 2464:. 2435:. 2431:. 2387:. 2361:. 2330:. 2324:. 2296:. 2258:^ 2209:. 2185:. 2081:. 2048:}} 2044:{{ 2006:. 1988:. 1976:^ 1963:. 1939:^ 1929:. 1905:^ 1872:^ 1862:. 1833:^ 1805:^ 1788:. 1776:^ 1760:^ 1738:^ 1565:. 1484:, 1480:, 1476:, 1436:. 1280:'s 1264:, 1028:. 907:, 763:. 747:, 658:. 238:, 234:, 230:, 192:. 112:, 108:, 92:, 39:US 6187:e 6180:t 6173:v 6135:. 6080:. 6058:. 6028:: 5998:. 5986:: 5956:. 5944:: 5917:. 5905:: 5878:. 5864:: 5837:. 5755:. 5730:. 5694:. 5668:. 5637:. 5606:. 5572:. 5519:. 5497:. 5475:. 5453:. 5421:. 5409:: 5403:3 5386:. 5365:. 5331:. 5305:. 5271:. 5237:. 5190:. 5161:. 5135:. 5121:. 5087:. 5008:. 4991:. 4912:. 4886:. 4860:. 4838:. 4776:. 4746:" 4703:. 4676:. 4649:. 4621:. 4609:: 4581:. 4553:. 4514:. 4501:. 4482:. 4470:: 4464:7 4369:. 4329:. 4317:: 4290:. 4238:. 4191:. 4136:. 4113:. 4087:. 4065:. 4039:. 3989:. 3865:. 3776:. 3761:. 3757:: 3677:. 3603:" 3594:. 3575:. 3555:. 3551:: 3528:. 3414:. 3361:. 3336:. 3312:. 3295:. 3233:. 3213:: 3190:. 3163:. 3137:. 3053:. 3031:. 3010:. 2997:. 2964:. 2933:. 2903:. 2879:: 2871:: 2844:. 2819:. 2805:: 2778:. 2759:. 2733:. 2714:. 2688:. 2662:. 2635:. 2608:. 2578:. 2547:. 2516:. 2501:. 2475:. 2449:. 2443:: 2437:2 2398:. 2372:. 2346:. 2309:. 2281:. 2230:. 2147:. 2120:. 2098:. 2075:: 2054:) 2040:. 2018:. 1992:. 1899:. 1799:. 1468:" 1252:( 1129:" 49:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States

Index