75:
60:
5657:, whose number may be increased by the Council if the Court so requests. The Advocates General are responsible for presenting a legal opinion on the cases assigned to them. They can question the parties involved and then give their opinion on a legal solution to the case before the judges deliberate and deliver their judgment. The intention behind having Advocates General attached is to provide independent and impartial opinions concerning the Court's cases. Unlike the Court's judgments, the written opinions of the Advocates General are the works of a single author and are consequently generally more readable and deal with the legal issues more comprehensively than the Court, which is limited to the particular matters at hand.
5943:
judicial conflict between the two courts. On 7 February 2014, the German
Constitutional Court referred its first case to the ECJ for a ruling on a European Central Bank program. In 2017 the German Constitutional Court referred its second case to the ECJ but contrary to the binding nature of the Court of Justice's preliminary rulings, the German Constitutional Court in 2020 refused to abide by the preliminary ruling. According to the German Constitutional Court, the Court of Justice's answer was unintelligble. In June 2021, the European Commission announced it would start infringement proceedings against Germany for the German Constitutional Court's refusal to abide by the Court of Justice's preliminary ruling.
730:
3108:
2220:
3178:
5062:. The Judges and Advocates-General are appointed by common accord of the governments of the member states and hold office for a renewable term of six years. The treaties require that they are chosen from legal experts whose independence is "beyond doubt" and who possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices in their respective countries or who are of recognised competence. In practice, each member state nominates a judge whose nomination is then ratified by all other member states.
4386:
3795:
3268:
2581:
5384:
4338:
3747:
3219:
2296:
5533:
5430:
5280:
2749:
1873:
369:
2788:
1925:
421:
778:
5150:
4554:
3963:
3436:
2464:
5520:
5417:
5308:
2233:
5163:
4975:, but not national law. It is not possible to appeal against the decisions of national courts in the ECJ, but rather national courts refer questions of EU law to the ECJ. However, it is ultimately for the national court to apply the resulting interpretation to the facts of any given case, although only courts of final appeal are bound to refer a question of EU law when one is addressed. The treaties give the ECJ the power for consistent application of EU law across the EU as a whole.
2957:
2107:
603:
3553:
3082:
6075:
Advocates-General, by contrast, may work and draft their opinions in any official language, as they do not take part in any deliberations. These opinions are then translated into French for the benefit of the judges and their deliberations. However, all documents used in the case are in the language of that case and the only authentic version of the judgment handed down by either the Court of
Justice or the General Court is that which appears in the language of the case.
766:
300:
9919:
9863:
7666:
4530:
3939:
3412:
2440:
5837:, the applicant seeks the annulment of a measure (regulation, directive, decision or any measure with legal effects) adopted by an institution, body, office or agency of the EU. The Court of Justice has exclusive jurisdiction over actions brought by a Member State against the European Parliament and/or against the council (apart from Council measures in respect of State aid, dumping and implementing powers) or brought by one Union institution against another. The
5211:
4518:
3927:
3400:
2428:
9877:
4482:
3891:
3364:
2542:
2392:
5191:
2931:
2081:
577:
742:
4614:
4350:
4023:
3759:
3496:
3231:
2569:
2500:
4602:
4578:
4011:
3987:
3484:
3460:
2488:
2476:
5117:
2918:
2068:
564:
4422:
3831:
3304:
2344:
7716:
7433:
4470:
4362:
3879:
3771:
3352:
3243:
2605:
2308:
1226:
802:
754:
4590:
4410:
4398:
4326:
3999:
3819:
3807:
3735:
3472:
3292:
3280:
3207:
3022:
2762:
2629:
2593:
2332:
2284:
2172:
1886:
718:
668:
382:
3009:
2983:
2159:
2133:
655:
629:
2827:
1964:
460:
4506:
4374:
3915:
3783:
3540:
3388:
3256:
3165:
3069:
2879:
2775:
2416:
2320:
2029:
2016:
1899:
824:
790:
525:
512:
395:
5708:
5617:
5336:
4458:
3867:
3340:
2996:
2814:
2801:
2736:
2380:
2146:
1951:
1938:
1860:
846:
642:
447:
434:
356:
9931:
7654:
4863:
3152:
2905:
2055:
1912:
551:
408:
5397:
3566:
3095:
2866:
2003:
499:
4542:
4446:
3951:
3855:
3424:
3328:
2452:
2368:
331:
2944:
2094:
590:
4638:
4047:
3520:
2641:
2253:
5252:
4566:
3975:
3448:
2853:
2617:
1990:
486:
4434:
3843:
3316:
2356:
2712:
3048:
2198:
694:
4494:
3903:
3376:
2970:
2404:
2120:
616:
5224:
2840:
1977:
473:
4626:
4035:
3508:
2512:
5561:
5130:
2892:
2042:
538:
5589:
5364:
3035:
2185:
681:
3601:
5920:. To ensure the effective and uniform application of Union legislation and to prevent divergent interpretations, national courts may, and sometimes must, turn to the Court of Justice and ask that it clarify a point concerning the interpretation of Union law, in order, for example, to ascertain whether their national legislation complies with that law. Petitions to the Court of Justice for a
5858:, the Court of Justice and the General Court may also review the legality of a failure to act on the part of a Union institution, body, office or agency. However, such an action may be brought only after the institution has been called on to act. Where the failure to act is held to be unlawful, it is for the institution concerned to put an end to the failure by appropriate measures.
5001:. It was established with seven judges, allowing both representation of each of the six member States and being an odd number of judges in case of a tie. One judge was appointed from each member state and the seventh seat rotated between the "large Member States" (West Germany, France and Italy). It became an institution of two additional Communities in 1957 when the
5719:. To enable it to carry out its duties, the Court has broad jurisdiction to hear various types of action. The Court has competence to, amongst other actions, rule on applications for annulment or actions for failure to act brought by a Member State or an institution; take actions against Member States for failure to fulfil obligations; and hear references for a
6193:(1964), the "Dairy Products" case. In that decision the Court comprehensively ruled out any use by the Member States of the retaliatory measures commonly permitted by general international law within the European Economic Community. That decision is often thought to be the best example of the European legal order's divergence with ordinary international law.
5891:
which is bound by the decision given on appeal. No special procedure applies to allow for an appeal to proceed to the Court of
Justice, except for cases which the General Court ruled on appeal against decisions of the independent Boards of Appeal of the EU agencies (as provided by Article 58a of the Statute of the Court).
5690:
The Court can sit in plenary session, as a Grand
Chamber of fifteen judges (including the president and vice-president), or in chambers of three or five judges. Plenary sittings are now very rare, and the court mostly sits in chambers of three or five judges. Each chamber elects its own president who
5677:
is the Court's chief administrator. They manage departments under the authority of the Court's president. The Court may also appoint one or more
Assistant Registrars. They help the Court, the Chambers, the President and the Judges in all their official functions. They are responsible for the Registry
5484:
The post of vice-president was created by amendments to the
Statute of the Court of Justice in 2012. The duty of the vice-president is to assist the President in the performance of his duties and to take the President's place when the latter is prevented from attending or when the office of president
5912:
That task also falls to national courts, in as much as they retain jurisdiction to review the administrative implementation of Union law, for which the authorities of the Member States are essentially responsible; many provisions of the
Treaties and of secondary legislation – regulations, directives
5824:
If the Court finds that an obligation has not been fulfilled, the Member State concerned must terminate the breach without delay. If, after new proceedings are initiated by the commission, the Court of
Justice finds that the Member State concerned has not complied with its judgment, it may, upon the
5816:
The commencement of proceedings before the Court of
Justice is preceded by a preliminary procedure conducted by the commission, which gives the Member State the opportunity to reply to the complaints against it. The court has decided that if the European Commission does not send the formal letter to
5070:
The
President of the Court of Justice is elected from and by the judges for a renewable term of three years. The president presides over hearings and deliberations, directing both judicial business and administration (for example, the time table of the Court and Grand Chamber). He also assigns cases
6674:
Arrebola, Carlos and Mauricio, Ana Julia and Jiménez Portilla, Héctor, An Econometric Analysis of the Influence of the Advocate General on the Court of Justice of the European Union (January 12, 2016). Cambridge Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 5, No. 1, Forthcoming; University of
5935:
Although such a reference may be made only by a national court, which alone has the power to decide that it is appropriate do so, all the parties involved – that is to say, the Member States, the parties in the proceedings before national courts and, in particular, the commission – may take part in
5942:
In the ECJ's 2009 report it was noted that Belgian, German and Italian judges made the most referrals for an interpretation of EU law to the ECJ. However, the German Constitutional Court has rarely turned to the European Court of Justice, which is why lawyers and law professors warn about a future
5890:
the appeal is on a point of law. If the appeal is admissible and well founded, the Court of Justice sets aside the judgment of the General Court. Where the state of the proceedings so permits, the Court may itself decide the case. Otherwise, the Court must refer the case back to the General Court,
6205:
decisions, as arguably it is the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy that allow the European legal system to forgo any use of retaliatory enforcement mechanisms by the Member States. Links between the direct effect doctrine and the suppression of inter-state retaliation between the EU member
6070:
Procedure before the ECJ is determined by its own rules of procedure. As a rule the Court's procedure includes a written phase and an oral phase. The proceedings are conducted in one of the official languages of the European Union chosen by the applicant, although where the defendant is a member
5660:
The opinions of the Advocates General are advisory and do not bind the Court, but they are nonetheless very influential and are followed in the majority of cases. In a 2016 study, Arrebola and Mauricio measured the influence of the Advocate General on the judgments of the Court, showing that the
5931:
A reference for a preliminary ruling may also seek review of the legality of an act of Union law. The Court of Justice's reply is not merely an opinion, but takes the form of a judgment or a reasoned order. The national court to which that is addressed is bound by the interpretation given. The
6384:
The Protocol will also confer full jurisdiction on the CJEU to oversee the operation of EU law applying to Northern Ireland in relation to customs and the movement of goods, technical regulations, VAT and excise, the Single Electricity Market and State aid; including the jurisdiction to hear
5694:
The Court is required to sit in full court in exceptional cases provided for in the treaties. The court may also decide to sit in full, if the issues raised are considered to be of exceptional importance. Sitting as a Grand Chamber is more common and can happen when a Member State or a Union
6074:
However, the working language of the court is the language of the case being heard with French being the common language for discussion, and it is in this language that the judges deliberate, pleadings and written legal submissions are translated and in which the judgment is drafted. The
5681:
The Registrar is responsible for the administration of the Court, its financial management and its accounts. The operation of the Court is in the hands of officials and other servants who are responsible to the Registrar under the authority of the President. The Court administers its own
6179:
may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which national courts are bound to protect. The principle of direct effect would have had little impact if Union law did not supersede national law. Without supremacy the Member States could simply ignore EU rules. In
6130:
in 1992. However, there was no reference to future bodies being in Luxembourg City. In reaction to this, the Luxembourg government issued its own declaration stating it did not surrender those provisions agreed upon in 1965. The Edinburgh decision was attached to the
1673:
5661:
Court is approximately 67% more likely to deliver a particular outcome if that was the opinion of the Advocate General. As of 2003, Advocates General are only required to give an opinion if the Court considers the case raises a new point of law.
6171:(1963), a Dutch transport firm brought a complaint against Dutch customs for increasing the duty on a product imported from Germany. The court ruled that the Community constitutes a new legal order, the subjects of which consist of not only the
5034:
on 1 December 2009, the ECJ's official name was changed from the "Court of Justice of the European Communities" to the "Court of Justice" although in English it is still most common to refer to the Court as the European Court of Justice. The
5678:
as well as for the receipt, transmission and custody of documents and pleadings that have been entered in a register initialled by the President. They are Guardian of the Seals and responsible for the Court's archives and publications.
6260:
were taking on more powers by extending their competences, creating a threat of a "government by judges". He claimed that foreign judges were not always aware of the financial implications of their judgements on national governments.
6121:
In 1965, the member states established Luxembourg City as the permanent seat of the Court. Future judicial bodies (Court of First Instance and Civil Service Tribunal) would also be based in the city. The decision was confirmed by the
5489:
of Belgium became the first judge to carry out the duties of the vice-president of the Court of Justice. Like the President of the Court of Justice, the vice-president is elected by the members of the Court for a term of three years.
5742:
That action may be brought by the commission – as is practically always the case – or by another Member State, although the cases of the latter kind remain extremely rare. Only six interstate cases have been decided by the court:
8298:
5841:
has jurisdiction, at first instance, in all other actions of this type and particularly in actions brought by individuals. The Court of Justice has the power to declare measures void under Article 264 (ex Article 231) of the
5764:) on a Spanish regulation ordering wine to be bottled in the region of production if it is using the designation of origin, no infringement because it is an authorised and justifiable restriction on the free movement of goods
5936:
proceedings before the Court of Justice. In this way, a number of important principles of Union law have been laid down in preliminary rulings, sometimes in answer to questions referred by national courts of first instance.
5698:
The court acts as a collegial body: decisions are those of the court rather than of individual judges; no minority opinions are given and indeed the existence of a majority decision rather than unanimity is never suggested.
7450:
6295:
5664:
According to Article 255 TFEU the judges and advocates-general are appointed by common accord of the governments of the Member States after consultation of a panel responsible for assessing candidates’ suitability.
6953:
4978:
The court also acts as an administrative and constitutional court between the other EU institutions and the Member States and can annul or invalidate unlawful acts of EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies.
8308:
6726:... The judges and advocates-general are appointed by common accord of the governments of the Member States after consultation of a panel responsible for assessing candidates' suitability (Article 255 TFEU).
4285:
1090:
858:
5039:
was renamed as the "General Court", and the term "Court of Justice of the European Union" now officially designates the two courts, as along with its specialised tribunals, taken together.
8154:
8562:
7574:
1335:
8373:
7418:
5909:
are specific to Union law. Whilst the Court of Justice is, by its very nature, the supreme guardian of Union legality, it is not the only judicial body empowered to apply EU law.
7445:
6594:
1281:
1238:
1230:
6385:
applications for preliminary rulings submitted by the courts of Northern Ireland. The UK will have the right to participate in these proceedings as if it were a Member State.
8577:
7589:
7681:
6960:
8622:
7629:
7396:
6167:
4750:
8443:
7703:
7457:
8522:
7772:
7467:
1366:
734:
6954:"Monica Claes, "Luxembourg, Here We Come? Constitutional Courts and the Preliminary Reference Procedure", 16 German Law Journal vol. 16, no. 6, p. 1331-1342 (2015)"
4900:
1321:
6463:
6165:. The court first ruled on the direct effect of primary legislation in a case that, though technical and tedious, raised a fundamental principle of Union law. In
6186:(1964), the court ruled that member states had definitively transferred sovereign rights to the Community and Union law could not be overridden by domestic law.
5874:, and rules on the liability of the Union for damage to citizens and to undertakings caused by its institutions or servants in the performance of their duties.
8582:
8144:
7920:
5817:
the violating member state no-one can force them. If that procedure does not result in termination of the failure by the Member State, an action for breach of
1326:
8552:
3589:
1048:
6618:
8303:
8293:
7411:
6219:, the ECJ established that Member States could be liable to pay compensation to individuals who suffered a loss by reason of the Member State's failure to
8602:
7905:
6770:
8463:
7835:
6363:
4113:
1437:
8597:
7609:
7386:
6481:
1535:
782:
6992:
8149:
7390:
7094:
6562:
6485:
5609:
2267:
1583:
8323:
7925:
7745:
6206:
states can be found in many of the landmark early decisions of the European Court of Justice, and in the writings of the influential French judge,
5048:
1475:
1397:
1291:
6558:
9983:
8607:
7696:
7619:
7404:
6924:
5925:
5883:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5834:
5736:
5020:. The name of the Court did not change unlike the other institutions. The power of the Court resided in the Community pillar (the first pillar).
4744:
1712:
1217:
9944:
8428:
6071:
state or a national of a member state the applicant must choose an official language of that member state, unless the parties agree otherwise.
8592:
8418:
7711:
7604:
6804:
5785:
5460:
1084:
770:
74:
7426:
6899:
6855:
8378:
4893:
1530:
1178:
7090:
8507:
8358:
7509:
6318:, the CJEU — and hence the ECJ — continues to have jurisdiction over the operation of EU law applying to Northern Ireland in relation to
4740:
3637:
1382:
1316:
1306:
836:
814:
708:
8448:
7689:
4762:
1445:
806:
758:
722:
8527:
6636:
The Judges shall elect the President and the Vice-President of the Court of Justice from among their number for a term of three years.
5027:. Issues from the third pillar were transferred to the first pillar. Previously, these issues were settled between the member states.
8499:
7554:
7487:
6583:
6290:
6152:
3657:
1811:
1485:
1425:
1163:
988:
850:
828:
794:
5946:
The constitutional courts of the member-states have in general been reluctant to refer a question to the European Court of Justice.
1798:
9844:
8363:
8348:
8107:
7936:
4725:
4234:
3652:
4964:– currently 27 – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or fifteen judges. The Court has been led by president
7529:
6084:
5715:
It is the responsibility of the Court of Justice to ensure that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the
4886:
4695:
4390:
4278:
312:
7051:
On the Linguistic Design of Multinational Courts—The French Capture, forthcoming in 14 INT’L J. CONST. L. (2016), MATHILDE COHEN
9993:
8338:
8102:
7777:
7735:
7427:
7380:
6270:
4946:
4660:
4650:
1781:
1717:
1570:
1550:
1540:
1463:
1345:
1264:
65:
38:
6843:
Commission of the European Economic Community v Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Kingdom of Belgium, joined cases 90/63 and 91/63
4873:
9988:
8458:
8164:
7762:
7462:
7322:
7143:
6280:
5939:
Rulings end with a dictum which summarises the decision which the Court has made and may direct how costs are to be managed.
5825:
request of the commission, impose on the Member State a fixed or a periodic financial penalty under Article 260 of the TFEU.
5691:
is elected for a term of three years in the case of the five-judge chambers or one year in the case of three-judge chambers.
5682:
infrastructure; this includes the Translation Directorate, which, as of 2012 employed 44.7% of the staff of the institution.
4785:
4178:
4153:
1769:
7305:
Gerard Conway, The Limits of Legal Reasoning and the European Court of Justice, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 2012
5754:) on a British unilateral fishery protection measure, infringement because UK had to consult and seek approval of commission
8648:
8433:
7872:
6331:
5809:
4790:
4735:
4710:
4690:
4685:
4655:
4558:
4141:
3895:
3622:
3615:
1373:
1202:
1195:
1153:
946:
746:
7964:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4705:
4670:
4665:
4168:
2246:
1821:
1756:
59:
6456:
8117:
4961:
4950:
4849:
4780:
4700:
4675:
4310:
4305:
3594:
993:
883:
344:
7216:
116–135; Phelan, William (2016). "Supremacy, Direct Effect, and Dairy Products in the Early History of European law".
9270:
8828:
8727:
8403:
8343:
8282:
8174:
7979:
7750:
6111:
5973:
5654:
5648:
5059:
4998:
4827:
4680:
4185:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
1791:
1776:
1480:
1420:
1407:
1276:
1131:
1116:
873:
175:
41:. For the international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights, see
7278:
6900:"Bundesverfassungsgericht - Decisions - ECB decisions on the Public Sector Purchase Programme exceed EU competences"
5913:
and decisions – directly confer individual rights on nationals of Member States, which national courts must uphold.
9384:
9253:
8453:
8257:
8182:
6055:
6014:
5997:
5006:
4300:
3647:
3177:
3136:
2653:
2559:
1844:
1816:
1786:
1693:
1578:
1387:
1301:
1286:
8537:
6611:
5356:
9839:
9186:
9087:
8388:
8217:
8132:
7884:
7850:
6816:
Infringement Proceedings: Fail to Act (Article 258 TFUE) -> Complaints (Article 265 LT) - Overview of Requests
6796:
6738:
6412:
6249:
6038:
6004:
5966:
5959:
5695:
institution, that is a party to certain proceedings, so requests, or in particularly complex or important cases.
4534:
4190:
4108:
3799:
7114:'NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration
7027:
6761:
9998:
9346:
8980:
8333:
8313:
8092:
7840:
7792:
7757:
7614:
6327:
6285:
6275:
6257:
6162:
6045:
6028:
5838:
5724:
5716:
5036:
4522:
1831:
1727:
1492:
1430:
1002:
897:
321:
158:
144:
42:
7333:
Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice: Rethinking the Landmark Decisions of the Foundational Period
7246:
7231:
Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice: Rethinking the Landmark Decisions of the Foundational Period
6371:
6118:, the seat until 1959 when it would move to the Côte d'Eich building and then to the Palais building in 1972.
6110:
Luxembourg City was chosen as the provisional seat of the Court on 23 July 1952 with the establishment of the
5795:
5781:
5771:
5761:
5751:
8699:
8572:
8423:
8398:
8287:
8061:
7539:
7175:
5990:
5980:
5805:
4988:
4618:
4606:
4582:
4354:
4086:
4076:
3632:
1652:
1210:
863:
7117:
6985:
9506:
8985:
8468:
8277:
8237:
8232:
8087:
7524:
7472:
6319:
6172:
6103:
5739:, the Court of Justice may determine whether a Member State has fulfilled its obligations under Union law.
4594:
4486:
4474:
4450:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4366:
4342:
4330:
4217:
4136:
4131:
3967:
1639:
868:
114:
7136:
The Past and Future of Eu Law: The Classics of EU Law Revisited on the 50th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty
6873:
9501:
8483:
8227:
8207:
7862:
6315:
5002:
4832:
4642:
4570:
4510:
4462:
4438:
4378:
4222:
4093:
3126:
2678:
2658:
1052:
6842:
9909:
9476:
8975:
8643:
8638:
8272:
8112:
7974:
7867:
6335:
6239:
claimed that the ECJ was overstepping its powers. He was particularly critical of the court's judgment
6224:
5932:
Court's judgment also binds other national courts before which a problem of the same nature is raised.
4630:
4546:
4498:
4163:
4098:
1826:
1545:
1517:
1510:
9559:
8478:
8473:
8393:
8222:
8202:
8187:
7879:
6815:
5818:
5581:
4103:
1414:
1126:
976:
243:
6939:
9354:
9336:
8262:
8242:
6510:
6506:
6359:
5272:
3627:
1623:
1618:
1148:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
9688:
6559:"Organisation of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities"
9729:
9516:
9005:
8990:
8413:
8019:
7314:
5870:(and with reference to Article 340), the Court of Justice hears claims for compensation based on
5155:
4173:
3943:
3131:
1259:
1254:
7172:
Commission of the European Economic Community v Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Kingdom of Belgium
9784:
9769:
8617:
8542:
8034:
7984:
7910:
7624:
7544:
6805:
Opinion of the Meijers Committee on interstate procedures and the rule of law, 06 November 2019
6323:
4994:
4844:
4212:
4148:
3931:
3192:
2252:
1173:
1070:
910:
729:
6828:
6691:
6543:
5183:
9935:
9888:
9481:
9159:
8970:
8661:
8532:
8438:
8328:
8039:
8009:
8004:
7989:
7658:
7569:
7559:
6647:
6090:
6059:
5300:
4867:
4229:
4195:
4027:
4015:
3991:
3763:
2673:
1563:
1350:
1330:
1168:
118:
5009:(Euratom) were created, sharing the same courts with the European Coal and Steel Community.
9609:
8955:
8383:
8283:
Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation
8252:
7959:
7947:
7889:
7858:
7564:
6612:"Mr Koen Lenaerts is re-elected as President of the Court of Justice of the European Union"
6049:
5711:
Medium court room in the Ancien Palais building of the Palais de la Cour de Justice complex
4821:
4261:
4241:
4071:
4003:
3883:
3859:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3775:
3751:
3739:
2703:
2688:
2683:
1665:
1157:
31:
7091:"Seat of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities"
8:
9764:
8904:
8821:
8512:
8299:
Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
8247:
8077:
7969:
7820:
7810:
7782:
7514:
6716:
6695:
6416:
6220:
4774:
4481:
4251:
4246:
4051:
3979:
3919:
3890:
3871:
3847:
3787:
3584:
3368:
3363:
3170:
2698:
2693:
2541:
2396:
2391:
2034:
1360:
1296:
1141:
964:
952:
904:
530:
17:
7302:, The Legal Reasoning of the Court of Justice of the EU, Hart Publishing (Oxford), 2013.
4949:, it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all
9579:
9238:
9092:
9077:
9055:
8799:
8779:
8732:
8722:
8557:
8368:
8353:
8267:
8159:
8082:
8029:
8014:
7721:
7496:
7346:
6215:
6176:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5886:, appeals on judgments given by the General Court may be heard by the Court of Justice
5720:
4972:
4942:
4839:
4770:
4256:
4064:
4039:
3955:
3907:
2711:
1761:
1064:
916:
27:
Supreme court in the European Union, part of the Court of Justice of the European Union
6314:
Under the terms of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, concluded as part of the
3121:
9564:
9486:
9324:
9067:
9062:
9015:
8940:
8934:
8774:
8692:
8197:
8138:
8097:
7999:
7915:
7815:
7318:
7139:
6918:
6536:
6296:
Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights
5389:
5013:
3600:
1573:
958:
741:
6524:
Article 253 (ex Article 223) of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union.
6245:, which over-ruled a German law that would discriminate in favour of older workers.
5730:
9569:
9536:
9035:
8899:
8894:
8859:
8408:
7830:
7351:
7338:
6610:
6132:
6123:
6032:
5076:
5031:
5024:
2609:
1109:
982:
104:
7061:
6482:"The Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities"
6338:, and may hear applications for preliminary rulings made by Northern Irish courts.
5861:
1401:
9818:
9791:
9779:
9759:
9693:
9671:
9651:
9646:
9626:
9491:
9471:
9466:
9369:
9329:
9040:
8965:
8889:
8874:
8794:
8212:
8122:
8051:
8024:
7994:
7767:
6094:
6008:
5798:) on the discriminatory German tax relief on the motor vehicle tax; infringement.
5674:
5553:
5122:
4957:
4953:
under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
4926:
4200:
3642:
2546:
1377:
777:
122:
2621:
9895:
9703:
9621:
9210:
9176:
9127:
9112:
8884:
8789:
8769:
8759:
8192:
8127:
8045:
7825:
7800:
7715:
7634:
7432:
6634:
Under Article 9a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union:
6590:
6367:
6241:
6207:
6136:
5313:
5216:
5017:
4938:
4798:
4385:
4205:
3794:
3272:
3267:
2793:
2580:
2238:
1930:
1588:
1182:
1120:
970:
934:
928:
426:
100:
6114:. Its first hearing there was held on 28 November 1954 in a building known as
5383:
9977:
9959:
9946:
9749:
9708:
9594:
9574:
9546:
9496:
9461:
9435:
9430:
9423:
9374:
9314:
9154:
9144:
9102:
9025:
9020:
8950:
8909:
8833:
8567:
8517:
8318:
7805:
7579:
7519:
6438:
6158:
6021:
5525:
5486:
5422:
5244:
4965:
4934:
4292:
3558:
3087:
2726:
2645:
2573:
1391:
940:
211:
7354:, "The European Court of Justice and the Judicialisation of EU Governance",
6157:
Over time ECJ developed two essential rules on which the legal order rests:
9881:
9631:
9599:
9554:
9292:
9287:
9258:
9171:
9149:
9117:
9050:
9030:
8924:
8864:
8854:
8806:
8764:
8742:
8685:
8587:
8547:
8056:
7599:
7549:
7359:
6253:
6236:
6182:
6139:
Luxembourg attached a declaration stating it did not claim the seat of the
6115:
5257:
5149:
5083:
to assist the President in applications for interim measures and to assist
4080:
2633:
2597:
2585:
1732:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
922:
5519:
5416:
9803:
9744:
9734:
9531:
9526:
9364:
9265:
9181:
9140:
9107:
9072:
8995:
8919:
8869:
8784:
8612:
7594:
7584:
7299:
5962:: case C-93/97, Fédération Belge des Chambres Syndicales de Médecins ASBL
5210:
5168:
4553:
3962:
3440:
3435:
3113:
2962:
2468:
2463:
2225:
2112:
608:
6759:
As can be seen from the decline in cases pending before the full court:
6210:, perhaps the most important member of the Court between 1962 and 1976.
136:
Appointed by the representatives of the governments of the member states
9923:
9867:
9796:
9676:
9614:
9359:
9280:
9275:
9233:
9215:
9203:
9164:
9010:
9000:
8960:
8945:
8929:
8879:
8816:
8811:
8666:
7670:
7259:
6675:
Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 3/2016. Available at SSRN:
6654:
The Court of Justice is composed of 28 Judges and 11 Advocates General.
6364:
9th Report of Session 2019–21: The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland
6358:
6141:
Boards of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market
6098:
5196:
5116:
4529:
3938:
3416:
3411:
2936:
2444:
2439:
2086:
1593:
765:
582:
126:
9774:
9739:
9681:
9656:
9521:
9418:
9406:
9391:
9379:
9307:
9225:
9198:
9082:
7534:
7360:
Living Reviews and Companion Research Journals – 3 Communities Portal
6127:
5917:
5833:
By an action for annulment under Article 263 (ex Article 230) of the
4517:
3926:
3404:
3399:
2923:
2527:
2432:
2427:
2073:
1269:
569:
9918:
9862:
7665:
6457:"Your questions on the Court of Justice of the European Union, p. 4"
6256:, said that both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the
5707:
9823:
9808:
9511:
9396:
9193:
8737:
7243:
Andrea Francovich and Danila Bonifaci and others v Italian Republic
6676:
4613:
4601:
4577:
4349:
4022:
4010:
3986:
3758:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3464:
3459:
3235:
3230:
3027:
3014:
2988:
2767:
2568:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2274:
2177:
2164:
2138:
1891:
878:
673:
660:
634:
387:
8563:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
7575:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
6856:"Europe or Democracy? What German Court Ruling Means for the Euro"
5058:
The Court of Justice consists of 27 Judges who are assisted by 11
9713:
9661:
9641:
9589:
9401:
9319:
9135:
9097:
9045:
8503:
8309:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
7952:
7491:
5916:
National courts are thus by their nature the first guarantors of
5731:
Actions for failure to fulfil obligations: infringement procedure
5622:
5538:
5435:
5341:
5328:
5285:
4971:
The ECJ is the highest court of the European Union in matters of
4589:
4469:
4445:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4361:
4337:
4325:
3998:
3878:
3854:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3770:
3746:
3734:
3545:
3476:
3471:
3356:
3351:
3332:
3327:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3247:
3242:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3074:
3001:
2884:
2858:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2780:
2754:
2741:
2628:
2604:
2592:
2372:
2367:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2151:
2021:
1995:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1904:
1878:
1865:
1674:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
1225:
801:
753:
717:
647:
517:
491:
465:
452:
439:
400:
374:
361:
330:
8374:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
6769:, The Court of Justice of the European Communities, p. 94,
6709:
299:
9813:
9666:
9411:
9302:
9297:
9243:
8914:
7174:(joined cases 90/63 and 91/63), judgement of 13 November 1964 (
6439:"CURIA - Presentation - Court of Justice of the European Union"
5862:
Application for compensation based on non-contractual liability
5402:
5229:
4755:
4637:
4565:
4505:
4457:
4433:
4373:
4046:
3974:
3914:
3866:
3842:
3782:
3571:
3524:
3519:
3452:
3447:
3392:
3387:
3344:
3339:
3320:
3315:
3260:
3255:
3157:
3100:
3053:
2975:
2910:
2871:
2845:
2640:
2616:
2420:
2415:
2384:
2379:
2360:
2355:
2324:
2319:
2203:
2125:
2060:
2008:
1982:
1917:
845:
823:
789:
699:
621:
556:
504:
478:
413:
152:
6197:
also has a logical connection with the nearly contemporaneous
9754:
9698:
9604:
9445:
9248:
8747:
8578:
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA
7590:
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA
7486:
6584:"Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice, Article 13"
5954:
These are the first references by each constitutional court:
5774:) on Commonwealth voting rights in Gibraltar, no infringement
5594:
5566:
5369:
5135:
5079:' (reporting judges). The Council may also appoint assistant
4625:
4541:
4493:
4034:
3950:
3902:
3512:
3507:
3428:
3423:
3380:
3375:
3040:
2949:
2897:
2516:
2511:
2456:
2451:
2408:
2403:
2190:
2099:
2047:
686:
595:
543:
8329:
Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
7245:(Joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90), judgment 19 November 1991
7028:"Appendix 5: Written Evidence of Advocate General Sharpston"
6168:
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
4751:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
9636:
9584:
9440:
8838:
8754:
8444:
European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products
8334:
Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
7212:
in the Creation of the European Legal Order" (2015) 21 (1)
7187:
J. H. H. Weiler, "The Transformation of Europe" (1991) 100
6640:
5871:
1541:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
7160:
Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration
7032:
The Workload of the Court of Justice of the European Union
8708:
7468:
Relationship with the European Convention on Human Rights
7374:
6830:
Gli oneri finanziari del contenzioso con l'Unione europea
6020:
2015: Constitutional Court of Luxembourg: case C-321/15,
5985:
Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri v. Regione Sardegna
4803:
189:
7130:
de Witte, Bruno (2010). "The Continuous Significance of
6897:
5023:
The Court gained power in 1997, with the signing of the
8677:
8145:
European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances
5894:
5071:
to the chambers for examination and appoints judge as
9907:
6986:"Rules of Procedure of the European Court of Justice"
5924:
are described in Article 267 (ex Article 234) of the
8304:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
8464:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
4956:The Court was established in 1952, and is based in
37:For the judicial branch of the European Union, see
8598:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
8294:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
7610:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
7279:"Bossuyt waarschuwt voor 'regering door rechters'"
7258:Herzog, Roman; Gerken, Lüder (10 September 2008).
7200:W. Phelan, "The Troika: The Interlocking Roles of
6692:"The Court of Justice of the European Communities"
6535:
6065:
6862:. Spiegel Online International. 10 February 2014.
5770:(case C-145/04), judgement of 12 September 2006 (
9975:
8324:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
6898:Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2 Senat (5 May 2020).
5049:List of members of the European Court of Justice
1536:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
8608:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
7620:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
6937:
6413:"Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)"
5926:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5884:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5868:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5856:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5844:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5835:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5804:(case C-457/18), judgement of 31 January 2020 (
5780:(case C-364/10), judgement of 16 October 2012 (
5750:(case C-141/78), judgement of 14 October 1979 (
5737:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
1713:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
815:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
7391:Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe
7260:"Opinion | Stop the European Court of Justice"
6827:Repubblica italiana, Senato della Repubblica,
6089:All the EU's judicial bodies are based in the
8693:
8593:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
8419:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
7697:
7605:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
7412:
7308:
6739:"Departments of the Institution: Translation"
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6143:– even if it were to become a judicial body.
5849:
4894:
8429:Directive on services in the internal market
8379:Directive on the legal protection of designs
7257:
7134:". In Maduro, Miguel; Azoulai, Loïc (eds.).
6686:
6684:
5949:
5821:may be brought before the Court of Justice.
5794:(case C-591/17), judgement of 18 June 2019 (
5786:Slovakia denies entry to Hungarian president
8508:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
8359:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
8278:Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination
8253:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
7510:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
7218:International Journal of Constitutional Law
7084:
7082:
6923:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5877:
5760:(case C-388/95), judgement of 16 May 2000 (
3638:Political groups of the European Parliament
1709:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
8700:
8686:
8384:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive
7704:
7690:
7419:
7405:
7026:Sharpston, Eleanor V. E. (29 March 2011),
6718:THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
6538:The Political System of the European Union
6390:
5882:Under Article 256 (ex Article 225) of the
5854:Under Article 265 (ex Article 232) of the
5735:Under Article 258 (ex Article 226) of the
5702:
4993:The court was established in 1952, by the
4901:
4887:
73:
30:"ECJ" redirects here. For other uses, see
7555:European Union Microsoft competition case
7034:, House of Lords European Union Committee
7025:
6681:
6533:
6291:List of European Court of Justice rulings
6153:List of European Court of Justice rulings
5969:: case C-143/99, Adria-Wien Pipeline GmbH
5030:Following the entrance into force of the
1812:Publications Office of the European Union
9845:History of the American legal profession
8364:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
8349:European units of measurement directives
8238:Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC)
8108:Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011
7129:
7079:
7016:Article 29(2) of the Rules of Procedure.
6473:
6101:. The Court of Justice is seated in the
5828:
5706:
5461:"The Presidents of the Court of Justice"
4235:European System of Financial Supervision
1531:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
8528:Chacón Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
7722:Judiciary and law of the European Union
7530:Chacon Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
7309:Craig, Paul; de Búrca, Gráinne (2011).
7276:
7116:(case 26/62), judgment 5 February 1963
6507:SCADPlus: The Institutions of the Union
6360:House of Lords European Union Committee
6175:but also their nationals. Consequently
6085:Location of European Union institutions
4741:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2666:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
14:
9984:Court of Justice of the European Union
9976:
8243:Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC)
8150:Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006
8103:Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94
7736:Court of Justice of the European Union
7428:Court of Justice of the European Union
7381:Court of Justice of the European Union
7066:Court of Justice of the European Union
6874:"EUR-Lex - 62017CJ0493 - EN - EUR-Lex"
6520:
6518:
6271:Court of Justice of the European Union
5016:was ratified in 1993, and created the
4947:Court of Justice of the European Union
4763:United States–European Union relations
1782:European Economic and Social Committee
66:Court of Justice of the European Union
39:Court of Justice of the European Union
8681:
8459:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
8449:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
8165:Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation
8083:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000
8078:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001
7685:
7485:
7400:
7356:Living Reviews in European Governance
6797:Press release of the Court after the
6281:European Free Trade Association Court
6235:In 2008, the former German president
6146:
5723:and appeals against decisions of the
4786:European Union and the United Nations
4318:Foreign relations of EU member states
8649:Accountability in the European Union
6624:from the original on 9 October 2022.
6600:from the original on 9 October 2022.
6469:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5642:
5087:in the performance of their duties.
4791:European Union Association Agreement
4726:Switzerland–European Union relations
3623:Elections to the European Parliament
8434:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
7921:Commission and Council acting alone
7347:The Judicial Construction of Europe
7343:The Judicial Construction of Europe
7202:Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium
6998:from the original on 9 October 2022
6776:from the original on 9 October 2022
6515:
6511:Draft Reform Treaty of 23 July 2007
6195:Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium
6191:Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium
5895:References for a preliminary ruling
4696:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2247:Nuclear power in the European Union
1822:European Personnel Selection Office
1757:European Data Protection Supervisor
1718:European Public Prosecutor's Office
233:
24:
7335:(Cambridge University Press, 2019)
7313:(5th ed.). Oxford, New York:
7293:
7277:Bossuyt, Marc (17 February 2011).
6542:(2nd ed.). Palgrave. p.
5653:The judges are assisted by eleven
4960:. It is composed of one judge per
4850:Convention on the Future of Europe
4781:Microstates and the European Union
4661:Australia–European Union relations
4651:Argentina–European Union relations
3599:
3595:Microstates and the European Union
3176:
3144:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2710:
2251:
884:Withdrawal from the European Union
25:
10010:
8829:Restitution and unjust enrichment
8344:European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
8339:Environmental liability directive
7366:
7311:EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials
7088:
6556:
6479:
6112:European Coal and Steel Community
5974:Constitutional Court of Lithuania
5649:Advocate General (European Union)
5479:
4999:European Coal and Steel Community
4828:European Coal and Steel Community
1792:European Union Military Committee
1777:European Committee of the Regions
1680:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1408:Member of the European Parliament
1079:Abandoned treaties and agreements
9929:
9917:
9876:
9875:
9861:
8258:Dangerous Preparations Directive
8183:Good Clinical Practice Directive
7714:
7664:
7652:
7431:
6940:"June 2021 infringement package"
6677:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2714259
6189:Another early landmark case was
6056:Constitutional Court of Slovakia
6015:Constitutional Court of Slovenia
5998:Constitutional Council of France
5668:
5615:
5599:9 October 2018 – 6 October 2021
5587:
5571:8 October 2015 – 8 October 2018
5559:
5543:9 October 2012 – 6 October 2015
5531:
5518:
5428:
5415:
5407:7 October 2003 – 6 October 2015
5395:
5382:
5362:
5334:
5306:
5278:
5250:
5222:
5209:
5189:
5161:
5148:
5128:
5115:
5007:European Atomic Energy Community
4861:
4736:Ukraine–European Union relations
4711:Moldova–European Union relations
4691:Iceland–European Union relations
4686:Georgia–European Union relations
4656:Armenia–European Union relations
4636:
4624:
4612:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3564:
3551:
3538:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3163:
3150:
3137:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
3106:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2540:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2231:
2218:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2157:
2144:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1817:European External Action Service
1787:Political and Security Committee
1694:European Supervisory Authorities
1224:
1071:European Economic Area Agreement
844:
822:
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
716:
692:
679:
666:
653:
640:
627:
614:
601:
588:
575:
562:
549:
536:
523:
510:
497:
484:
471:
458:
445:
432:
419:
406:
393:
380:
367:
354:
329:
298:
58:
9840:History of the legal profession
8389:Measuring Instruments Directive
8218:Capital Requirements Directives
8133:Regulation on Community designs
7345:(Oxford University Press, 2004)
7270:
7251:
7236:
7223:
7194:
7181:
7165:
7152:
7123:
7108:
7054:
7045:
7019:
7010:
6978:
6946:
6931:
6904:www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de
6891:
6866:
6848:
6835:
6821:
6809:
6789:
6780:
6753:
6731:
6668:
6659:
6628:
6604:
6576:
6550:
6250:Constitutional Court of Belgium
6066:Procedure and working languages
6039:Constitutional Court of Romania
6005:Constitutional Court of Germany
5967:Constitutional Court of Austria
5960:Constitutional Court of Belgium
4731:Turkey–European Union relations
4721:Russia–European Union relations
4716:Norway–European Union relations
4706:Mexico–European Union relations
4671:Canada–European Union relations
4666:Brazil–European Union relations
4191:Passports of the European Union
3181:Schengen Area from January 2023
8603:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
8314:End of Life Vehicles Directive
7906:Ordinary legislative procedure
7615:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
6649:Court of Justice: Presentation
6527:
6499:
6449:
6431:
6352:
6308:
6286:General Court (European Union)
6276:European Court of Human Rights
6258:European Court of Human Rights
6248:In 2011, the President of the
6060:Prezident Slovenskej republiky
6046:Constitutional Court of Latvia
6029:Constitutional Court of Poland
5717:Treaties of the European Union
5496:
5093:
5042:
4701:Japan–European Union relations
4676:China–European Union relations
1832:European Administrative School
1728:European Data Protection Board
1613:European Investment Bank Group
322:Politics of the European Union
201:
171:27 judges (1 per member state)
159:General Court (European Union)
145:Treaties of the European Union
43:European Court of Human Rights
13:
1:
9994:1952 establishments in Europe
8573:Microsoft Corp. v. Commission
8424:Satellite and Cable Directive
8288:Information Society Directive
8118:Regulation on roaming charges
7836:Charter of Fundamental Rights
7540:Ciaran Tobin extradition case
6845:, ECR 625, 10 September 2021
6345:
5991:Constitutional Court of Spain
5981:Constitutional Court of Italy
5357:Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias
4989:History of the European Union
4681:European Union–NATO relations
3727:Elections in EU member states
3658:Referendums related to the EU
1653:European University Institute
1647:European University Institute
874:Germany–Netherlands relations
79:Court of Justice headquarters
9989:International supreme courts
8469:Waste Incineration Directive
8404:Pressure Equipment Directive
8233:Conditional Access Directive
8088:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
8025:Principle of legal certainty
7473:Palais de la Cour de Justice
6786:Craig and de Búrca, page 95.
6665:Craig and de Búrca, page 70.
6370:. p. 65. Archived from
6230:
6104:Palais de la Cour de Justice
5976:: case C-239/07, Sabatauskas
5065:
4218:European Banking Supervision
2256:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1703:Executive agencies of the EU
1640:European Stability Mechanism
1634:European Stability Mechanism
115:Palais de la Cour de Justice
7:
8454:Universal Service Directive
8290:(first Copyright directive)
8228:Computer Programs Directive
8208:Biocidal Products Directive
8093:Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
6322:and the movement of goods,
6316:Brexit withdrawal agreement
6264:
6000:: case C-168/13 PPU, Jeremy
5685:
5634:Term expires 3 October 2024
5447:Term expires 6 October 2024
5003:European Economic Community
4833:European Economic Community
4223:Single Resolution Mechanism
3590:EEA National Identity cards
3127:Schengen Information System
2659:Enlargement of the eurozone
2268:Economic and Monetary Union
1724:Corporate bodies of the EU
1342:Council preparatory bodies
1091:UK membership renegotiation
10:
10015:
9507:International legal theory
8986:International slavery laws
8981:International human rights
8976:International criminal law
8644:European Anti-Fraud Office
8113:Customs Regulation 3295/94
7975:European Enforcement Order
7379:(Note: page is headlined "
6213:Further, in the 1991 case
6150:
6082:
5898:
5850:Actions for failure to act
5646:
5485:is vacant. In 2012, judge
5046:
4986:
4982:
1806:Inter-institutional bodies
1551:Public Prosecutor's Office
1518:European Court of Auditors
1511:European Court of Auditors
1464:Court of Justice of the EU
36:
29:
9855:
9832:
9722:
9560:Administration of justice
9545:
9454:
9345:
9224:
9126:
8847:
8715:
8657:
8631:
8492:
8479:Water Framework Directive
8474:Waste framework directive
8394:Medical Devices Directive
8223:Clinical Trials Directive
8203:Best available technology
8188:Data Protection Directive
8173:
8070:
7934:
7898:
7849:
7791:
7741:European Court of Justice
7728:
7659:European Union portal
7647:
7505:
7481:
7441:
7387:European Court of Justice
7191:2403–2483, 2422 and ft 42
6741:. The European Union, ECJ
6332:Single Electricity Market
6024:Rodange et Schifflange SA
5950:Dates of first references
5872:non-contractual liability
5866:Under Article 268 of the
5582:Rosario Silva de Lapuerta
5453:
5053:
4915:European Court of Justice
4868:European Union portal
1471:European Court of Justice
898:Treaties and Declarations
864:Belgium–Germany relations
297:
292:
277:
269:
264:
249:
244:Rosario Silva de Lapuerta
239:
232:
217:
207:
200:
184:
164:
150:
140:
132:
110:
96:
88:
84:
72:
57:
52:
9337:Basic structure doctrine
9187:Natural and legal rights
9068:Public international law
8399:Posted Workers Directive
8263:Data Retention Directive
6795:First four mentioned in
6509:and article 2.3n of the
6301:
5993:: case C-399/11, Melloni
5878:Appeals on points of law
5748:France v. United Kingdom
5273:Josse Mertens de Wilmars
1751:Other independent bodies
1196:Legislative institutions
1169:College of Commissioners
1149:Von der Leyen Commission
869:France–Germany relations
311:This article is part of
281:7 October 2010
253:9 October 2018
221:8 October 2015
9517:Principle of typicality
8991:International trade law
8707:
8414:Resale Rights Directive
8020:Precautionary principle
7926:Commission acting alone
7315:Oxford University Press
6078:
6017:: case C-526/14, Kotnik
5768:Spain v. United Kingdom
5703:Jurisdiction and powers
5156:Andreas Matthias Donner
5037:Court of First Instance
3132:Visa Information System
2560:Other currencies in use
1351:Council Working Parties
8618:Van Duyn v Home Office
8543:Coleman v Attridge Law
8484:Working Time Directive
8035:Principle of conferral
7911:Consultation procedure
7773:Relationship with ECHR
7763:Civil Service Tribunal
7625:Van Duyn v Home Office
7545:Coleman v Attridge Law
7463:Civil Service Tribunal
7283:Het Belang van Limburg
6041:: case C-673/16, Coman
5712:
4995:Treaty of Paris (1951)
4930:
4845:Western European Union
4213:European banking union
4149:European Single Market
3718:2024 (latest election)
3605:
3604:European Economic Area
3193:European Economic Area
3182:
2716:
2257:
1683:Single market agencies
1104:Executive institutions
1044:Treaties of succession
735:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9999:Constitutional courts
9512:Principle of legality
9271:Delegated legislation
8971:Intellectual property
8662:European Union portal
8439:Trade Marks Directive
8010:Maximum harmonisation
8005:Minimum harmonisation
7990:Home state regulation
7570:Grzegorz Dorobek case
7560:Factortame litigation
6938:European Commission.
6324:technical regulations
6083:Further information:
5829:Actions for annulment
5710:
5301:John Mackenzie-Stuart
5047:Further information:
4987:Further information:
4921:), formally just the
4230:Capital Markets Union
4142:Free Trade Agreements
3603:
3180:
2714:
2255:
1564:European Central Bank
1525:Other auditory bodies
1505:Auditory institutions
1458:Judicial institutions
1203:Legislative procedure
1085:European Constitution
1009:Treaties of accession
273:Alfredo Calot Escobar
9960:49.62139°N 6.14111°E
9730:Barristers' chambers
9672:Legal representation
9610:Justice of the peace
8956:Financial regulation
7960:Direct applicability
7948:Acquis communautaire
7890:Digital Services Act
7565:Francovich principle
7214:European Law Journal
5810:their border dispute
4822:European Communities
4262:Enhanced cooperation
3633:European foundations
3250:(provisional member)
1799:EU/ESA Space Council
1666:Unified Patent Court
1660:Unified Patent Court
1446:National parliaments
1336:Directorates-general
32:ECJ (disambiguation)
9956: /
9765:Election commission
9477:Expressive function
9006:Landlord–tenant law
8905:Consumer protection
8513:Apostolides v Orams
8248:Cosmetics Directive
7970:European labour law
7873:Framework Directive
7811:Single European Act
7783:European civil code
7515:Apostolides v Orams
7138:. Hart Publishing.
6799:Hungary v. Slovakia
6763:Annual Report, 2007
6417:Europa (web portal)
6227:into national law.
5802:Slovenia v. Croatia
5778:Hungary v. Slovakia
5184:Charles Léon Hammes
4945:. As a part of the
4301:Ext. Action Service
4286:High Representative
4252:European Federation
4126:Policies and issues
3585:EEA Joint Committee
2715:Eurozone since 2015
1737:Joint undertakings
1361:European Parliament
1142:European Commission
965:Treaty of Amsterdam
953:Single European Act
905:Schuman Declaration
859:Special territories
837:Applicant countries
709:Candidate countries
165:Number of positions
9723:Legal institutions
9590:Lawsuit/Litigation
9580:Dispute resolution
9385:Catholic canon law
9093:State of emergency
9056:Will and testament
8780:Law of obligations
8733:Constitutional law
8723:Administrative law
8369:Landfill Directive
8354:Habitats Directive
8268:Database Directive
8160:Rome II Regulation
8015:Preliminary ruling
7497:preliminary ruling
7247:ECLI:EU:C:1991:428
6534:Simon Hix (2005).
6374:on 31 January 2021
6216:Francovich v Italy
6147:Landmark decisions
5922:preliminary ruling
5907:preliminary ruling
5901:Preliminary ruling
5796:ECLI:EU:C:2019:504
5792:Austria v. Germany
5782:ECLI:EU:C:2012:630
5772:ECLI:EU:C:2006:543
5762:ECLI:EU:C:2000:244
5752:ECLI:EU:C:1979:225
5721:preliminary ruling
5713:
4943:European Union law
4840:European Community
4771:Common Travel Area
4257:Multi-speed Europe
4114:Fundamental Rights
3665:European elections
3606:
3183:
2717:
2258:
1762:European Ombudsman
1239:July–December 2024
1065:Schengen Agreement
977:Berlin Declaration
947:Solemn Declaration
917:Europe Declaration
133:Composition method
9965:49.62139; 6.14111
9905:
9904:
9565:Constitutionalism
9487:Law and economics
9325:Act of parliament
9063:Product liability
9016:Legal archaeology
8941:Environmental law
8935:Entertainment law
8775:International law
8675:
8674:
8639:Court of Auditors
8198:Battery Directive
8139:Societas Europaea
8098:EU-Eco-regulation
8000:Incidental effect
7916:Consent procedure
7816:Maastricht Treaty
7778:Public Prosecutor
7751:Advocates General
7679:
7678:
7643:
7642:
7500:
7454:
7324:978-0-19-957699-9
7233:(Cambridge, 2019)
7176:ECLI:EU:C:1964:80
7145:978-1-84113-712-4
7062:"The Institution"
6878:eur-lex.europa.eu
6803:. Fifth added in
6801:judgement, note 2
6058:: case C-378/19,
6050:Ministru kabinets
6048:: case C‑120/17,
6031:: case C-390/15,
5983:: case C-169/08,
5905:References for a
5806:ECLI:EU:C:2020:65
5788:, no infringement
5655:Advocates General
5643:Advocates General
5640:
5639:
5636:
5627:6 October 2021 –
5477:
5476:
5473:
5449:
5390:Vassilios Skouris
5060:Advocates-General
5014:Maastricht Treaty
4911:
4910:
4279:Foreign relations
2212:Associated states
1827:Anti-Fraud Office
1546:Anti-Fraud Office
1481:Advocates General
1327:Secretary-General
1211:Council of the EU
1179:Secretary-General
959:Maastricht Treaty
306:
305:
176:advocates-general
16:(Redirected from
10006:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9949:
9934:
9933:
9932:
9922:
9921:
9913:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9866:
9865:
9689:Question of fact
9570:Criminal justice
8900:Construction law
8895:Conflict of laws
8860:Agricultural law
8702:
8695:
8688:
8679:
8678:
8623:Van Gend en Loos
8409:Rental Directive
7821:Amsterdam Treaty
7720:
7719:
7718:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7683:
7682:
7669:
7668:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7630:Van Gend en Loos
7494:
7483:
7482:
7448:
7446:Court of Justice
7436:
7435:
7421:
7414:
7407:
7398:
7397:
7378:
7377:
7375:Official website
7352:Alec Stone Sweet
7339:Alec Stone Sweet
7331:William Phelan,
7328:
7287:
7286:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7255:
7249:
7240:
7234:
7229:William Phelan,
7227:
7221:
7206:Van Gend en Loos
7198:
7192:
7189:Yale Law Journal
7185:
7179:
7169:
7163:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7132:Van Gend en Loos
7127:
7121:
7118:ECLI:EU:C:1963:1
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7086:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6990:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6965:
6959:. Archived from
6958:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6922:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6852:
6846:
6841:See for example
6839:
6833:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6768:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6696:Court of Justice
6688:
6679:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6616:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6593:. 28 June 2009.
6588:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6541:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6513:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6409:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6356:
6339:
6330:and excise, the
6312:
6199:Van Gend en Loos
6133:Amsterdam Treaty
6124:European Council
6033:Polish Ombudsman
6007:: case C-62/14,
5758:Belgium v. Spain
5632:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5522:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5454:
5445:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5419:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5386:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5213:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5152:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5119:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5077:Judge-Rapporteur
5032:Treaty of Lisbon
5025:Amsterdam Treaty
4951:EU member states
4923:Court of Justice
4903:
4896:
4889:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4641:
4640:
4629:
4628:
4617:
4616:
4605:
4604:
4593:
4592:
4581:
4580:
4569:
4568:
4557:
4556:
4545:
4544:
4533:
4532:
4521:
4520:
4509:
4508:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4484:
4473:
4472:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4437:
4436:
4425:
4424:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4400:
4389:
4388:
4377:
4376:
4365:
4364:
4353:
4352:
4341:
4340:
4329:
4328:
4247:Supranationalism
4154:Area of FS&J
4050:
4049:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4025:
4014:
4013:
4002:
4001:
3990:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3953:
3942:
3941:
3930:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3906:
3905:
3894:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3857:
3846:
3845:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3821:
3810:
3809:
3798:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3628:European parties
3569:
3568:
3567:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3426:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3402:
3391:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3367:
3366:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3342:
3331:
3330:
3319:
3318:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2610:Hungarian forint
2608:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2545:
2544:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2286:
2275:Eurozone members
2236:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1706:Euratom agencies
1331:Thérèse Blanchet
1229:
1228:
1132:List of meetings
1110:European Council
983:Treaty of Lisbon
849:
848:
827:
826:
805:
804:
793:
792:
781:
780:
769:
768:
757:
756:
745:
744:
733:
732:
721:
720:
697:
696:
695:
684:
683:
682:
671:
670:
669:
658:
657:
656:
645:
644:
643:
632:
631:
630:
619:
618:
617:
606:
605:
604:
593:
592:
591:
580:
579:
578:
567:
566:
565:
554:
553:
552:
541:
540:
539:
528:
527:
526:
515:
514:
513:
502:
501:
500:
489:
488:
487:
476:
475:
474:
463:
462:
461:
450:
449:
448:
437:
436:
435:
424:
423:
422:
411:
410:
409:
398:
397:
396:
385:
384:
383:
372:
371:
370:
359:
358:
357:
333:
308:
307:
302:
288:
286:
260:
258:
228:
226:
196:
193:
191:
155:
105:Northern Ireland
77:
62:
53:Court of Justice
50:
49:
21:
10014:
10013:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10004:
10003:
9974:
9973:
9964:
9962:
9958:
9955:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9930:
9928:
9916:
9908:
9906:
9901:
9874:
9860:
9851:
9828:
9819:Political party
9792:Legal education
9780:Law enforcement
9760:Court of equity
9718:
9694:Question of law
9647:Practice of law
9627:Judicial review
9541:
9492:Legal formalism
9472:Comparative law
9467:Contract theory
9450:
9370:Legal pluralism
9341:
9330:Act of Congress
9254:Executive order
9220:
9122:
9041:Nationality law
8966:Immigration law
8890:Competition law
8843:
8711:
8706:
8676:
8671:
8653:
8627:
8523:Cassis de Dijon
8488:
8213:Birds Directive
8169:
8123:Brussels Regime
8066:
8052:State liability
8040:Proportionality
7995:Indirect effect
7941:
7939:
7930:
7894:
7845:
7787:
7768:European lawyer
7724:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7680:
7675:
7663:
7653:
7651:
7639:
7525:Cassis de Dijon
7501:
7477:
7437:
7430:
7425:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7325:
7296:
7294:Further reading
7291:
7290:
7275:
7271:
7256:
7252:
7241:
7237:
7228:
7224:
7199:
7195:
7186:
7182:
7170:
7166:
7158:Desmond Dinan,
7157:
7153:
7146:
7128:
7124:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7089:Muñoz, Susana.
7087:
7080:
7070:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7037:
7035:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6991:. 2 July 2010.
6988:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6969:
6967:
6966:on 20 July 2016
6963:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6936:
6932:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6896:
6892:
6882:
6880:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6810:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6773:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6690:
6689:
6682:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6597:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6557:Muñoz, Susana.
6555:
6551:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6516:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6488:
6480:Muñoz, Susana.
6478:
6474:
6466:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6443:curia.europa.eu
6437:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6391:
6377:
6375:
6362:(1 June 2020).
6357:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6267:
6233:
6155:
6149:
6095:Luxembourg City
6087:
6081:
6068:
5952:
5903:
5897:
5880:
5864:
5852:
5831:
5733:
5705:
5688:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5631:
5616:
5614:
5610:Lars Bay Larsen
5588:
5586:
5560:
5558:
5554:Antonio Tizzano
5532:
5530:
5482:
5466:
5464:
5459:
5444:
5440:8 October 2015–
5429:
5427:
5396:
5394:
5363:
5361:
5335:
5333:
5307:
5305:
5279:
5277:
5251:
5249:
5223:
5221:
5190:
5188:
5162:
5160:
5129:
5127:
5123:Massimo Pilotti
5068:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5005:(EEC), and the
4997:as part of the
4991:
4985:
4931:Cour de Justice
4907:
4878:
4874:Other countries
4862:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4817:
4809:
4808:
4795:
4767:
4647:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4201:Pro-Europeanism
4127:
4119:
4118:
4067:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4032:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3667:
3662:
3643:Spitzenkandidat
3618:
3608:
3607:
3581:
3576:
3565:
3563:
3552:
3550:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3164:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3122:Prüm Convention
3118:
3107:
3105:
3094:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3034:
3032:
3021:
3019:
3008:
3006:
2995:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2930:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2863:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2813:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2772:
2761:
2759:
2748:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2668:
2663:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2547:Paschal Donohoe
2539:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2278:
2270:
2260:
2259:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2130:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2093:
2091:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1851:Euratom members
1847:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1803:
1773:
1770:Advisory bodies
1766:
1753:
1748:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1624:Investment Fund
1619:Investment Bank
1615:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1426:Vice Presidents
1370:
1364:
1357:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1164:Vice Presidents
1145:
1138:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1081:
1076:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
911:Treaty of Paris
900:
890:
889:
888:
855:
843:
840:
833:
821:
818:
811:
799:
787:
783:North Macedonia
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
712:
705:
704:
693:
691:
680:
678:
667:
665:
654:
652:
641:
639:
628:
626:
615:
613:
602:
600:
589:
587:
576:
574:
563:
561:
550:
548:
537:
535:
524:
522:
511:
509:
498:
496:
485:
483:
472:
470:
459:
457:
446:
444:
433:
431:
420:
418:
407:
405:
394:
392:
381:
379:
368:
366:
355:
353:
348:
324:
284:
282:
256:
254:
224:
222:
188:
180:
151:
123:Luxembourg City
80:
68:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10012:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9939:
9938:
9936:European Union
9926:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9899:
9892:
9885:
9871:
9868:Law portal
9856:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9836:
9834:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9726:
9724:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9704:Trial advocacy
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9612:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9551:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9458:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9416:
9415:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9351:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9241:
9236:
9234:Ballot measure
9230:
9228:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9211:Legal treatise
9208:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9179:
9177:Letters patent
9174:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9138:
9132:
9130:
9128:Sources of law
9124:
9123:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9113:Unenforced law
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8885:Commercial law
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8719:
8717:
8713:
8712:
8705:
8704:
8697:
8690:
8682:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8626:
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8128:CLP Regulation
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7885:Recommendation
7882:
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7367:External links
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6419:. 16 June 2016
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6242:Mangold v Helm
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6208:Robert Lecourt
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6137:Treaty of Nice
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5899:Main article:
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5504:Vice-President
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4206:Euroscepticism
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4109:Recommendation
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2193:
2180:
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2154:
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2128:
2115:
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2089:
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2011:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1931:Czech Republic
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1907:
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971:Treaty of Nice
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689:
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611:
598:
585:
572:
559:
546:
533:
520:
507:
494:
481:
468:
455:
442:
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427:Czech Republic
416:
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390:
377:
364:
350:
349:
343:
342:
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338:
335:
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326:
325:
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279:
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234:Vice-President
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148:
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101:European Union
98:
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82:
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64:Emblem of the
63:
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9598:
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9595:Legal opinion
9593:
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9581:
9578:
9576:
9575:Court-martial
9573:
9571:
9568:
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9547:Jurisprudence
9544:
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9465:
9463:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9453:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9436:Statutory law
9434:
9432:
9431:Socialist law
9429:
9425:
9424:Byzantine law
9422:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9381:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9375:Religious law
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9347:Legal systems
9344:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9315:Statutory law
9313:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9145:Statutory law
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9103:Transport law
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9021:Legal fiction
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8951:Financial law
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8910:Corporate law
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8834:Statutory law
8832:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8716:Core subjects
8714:
8710:
8703:
8698:
8696:
8691:
8689:
8684:
8683:
8680:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8319:CHP Directive
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7985:Four freedoms
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7965:Direct effect
7963:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7831:Lisbon Treaty
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7806:Merger Treaty
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7758:General Court
7756:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7717:
7707:
7702:
7700:
7695:
7693:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7660:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7580:Kolpak ruling
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7520:Bosman ruling
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7498:
7493:
7489:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7458:General Court
7456:
7452:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7410:
7408:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7392:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7376:
7371:
7370:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7285:(in Flemish).
7284:
7280:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7232:
7226:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7197:
7190:
7184:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7161:
7155:
7147:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7111:
7096:
7092:
7085:
7083:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7048:
7033:
7029:
7022:
7013:
6994:
6987:
6981:
6962:
6955:
6949:
6941:
6934:
6926:
6920:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6802:
6800:
6792:
6783:
6772:
6765:
6764:
6756:
6740:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6662:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6620:
6613:
6607:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6579:
6564:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6530:
6521:
6519:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6465:
6458:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6386:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6307:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6178:
6177:Community law
6174:
6173:Member States
6170:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6159:direct effect
6154:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6076:
6072:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:ArcelorMittal
6019:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5839:General Court
5836:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5725:General Court
5722:
5718:
5709:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5669:The Registrar
5666:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5529:
5527:
5526:Koen Lenaerts
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5487:Koen Lenaerts
5462:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5426:
5424:
5423:Koen Lenaerts
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5259:
5248:
5246:
5245:Hans Kutscher
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5063:
5061:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4966:Koen Lenaerts
4963:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4935:supreme court
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:Josep Borrell
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:Customs Union
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:ECJ Case 6/64
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Apportionment
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3562:
3560:
3559:Liechtenstein
3549:
3547:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3172:
3161:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3089:
3088:Liechtenstein
3078:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3044:
3042:
3031:
3029:
3018:
3016:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2990:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2953:
2951:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2901:
2899:
2888:
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2875:
2873:
2862:
2860:
2849:
2847:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2821:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2795:
2784:
2782:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:Schengen Area
2723:
2722:
2713:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:Swedish krona
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2574:Bulgarian lev
2570:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2166:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2075:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2036:
2025:
2023:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1984:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1945:
1934:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1689:AFSC agencies
1688:
1686:CFSP agencies
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1628:EIB Institute
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:General Court
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:Iratxe García
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:Manfred Weber
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Civil Service
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:Von der Leyen
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1004:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:Merger Treaty
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
899:
894:
893:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
847:
842:
841:
839:
838:
830:
825:
820:
819:
817:
816:
808:
803:
798:
796:
791:
786:
784:
779:
774:
772:
767:
762:
760:
755:
750:
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743:
738:
736:
731:
726:
724:
719:
714:
713:
711:
710:
701:
690:
688:
677:
675:
664:
662:
651:
649:
638:
636:
625:
623:
612:
610:
599:
597:
586:
584:
573:
571:
560:
558:
547:
545:
534:
532:
521:
519:
508:
506:
495:
493:
482:
480:
469:
467:
456:
454:
443:
441:
430:
428:
417:
415:
404:
402:
391:
389:
378:
376:
365:
363:
352:
351:
346:
345:Member states
341:
340:
337:
336:
332:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
314:
310:
309:
301:
296:
291:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
220:
216:
213:
212:Koen Lenaerts
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
187:
183:
177:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
160:
157:
154:
149:
146:
143:
141:Authorized by
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
9941:
9894:
9887:
9873:
9859:
9632:Jurisdiction
9600:Legal remedy
9555:Adjudication
9455:Legal theory
9293:Ratification
9288:Promulgation
9259:Proclamation
9239:Codification
9172:Human rights
9160:Divine right
9150:Constitution
9118:Women in law
9036:Military law
9031:Marriage law
9026:Maritime law
8925:Election law
8865:Aviation law
8855:Abortion law
8807:Property law
8743:Criminal law
8548:Costa v ENEL
8538:Ciarán Tobin
8137:
8057:Subsidiarity
8044:
7980:Gold-plating
7740:
7600:Nordsee case
7550:Costa v ENEL
7358:5 (2010) 2,
7355:
7342:
7332:
7310:
7282:
7272:
7263:
7253:
7242:
7238:
7230:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7210:Costa v ENEL
7209:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7183:
7171:
7167:
7159:
7154:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7115:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7069:. Retrieved
7065:
7056:
7047:
7036:, retrieved
7031:
7021:
7012:
7000:. Retrieved
6980:
6968:. Retrieved
6961:the original
6948:
6933:
6907:. Retrieved
6903:
6893:
6881:. Retrieved
6877:
6868:
6859:
6850:
6837:
6829:
6823:
6811:
6798:
6791:
6782:
6762:
6755:
6743:. Retrieved
6733:
6725:
6717:
6711:
6699:. Retrieved
6670:
6661:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6635:
6630:
6606:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6552:
6537:
6529:
6501:
6489:. Retrieved
6475:
6451:
6442:
6433:
6421:. Retrieved
6383:
6376:. Retrieved
6372:the original
6354:
6310:
6254:Marc Bossuyt
6247:
6240:
6237:Roman Herzog
6234:
6214:
6212:
6203:Costa v ENEL
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6183:Costa v ENEL
6181:
6166:
6156:
6140:
6120:
6116:Villa Vauban
6109:
6102:
6088:
6073:
6069:
5984:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5887:
5881:
5865:
5853:
5832:
5823:
5815:
5801:
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5777:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5741:
5734:
5714:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5680:
5672:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5633:
5628:
5483:
5465:. Retrieved
5455:
5446:
5441:
5258:West Germany
5084:
5080:
5072:
5069:
5057:
5029:
5022:
5011:
4992:
4977:
4970:
4968:since 2015.
4962:member state
4955:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4824:(1958–1993)
4317:
4284:
4164:Agricultural
4087:Subsidiarity
3726:
3664:
3578:
3531:
3198:
3143:
3060:
2665:
2634:Romanian leu
2622:Polish złoty
2598:Danish krone
2586:Czech koruna
2558:
2553:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2273:
2211:
1850:
1805:
1768:
1750:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1612:
1608:Other bodies
1524:
1509:
1470:
1462:
1444:
1359:
1246:
1231:
1216:
1209:
1140:
1108:
1078:
1058:
1043:
1008:
923:Spaak Report
835:
813:
707:
293:Division map
153:Appeals from
97:Jurisdiction
47:
9963: /
9804:Legislature
9735:Bureaucracy
9532:Rule of man
9527:Rule of law
9502:Libertarian
9365:Chinese law
9266:Legislation
9216:Regulations
9204:Law reports
9182:Natural law
9078:Reparations
9073:Refugee law
8996:Jurimetrics
8937:(Media law)
8875:Banking law
8870:Amnesty law
8848:Disciplines
8785:Private law
8613:Tanja Kreil
8500:ECJ Rulings
8071:Regulations
7826:Nice Treaty
7801:Rome Treaty
7595:Metock case
7585:Tanja Kreil
7300:Gunnar Beck
7071:5 September
6970:24 February
6135:. With the
6093:quarter of
5169:Netherlands
5085:rapporteurs
5081:rapporteurs
5073:rapporteurs
5043:Composition
4559:Netherlands
4242:Integration
4186:Citizenship
3968:Netherlands
3441:Netherlands
3199:EEA members
3114:Switzerland
2963:Netherlands
2469:Netherlands
2226:Switzerland
2113:Netherlands
1417:(2019–2024)
1415:9th session
1322:Secretariat
1093:(2015–2016)
609:Netherlands
89:Established
9978:Categories
9951:06°08′28″E
9948:49°37′17″N
9797:Law school
9677:Prosecutor
9615:Magistrate
9402:Jewish law
9360:Common law
9281:Rulemaking
9276:Regulation
9226:Law making
9165:Divine law
9141:Legal code
9088:Sports law
9011:Law of war
8961:Health law
8946:Family law
8930:Energy law
8880:Bankruptcy
8817:Punishment
8812:Public law
8667:Law portal
8558:Francovich
8553:Factortame
8175:Directives
7937:Principles
7899:Procedures
7863:Regulation
7264:EUobserver
6366:(Report).
6346:References
6151:See also:
6099:Luxembourg
5374:1994–2003
5346:1988–1994
5318:1984–1988
5290:1980–1984
5262:1976–1980
5234:1967–1976
5201:1964–1967
5197:Luxembourg
5173:1958–1964
5140:1952–1958
4958:Luxembourg
4933:), is the
4535:Luxembourg
4094:Regulation
3944:Luxembourg
3417:Luxembourg
2937:Luxembourg
2445:Luxembourg
2087:Luxembourg
1698:SRM bodies
1594:Euro coins
1438:Conference
1218:Presidency
994:Article 50
771:Montenegro
583:Luxembourg
285:2010-10-07
257:2018-10-09
225:2015-10-08
127:Luxembourg
9775:Judiciary
9770:Executive
9745:The bench
9682:Solicitor
9657:Barrister
9537:Sociology
9522:Pseudolaw
9462:Anarchist
9419:Roman law
9407:Parsi law
9392:Hindu law
9380:Canon law
9355:Civil law
9308:Concordat
9199:Precedent
9108:Trust law
9083:Space law
8920:Drugs law
8790:Procedure
8728:Civil law
8062:Supremacy
8030:Recasting
7940:and terms
7868:Directive
7729:Judiciary
7535:Chen case
7220:14: 6–25.
7038:27 August
7002:27 August
6909:3 October
6883:3 October
6745:5 January
6701:27 August
6378:2 January
6336:State aid
6231:Criticism
6225:directive
6221:transpose
6128:Edinburgh
6091:Kirchberg
6009:Gauweiler
5918:Union law
5819:Union law
5675:Registrar
5629:incumbent
5442:incumbent
5101:President
5066:President
4973:Union law
4523:Lithuania
4174:Fisheries
4160:Policies
4099:Directive
3932:Lithuania
3616:Elections
3405:Lithuania
3173:(Opt-out)
2924:Lithuania
2535:President
2528:Eurogroup
2433:Lithuania
2074:Lithuania
1740:of the EU
1571:President
1374:President
1270:Eurogroup
1183:Juhansone
1154:President
1117:President
989:Article 7
570:Lithuania
270:Currently
265:Registrar
240:Currently
208:Currently
202:President
119:Kirchberg
9882:Category
9824:Tribunal
9809:Military
9652:Attorney
9622:Judgment
9482:Feminist
9397:Jain law
9194:Case law
8915:Cyberlaw
8822:Corporal
8800:Criminal
8770:Evidence
8760:Doctrine
8738:Contract
7880:Decision
7841:Opt-outs
7793:Treaties
7492:case law
7100:19 April
6993:Archived
6919:cite web
6771:archived
6619:Archived
6595:Archived
6568:19 April
6491:19 April
6464:Archived
6423:19 March
6265:See also
5686:Chambers
5467:19 April
5075:called '
4619:Slovenia
4607:Slovakia
4583:Portugal
4355:Bulgaria
4196:Identity
4179:Regional
4104:Decision
4028:Slovenia
4016:Slovakia
3992:Portugal
3764:Bulgaria
3501:Slovenia
3489:Slovakia
3465:Portugal
3236:Bulgaria
3028:Slovenia
3015:Slovakia
2989:Portugal
2768:Bulgaria
2674:Bulgaria
2505:Slovenia
2493:Slovakia
2481:Portugal
2178:Slovenia
2165:Slovakia
2139:Portugal
1892:Bulgaria
1431:Quaestor
1277:AGRIFISH
1003:Opt-outs
674:Slovenia
661:Slovakia
635:Portugal
388:Bulgaria
313:a series
111:Location
9910:Portals
9896:Outline
9833:History
9740:The bar
9714:Verdict
9662:Counsel
9642:Justice
9497:History
9320:Statute
9136:Charter
9098:Tax law
9046:Probate
8588:Nordsee
8504:Caselex
7953:EUR-Lex
7746:members
7488:Rulings
7451:members
7389:at the
6320:customs
6163:primacy
5888:only if
5623:Denmark
5539:Belgium
5436:Belgium
5342:Denmark
5329:Ole Due
5286:Belgium
4983:History
4937:of the
4775:Ireland
4745:History
4595:Romania
4487:Ireland
4475:Hungary
4451:Germany
4427:Finland
4415:Estonia
4403:Denmark
4367:Croatia
4343:Belgium
4331:Austria
4077:Primacy
4004:Romania
3896:Ireland
3884:Hungary
3860:Germany
3836:Finland
3824:Estonia
3812:Denmark
3776:Croatia
3752:Belgium
3740:Austria
3546:Iceland
3477:Romania
3369:Ireland
3357:Hungary
3333:Germany
3309:Finland
3297:Estonia
3285:Denmark
3248:Croatia
3224:Belgium
3212:Austria
3171:Ireland
3075:Iceland
3002:Romania
2885:Hungary
2859:Germany
2833:Finland
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