396:
3488:
683:
439:
1977:
283:
102:
47:
465:
1579:
Although descended from
Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems
1513:. Syllables usually take the form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech.
2614:
Mazaudon, Martine. 1985. "Dzongkha Number
Systems." S. Ratanakul, D. Thomas & S. Premsirat (eds.). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol University.
726:
There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for
Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as
3008:
3900:
3891:
3222:
3106:
3082:
3054:
1964:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
3114:
2627:
Michailovsky, Boyd; Mazaudon, Martine (1989). "Lost syllables and tone contour in
Dzongkha (Bhutan)". In Bradley, David; Henderson, E. J. A.; Mazaudon, Martine (eds.).
2701:
Tournadre, Nicolas (1996). "Comparaison des systèmes médiatifs de quatre dialectes tibétains (tibétain central, ladakhi, dzongkha et amdo)". In
Guentchéva, Z. (ed.).
3255:
2702:
3098:
2445:
3090:
2799:
2500:
2348:. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Vol. I. Leiden, The Netherlands: Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies,
2113:. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Vol. I. Leiden, The Netherlands: Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies,
2984:
3285:
2726:
4877:
2750:
5182:
3219:
2075:
4142:
2781:
1560:. Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the
2999:
638:
Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the
1576:. Chöke was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools.
1961:’Gro- ba- mi- rigs- ga- ra- dbaṅ- cha- ’dra- mtam- ’bad- sgyew- las- ga- ra- gis- gcig- lu- spun- cha’i- dam- tshig- bstan- dgo
3050:
2664:
Michailovsky, Boyd (1989). "Notes on
Dzongkha orthography". In Bradley, David; Henderson, E. J. A.; Mazaudon, Martine (eds.).
65:
3234:
2956:
2921:. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies.
2848:
2486:
2325:
1759:
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1041:
3278:
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1361:
1061:
1047:
999:
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949:
418:
3154:
3016:
2517:
3244:
3064:
2978:
2710:. Bibliothèque de l'Information Grammaticale, 34 (in French). Louvain Paris: Peeters. pp. 195–214. Archived from
4870:
3137:
2926:
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2654:
2382:
2357:
2161:
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452:
17:
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1261:
1255:
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408:
300:
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2989:
1478:
1383:
1294:
652:
2758:. Thimphu, Bhutan: RGoB, Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC). Archived from the original on October 4, 2016.
1958:འགྲོ་ བ་ མི་ རིགས་ ག་ ར་ དབང་ ཆ་ འདྲ་ མཏམ་ འབད་ སྒྱེཝ་ ལས་ ག་ ར་ གིས་ གཅིག་ ལུ་ སྤུན་ ཆའི་ དམ་ ཚིག་ བསྟན་ དགོ།
386:
4135:
2820:
2769:
1422:
1267:
321:
3198:
2831:(2007). "Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).
2308:(2007). "Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).
339:
5177:
4863:
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4017:
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Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules.
1464:
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883:
295:
2181:
Report on the current status of the United
Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Dzongkha
5172:
4551:
4188:
3146:
2178:
Report on the current status of the United
Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Tibetan
1054:
942:
869:
1177:
is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions.
4420:
4159:
3963:
3410:
3331:
3130:
A colloquial grammar of the
Bhutanese language. by Byrne, St. Quintin. Allahabad: Pioneer Press, 1909
2735:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1450:
1442:
1428:
1420:
1393:
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2010:
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is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation,
876:
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161:
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Districts of Bhutan in which the
Dzongkha language is spoken natively are highlighted in yellow.
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2317:
571:
531:"language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.
151:
3250:
644:
in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films
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8:
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2005:
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All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are
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517:
1142:
Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are
4964:
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Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan (
372:
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2410:. Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission of the Royal Government of Bhutan.
2378:
2353:
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2157:
2118:
2114:
2000:
1565:
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1128:
1078:
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455:, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of
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2828:
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2669:
2640:
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2601:
2585:
2579:. Thimphu: Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), Bhutan Coordinator Office.
2401:
2341:
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1995:
1982:
1748:
1557:
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Dzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the
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3009:
Bhutan National Policy and Strategy for Development and Promotion of Dzongkha
2422:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) in Sino-Tibetan languages"
1549:
1318:
640:
608:
604:
539:
122:
4113:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
2421:
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628:
612:
233:
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3129:
2673:
2636:
2136:
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1210:
1198:
468:
211:
3263:
2734:. Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC). Archived from
4559:
2947:
2905:
2682:
2645:
2034:
1288:
1203:
1033:
4855:
2131:
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1155:
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929:
772:
760:
756:
699:
624:
365:
349:
331:
313:
2800:"The Phonologies of Dzongkha and the Bhutanese Liturgical Language"
1976:
984:
752:
488:
426:
3593:
2973:
2896:
A grammar of Dzongkha (dzo): phonology, words, and simple clauses
2567:. Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Authority, Ministry of Education.
1561:
1189:
1151:
775:
686:
The word "Dzongkha" in Jôyi, a Bhutanese form of the Uchen script
600:
594:
422:
35:
2269:
2049:
2047:
3506:
3321:
2621:
Syllabicity and suprasegmentals: the Dzongkha monosyllabic noun
2550:
2538:
2502:
Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms (
2495:
2464:
1758:
The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the
632:
623:). There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of
497:
288:
112:
3068:
2666:
Prosodic Analysis and Asian Linguistics: To Honour R.K. Sprigg
2629:
Prosodic Analysis and Asian Linguistics: To Honour R.K. Sprigg
2565:
English-Dzongkha Dictionary (ཨིང་ལིཤ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད།)
2562:
2447:
Issues in Dzongkha Phonology: An Optimality Theoretic Approach
101:
3502:
3317:
3099:
Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms
2809:(24): 36–44. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017.
2453:(Master's thesis). San Diego State University. Archived from
2044:
1553:
1186:
464:
2544:
The New Dzongkha Grammar (rdzong kha'i brda gzhung gsar pa)
2471:
Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary (
2340:
2105:
1525:. It is closely related to and partially intelligible with
584:
570:. Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent
425:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3251:Коряков Ю.Б. Практическая транскрипция для языка дзонг-кэ
3091:
Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary
2865:. Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC).
2590:"The phonetic structure of Dzongkha: a preliminary study"
1117:, and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables.
2288:
2286:
2284:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
751:
and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a
702:. Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the
2936:
2556:
Dzongkha Rabsel Lamzang (rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang)
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
1516:
1500:
When nasalized or followed by , vowels are always long.
1158:
and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final
2941:(3rd ed.). Santa Barbara: Himalayan Linguistics.
1726:
1706:
1686:
1666:
1646:
1626:
525:
515:
508:
2933:– A language textbook with three audio compact disks.
2504:རྫོང་ཁའི་མིང་ཚིག་རྣམ་གྲངས་དང་འགལ་མིང་སྐར་ཚོགས་ཕྲེང་བ།
2281:
714:"formal longhand". The print form is known simply as
4150:
2626:
2618:
2334:
2275:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2185:
2076:"Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Art. 1, § 8"
1972:
2668:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 297–301.
2631:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 115–136.
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
3051:Online searchable dictionary (Dz-En, En-Dz, Dz-Dz)
2081:. Government of Bhutan. 2008-07-18. Archived from
2473:འབྲིང་རིམ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཨིང་ལིཤ་ཚིག་མཛོད་རིག་པའི་ལོ་འདབ།
5164:
2899:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Rice University.
2835:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
2577:Manual of Spoken Dzongkha in Roman Transcription
2312:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
2224:
1529:, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as
1097:are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic
550:, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as
1388:, the latter being common in closed syllables.
3962:
3409:
2619:Mazaudon, Martine; Michailovsky, Boyd (1986),
2377:. Leiden: Research School, CNWS. p. 110.
592:
496:that is the official and national language of
4871:
4136:
3279:
3193:Dzongkha language, alphabet and pronunciation
2888:(Masters thesis). Arlington: UT at Arlington.
2156:. Leiden: Research School, CNWS. p. 47.
1556:. It has a much more distant relationship to
3823:
3220:Pioneering Dzongkha Text To Speech Synthesis
2995:Dzongkha Romanization for Geographical Names
2917:; Karma Tshering of Gaselô (collab) (1998).
2663:
2512:. Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission.
2481:. Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission.
3107:Names of Countries and Capitals in Dzongkha
2937:Karma Tshering; Van Driem, George (2019) .
2583:
2558:. Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission.
2546:. Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission.
1317:When in low tone, vowels are produced with
513:means "the language of the fortress", from
4878:
4864:
4143:
4129:
3286:
3272:
2886:A preliminary study of prosody in Dzongkha
394:
100:
3293:
3165:Dzongkha, The National Language of Bhutan
2946:
2904:
2857:
2827:
2794:
2776:
2745:
2721:
2700:
2681:
2644:
2605:
2304:
2292:
2218:
2140:
2594:Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan
2366:
694:used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic
681:
566:. It has a more distant relationship to
463:
4885:
2892:
2883:
2728:Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization
2563:Dzongkha Development Authority (2005).
1580:operating by a distinct set of rules."
706:, forms of the Tibetan script known as
419:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
5165:
3235:Dzongkha Grammar & other materials
3188:Dzongkha : Origin and Description
2571:
2145:
1588:The following is a sample vocabulary:
1475:is slightly lower than open-mid, i.e.
1173:may also end a syllable. Though rare,
487:
27:Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Bhutan
4902:
4859:
4124:
3267:
3256:Classical Tibetan-Dzongkha Dictionary
2863:The First Linguistic Survey of Bhutan
2443:
2400:
2372:
2263:
2151:
1760:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1572:which has been used for centuries by
1412:more often in quality than in length.
698:, sometimes known as "radicals", for
2344:; Tshering of Gaselô, Karma (1998).
2109:; Tshering of Gaselô, Karma (1998).
1517:Classification and related languages
40:
5183:Languages written in Tibetan script
3240:The Dzongkha Development Commission
2068:
1154:and results in the preceding vowel
24:
3083:English-Dzongkha Pocket Dictionary
3055:Online Dzongkha-English Dictionary
2276:Michailovsky & Mazaudon (1989)
2023:
25:
5194:
4552:Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)
2967:
2055:"How many people speak Dzongkha?"
1497:, especially in closed syllables.
1306:
1300:
1293:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1018:
998:
991:
948:
941:
889:
882:
875:
868:
847:
840:
833:
826:
659:
627:, once part of Bhutan but now in
475:from which Dzongkha gets its name
471:, representative of the distinct
4152:Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages
3486:
1975:
1457:especially in closed syllables.
546:and partially intelligible with
437:
281:
45:
4514:Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)
3115:A Guide to Dzongkha-Translation
3060:Dzongkha Development Commission
3044:
3004:Dzongkha Development Commission
3000:Free textbooks and dictionaries
2979:Dzongkha Development Commission
2552:Dzongkha Development Commission
2540:Dzongkha Development Commission
2497:Dzongkha Development Commission
2466:Dzongkha Development Commission
2436:
2414:
2394:
2298:
1504:
1344:, the latter being more common.
721:
301:Dzongkha Development Commission
3026:The National Library of Bhutan
2786:. SOAS, London. Archived from
2170:
2099:
1753:
1085:(indicated by the superscript
653:Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom
593:
71:Proposed since September 2024.
13:
1:
2016:
1583:
1568:language, known in Bhutan as
766:
3123:
2893:Watters, Stephen A. (2018).
2884:Watters, Stephen A. (1996).
2607:10.24467/onseikenkyu.22.1_13
1449:, but may approach open-mid
737:
7:
2985:Dzongkha-English Dictionary
2444:Downs, Cheryl Lynn (2011).
1968:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1727:
1707:
1687:
1667:
1647:
1627:
1509:Many words in Dzongkha are
763:type of the nuclear vowel.
734:, as its standard in 1991.
538:. It is closely related to
526:
516:
509:
54:It has been suggested that
10:
5199:
3147:National Library of Bhutan
2373:Driem, George van (1998).
2152:Driem, George van (1998).
1746:
1742:
730:, devised by the linguist
663:
500:. It is written using the
29:
5139:
5121:
5091:
5045:
5028:
4973:
4911:
4893:
4833:
4810:
4774:
4765:
4745:
4683:
4667:
4660:
4613:
4592:
4550:
4512:
4505:
4439:
4388:
4357:
4339:Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)
4331:
4322:
4313:
4267:
4234:
4227:
4202:
4176:
4169:
4158:
4108:
4053:
4005:
3890:
3731:
3699:
3657:
3592:
3495:
3484:
3302:
2819:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2807:Zentralasiatische Studien
2783:Language policy in Bhutan
2768:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2503:
2472:
1593:
1521:Dzongkha is considered a
1408:at all, and differs from
1372:varies between close-mid
1180:
1032:
1010:
983:
928:
857:
820:
781:
483:
405:
393:
379:
363:
347:
329:
311:
306:
294:
276:Official language in
274:
269:
249:
227:
199:
140:
128:
118:
108:
99:
93:
92:
87:
82:
3183:Romanization of Dzongkha
3135:Dzongkha transliteration
2704:L'énonciation médiatisée
2057:. languagecomparison.com
2011:Dzongkha keyboard layout
742:
656:(2019) are in Dzongkha.
647:Travellers and Magicians
577:
30:Not to be confused with
5147:Bhutanese Sign Language
3197:Dzongkha in Knowledge:
3075:Dzongkha Computer Terms
2974:Bhutanese literatures
2939:The Grammar of Dzongkha
2752:The Grammar of Dzongkha
2407:The Grammar of Dzongkha
2040:(subscription required)
1419:vary between close-mid
1404:may not be longer than
710:"cursive longhand" and
136:Total speakers: 640,000
2839:. Routledge. pp.
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1523:South Tibetic language
1127:. Descriptions of the
687:
536:South Tibetic language
494:Tibeto-Burman language
476:
445:This article contains
407:This article contains
4013:Central Tibeto-Burman
2316:. Routledge. p.
1324:In closed syllables,
1109:or a fricative trill
759:of the onset and the
685:
572:mutually intelligible
467:
5152:Nepali Sign Language
4661:Tshangla-East Bodish
4452:Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
2875:: CS1 maint: year (
2674:10.15144/PL-C104.297
2637:10.15144/PL-C104.115
1083:Aspirated consonants
64:into this article. (
5178:Languages of Bhutan
5033:Tshangla (Sharchop)
4887:Languages of Bhutan
4560:Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)
4071:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
2375:Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha
2154:Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha
2006:Languages of Bhutan
1192:
1101:is usually a trill
778:
489:[d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]
134:171,080 (2013)
4064:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4006:Proposed groupings
3225:2016-03-04 at the
3157:2021-07-11 at the
3140:2021-07-11 at the
3036:2019-12-01 at the
3019:2021-07-12 at the
2948:10.5070/H918144245
2584:Lee, Seunghun J.;
1185:
1139:to plain palatal.
1129:palatal affricates
771:
688:
477:
473:dzong architecture
457:Tibetan characters
207:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
5173:Dzongkha language
5160:
5159:
5117:
5116:
5041:
5040:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4761:
4760:
4741:
4740:
4656:
4655:
4588:
4587:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4223:
4222:
4189:Chitkuli Kinnauri
4118:
4117:
4001:
4000:
3886:
3885:
3727:
3726:
3482:
3481:
3260:
3231:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3002:published by the
2958:978-0-578-50750-7
2915:van Driem, George
2859:van Driem, George
2850:978-0-7007-1197-0
2829:van Driem, George
2796:van Driem, George
2778:van Driem, George
2747:van Driem, George
2723:van Driem, George
2586:Kawahara, Shigeto
2488:978-99936-765-3-9
2402:Driem, George van
2350:Leiden University
2342:van Driem, George
2327:978-0-7007-1197-0
2306:van Driem, George
2176:See for instance
2115:Leiden University
2107:van Driem, George
2038:(18th ed., 2015)
2001:Dzongkha numerals
1740:
1739:
1602:Transliteration (
1566:Classical Tibetan
1314:
1313:
1146:. Syllable-final
1075:
1074:
674:Dzongkha numerals
453:rendering support
433:
432:
415:rendering support
411:phonetic symbols.
296:Regulated by
217:Classical Tibetan
78:
77:
73:
18:Dzongkha language
16:(Redirected from
5190:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4772:
4771:
4665:
4664:
4510:
4509:
4344:Standard Tibetan
4329:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4232:
4231:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4122:
4121:
3960:
3959:
3821:
3820:
3655:
3654:
3490:
3407:
3406:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3229:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3014:Dzongkha Unicode
2990:Dzongkha podcast
2962:
2950:
2932:
2910:
2908:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2854:
2838:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2660:
2648:
2623:
2611:
2609:
2580:
2568:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2520:. Archived from
2511:
2505:
2492:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2459:
2452:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2352:. pp. 7–8.
2338:
2332:
2331:
2315:
2302:
2296:
2293:van Driem (1994)
2290:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2222:
2219:van Driem (1992)
2216:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2141:van Driem (1991)
2138:
2129:
2128:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2027:
1996:Dzongkha Braille
1985:
1983:Languages portal
1980:
1979:
1749:Dzongkha grammar
1730:
1723:
1710:
1703:
1690:
1683:
1670:
1663:
1650:
1643:
1630:
1623:
1591:
1590:
1558:Standard Tibetan
1496:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1415:Descriptions of
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1022:
1002:
995:
975:
970:
963:
952:
945:
936:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
851:
844:
837:
830:
779:
770:
732:George van Driem
678:Dzongkha Braille
598:
597:
589:Wangdue Phodrang
568:Standard Tibetan
529:
521:
512:
491:
485:
441:
440:
398:
389:
375:
359:
352:
343:
342:
334:
325:
324:
316:
287:
285:
284:
264:Dzongkha Braille
255:
146:
104:
95:
80:
79:
69:
57:Dzongkha grammar
49:
48:
41:
21:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5135:
5113:
5087:
5037:
5024:
4969:
4889:
4884:
4854:
4845:
4829:
4806:
4757:
4737:
4679:
4652:
4609:
4584:
4546:
4501:
4487:Chochangachakha
4435:
4384:
4353:
4332:Central Tibetan
4301:
4263:
4219:
4198:
4161:
4160:West Himalayish
4154:
4149:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4055:Proto-languages
4049:
3997:
3964:Greater Siangic
3958:
3895:
3882:
3819:
3723:
3695:
3653:
3597:
3588:
3500:
3491:
3478:
3411:Greater Magaric
3405:
3332:West Himalayish
3312:
3298:
3292:
3227:Wayback Machine
3159:Wayback Machine
3142:Wayback Machine
3126:
3047:
3038:Wayback Machine
3021:Wayback Machine
2981:Thimphu, Bhutan
2970:
2965:
2959:
2929:
2868:
2867:
2851:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2738:
2731:
2714:
2707:
2694:
2657:
2573:Imaeda, Yoshiro
2530:
2528:
2524:
2509:
2489:
2478:
2457:
2450:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2415:
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2339:
2335:
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2303:
2299:
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2274:
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2186:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
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2100:
2091:
2089:
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2078:
2074:
2073:
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2060:
2058:
2053:
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2045:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2019:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
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1916:
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1900:
1892:
1884:
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1868:
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1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1721:
1701:
1681:
1661:
1641:
1621:
1609:Pronunciation (
1586:
1519:
1507:
1350:varies between
1328:varies between
1183:
1137:alveolo-palatal
1121:/t,tʰ,ts,tsʰ,s/
961:
934:
900:
863:
803:
793:
769:
755:determines the
745:
740:
724:
680:
664:Main articles:
662:
580:
523:"fortress" and
462:
461:
460:
451:Without proper
442:
438:
413:Without proper
401:
385:
371:
355:
348:
338:
337:
330:
320:
319:
312:
282:
280:
277:
270:Official status
262:
256:
251:
223:
202:
195:
147:
144:Language family
142:
135:
131:
130:Native speakers
74:
50:
46:
39:
32:Tsonga language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5196:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5158:
5157:
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5154:
5149:
5143:
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5137:
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5134:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
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5095:
5093:
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5000:
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4755:
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4735:
4730:
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4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4615:Kyirong–Kagate
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4575:Bhoti Kinnauri
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
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4459:
4454:
4449:
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4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4389:Kham (Eastern)
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4317:
4311:
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4307:
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4294:
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4279:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
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4236:
4229:
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4221:
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4218:
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4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4045:Tibeto-Kanauri
4042:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4015:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3906:
3904:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3737:Southeast Asia
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3674:Angami–Pochuri
3671:
3665:
3663:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3598:Burmese border
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3516:
3514:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3232:
3217:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3169:Dzongkha Linux
3162:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2968:External links
2966:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2934:
2927:
2911:
2890:
2881:
2855:
2849:
2825:
2792:
2790:on 2018-09-11.
2774:
2743:
2741:on 2015-09-23.
2719:
2717:on 2020-10-19.
2698:
2692:
2661:
2655:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2581:
2569:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2518:99936-663-13-6
2493:
2487:
2462:
2460:on 2017-11-10.
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2393:
2383:
2365:
2358:
2333:
2326:
2297:
2280:
2268:
2223:
2184:
2169:
2162:
2144:
2130:
2123:
2098:
2067:
2043:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Roman Dzongkha
1987:
1986:
1970:
1967:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1747:Main article:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:Roman Dzongkha
1607:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1582:
1574:Buddhist monks
1518:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1484:
1470:
1436:
1413:
1367:
1345:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1271:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1182:
1179:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
996:
989:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
971:
966:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
946:
939:
937:
932:
926:
925:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
896:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
861:
855:
854:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
818:
817:
812:
807:
797:
787:
782:
768:
765:
749:tonal language
747:Dzongkha is a
744:
741:
739:
736:
728:Roman Dzongkha
723:
720:
692:Tibetan script
670:Roman Dzongkha
666:Tibetan script
661:
660:Writing system
658:
579:
576:
534:Dzongkha is a
502:Tibetan script
447:Tibetan script
443:
436:
435:
434:
431:
430:
417:, you may see
403:
402:
399:
391:
390:
383:
377:
376:
369:
361:
360:
353:
345:
344:
335:
327:
326:
317:
309:
308:
307:Language codes
304:
303:
298:
292:
291:
278:
275:
272:
271:
267:
266:
260:Tibetan script
257:
253:Writing system
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
236:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
220:
219:
205:
203:
200:
197:
196:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
177:Dzongkha–Lhokä
162:Tibeto-Kanauri
150:
148:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
109:Native to
106:
105:
97:
96:
90:
89:
85:
84:
76:
75:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5195:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Khams Tibetan
4953:
4951:
4950:Chocangacakha
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Khams Tibetan
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:Proto-Karenic
4082:
4080:
4079:
4078:Proto-Loloish
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4039:Tibeto-Burman
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3825:Burmo-Qiangic
3822:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3719:Jingpho–Luish
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3357:Baram–Thangmi
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:90-5789-002-X
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2898:
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2887:
2882:
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2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2693:0-85883-389-1
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:0-85883-389-1
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2527:on 2010-11-17
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2467:
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2456:
2449:
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2442:
2441:
2427:
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2417:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2384:90-5789-002-X
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2359:90-5789-002-X
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2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2163:90-5789-002-X
2159:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2124:90-5789-002-X
2120:
2117:. p. 3.
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2088:on 2011-07-06
2084:
2077:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1736:isn't it so?
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
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1597:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:Chumbi Valley
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Chocha Ngacha
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1499:
1494:
1489:may approach
1485:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1461:is close-mid
1454:
1446:
1441:is close-mid
1437:
1432:
1427:and open-mid
1424:
1414:
1397:
1392:is close-mid
1385:
1380:and open-mid
1377:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1323:
1320:
1319:breathy voice
1316:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
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1263:
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1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
988:
986:
982:
979:
977:
972:
967:
965:
960:
959:
956:
954:
951:
947:
944:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
823:
819:
816:
813:
811:
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796:
791:
788:
786:
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780:
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764:
762:
758:
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735:
733:
729:
719:
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709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
654:
649:
648:
643:
642:
641:lingua franca
636:
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614:
610:
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602:
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590:
587:
586:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Chocha Ngacha
549:
545:
541:
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532:
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528:
522:
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511:
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157:Tibeto-Burman
155:
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127:
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123:Ngalop people
121:
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107:
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91:
86:
81:
72:
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5092:Unclassified
4927:
4921:
4920:
4895:Sino-Tibetan
4593:Sherpa-Jirel
4451:
4365:Amdo Tibetan
4274:
4256:
4110:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4037:
3983:
3976:
3951:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3914:
3873:
3858:Lolo-Burmese
3856:
3832:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3678:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3623:
3611:
3604:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3526:
3519:
3471:
3465:
3451:
3444:
3430:
3423:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3363:
3349:
3337:
3330:
3295:Sino-Tibetan
3238:
3214:
3168:
3145:
3058:
3024:
2938:
2918:
2895:
2885:
2862:
2834:
2815:cite journal
2806:
2788:the original
2782:
2751:
2736:the original
2727:
2712:the original
2703:
2665:
2628:
2620:
2600:(1): 13–20.
2597:
2593:
2576:
2564:
2555:
2543:
2529:. Retrieved
2522:the original
2501:
2470:
2455:the original
2446:
2437:Bibliography
2426:omniglot.com
2425:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2388:
2374:
2368:
2345:
2336:
2311:
2300:
2271:
2264:Downs (2011)
2172:
2153:
2147:
2110:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2033:
2025:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1757:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1552:of Southern
1547:
1520:
1511:monosyllabic
1508:
1505:Phonotactics
1305:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1141:
1119:
1086:
1076:
1045:
746:
725:
722:Romanization
715:
711:
707:
704:Uchen script
689:
651:
645:
639:
637:
629:North Bengal
583:
581:
533:
524:
514:
506:
479:
478:
444:
406:
381:Linguasphere
364:
180:
152:Sino-Tibetan
70:
55:
4975:East Bodish
4685:East Bodish
4565:Spiti Bhoti
4099:Proto-Hakka
4028:Mahakiranti
3534:East Bodish
3314:Uttarakhand
2906:1911/103233
2683:1885/253688
2646:1885/253672
1754:Sample text
1564:(clerical)
650:(2003) and
469:Jakar Dzong
421:instead of
212:Old Tibetan
201:Early forms
5167:Categories
5123:Indo-Aryan
5059:including
4532:Changthang
4297:Chaudangsi
4258:Zhangzhung
4162:(Kanauric)
3993:Idu–Taraon
3947:Miju–Meyor
3840:Gyalrongic
3686:Tangkhulic
3461:Raji–Raute
3045:Vocabulary
2531:2010-06-30
2092:2011-01-01
2061:2018-03-15
2035:Ethnologue
2017:References
1584:Vocabulary
1562:liturgical
1135:vary from
1133:fricatives
1034:Continuant
767:Consonants
700:consonants
4965:Sikkimese
4648:Gyalsumdo
4527:Zangskari
4447:Sikkimese
4431:Zitsadegu
4177:Kinnauric
4092:Proto-Min
4023:Macro-Bai
3901:Arunachal
3894:(possible
3709:Boro–Garo
3613:Kuki-Chin
3596:and Indo-
3511:Arunachal
3498:Himalayas
3473:Tandrange
3440:Chepangic
3371:Dhimalish
3305:Himalayas
2871:cite book
2764:cite book
1722:སྨོ་ཤིག་
1656:to teach
1599:Dzongkha
1594:Dzongkha
1527:Sikkimese
1156:nasalized
1150:is often
962:aspirated
930:Affricate
901:aspirated
800:Retroflex
773:Consonant
761:phonation
757:allophone
738:Phonology
631:, and in
625:Kalimpong
548:Sikkimese
507:The word
387:70-AAA-bf
366:Glottolog
350:ISO 639-3
332:ISO 639-2
314:ISO 639-1
119:Ethnicity
88:Bhutanese
5061:Chamling
4998:Nupbikha
4983:Bumthang
4922:Dzongkha
4802:Chantyal
4767:Tamangic
4713:Bumthang
4675:Tshangla
4668:Tshangla
4440:Southern
4421:Dongwang
4380:mDungnag
4203:Lahaulic
4184:Kinnauri
3897:isolates
3864:Mondzish
3792:Cai–Long
3540:Tshangla
3496:Eastern
3339:Tamangic
3309:Himachal
3303:Western
3297:branches
3237:– site
3223:Archived
3203:Français
3167:– site
3155:Archived
3144:– site
3138:Archived
3057:– site
3034:Archived
3023:– site
3017:Archived
2919:Dzongkha
2861:(n.d.).
2798:(1994).
2780:(1993).
2749:(1992).
2725:(1991).
2588:(2018).
2575:(1990).
2554:(1990).
2542:(1999).
2499:(2009).
2468:(2009).
2404:(1992).
2346:Dzongkha
2111:Dzongkha
2030:Dzongkha
1969:See also
1728:smo shig
1682:རྟིངམ་
1616:Meaning
1190:phonemes
985:Sibilant
795:alveolar
785:Bilabial
776:phonemes
753:syllable
510:dzongkha
480:Dzongkha
427:Help:IPA
373:nucl1307
228:Dialects
181:Dzongkha
83:Dzongkha
5099:Gongduk
5055:Kiranti
5020:Nyenkha
4940:Brokkat
4928:Ngalong
4913:Tibetic
4792:Thakali
4623:Kyirong
4570:Nyamkat
4522:Ladakhi
4506:Western
4477:Brokkat
4426:Drugchu
4375:Khalong
4324:Tibetic
4292:Dhuleli
4287:Byangsi
4282:Darmiya
4235:Central
4228:Eastern
4210:Pattani
4170:Western
4111:Italics
3972:Siangic
3953:Songlin
3932:Kho-Bwa
3910:Hrusish
3892:Dubious
3875:Loloish
3869:Burmish
3834:Qiangic
3805:Longjia
3772:Karenic
3766:Nungish
3746:Sinitic
3632:Hkongso
3594:Myanmar
3564:Gongduk
3528:Tibetic
3446:Chepang
3419:Magaric
3365:Kiranti
3345:Newaric
3215:English
3199:Русский
3124:Grammar
1743:Grammar
1688:rtingma
1662:སྤྱིན་
1642:སྟོན་
1539:Brokkat
1164:liquids
1144:/m,n,p/
815:Glottal
805:palatal
712:Jôtshum
696:letters
601:Thimphu
595:Punakha
560:Brokkat
492:) is a
484:རྫོང་ཁ་
423:Unicode
173:Tibetic
94:རྫོང་ཁ་
66:Discuss
36:Dzongka
5131:Nepali
5104:Lhokpu
5083:Tamang
5073:Lepcha
5050:Gurung
4993:Kurtöp
4945:Brokpa
4904:Bodish
4825:Kutang
4797:Manang
4787:Gurung
4782:Tamang
4723:Kurtöp
4628:Kagate
4600:Sherpa
4482:Brokpa
4467:Lunana
4457:Khamba
4416:Zhongu
4370:Gserpa
4315:Bodish
4276:Rangas
4268:Almora
4247:Rongpo
4215:Tinani
3985:Milang
3939:Puroik
3923:Mijiic
3847:Ersuic
3798:Caijia
3714:Konyak
3680:Meitei
3584:Chamdo
3521:Bodish
3507:Bhutan
3453:Bhujel
3400:Lepcha
3391:Lhokpu
3377:Dhimal
3322:Sikkim
3243:(en –
3150:(en –
3029:(en –
2955:
2925:
2847:
2843:–295.
2690:
2653:
2615:124–57
2516:
2485:
2381:
2356:
2324:
2160:
2121:
1946:bstan-
1938:tshig-
1922:cha’i-
1858:sgyew-
1855:སྒྱེཝ་
1733:'mosh
1673:pcing
1636:tiger
1570:Chöke,
1535:Brokpa
1181:Vowels
1152:elided
1125:dental
1093:, and
1079:voiced
1012:Rhotic
790:Dental
676:, and
633:Sikkim
621:Chukha
617:Dagana
556:Brokpa
544:Lunana
498:Bhutan
289:Bhutan
286:
239:Lunana
168:Bodish
113:Bhutan
62:merged
5078:Newar
5066:Limbu
5015:Dzala
5010:Dakpa
5005:Chali
4988:Kheng
4960:Lakha
4841:Kaike
4834:Kaike
4820:Ghale
4812:Ghale
4753:Basum
4746:Basum
4728:Nupbi
4718:Kheng
4708:Chali
4698:Dzala
4693:Takpa
4643:Nubri
4638:Yolmo
4605:Jirel
4580:Tukpa
4542:Balti
4537:Purgi
4497:Naapa
4492:Lakha
4472:Groma
4411:Choni
4406:Baima
4401:Tseku
4349:Mugom
4252:Sunam
4242:Bunan
4194:Sunam
3916:Hruso
3812:Luren
3786:Kathu
3760:Tujia
3648:Taman
3619:Mruic
3606:Karbi
3547:Basum
3503:Tibet
3425:Magar
3351:Newar
3318:Nepal
3259:(pdf)
3230:(pdf)
3211:Eesti
3118:(pdf)
3110:(pdf)
3102:(pdf)
3094:(pdf)
3086:(pdf)
3078:(pdf)
2803:(PDF)
2756:(PDF)
2739:(PDF)
2732:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2708:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2510:(PDF)
2479:(PDF)
2458:(PDF)
2451:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
2079:(PDF)
1943:བསྟན་
1914:spun-
1911:སྤུན་
1898:gcig-
1895:གཅིག་
1850:’bad-
1842:mtam-
1834:’dra-
1818:dbaṅ-
1794:rigs-
1791:རིགས་
1770:’Gro-
1767:འགྲོ་
1716:name
1713:meng
1702:མིང་
1696:heel
1676:glue
1668:spyin
1622:སྟག་
1604:Wylie
1554:Tibet
1543:Lakha
1495:]
1491:[
1481:]
1477:[
1467:]
1463:[
1455:]
1451:[
1447:]
1443:[
1433:]
1429:[
1425:]
1421:[
1398:]
1394:[
1386:]
1382:[
1378:]
1374:[
1364:]
1360:[
1356:]
1352:[
1342:]
1338:[
1334:]
1330:[
1211:Close
1199:Front
1187:Vowel
1115:]
1111:[
1107:]
1103:[
935:plain
864:plain
822:Nasal
810:Velar
743:Tones
716:Tshûm
578:Usage
564:Lakha
518:dzong
5140:Sign
5109:'Ole
4933:Laya
4775:TGTM
4733:ʼOle
4703:Nyen
4633:Tsum
4462:Laya
4358:Amdo
4033:Rung
3978:Koro
3852:Naic
3779:Gong
3735:and
3733:East
3691:Zeme
3660:Naga
3578:Tani
3571:ʼOle
3467:Dura
3432:Kham
3384:Toto
2953:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2877:link
2845:ISBN
2821:link
2770:link
2688:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2119:ISBN
1951:དགོ།
1935:ཚིག་
1930:dam-
1919:ཆའི་
1890:gis-
1887:གིས་
1866:las-
1847:འབད་
1839:མཏམ་
1831:འདྲ་
1826:cha-
1815:དབང་
1708:ming
1693:tîm
1653:tön
1648:ston
1628:stag
1541:and
1473:/ɛː/
1459:/oː/
1417:/øː/
1402:/eː/
1390:/eː/
1358:and
1348:/yː/
1336:and
1289:Open
1204:Back
1169:and
1131:and
1123:are
859:Stop
708:Jôyi
690:The
619:and
609:Paro
605:Gasa
585:viz.
562:and
542:and
540:Laya
243:Adap
234:Laya
3899:) (
3753:Bai
3701:Sal
3641:Pyu
3625:Mru
3554:Nam
3207:日本語
3053:or
2943:doi
2901:hdl
2841:294
2678:hdl
2670:doi
2641:hdl
2633:doi
2602:doi
2318:294
2032:at
1954:dgo
1927:དམ་
1906:lu-
1903:ལུ་
1882:ra-
1874:ga-
1863:ལས་
1810:ra-
1802:ga-
1786:mi-
1783:མི་
1778:ba-
1633:tâ
1487:/ɑ/
1479:ɛ̞ː
1439:/o/
1410:/e/
1406:/e/
1370:/e/
1326:/i/
1250:Mid
1175:/ɕ/
1171:/l/
1167:/r/
1160:/k/
1148:/ŋ/
1099:/r/
1095:/h/
1091:/ɬ/
1089:),
974:tɕʰ
969:tsʰ
527:kha
409:IPA
357:dzo
340:dzo
164:(?)
60:be
34:or
5169::
3669:Ao
3509:,
3505:,
3320:,
3316:,
3245:dz
3213:,
3209:,
3205:,
3201:,
3177:dz
3175:–
3173:en
3152:dz
3069:dz
3067:–
3065:en
3031:dz
2951:.
2873:}}
2869:{{
2817:}}
2813:{{
2805:.
2766:}}
2762:{{
2686:.
2676:.
2649:.
2639:.
2598:22
2596:.
2592:.
2424:.
2387:.
2320:.
2283:^
2226:^
2187:^
2133:^
2046:^
1879:ར་
1871:ག་
1823:ཆ་
1807:ར་
1799:ག་
1775:བ་
1762::
1613:)
1606:)
1545:.
1537:,
1533:,
1465:oː
1431:œː
1423:øː
1400:.
1396:eː
1362:ʏː
1354:yː
1308:ɑː
1295:ɛː
1281:oː
1268:øː
1262:eː
1242:uː
1229:yː
1223:iː
1113:r̝
1081:.
950:tɕ
943:ts
921:kʰ
916:ʈʰ
911:tʰ
906:pʰ
718:.
672:,
668:,
635:.
615:,
613:Ha
611:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
591:,
574:.
558:,
554:,
504:.
486:;
322:dz
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4872:t
4865:v
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3658:"
3557:?
3513:)
3501:(
3470:–
3324:)
3311:,
3307:(
3287:e
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3247:)
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3171:(
3161:)
3071:)
3063:(
3040:)
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2931:.
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2772:)
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2680::
2672::
2659:.
2643::
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2166:.
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2095:.
2064:.
1493:ɐ
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1469:.
1453:ɔ
1445:o
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1384:ɛ
1376:e
1366:.
1340:ɪ
1332:i
1321:.
1302:ɑ
1275:o
1256:e
1236:u
1217:i
1105:r
1087:h
1069:h
1062:w
1055:j
1048:l
1042:ɬ
1020:r
1000:ɕ
993:s
891:k
884:ʈ
877:t
870:p
849:ŋ
842:ɲ
835:n
828:m
802:/
792:/
482:(
459:.
449:.
429:.
68:)
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