29:
234:). Aspiration was not phonemic and many words were written indiscriminately with consonants from the aspirated or unaspirated series. Most consonants could be palatalized, and the palatal series from the Tibetan script represents palatalized coronals. The sound conventionally transcribed with the letter འ (
1591:), in Old Tibetan these three cases are clearly distinguished. Traditional Tibetan grammarians do not distinguish case markers in this manner, but rather distribute these case morphemes (excluding
2025:, Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series, vol. 3, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, pp. 3–38.
1410:"also, and". The sounds written with the palatal letters ཅ c, ཇ j, ཉ ny, ཞ zh, and ཤ sh were palatalized counterparts of the phonemic sounds ཙ ts, ཛ dz, ན n, ཟ z, and ས s.
2244:
1587:
However, whereas the locative, allative, and terminative gradually fell together in
Classical Tibetan (and are referred to the indigenous grammatical tradition as the
762:
In Old
Tibetan, syllables can be quite complex with up to three consonants in the onset, two glides, and two coda consonants. This structure can be represented as
1966:
2360:
2001:
2355:
2031:
2162:
2136:
Translations of
Tibetan texts, Tibetan language courses & publications by Erick Tsiknopoulos and the Trikāya Translation Committee.
1293:
670:
2280:
2102:
1611:
Old
Tibetan transitive verbs were inflected for up to four stems, while intransitive verbs only had one or two stems. In the
2123:
1631:
stems, a dynamic stem and stative stem. These two stems in turn correspond to the
Classical future and imperative stems.
1285:
1188:
1077:
1053:
930:
741:
705:
698:
1943:
2286:
1090:
2155:
1121:
1115:
156:
2017:
1269:
1249:
1196:
1167:
1102:
1041:
1009:
881:
507:
448:
2078:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1369:
1361:
1318:
1306:
1255:
1235:
1113:
751:
2350:
1096:
527:
238:: 'a) was a voiced velar fricative, while the voiceless rhotic and lateral are written with digraphs ཧྲ
1332:
1241:
1084:
914:
719:
353:
339:
2148:
2088:, Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, Brill, pp. 383–398
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1310:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1247:
1239:
1227:
1219:
1007:
928:
917:
889:
887:
879:
864:
739:
555:
521:
475:
1978:
2345:
1108:
608:
575:
77:
1340:
1312:
1221:
1202:
1143:
1137:
1029:
1017:
1003:
949:
respectively. Only certain consonants are permitted in some syllable slots, as summarized below:
866:
404:
390:
367:
72:
2129:
1173:
569:
67:
2066:
2272:
1348:
1261:
1182:
1161:
1155:
1070:
1047:
1035:
655:
638:
294:
280:
235:
190:
in the mid-7th century to the early 9th century. In 816 CE, during the reign of
Tibetan King
206:
Old
Tibetan is characterised by many features that are lost in Classical Tibetan, including
1229:
1131:
1023:
418:
8:
492:
433:
2314:
1905:
1324:
1149:
308:
2297:
2194:
2183:
2098:
1962:
1909:
1624:
1600:
1431:
691:
661:
629:
599:
546:
498:
466:
439:
383:
332:
326:
262:
195:
183:
88:
50:
2319:
2250:
2058:
1993:
1958:
1895:
1576:
1520:
1423:
267:
257:
83:
2301:
2255:
2199:
1546:
1438:
593:
274:
59:
2324:
2276:
2225:
1939:
187:
120:
113:
2339:
2204:
2062:
1997:
1628:
1556:
1510:
1500:
1472:
1444:
925:
149:
2230:
1883:
2236:
2209:
1884:"Old Tibetan verb morphology and semantics: An attempt at a reconstruction"
1616:
1612:
1566:
1426:
markers are affixed to entire noun phrases, not to individual words (i.e.
746:
occurred as a medial, but not as an initial. The
Written Tibetan letter ཝ
140:
2019:
New
Studies in the Old Tibetan Documents: Philology, History and Religion
194:, literary Tibetan underwent comprehensive standardization, resulting in
1627:
present and past stems respectively. Transitive verbs also may have two
2012:—— (2011), "The allative, locative, and terminative cases (
1900:
1620:
28:
2126:: transliteration of selected Old Tibetan and Classical Tibetan texts.
1064:
919:
191:
165:
133:
853:"body" would be . Final consonants are always voiceless e.g. འཛིནད་
2309:
2140:
2135:
246:. The following table is based on Hill's analysis of Old Tibetan:
230:
in
Classical Tibetan, and a reverse form of the "i" vowel letter (
750:
was originally a digraph representing two Old Tibetan consonants
819:"web", for which the pronunciations and can be reconstructed.
1736:
1725:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1484:
1456:
908:
902:
858:
848:
810:
763:
809:
optional. This allows for complicated syllables like བསྒྲིགས
186:, reflected in documents from the adoption of writing by the
39:
1779:
935:
can be considered separate phonemes, realized as glides in
2119:
2079:"Tibetan palatalization and the gy versus g.y distinction"
1815:
1767:
2097:(revised ed.), Warminster: Aris & Phillips,
1639:
Old Tibetan has three first person singular pronouns
1839:
1803:
1791:
1755:
1708:. The second person pronouns include two singulars
1430:). Old Tibetan distinguishes the same ten cases as
1916:
1731:
1720:
1709:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1640:
1384:was phonemically distinct from the onset cluster
2337:
1863:
1851:
1827:
1944:"Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology"
2156:
2163:
2149:
49:7th–11th centuries, after which it became
27:
1899:
1673:, and three first-person plural pronouns
1951:Transactions of the Philological Society
1402:, demonstrated by the minimal pair གཡང་
182:refers to the earliest attested form of
2361:Languages attested from the 7th century
2132:: includes images of many of the texts.
847:"door" would be realized as while སྐུ
822:A voicing contrast only exists in slot
2338:
2051:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale
1881:
1388:. This produces a contrast between གཡ
2144:
2092:
2076:
2029:
1976:
1938:
1922:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
757:
654:
592:
491:
432:
325:
2170:
2095:An Introduction to Classical Tibetan
2011:
1869:
1634:
2356:Languages written in Tibetan script
2124:Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
2086:Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV
2007:from the original on 1 August 2013.
1234:are in complementary distribution:
13:
1979:"Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan"
1972:from the original on 28 July 2013.
250:Consonant phonemes of Old Tibetan
14:
2372:
2113:
1375:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1002:
718:
704:
697:
669:
637:
607:
574:
568:
554:
526:
520:
506:
474:
447:
417:
403:
389:
366:
352:
338:
307:
293:
279:
1963:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x
2287:Modern Standard Tibetan grammar
1875:
2130:International Dunhuang Project
2016:) in the Old Tibetan Annals",
1931:
764:
1:
1744:
1413:
2120:Old Tibetan Documents Online
1749:
798:, with all positions except
201:
7:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1704:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1623:stem, corresponding to the
1485:
1457:
909:
903:
859:
849:
811:
10:
2377:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1641:
1599:) into the eight cases of
1441:(morphologically unmarked)
1418:
738:In Old Tibetan, the glide
2296:
2264:
2218:
2176:
1606:
273:
254:
163:
147:
131:
126:
110:
56:
45:
35:
26:
21:
2245:Joyig, Monyig and Lhoyig
2077:—— (2012b),
2063:10.1163/1960602812X00014
2030:—— (2012a),
1998:10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444
1977:—— (2010b),
1788:, pp. 113–120, 122.
16:Ancient Tibetan language
2093:Hodge, Stephen (1993),
1882:Bialek, Joanna (2020).
878:was likely realized as
901:is voiced) e.g. བསྒྲེ
1888:Himalayan Linguistics
815:"arranged" and འདྲྭ
226:which simplifies to
1824:, pp. 121–122.
1776:, pp. 117–118.
1730:-'da' and a plural
1390:⟨g.y⟩
251:
2351:Languages of Tibet
1901:10.5070/H919145017
1397:⟨gy⟩
913:. The features of
758:Syllable structure
675:⟨lh⟩
613:⟨hr⟩
249:
244:⟨lh⟩
240:⟨hr⟩
214:before the vowels
2333:
2332:
2298:Tibetic languages
2281:THL Transcription
2195:Classical Tibetan
2184:Tibetic languages
2104:978-0-85668-548-4
1986:Journal Asiatique
1635:Personal pronouns
1625:Classical Tibetan
1432:Classical Tibetan
1406:"sheep" and གྱང་
1366:⟨k⟩
1209:
1208:
1178:⟨'⟩
736:
735:
724:⟨y⟩
580:⟨'⟩
532:⟨h⟩
313:⟨ṅ⟩
196:Classical Tibetan
177:
176:
51:Classical Tibetan
2368:
2233:(Drutsa, Bêtsug)
2226:Tibetan alphabet
2171:Tibetan language
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2108:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2065:, archived from
2048:
2026:
2024:
2008:
2006:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1948:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1488:
1460:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:. Additionally,
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1006:
952:
951:
934:
923:
912:
906:
893:
885:
870:
862:
852:
814:
797:
796:
753:
745:
732:
730:
725:
722:
715:
713:
708:
701:
694:
683:
681:
676:
673:
664:
648:
646:
641:
632:
621:
619:
614:
611:
602:
588:
586:
581:
578:
572:
565:
563:
558:
549:
540:
538:
533:
530:
524:
517:
515:
510:
501:
485:
483:
478:
469:
458:
456:
451:
442:
428:
426:
421:
414:
412:
407:
400:
398:
393:
386:
377:
375:
370:
363:
361:
356:
349:
347:
342:
335:
321:
319:
314:
311:
304:
302:
297:
290:
288:
283:
252:
248:
245:
241:
184:Tibetan language
159:
143:
136:
116:
62:
31:
19:
18:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2346:Bodic languages
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2302:Tibetan plateau
2292:
2271:Transcription:
2260:
2214:
2172:
2169:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2081:
2069:
2046:
2022:
2004:
1981:
1969:
1946:
1940:Hill, Nathan W.
1934:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1637:
1615:, there was an
1609:
1421:
1416:
1396:
1389:
1380:Palatalization
1378:
1365:
1358:
1309:appears before
1303:
1238:appears before
1216:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1068:
1060:all consonants
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
997:
991:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
947:
940:
899:
876:
841:
834:
829:and spreads to
827:
803:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
760:
728:
726:
723:
711:
709:
690:
679:
677:
674:
660:
644:
642:
628:
617:
615:
612:
598:
584:
582:
579:
561:
559:
545:
536:
534:
531:
513:
511:
497:
481:
479:
465:
454:
452:
438:
424:
422:
410:
408:
396:
394:
382:
373:
371:
359:
357:
345:
343:
331:
317:
315:
312:
300:
298:
286:
284:
243:
239:
204:
155:
152:
139:
132:
117:
112:
106:
63:
60:Language family
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2277:Tibetan pinyin
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2115:
2114:External links
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2090:
2074:
2072:on 2015-09-09.
2027:
2009:
1992:(2): 549–571,
1974:
1957:(2): 110–125,
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1848:, p. 118.
1838:
1826:
1814:
1812:, p. 114.
1802:
1800:, p. 122.
1790:
1778:
1766:
1764:, p. vii.
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1636:
1633:
1608:
1605:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1470:
1442:
1428:Gruppenflexion
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1377:
1376:Palatalization
1374:
1356:
1301:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1193:
1128:
1081:
1074:
1061:
1058:
1014:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
945:
938:
915:palatalization
897:
874:
863:. The phoneme
839:
832:
825:
801:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
756:
734:
733:
716:
702:
695:
687:
686:
684:
667:
665:
658:
652:
651:
649:
635:
633:
625:
624:
622:
605:
603:
596:
590:
589:
566:
552:
550:
542:
541:
518:
504:
502:
495:
489:
488:
486:
472:
470:
462:
461:
459:
445:
443:
436:
430:
429:
415:
401:
387:
379:
378:
364:
350:
336:
329:
323:
322:
305:
291:
277:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
222:, the cluster
203:
200:
188:Tibetan Empire
175:
174:
169:
161:
160:
153:
148:
145:
144:
137:
129:
128:
127:Language codes
124:
123:
121:Tibetan script
118:
114:Writing system
111:
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
78:Tibeto-Kanauri
66:
64:
57:
54:
53:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1742:
1739:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1648:
1632:
1630:
1629:passive voice
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1373:
1359:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1314:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1251:
1243:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
993:
987:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
953:
950:
948:
941:
932:
927:
926:labialization
921:
916:
911:
905:
900:
891:
883:
877:
868:
861:
856:
851:
846:
842:
835:
828:
820:
818:
813:
808:
804:
795:
755:
749:
743:
721:
717:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
672:
668:
666:
663:
659:
657:
653:
650:
640:
636:
634:
631:
627:
626:
623:
610:
606:
604:
601:
597:
595:
591:
577:
571:
567:
557:
553:
551:
548:
544:
543:
529:
523:
519:
509:
505:
503:
500:
496:
494:
490:
487:
477:
473:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
450:
446:
444:
441:
437:
435:
431:
420:
416:
406:
402:
392:
388:
385:
381:
380:
369:
365:
355:
351:
341:
337:
334:
330:
328:
324:
310:
306:
296:
292:
282:
278:
276:
272:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
253:
247:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
170:
168:
167:
162:
158:
154:
151:
150:Linguist List
146:
142:
138:
135:
130:
125:
122:
119:
115:
109:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
73:Tibeto-Burman
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2188:
2094:
2085:
2067:the original
2054:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2018:
2013:
1989:
1985:
1954:
1950:
1918:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1646:
1638:
1617:imperfective
1613:active voice
1610:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1448:
1427:
1422:
1407:
1403:
1379:
1354:
1299:
1212:
1210:
943:
936:
895:
872:
854:
844:
837:
830:
823:
821:
816:
806:
799:
765:
761:
747:
737:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:rather than
207:
205:
179:
178:
171:
164:
93:
68:Sino-Tibetan
2189:Old Tibetan
2057:(1): 3–38,
1932:Works cited
1722:ཁྱོ(ན)་འདའ་
1619:stem and a
1589:la don bdun
1577:comparative
1521:terminative
1364:is written
857:and གཟུགས་
656:Approximant
180:Old Tibetan
94:Old Tibetan
22:Old Tibetan
2340:Categories
2243:Regional (
1923:Hill 2010b
1858:Hill 2012a
1846:Hill 2010a
1834:Hill 2012b
1822:Hill 2010a
1810:Hill 2010a
1798:Hill 2010a
1786:Hill 2010a
1774:Hill 2010a
1762:Hodge 1993
1745:References
1621:perfective
1547:comitative
1439:absolutive
1414:Morphology
1218:position,
907:and བརྩིས
2315:Sikkimese
2285:Grammar (
2032:"Tibetan
1942:(2010a),
1910:225424677
1870:Hill 2011
1750:Citations
1483:, ཀྱིས་ -
1479:, གྱིས་ -
1451:, གྱི་ -
662:voiceless
600:voiceless
499:voiceless
493:Fricative
440:voiceless
434:Affricate
333:voiceless
202:Phonology
192:Sadnalegs
166:Glottolog
134:ISO 639-3
2310:Dzongkha
2300:outside
2251:Numerals
2177:Language
2002:archived
1967:archived
1700:འོ་སྐོལ་
1694:bdag-cag
1601:Sanskrit
1557:ablative
1511:allative
1501:locative
1493:, ཡིས་ -
1473:agentive
1455:, ཀྱི་ -
1445:genitive
1305:, while
731:⟩
727:⟨
714:⟩
710:⟨
682:⟩
678:⟨
647:⟩
643:⟨
620:⟩
616:⟨
587:⟩
583:⟨
564:⟩
560:⟨
539:⟩
535:⟨
516:⟩
512:⟨
484:⟩
480:⟨
457:⟩
453:⟨
427:⟩
423:⟨
413:⟩
409:⟨
399:⟩
395:⟨
376:⟩
372:⟨
362:⟩
358:⟨
348:⟩
344:⟨
320:⟩
316:⟨
303:⟩
299:⟨
289:⟩
285:⟨
2320:Ladakhi
2256:Braille
2219:Scripts
2200:U-tsang
1727:khyo(n)
1705:'o-skol
1567:elative
1535:, དུ་ -
1531:, ཏུ་ -
1527:, སུ་ -
1475:(གིས་ -
1465:, ཡི་ -
1419:Nominal
1395:and གྱ
1368:before
843:so སྒོ
812:bsgrigs
327:Plosive
263:Coronal
242:and ལྷ
89:Tibetic
2265:Others
2193:
2101:
2040:, and
2014:la-don
1908:
1697:, and
1688:བདག་ཅག
1670:kho-bo
1661:, and
1607:Verbal
1579:(བས་ -
1569:(ལས་ -
1559:(ནས་ -
1549:(དང་ -
1539:, ར་ -
1523:(རུ་ -
1489:, ས་ -
1461:, འི་
1447:(གི་ -
1345:, and
1290:, and
910:brtsis
855:'dzind
692:voiced
630:voiced
547:voiced
467:voiced
384:voiced
268:Dorsal
258:Labial
84:Bodish
36:Region
2325:Balti
2273:Wylie
2237:Uchen
2205:Khams
2082:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
2023:(PDF)
2005:(PDF)
1982:(PDF)
1970:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1906:S2CID
1894:(1).
1738:khyed
1733:ཁྱེད་
1716:khyod
1711:ཁྱོད་
1664:ཁོ་བོ
1593:-dang
1513:(ལ་ -
1503:(ན་ -
1404:g.yaṅ
1012:]
1008:[
904:bsgre
894:when
892:]
888:[
884:]
880:[
860:gzugs
817:'drwa
594:Trill
275:Nasal
236:Wylie
232:gi-gu
40:Tibet
2210:Amdo
2099:ISBN
2042:-bas
2038:-nas
2034:-las
1719:and
1682:nged
1658:bdag
1597:-bas
1595:and
1551:dang
1486:gyis
1481:kyis
1424:Case
1408:gyaṅ
1400:/ɡʲ/
1393:/ɡj/
1386:/Cj/
1382:/Cʲ/
1370:/l̥/
1226:and
942:and
924:and
886:(or
836:and
805:and
786:)V(C
224:sts-
218:and
172:None
2231:Umê
2059:doi
1994:doi
1990:298
1959:doi
1955:108
1896:doi
1676:ངེད
1652:བདག
1581:bas
1571:las
1561:nas
1495:yis
1477:gis
1463:-'i
1458:gyi
1453:kyi
1362:/ɡ/
1353:in
1319:/ɡ/
1307:/d/
1298:in
1256:/d/
1236:/ɡ/
1211:In
1126:(?)
871:in
850:sku
845:sgo
220:-e-
216:-i-
208:my-
157:otb
141:otb
46:Era
2342::
2279:,
2275:,
2122:,
2084:,
2055:41
2053:,
2049:,
2036:,
2000:,
1988:,
1984:,
1965:,
1953:,
1949:,
1904:.
1892:19
1890:.
1886:.
1741:.
1691:་
1685:,
1679:་
1667:་
1655:་
1649:,
1647:ṅa
1645:་
1603:.
1541:ra
1537:du
1533:tu
1529:su
1525:ru
1515:la
1505:na
1491:sa
1467:yi
1449:gi
1434::
1372:.
1337:,
1329:,
1321:,
1317:,
1294:l̥
1282:,
1274:,
1266:,
1258:,
1254:,
1250:ts
1246:,
1065:i̯
985:V
920:i̯
778:(G
774:)C
766:(C
754:.
752:ɦw
680:ལྷ
671:l̥
618:ཧྲ
609:r̥
573:~
525:~
476:dz
449:ts
228:s-
212:m-
198:.
2289:)
2247:)
2164:e
2157:t
2150:v
2107:.
2061::
2044:"
1996::
1961::
1925:.
1912:.
1898::
1872:.
1860:.
1836:.
1642:ང
1583:)
1573:)
1563:)
1553:)
1543:)
1517:)
1507:)
1497:)
1469:)
1357:3
1355:C
1351:/
1349:m
1347:/
1343:/
1341:b
1339:/
1335:/
1333:p
1331:/
1327:/
1325:ŋ
1323:/
1315:/
1313:k
1311:/
1302:3
1300:C
1296:/
1292:/
1288:/
1286:l
1284:/
1280:/
1278:z
1276:/
1272:/
1270:s
1268:/
1264:/
1262:n
1260:/
1252:/
1248:/
1244:/
1242:t
1240:/
1232:/
1230:ɡ
1228:/
1224:/
1222:d
1220:/
1215:2
1213:C
1203:d
1197:s
1189:l
1183:r
1174:ɣ
1168:s
1162:m
1156:n
1150:ŋ
1144:b
1138:d
1132:ɡ
1122:ø
1119:~
1116:ɨ
1109:u
1103:o
1097:i
1091:e
1085:a
1078:w
1071:r
1054:l
1048:r
1042:s
1036:m
1030:b
1024:ɡ
1018:d
1010:ɸ
1004:b
996:5
994:C
990:4
988:C
981:2
979:G
975:1
973:G
969:3
967:C
963:2
961:C
957:1
955:C
946:2
944:G
939:1
937:G
933:/
931:w
929:/
922:/
918:/
898:3
896:C
890:β
882:ɸ
875:1
873:C
869:/
867:b
865:/
840:2
838:C
833:1
831:C
826:3
824:C
807:V
802:3
800:C
794:)
792:5
790:C
788:4
784:2
782:G
780:1
776:3
772:2
770:C
768:1
748:w
744:/
742:w
740:/
729:ཡ
720:j
712:ལ
706:l
699:w
645:ར
639:r
585:འ
576:ɦ
570:ɣ
562:ཟ
556:z
537:ཧ
528:h
522:x
514:ས
508:s
482:ཛ
455:ཙ
425:ག
419:ɡ
411:ད
405:d
397:བ
391:b
374:ཀ
368:k
360:ཏ
354:t
346:པ
340:p
318:ང
309:ŋ
301:ན
295:n
287:མ
281:m
80:?
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
