1873:
5330:
1469:
stable enough for a taller building. He is also said to be responsible for a series of pyramids built in Seila. He commissioned a total of three pyramids, but there are records that point to a fourth. Although he did not construct any of the pyramids at Giza, he is known as the king who moved the most stone and brick. A lot of
Sneferu's political expeditions were to other countries to secure two things: a substantial labor force and access to a large store of materials. He traveled to Nubia and Libya for these things. His incursions in these areas allowed Sneferu to secure a large labor force, so large, in fact, that it caused huge devastation to the raided countries. He also needed cattle and other food sources to provide to the people building his pyramids. By the end of his military efforts, he managed to capture 11,000 prisoners and 13,100 head of cattle.
4767:
3907:
2539:
1499:, where he was buried. His mortuary temple was built on the northern end of the pyramid, which is no longer accessible due to ravages by grave robbers. Only three-dimensional reliefs have been recovered and have lasted into modern day, including many limestone busts and clay figurines. Khufu's activities in and out of Egypt are not well documented (except his architecture work) and was highly romanticized by the Ancient Greeks. These Greeks felt that Khufu was a wicked man who offended the deities and forced his subjects into slavery. Khufu, as the son of Sneferu, was believed to be illegitimate and therefore unworthy of the throne. Even if he was Sneferu's true son, he did very little to expand the country of
3502:
6994:
3211:
6624:
47:
1557:
5160:
1200:
1164:
3174:
2599:
3753:
7346:
5387:
1626:
1411:
1885:
covered in stucco plaster, the features of the body (including the face) were remodeled in the plaster; 2) Linen: the body would be wrapped in linen, which was sometimes treated with natron (a mixture of multiple sodium carbonates) and the linens would be treated with resin so that the features of the body could be modeled; and 3) Defleshing: removing all flesh and wrapping the bones in linens. Generally, organs were removed which were then put into jars that would accompany the body in the tomb, and the inside of the body flushed out.
4081:
2949:
7336:
2574:
4352:
3159:
1519:
6208:
6099:
2782:
1123:
1321:
4421:
1351:
5415:
1777:
1594:'s brother. It is widely suggested that he is the son of a lesser queen who murdered the rightful heir to the throne and Djedefre's half brother, the crown prince Kawab. Djedefre chose to build his pyramid several kilometers north of Giza, creating speculation that there was a family feud that caused Djedefre to want to be far away from Khufu's tomb. A more favorable conclusion was that Djedefre chose to be buried closer to
6441:
1478:
3433:
4529:
3346:
3169:
4524:
4076:
3748:
3341:
3154:
4641:
3603:
2586:
1236:
1291:
1602:, in the form of a sphinx. She was a daughter of Khufu and had been the wife of Kawab. It is sometimes suggested that this was the first true sphinx, although there is debate about the sphinx at Giza that was credited to Khafre. She became the longest living royal member of the dynasty, living into the reign of Shepseskaf.
2107:
2061:
1847:
During the era when centralization of the nation's material, organic, and human resources began to develop, a relationship of the king to the deities became unchallenged and kings began carving their names into statues and monuments that previously had been reserved for deities. This speaks to a type
1468:
is widely considered the first true pyramid and earned its name from the reddish tint in the limestone used. The Red
Pyramid was considered the first pyramid, approximately 150 years after the structures built by King Djoser. The Red Pyramid was the first to be given a solid foundation so that it was
1654:
and is known as Netjer-er-Menkaure, which translates into "Menkaure is Divine". There was a sarcophagus found within the pyramid, that is approximately eight feet in length and three feet in height, made of basalt. Like many of the previous pyramids, Menkaure's was not inscribed, the interior having
1666:
is generally accepted as the last king of the Fourth
Dynasty, succeeding Menkaure. There is no conclusive evidence of who his mother is, though it is believed that he was the son of a minor queen. Who his wife was also is unknown. Shepseskaf broke the chain of pyramid building by the previous five
1456:
On the whole, Egypt was ruled by two centers of power—legal authority and traditional authority. Legal authority constituted governing by the king, not over the people directly, but via viziers and nomarchs. Traditional authority was derived from the concept that the deities gave a king the divine
1884:
saw a rise in the preservation of the deceased, making the preparation of bodies much more complex. The position of embalmer was created, and their jobs were solely to prepare a corpse in private. There were three ways to mummify a body: 1) Stucco: the body would be wrapped in fine linen and then
1452:
Until his reign, Egyptian kings were thought to be worldly incarnations of Horus, obtaining total deification exclusively in death. Sneferu was the first king to proclaim that he was the embodiment of Ra, another sun deity. Khufu would pursue his father's path, taking the name Son of the Sun God.
1503:
and failed to follow his father's footsteps. There are only a few records that stated he was involved in any political activities. The best guess historians can make is that there is evidence of construction of a harbor on the coast of the Red Sea that was excavated by
1863:
represented a change in this idea, formulated the notion that the afterlife was a familiar place, taking the semblance of Earth. Religious rituals were notoriously conservative, from what historians know, and there is much to be desired from current known records.
1621:
that is said to bear his features. There is still debate on whether his Sphinx was erected before
Djedefre's. Khafre's sphinx was well-known and closer to his subjects, making it harder to determine which was built first due to biased record keeping.
1808:. The "Age of the Pyramids" was not just about the building of large and easily recognizable structures, but also a change in funerary practices and rituals. This includes the burying of elites in large structures and the use of extensive
1518:
2108:"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50"
2062:"The Egyptian Pyramids. A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. By J.P. Lepre. 233 × 156mm. Pp. xviii + 341, many ills. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-89950-461-2. £37·50"
5329:
1872:
1900:, later generations of tombs were more reasonably sized. After the Middle Kingdom, royals abandoned pyramids; they preferred graves that were carved into living rock of the Upper Egyptian mountains.
1434:, lauded as "Bringer of Beauty", "Master of All Justice", and "Ruler of Lower and Upper Nile", was the first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty. He descended from a family in Middle Egypt that lived near
1495:—was a widely known king. He is still known very well in present-day media, being featured in movies, novels, and television shows. His fame stems from his pyramid on the northeastern plateau at
7550:
1855:
This fact, however, caused controversy. It was pitting Khafre's allegiance to Horus against the growing Cult of Ra, not far away in
Helipolis. Kings no longer associated pyramids with the
7545:
1743:
tomb, with another off-center mastaba placed above it. The second mastaba could not be centered over her primary mastaba because of the free, unsupported, space in the rooms below.
1888:
Tombs in the Fourth
Dynasty changed drastically. "Unimpressive" graves did not satisfy the elites, meaning they would settle for smaller structures if the interior was decorated.
1071:
in the south. It was a successful period and this era is known for its advancement and concentrated government, as seen in the organized building of pyramids and other monuments.
46:
1617:, after his short reign. He chose to build his pyramid close to his father, matching it in style and being almost as large. At the front of the pyramid causeway lies the
193:
168:
2415:
1859:. The afterlife was once believed to be a divine kingdom that was represented as a type of idealistic heaven where only kings and pure hearts could go. Instead, the
1684:
The identification of Baka is unresolved. Several ancient lists of kings have survived. They do not agree, however, and none of them may be considered complete. The
985:
1449:
Egypt in the Third
Millennium BC was, by all accounts, a land of peace and plenty. Elites commonly ate fattened ducks and geese, and they wore fine white linens.
1700:, where the author had listed a king who reigned between these two pharaohs. The name of the king and length of the reign are completely lost in the lacuna. The
1923:
3862:
7570:
1457:
right to rule as he pleased. At its heart, the Fourth
Dynasty Egyptian government became organized so that only the king could direct traditional authority.
1464:
was
Sneferu's first attempt at building a perfect structure, but it slopes and eventually bends to a lower angle, giving the structure a squished look. His
1059:
The Fourth
Dynasty was the second of four dynasties that made up the "Old Kingdom". King Sneferu, the first king of the Fourth Dynasty, held territory from
1438:, and most likely ascended to the throne by marrying a royal heiress. There is still debate as to who his father was, with the credit often being given to
7565:
3991:
3867:
1032:-building age. The relative peace of the Third Dynasty allowed the Dynasty IV rulers the leisure to explore more artistic and cultural pursuits. King
1586:
is credited by historians with a reign of eight years. Not much is known of Djedefre, including his inconclusive lineage. It is possible that he is
4284:
1768:
Her tomb was finished in a characteristic niche style of architecture, however, the niches were later filled in with a smooth casing of limestone.
6623:
3906:
3722:
1299:
4662:
4383:
4294:
3983:
3698:
3640:
3636:
2408:
978:
3940:
3936:
3644:
1821:
7349:
4387:
4194:
3765:
3728:
3694:
3269:
3265:
2598:
1765:. This depiction and the title given have led some Egyptologists to suggest that she reigned as king near the end of the fourth dynasty.
1044:. No other period in Egypt's history equaled Dynasty IV's architectural accomplishments. Each of the rulers of this dynasty (except for
6993:
3552:
3396:
3261:
3257:
2538:
1824:
grew in size, going back to the fact that Djedefre's tomb was built closer to the center of worship in what the Ancient Greeks called
4280:
4276:
4190:
3987:
2744:
1896:. The Fourth Dynasty, however, did not have these writings. Instead, the tomb was deeper and super-structures were larger. After the
1852:
on part of the kings. Khafre's famous statue, where a falcon was incorporated into his headgear, equated the king to the god Horus.
4391:
3648:
2401:
971:
3794:
3548:
3528:
1671:("Pharaoh's Bench"). In like fashion, however, little script was found inside his tomb and he was buried in very simple terms.
3501:
3210:
7503:
7456:
7426:
2253:
2012:
1968:
1025:
to 2494 BC. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is documented.
1704:
also notes a king between Khafre and Menkaure, but here too, the name is lost. Some authorities have equated this king with
2269:
Roth, Ann Macy (1993). "Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: The Spatial Organization of Pyramids, Tombs, and Cemeteries".
1761:
Furthermore, her depiction on this doorway also gives her the full trappings of kingship, including the false beard of the
7560:
7555:
5750:
3245:
3097:
2954:
1932:
1892:
writings were important to elites because, one, it was a lavish display of wealth and, two, it guided their souls to the
1074:
Knowledge of the Old Kingdom comes mainly from these structures and objects discovered in the desert cemeteries of Giza.
505:
6420:
4099:
2368:
647:
365:
1820:
The Fourth Dynasty is where we truly see a shift in religious practices where worship of the Sun was commonplace. The
2198:
2164:
4766:
7540:
1491:, known to the Greek as Cheops, and Sneferu's successor—though it is unclear whether he was the biological son of
6414:
2304:
757:
6487:
6034:
5958:
959:
773:
695:
669:
212:
7339:
7319:
6601:
6508:
6493:
6331:
6201:
6002:
5701:
5386:
2770:
1914:
1800:
and tombs, which led him to the planning of the largest pyramid at Egypt. His first pyramids were called the
1525:
859:
813:
786:
743:
712:
708:
682:
656:
239:
1915:
7140:
6949:
6925:
6325:
5305:
734:
570:
6562:
5601:
5400:
4947:
4941:
3188:
2544:
1667:
kings. Instead of a triangular pyramid, he chose to construct a rectangular block, commonly known as the
1509:
613:
600:
514:
484:
7189:
7045:
6808:
6499:
6309:
5655:
5317:
5285:
5279:
3486:
1825:
1646:'s reign is uncertain, being projected for more than 63 years but it can certainly be an exaggeration.
1595:
799:
626:
545:
527:
216:
17:
2180:, (= Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens, Bd. 18), Leipzig/ Berlin 1956, page 52
1919:
1917:
1916:
7326:
6934:
6820:
6802:
6652:
6314:
6178:
5879:
5694:
4591:
1482:
458:
427:
91:
2046:
1991:
Egypt: Land and Lives of the Pharaohs Revealed, (2005), pp. 80–90, Global Book Publishing: Australia
1556:
7312:
6957:
6954:
6877:
6847:
6790:
6776:
6182:
5166:
4904:
4321:
4105:
2948:
2341:
1746:
On a granite doorway leading into her tomb, Khentkaus I is given titles that may be read either as
471:
374:
5159:
1921:
6972:
6900:
6874:
6850:
6844:
6829:
6741:
6677:
6642:
6586:
6535:
6108:
4585:
4366:
4111:
2877:
1952:
1668:
1199:
448:
387:
275:
1918:
7135:
7125:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6865:
6856:
6799:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6755:
6683:
6680:
6671:
6571:
6550:
6164:
5938:
5870:
5780:
5524:
5518:
4999:
4454:
4313:
3878:
3659:
3199:
3173:
3133:
2776:
2549:
2385:
2361:
1505:
1359:
413:
400:
344:
331:
305:
259:
186:
173:
7446:
3752:
2781:
7495:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
7416:
7379:
7301:
7178:
6838:
6814:
6770:
6758:
6752:
6749:
6704:
6698:
6674:
6639:
6595:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6565:
6559:
6547:
6541:
6360:
6270:
6267:
6258:
5821:
3898:
2243:
2033:
1920:
1568:, she was one of the longest lived members of the fourth dynasty royal family, a daughter of
1544:
1172:
1163:
7493:
7345:
3158:
2002:
6746:
6695:
6604:
6598:
6568:
6170:
6123:
6111:
5935:
5876:
5500:
5394:
5217:
4744:
3892:
3413:
2830:
1897:
1689:
1651:
1540:
1528:
1015:
591:
296:
6207:
1625:
8:
7251:
7106:
6811:
6761:
6686:
6636:
6589:
6574:
6553:
6252:
6238:
6126:
6059:
5882:
5773:
5715:
5479:
5152:
4992:
4711:
4516:
4333:
4146:
3462:
2673:
2153:
Giza in der 4. Dynastie. Die Baugeschichte und Belegung einer Nekropole des Alten Reiches
1960:
1532:
1329:
1208:
7477:
7291:
7168:
6729:
6668:
6662:
6190:
6154:
6067:
6048:
5944:
5941:
5894:
5860:
5857:
5812:
5503:
5488:
5473:
5149:
5146:
5137:
4896:
4071:
3799:
3072:
2925:
2842:
2645:
2286:
2127:
2081:
1422:. It is Egypt's first successful attempt at constructing a "true" smooth-sided pyramid.
837:
5947:
7499:
7452:
7422:
6715:
6689:
6665:
6647:
6447:
6368:
6276:
6145:
6117:
5932:
5900:
5891:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5815:
5803:
5718:
5639:
5491:
5485:
5452:
5446:
5017:
4890:
4754:
4576:
4302:
3901:
3895:
3703:
3671:
3216:
2425:
2249:
2194:
2160:
2131:
2085:
2008:
1964:
1876:
Relief of Nofer and his Wife, detail. From Giza, tomb G2110, Dynasty 4, 2575–2465 BC.
1792:
was the time when most of the well-known pyramids were built, which include those at
1650:
succeeded his father, King Khafre. His pyramid is the third and smallest of those at
1536:
1410:
1244:
953:
924:
248:
101:
81:
4879:
1832:
that had been occupied since the predynastic times, whose ancient Egyptian name was
7375:
7287:
7233:
7164:
7151:
7130:
7095:
6944:
6732:
6701:
6556:
6532:
6300:
6297:
6291:
6246:
6139:
6120:
6114:
6070:
6053:
5897:
5888:
5885:
5809:
5806:
5644:
5529:
5116:
4206:
4140:
4128:
3821:
3368:
2658:
2278:
2119:
2073:
1630:
1334:
2393:
2323:
7296:
7282:
7257:
7210:
7173:
7159:
6983:
6832:
6785:
6692:
6657:
6529:
6524:
6452:
6426:
6282:
6157:
6151:
6136:
6129:
6083:
6073:
5906:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5788:
5736:
5572:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5455:
5434:
5353:
5257:
5254:
5228:
5143:
5122:
5110:
5077:
5071:
5041:
4963:
4773:
4125:
4080:
4034:
4028:
4018:
3808:
2908:
2886:
2653:
1974:
1685:
1253:
1064:
914:
7335:
2573:
1736:
and her tomb was built along the Menkaure causeway. She may have ruled as king.
1598:, the center of the cult of Ra. His pyramid also features a statue of his wife,
1040:-styled step pyramids to the smooth sided “true” pyramids, such as those on the
7194:
6738:
6631:
6520:
6473:
6434:
6377:
6279:
6215:
6133:
6092:
6086:
6076:
6064:
5848:
5836:
5824:
5744:
5633:
5587:
5497:
5467:
5431:
5295:
5140:
5119:
5113:
5104:
5056:
5026:
5008:
4983:
4971:
4883:
4740:
4611:
4462:
4324:
4318:
4221:
4213:
4149:
4122:
4086:
3919:
3686:
3683:
3584:
2992:
2757:
2663:
2640:
2532:
1860:
1797:
1789:
1701:
846:
558:
71:
2123:
2077:
1756:
king of upper and lower Egypt and mother of two kings of upper and lower Egypt
7534:
7489:
7412:
7397:
7269:
7201:
7081:
6726:
6723:
6476:
6470:
6430:
6386:
6294:
6255:
6089:
6028:
5929:
5926:
5854:
5839:
5800:
5797:
5740:
5679:
5561:
5267:
5260:
5237:
5131:
5125:
5089:
5011:
4967:
4924:
4716:
4614:
4608:
4566:
4465:
4268:
4230:
4003:
3889:
3803:
3613:
3564:
3319:
3303:
2996:
2922:
2883:
2857:
2851:
2812:
2753:
2724:
2449:
1809:
1752:
mother of the king of upper and lower Egypt and king of upper and lower Egypt
1599:
1561:
1276:
1249:
1213:
1060:
1003:
890:
229:
220:
4351:
1728:
Perhaps the most intriguing evidence of the fourth dynasty is the status of
7442:
7239:
7117:
7051:
6969:
6960:
6891:
6817:
6720:
6464:
6365:
6288:
6142:
6098:
5978:
5903:
5863:
5794:
5791:
5785:
5724:
5676:
5664:
5578:
5555:
5548:
5464:
5458:
5428:
5240:
5212:
5194:
5185:
5134:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4820:
4790:
4596:
4508:
4405:
4342:
4290:
4119:
3844:
3779:
3769:
3680:
3631:
3516:
3496:
3492:
3277:
3141:
3001:
2981:
2934:
2893:
2680:
2635:
2484:
2469:
1978:
1801:
1780:
A replication of an Old Kingdom mummy, as reconstructed by Emory University
1618:
1461:
1257:
1145:
1135:
1041:
55:
1442:, but this cannot be confirmed due to the break in dynasties. His mother,
1122:
7254:
7245:
7100:
7054:
7039:
7030:
7024:
6966:
6868:
6826:
6796:
6793:
6735:
6592:
6544:
6455:
6374:
6371:
6354:
6264:
6079:
6022:
6019:
6016:
5991:
5981:
5969:
5818:
5759:
5712:
5688:
5682:
5673:
5667:
5612:
5575:
5558:
5542:
5476:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5408:
5375:
5372:
5234:
5209:
5206:
5200:
5107:
5068:
5065:
5053:
5038:
5035:
5023:
4930:
4918:
4909:
4858:
4852:
4802:
4799:
4787:
4784:
4720:
4697:
4680:
4666:
4657:
4427:
4356:
4346:
4198:
4183:
4177:
4161:
4158:
4061:
4040:
3950:
3913:
3836:
3677:
3467:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3350:
3336:
3299:
3149:
3058:
2973:
2943:
2929:
2698:
2684:
2629:
2564:
2494:
2464:
1881:
1849:
1805:
1729:
1465:
1443:
1415:
1396:
1368:
1177:
1131:
880:
4420:
2290:
1320:
7263:
7260:
7242:
7219:
7204:
7198:
7078:
7075:
7033:
7021:
7015:
7000:
6871:
6862:
6859:
6853:
6835:
6805:
6613:
6538:
6479:
6345:
6285:
6148:
6042:
6013:
6010:
6007:
5995:
5987:
5975:
5963:
5709:
5685:
5670:
5606:
5568:
5545:
5539:
5443:
5182:
5014:
4912:
4871:
4861:
4855:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4778:
4748:
4694:
4691:
4504:
4483:
4459:
4435:
4264:
4155:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4053:
3944:
3830:
3785:
3773:
3617:
3455:
3451:
3400:
3221:
3129:
3055:
3051:
2795:
2668:
2618:
2612:
1889:
1776:
1663:
1577:
1435:
1341:
1093:
1045:
1011:
111:
5414:
2159:, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2005,
1350:
7272:
7215:
7072:
7042:
7036:
7027:
7012:
7006:
6988:
6963:
6841:
6823:
6610:
6607:
6467:
6394:
6380:
6351:
6339:
6261:
6232:
5972:
5966:
5731:
5661:
5618:
5615:
5564:
5347:
5264:
5250:
5247:
5203:
5197:
5179:
5101:
5092:
5062:
5059:
5050:
5032:
5029:
4867:
4864:
4728:
4724:
4700:
4648:
4635:
4605:
4500:
4496:
4374:
4234:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3931:
3848:
3825:
3789:
3674:
3597:
3520:
3512:
3479:
3376:
3360:
3332:
3295:
3164:
3122:
2939:
2818:
2704:
2282:
2004:
The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles
1893:
1856:
1377:
1217:
2342:"BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Mummies Around the World"
2212:
7222:
7048:
7009:
7003:
6880:
6461:
6458:
6403:
6400:
6342:
6273:
6223:
6186:
6039:
5581:
5440:
5422:
5405:
5343:
5270:
5244:
5191:
5173:
5083:
4958:
4849:
4840:
4828:
4796:
4760:
4736:
4686:
4654:
4630:
4602:
4572:
4560:
4553:
4539:
4533:
4468:
4378:
4360:
4272:
4250:
4246:
4131:
4057:
3886:
3840:
3817:
3812:
3743:
3738:
3707:
3524:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3315:
3236:
3081:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2889:
2825:
2808:
2579:
2526:
1733:
1705:
1697:
1647:
1643:
1614:
1583:
1573:
1309:
1269:
1261:
1188:
1181:
1053:
7451:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
6440:
7275:
7103:
7084:
7069:
7063:
7057:
6391:
6336:
6229:
6226:
6174:
6025:
5767:
5706:
5627:
5621:
5362:
5356:
5128:
5098:
4953:
4843:
4808:
4599:
4542:
4443:
4412:
4116:
3665:
3608:
3537:
3432:
3424:
3289:
3224:
3031:
3028:
3013:
3009:
2821:
2815:
2799:
2677:
2378:
2374:
1762:
1740:
1709:
1492:
1477:
1431:
1419:
1364:
1113:
1037:
1033:
1029:
59:
51:
4528:
7066:
7060:
7018:
6929:
6397:
6348:
5923:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
5721:
5624:
5609:
5593:
5338:
5323:
5188:
5095:
5086:
5020:
4977:
4846:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4732:
4704:
4645:
4536:
4431:
4258:
4137:
4049:
4037:
3668:
3625:
3590:
3571:
3543:
3440:
3372:
3310:
3253:
3205:
3114:
3085:
3041:
3038:
2988:
2918:
2836:
2789:
2739:
2714:
2709:
2688:
2505:
2479:
2454:
1867:
1693:
1610:
1565:
1280:
1224:
1140:
531:
7551:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC
4523:
4075:
3747:
3345:
3340:
3168:
3153:
1913:
7266:
7248:
5763:
5369:
5350:
4416:
4327:
4298:
4225:
3957:
3621:
3508:
3427:
3355:
3232:
3228:
3110:
3048:
3044:
3005:
2792:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2692:
2474:
2245:
Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice
2242:
Baines, John; Lesko, Leonard H.; Silverman, David P. (1991).
1829:
1591:
1587:
1569:
1500:
1488:
1152:
1068:
4640:
3602:
1796:. King Sneferu was the first king to express an interest in
1048:, the last) commissioned at least one pyramid to serve as a
7546:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
6220:
5984:
5911:
5755:
5511:
4622:
4477:
4399:
4240:
4168:
3997:
3883:
3714:
3689:
3577:
3558:
3327:
3285:
3240:
3180:
3118:
3065:
3034:
2963:
2863:
2805:
2802:
2749:
2593:
2585:
2555:
2515:
2499:
2489:
2459:
1793:
1496:
1439:
1049:
2178:
Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten
4217:
2324:"Natron, Ancient Egyptian Chemical Salt and Preservative"
1235:
7386:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
1290:
3854:
2510:
2213:"The Old Kingdom Representations of Funeral Procession"
2193:, The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004,
7365:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
1036:'s building experiments led to the evolution from the
4886:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
3954:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
2241:
2423:
1732:, also known as Khentykawes. She was a daughter of
1712:'s list, who could correspond to the Egyptian name
3757:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2157:Die Mastabas der Kernfriedhöfe und die Felsgräber
7532:
2271:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1613:, son of Khufu, succeeded his supposed brother,
1985:
1642:Like many kings in this dynasty, the length of
1446:was either a lesser wife or concubine of Huni.
1300:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet El Aryan
1028:The Fourth Dynasty heralded the height of the
62:, an early experiment in true pyramid building
2409:
979:
7571:3rd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt
7400:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
7374:
4878:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
3471:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2191:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
1868:Changing customs drove architectural changes
1748:mother of two kings of upper and lower Egypt
1674:
7410:
6627:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
2416:
2402:
986:
972:
45:
7566:3rd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt
7327:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
3923:"King of the four quarters of the world"
2210:
7498:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
2248:. Cornell University Press. p. 97.
1871:
1828:. It was a delta city near contemporary
1775:
1624:
1555:
1476:
1409:
7343:
2105:
2059:
14:
7533:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7208:
6438:
6236:
4016:
4007:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
3911:
2835:
1771:
954:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
7488:
7333:
7300:
7295:
7286:
7238:
7177:
7172:
7163:
7158:
7149:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7115:
6981:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6933:
6924:
6914:
6909:
6898:
6889:
6783:
6518:
6425:
6323:
6313:
6199:
6047:
5956:
5778:
5771:
5729:
5653:
5631:
5599:
5585:
5554:
5538:
5412:
5384:
5360:
5315:
5276:
5221:
5157:
4990:
4975:
4952:
4939:
4902:
4752:
4709:
4583:
4559:
4551:
4514:
4452:
4441:
4411:
4395:
4364:
4331:
4311:
4289:
4256:
4165:
4097:
4085:
4044:
3956:
3948:
3876:
3657:
3411:
3404:
3366:
3293:
3275:
3244:
3197:
3163:
3148:
3140:
3127:
3108:
3096:
3079:
3063:
3026:
2979:
2953:
2875:
2840:
2768:
2592:
2561:
2554:
2543:
2524:
2397:
2027:
27:Old Kingdom dynasty (c. 2613–2494 BC)
7441:
2321:
2268:
2000:
1951:
1815:
1564:, possibly the first depiction of a
7465:
2028:Tyldesley, Joyce. "Who was Khufu?".
1959:. Oxford University Press. p.
1957:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1933:Egyptian Fourth Dynasty Family Tree
24:
7421:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
7340:Chronology of the Neolithic period
6992:
6622:
6439:
6421:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
6206:
6097:
5413:
5385:
5328:
5158:
4765:
4419:
2780:
2305:"Fragments of stucco from a mummy"
1531:pyramids. From left to right: the
25:
7582:
6997:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
5333:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
3144:("made the land of Elam submit")
7418:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
7344:
7334:
4639:
4527:
4522:
4350:
4079:
4074:
3905:
3751:
3746:
3601:
3500:
3431:
3344:
3339:
3209:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3152:
2947:
2597:
2584:
2572:
2537:
2001:Levy, Janey (30 December 2005).
1517:
1349:
1319:
1289:
1234:
1198:
1162:
1121:
191:
166:
7482:
7435:
7404:
7390:
7368:
7359:
6415:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
2334:
2315:
2297:
2262:
2235:
2204:
1754:, or, as one scholar reads it,
1655:no record keeping of any kind.
7350:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
6488:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
6035:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
5959:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
4521:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
2183:
2170:
2145:
2099:
2053:
2021:
2007:. Rosen Classroom. p. 4.
1994:
1945:
1723:
1576:, and lived into the reign of
1084:Initial Fourth Dynasty Royalty
960:Periodization of ancient Egypt
13:
1:
7320:Muslim conquest of the Levant
6566:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
6509:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
6494:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
6332:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
6202:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
6003:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
5702:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
2322:Gill, N.S. (20 August 2018).
1938:
1658:
1019:
267:
5869:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
2603:(Uruk influence or control)
2211:Bolshakov, Andrey O (1991).
1788:refers to the fact that the
1560:Painted limestone Sphinx of
7:
6563:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
5602:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5401:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4948:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4942:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4202:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
3189:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2590:(Anonymous "King-priests")
2545:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
2309:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
2189:Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton:
1926:
1903:
1637:
1551:
10:
7587:
7561:3rd millennium BC in Egypt
7556:Dynasties of ancient Egypt
7355:
7190:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
6617:
6500:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
6384:
6358:
6310:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
5656:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
5421:Third Babylonian dynasty (
5318:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5280:Second Intermediate Period
4090:(vassal of the Akkadians)
3478:
2623:Early or legendary kings:
1426:
1405:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7281:
7231:
7228:
7187:
7146:
7112:
7093:
6935:Parthamaspates of Parthia
6921:
6886:
6745:
6713:
6506:
6485:
6412:
6409:
6315:Assyrian conquest of Elam
6308:
6196:
6162:
6096:
6057:
5921:
5910:
5867:
5695:Third Intermediate Period
5510:
5381:
5225:Second Babylonian dynasty
5170:("Old Babylonian Period")
4936:
4888:
4652:
4620:
4592:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
4564:
4548:
4495:
4492:
4475:
4397:
4382:
4341:
4308:
4254:
4238:
4212:
4204:
4175:
4100:First Intermediate Period
4094:
4070:
4026:
4011:
3995:
3970:
3961:
3935:
3930:
3742:
3721:
3702:
3693:
3654:
3629:
3612:
3588:
3575:
3570:
3556:
3541:
3532:
3484:
3460:
3385:
3325:
3308:
3273:
3252:
3246:Early Dynastic Period III
3194:
3178:
3106:
3104:
3093:
3020:
2971:
2961:
2872:
2849:
2765:
2696:
2627:
2610:
2607:
2548:
2521:
2448:
2432:
2382:
2366:
2358:
2124:10.1017/S0003581500070906
2078:10.1017/S0003581500070906
1675:Other notable individuals
1605:
1483:The Great Pyramid of Giza
1077:
1018:. Dynasty IV lasted from
1010:) is characterized as a "
145:
141:
131:
121:
117:
107:
97:
92:Ancient Egyptian religion
87:
77:
67:
44:
39:
32:
7313:Muslim conquest of Egypt
6777:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
6608:Cleopatra VII Philopator
6105:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
5167:First Babylonian dynasty
4905:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
4409:(vassal of the Gutians)
4106:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
3098:Early Dynastic Period II
1472:
7541:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
7398:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
7141:Province of Mesopotamia
6950:Province of Mesopotamia
6926:Province of Mesopotamia
6901:Roman conquest of Egypt
6742:Antigonus II Mattathias
6536:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
6109:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
4586:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
4112:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
3420:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
2955:Early Dynastic Period I
2878:Second Dynasty of Egypt
2112:The Antiquaries Journal
2106:Spencer, A. J. (1990).
2066:The Antiquaries Journal
2060:Spencer, A. J. (1990).
1909:Fourth Dynasty timeline
1679:
40:ca. 2613 BC–ca. 2494 BC
34:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
6998:
6780:Philip II Philoromaeus
6774:Antiochus XII Dionysus
6768:Demetrius III Eucaerus
6765:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
6756:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
6628:
6596:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
6551:Arsinoe III Philopator
6444:
6212:
6102:
5939:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
5871:Second Dynasty of Isin
5418:
5391:
5334:
5163:
5046:(Non-dynastic usurpers
4770:
4455:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
4424:
4314:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
3879:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
3660:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
3487:Second kingdom of Mari
3200:Third Dynasty of Egypt
3134:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
2786:
2777:First Dynasty of Egypt
2041:Cite journal requires
1877:
1781:
1634:
1590:'s son or that he was
1580:
1572:, she was the wife of
1506:John Gardner Wilkinson
1485:
1423:
758:Twenty-seventh Dynasty
187:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
174:Third Dynasty of Egypt
133:• Disestablished
7384:The Ancient Near East
7302:Byzantine Mesopotamia
7216:Province of Asoristan
7179:Byzantine Mesopotamia
6996:
6989:Province of Asoristan
6771:Philip I Philadelphus
6759:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
6753:Antiochus VIII Grypus
6750:Seleucus V Philometor
6705:Antiochus VII Sidetes
6699:Antiochus VI Dionysus
6626:
6599:Berenice IV Epiphanea
6560:Ptolemy VI Philometor
6548:Ptolemy IV Philopator
6545:Berenice II Euergetis
6542:Ptolemy III Euergetes
6443:
6361:Neo-Babylonian Empire
6271:Marduk-apla-iddina II
6268:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
6259:Marduk-apla-iddina II
6210:
6165:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
6101:
5822:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
5512:Middle Elamite period
5417:
5389:
5332:
5162:
4769:
4423:
4178:Third kingdom of Mari
3899:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
2974:First kingdom of Mari
2784:
2771:Early Dynastic Period
2613:Proto-Dynastic period
1875:
1779:
1628:
1559:
1545:Great Pyramid of Giza
1480:
1413:
1173:Great Pyramid of Giza
891:Thirty-fourth Dynasty
847:Thirty-second Dynasty
774:Twenty-eighth Dynasty
696:Twenty-fourth Dynasty
670:Twenty-second Dynasty
78:Common languages
6747:Alexander II Zabinas
6611:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
6587:Ptolemy XI Alexander
6569:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
6124:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
6112:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
5936:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
5877:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
5501:Marduk-apla-iddina I
5395:New Kingdom of Egypt
5218:Early Kassite rulers
4512:(Vassals of Ur III)
4493:(Vassals of UR III)
3893:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
3863:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
3414:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1898:Giza pyramid complex
1739:Her tomb is a large
1652:Giza pyramid complex
1541:Great Sphinx of Giza
1529:Giza pyramid complex
1383:(Existence disputed)
1016:Old Kingdom of Egypt
925:Thirty-fifth Dynasty
860:Thirty-third Dynasty
816:(2nd Persian Period)
814:Thirty-first Dynasty
787:Twenty-ninth Dynasty
760:(1st Persian Period)
744:Twenty-sixth Dynasty
709:Twenty-fifth Dynasty
683:Twenty-third Dynasty
657:Twenty-first Dynasty
7252:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
6762:Antiochus X Eusebes
6590:Ptolemy XII Auletes
6581:Ptolemy X Alexander
6575:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
6554:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
6239:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6127:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
6060:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5883:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
5774:Syro-Hittite states
5480:Shagarakti-Shuriash
5153:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
4147:Neferkare Pepiseneb
4046:Akkadian Governors:
2550:Pre-Dynastic period
2217:Göttinger Miszellen
1786:Age of the Pyramids
1772:Age of the Pyramids
1669:Mastabat al-Fir’aun
1533:Pyramid of Menkaure
1360:Mastabat al-Fir'aun
1356:2503–2496 BC ?
1330:Pyramid of Menkaure
1326:2532–2503 BC ?
1209:Pyramid of Djedefre
1205:2566–2558 BC ?
1086:
1063:in the west to the
571:Seventeenth Dynasty
506:Second Intermediate
249:Pre-dynastic period
123:• Established
7478:Sumerian King List
7292:Palaestina Secunda
7169:Palaestina Secunda
6999:
6730:Alexander Jannaeus
6629:
6619:Hellenistic Period
6445:
6213:
6191:Humban-haltash III
6155:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
6103:
6068:Tukulti-Ninurta II
6049:Kingdom of Samaria
5945:Mar-biti-apla-usur
5942:Shirikti-shuqamuna
5912:Neo-Elamite period
5895:Marduk-shapik-zeri
5880:Itti-Marduk-balatu
5861:Tiglath-Pileser II
5858:Ashur-resh-ishi II
5813:Enlil-kudurri-usur
5504:Zababa-shuma-iddin
5489:Kadashman-Harbe II
5474:Kadashman-Enlil II
5419:
5392:
5335:
5164:
5150:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
5147:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
5138:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
4897:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
4771:
4425:
3800:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
3181:Old Elamite period
3073:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
2926:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
2843:Jemdet Nasr period
2787:
1878:
1782:
1635:
1581:
1486:
1424:
1082:
648:Third Intermediate
614:Nineteenth Dynasty
601:Eighteenth Dynasty
515:Fourteenth Dynasty
485:Thirteenth Dynasty
366:First Intermediate
7528:
7527:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7505:978-1-62564-606-4
7490:Unger, Merrill F.
7458:978-0-14-193825-7
7428:978-1-60606-649-2
7195:Province of Egypt
7126:Province of Egypt
6906:Province of Egypt
6648:Antigonid dynasty
6448:Achaemenid Empire
6369:Nebuchadnezzar II
6277:Ashur-nadin-shumi
6146:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
6118:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
5933:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
5901:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
5892:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
5834:Asharid-apal-Ekur
5831:Tiglath-Pileser I
5828:Ashur-resh-ishi I
5816:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
5804:Tukulti-Ninurta I
5751:Kingdom of Israel
5719:Osorkon the Elder
5640:Shutrukid dynasty
5525:Igehalkid dynasty
5492:Adad-shuma-iddina
5486:Enlil-nadin-shumi
5453:Kadashman-Enlil I
5447:Kadashman-harbe I
4891:Sukkalmah dynasty
4755:Isin-Larsa period
4577:Shimashki Dynasty
4303:Puzur-Inshushinak
3902:Netjerkare Siptah
3672:Neferirkare Kakai
3217:Egyptian pyramids
2426:Ancient Near East
2392:
2391:
2383:Succeeded by
2255:978-0-8014-9786-5
2014:978-1-4042-6059-7
1970:978-0-19-815034-3
1816:Religious changes
1633:, his sister-wife
1537:Pyramid of Khafre
1481:King Khufu built
1403:
1402:
1384:
1284:
1245:Pyramid of Khafre
996:
995:
943:
942:
905:
904:
871:
870:
838:Hellenistic Egypt
828:
827:
800:Thirtieth Dynasty
725:
724:
638:
637:
627:Twentieth Dynasty
582:
581:
546:Sixteenth Dynasty
528:Fifteenth Dynasty
496:
495:
439:
438:
356:
355:
287:
286:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
179:
178:
102:Absolute monarchy
82:Egyptian language
16:(Redirected from
7578:
7510:
7509:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7463:
7462:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7411:Thomas, Ariane;
7408:
7402:
7401:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7348:
7338:
7288:Palaestina Prima
7234:Byzantine Empire
7165:Palaestina Prima
7152:Byzantine Empire
7131:Syria Palaestina
7096:Palmyrene Empire
7082:Bahram VI Chobin
6945:Syria Palaestina
6733:Salome Alexandra
6716:Kingdom of Judea
6702:Diodotus Tryphon
6557:Cleopatra I Syra
6533:Ptolemy Keraunos
6301:Ashur-uballit II
6298:Sin-shumu-lishir
6292:Ashur-etil-ilani
6247:Sargonid dynasty
6140:Marduk-apla-usur
6121:Nabu-apla-iddina
6115:Shamash-mudammiq
6071:Ashurnasirpal II
6054:Kingdom of Judah
5898:Adad-apla-iddina
5889:Enlil-nadin-apli
5886:Nebuchadnezzar I
5810:Ashur-nirari III
5807:Ashur-nadin-apli
5645:Shutruk-Nakhunte
5530:Untash-Napirisha
5519:Kidinuid dynasty
5117:Shamshi-Adad III
4825:Dynasty of Larsa
4643:
4531:
4526:
4354:
4207:Shar-Kali-Sharri
4141:Neferkare Tereru
4129:Neferkare Khendu
4083:
4078:
3909:
3868:Kiku-siwe-tempti
3755:
3750:
3605:
3534:Kish III dynasty
3504:
3435:
3348:
3343:
3248:(2600–2340 BCE)
3213:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3100:(2700–2600 BCE)
2957:(2900–2700 BCE)
2951:
2868:(3100–2700 BCE)
2847:(3100–2900 BCE)
2601:
2588:
2576:
2552:(4000–2900 BCE)
2541:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2369:Dynasty of Egypt
2359:Preceded by
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2311:. 12 March 2018.
2301:
2295:
2294:
2283:10.2307/40000226
2266:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2208:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2176:Wolfgang Helck:
2174:
2168:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1949:
1631:Khamerernebty II
1521:
1382:
1353:
1335:Khamerernebty II
1323:
1293:
1274:
1238:
1202:
1166:
1125:
1087:
1081:
1067:in the east, to
1024:
1021:
988:
981:
974:
920:
919:
893:(Roman Pharaohs)
886:
885:
843:
842:
740:
739:
653:
652:
597:
596:
511:
510:
459:Eleventh Dynasty
454:
453:
428:Eleventh Dynasty
371:
370:
302:
301:
269:
245:
244:
209:
208:
195:
194:
183:
182:
170:
169:
163:
162:
147:
146:
49:
30:
29:
21:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7514:
7513:
7506:
7487:
7483:
7475:
7466:
7459:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7409:
7405:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7297:Byzantine Syria
7283:Byzantine Egypt
7258:Farrukh Hormizd
7218:
7214:
7211:Sasanian Empire
7197:
7193:
7174:Byzantine Syria
7160:Byzantine Egypt
7099:
6991:
6987:
6984:Sasanian Empire
6904:
6809:Mithridates III
6789:
6786:Parthian Empire
6719:
6658:Seleucid Empire
6655:
6645:
6621:
6530:Ptolemy I Soter
6528:
6525:Ptolemaic Egypt
6497:
6491:
6451:
6433:
6429:
6427:Kings of Byblos
6418:
6390:
6364:
6335:
6329:
6303:
6283:Mushezib-Marduk
6253:Tiglath-Pileser
6251:
6242:
6219:
6205:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6160:
6158:Nabu-mukin-zeri
6152:Nabu-nadin-zeri
6137:Marduk-bel-zeri
6130:Baba-aha-iddina
6107:
6084:Adad-nirari III
6074:Shalmaneser III
6063:
6052:
6051:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:Menkheperre Ini
6006:
5999:
5998:
5962:
5948:Nabû-mukin-apli
5925:
5914:(1100–540 BCE)
5907:Nabu-shum-libur
5875:
5852:Ashur-nirari IV
5846:Ashurnasirpal I
5843:Shamshi-Adad IV
5789:Ashur-uballit I
5784:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5737:Kings of Byblos
5735:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5660:
5659:
5643:
5637:
5605:
5592:
5591:
5573:Neferneferuaten
5533:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5515:(1500–1100 BCE)
5507:Enlil-nadin-ahi
5495:Adad-shuma-usur
5483:Kashtiliashu IV
5471:Kadashman-Turgu
5456:Burnaburiash II
5435:Kashtiliash III
5427:
5404:
5398:
5368:
5367:(1600–1260 BCE)
5366:
5336:
5327:
5321:
5309:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5263:
5258:Peshgaldaramesh
5253:
5243:
5233:
5229:Sealand Dynasty
5226:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5178:
5171:
5169:
5144:Ashur-nirari II
5123:Puzur-Ashur III
5111:Shamshi-Adad II
5082:
5080:
5078:Adaside dynasty
5075:
5074:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4996:
4987:
4981:
4970:
4966:
4964:Kings of Byblos
4962:
4956:
4945:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4876:Uruk VI dynasty
4874:
4823:
4774:Dynasty of Isin
4764:
4758:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4690:
4684:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4595:
4589:
4571:
4532:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4482:
4472:
4458:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4415:
4408:
4404:
4390:
4386:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4336:(2150–2000 BCE)
4317:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4249:
4245:
4233:
4229:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4171:
4126:Djedkare Shemai
4115:
4109:
4103:
4089:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4035:Sargon of Akkad
4033:
4032:
4029:Akkadian Empire
4021:(2340–2150 BCE)
4019:Akkadian Period
4006:
4002:
3990:
3986:
3965:
3953:
3943:
3939:
3922:
3918:
3904:
3882:
3861:
3859:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3788:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3756:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3706:
3697:
3664:
3663:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:(2500-539 BCE)
3470:
3466:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3187:
3186:
3185:(2700–1500 BCE)
3184:
3132:
3121:
3084:("conqueror of
3070:
3054:
3047:
3037:
3023:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2946:
2882:
2881:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2788:
2774:
2761:
2702:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2602:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2569:(4000–3100 BCE)
2568:
2562:
2536:
2530:
2502:
2483:
2473:
2446:
2444:
2428:
2422:
2388:
2372:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1971:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1906:
1870:
1818:
1774:
1726:
1686:Turin King List
1682:
1677:
1661:
1640:
1608:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1522:
1475:
1429:
1408:
1381:
1367:
1312:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1254:Khamerernebty I
1252:
1227:
1216:
1191:
1180:
1155:
1138:
1134:
1107:
1080:
1065:Sinai Peninsula
1022:
992:
963:
957:
945:
944:
939:379 AD – 641 AD
933:
927:
917:
915:Byzantine Egypt
907:
906:
895:
892:
883:
873:
872:
840:
830:
829:
818:
815:
762:
759:
737:
727:
726:
650:
640:
639:
594:
584:
583:
508:
498:
497:
472:Twelfth Dynasty
451:
441:
440:
375:Seventh Dynasty
368:
358:
357:
299:
289:
288:
242:
232:
192:
167:
134:
124:
63:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7584:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7504:
7481:
7464:
7457:
7434:
7427:
7413:Potts, Timothy
7403:
7389:
7367:
7357:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7237:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7207:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7092:
7088:
7087:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6887:30 BCE–116 CE
6884:
6883:
6821:Mithridates IV
6803:Mithridates II
6782:
6744:
6739:Aristobulus II
6712:
6708:
6707:
6632:Argead dynasty
6616:
6521:Argead dynasty
6517:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6503:
6483:
6482:
6474:Artaxerxes III
6437:
6435:Kings of Sidon
6424:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6383:
6378:Labashi-Marduk
6357:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6280:Nergal-ushezib
6235:
6216:Black Pharaohs
6198:
6194:
6193:
6161:
6134:Ninurta-apla-X
6095:
6093:Ashur-nirari V
6087:Shalmaneser IV
6077:Shamshi-Adad V
6065:Adad-nirari II
6056:
6046:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5909:
5866:
5849:Shalmaneser II
5837:Ashur-bel-kala
5825:Mutakkil-Nusku
5781:Middle Assyria
5777:
5770:
5745:Kings of Sidon
5728:
5652:
5651:1155–1025 BCE
5648:
5647:
5634:Elamite Empire
5630:
5597:
5596:
5588:Hittite Empire
5584:
5552:
5551:
5536:
5535:
5509:
5498:Meli-Shipak II
5468:Nazi-Maruttash
5432:Burnaburiash I
5411:
5383:
5382:1531–1155 BCE
5379:
5378:
5359:
5314:
5274:
5273:
5220:
5156:
5141:Enlil-Nasir II
5120:Ashur-nirari I
5114:Ishme-Dagan II
5105:Sharma-Adad II
5057:Ashur-apla-idi
5048:1735–1701 BCE)
5027:Ashur-apla-idi
5009:Shamshi-Adad I
5004:1808–1736 BCE)
4989:
4984:Yamhad dynasty
4974:
4972:Kings of Sidon
4951:
4938:
4937:1800–1595 BCE
4934:
4933:
4900:
4899:
4887:
4751:
4741:Puzur-Ashur II
4708:
4651:
4618:
4617:
4612:Mentuhotep III
4581:
4580:
4563:
4558:
4550:
4549:2025-1763 BCE
4546:
4545:
4517:Ur III dynasty
4513:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4474:
4463:Neferkare VIII
4451:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4410:
4396:
4394:
4381:
4367:Gutian dynasty
4363:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4325:Nebkaure Khety
4319:Meryibre Khety
4310:
4306:
4305:
4288:
4255:
4253:
4237:
4210:
4209:
4203:
4174:
4164:
4150:Neferkamin Anu
4123:Neferkare Neby
4096:
4092:
4091:
4087:Lugal-ushumgal
4084:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4043:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
3994:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3960:
3955:
3947:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3920:Lugalannemundu
3910:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3851:
3834:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3792:
3776:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3687:Djedkare Isesi
3684:Menkauhor Kaiu
3656:
3652:
3651:
3628:
3611:
3587:
3585:Pabilgagaltuku
3574:
3569:
3555:
3544:Akshak dynasty
3540:
3531:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3459:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3384:
3369:Enun-dara-anna
3364:
3363:
3324:
3307:
3292:
3274:
3272:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3177:
3162:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3126:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3062:
3025:
3018:
3017:
2993:Kullassina-bel
2978:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2848:
2839:
2834:
2785:Narmer Palette
2767:
2766:3100–2900 BCE
2763:
2762:
2695:
2625:
2624:
2609:
2608:3200–3100 BCE
2605:
2604:
2591:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2523:
2522:4000–3200 BCE
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2424:Rulers of the
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2314:
2296:
2261:
2254:
2234:
2203:
2182:
2169:
2151:Peter Jánosi:
2144:
2098:
2052:
2043:|journal=
2020:
2013:
1993:
1984:
1969:
1955:, ed. (2000).
1943:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1869:
1866:
1861:Fourth Dynasty
1817:
1814:
1798:funerary rites
1790:Fourth Dynasty
1773:
1770:
1725:
1722:
1702:Saqqara Tablet
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1660:
1657:
1639:
1636:
1607:
1604:
1553:
1550:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1474:
1471:
1428:
1425:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1079:
1076:
1000:Fourth Dynasty
994:
993:
991:
990:
983:
976:
968:
965:
964:
950:
947:
946:
941:
940:
937:
934:
923:
918:
913:
912:
909:
908:
903:
902:
901:30 BC – 313 AD
899:
896:
889:
884:
879:
878:
875:
874:
869:
868:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
849:
841:
836:
835:
832:
831:
826:
825:
822:
819:
812:
809:
808:
805:
802:
796:
795:
792:
789:
783:
782:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
763:
756:
753:
752:
749:
746:
738:
733:
732:
729:
728:
723:
722:
719:
716:
705:
704:
701:
698:
692:
691:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
659:
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
635:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
603:
595:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
579:
576:
573:
567:
566:
563:
561:
559:Abydos Dynasty
555:
554:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
535:
524:
523:
520:
517:
509:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
493:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
461:
452:
449:Middle Kingdom
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
436:
433:
430:
423:
422:
419:
416:
410:
409:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
390:
388:Eighth Dynasty
384:
383:
380:
377:
369:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
353:
350:
347:
341:
340:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
321:
319:Fourth Dynasty
315:
314:
311:
308:
300:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
284:
281:
278:
276:Second Dynasty
272:
271:
265:
262:
256:
255:
253:
251:
243:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:All years are
227:
224:
223:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
189:
180:
177:
176:
171:
159:
158:
153:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
108:Historical era
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7583:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7460:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7443:Roux, Georges
7438:
7430:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7407:
7399:
7393:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7307:
7306:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7270:Yazdegerd III
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7203:
7202:Sahralanyozan
7200:
7196:
7191:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7145:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6958:Mithridates V
6956:
6955:Sinatruces II
6951:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6878:Artabanus III
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6848:Tiridates III
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6791:Mithridates I
6788:
6787:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6727:Aristobulus I
6725:
6724:John Hyrcanus
6722:
6718:
6717:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6693:Alexander III
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6678:Antiochus III
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6637:Alexander III
6634:
6633:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6572:Cleopatra III
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6477:Artaxerxes IV
6475:
6472:
6471:Artaxerxes II
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6436:
6432:
6431:Kings of Tyre
6428:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6387:Median Empire
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6295:Sinsharishkun
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6241:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6217:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:(five kings)
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6090:Ashur-Dan III
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6004:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5930:Ea-mukin-zeri
5928:
5927:Simbar-shipak
5924:
5919:1025–934 BCE
5918:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5855:Ashur-rabi II
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5840:Eriba-Adad II
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5801:Shalmaneser I
5799:
5798:Adad-nirari I
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5746:
5742:
5741:Kings of Tyre
5738:
5734:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5680:Ramesses VIII
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:Amenhotep III
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5388:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5331:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5268:Melamkurkurra
5266:
5262:
5261:Ayadaragalama
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:Itti-ili-nibi
5236:
5232:
5230:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5132:Ashur-shaduni
5130:
5127:
5126:Enlil-nasir I
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5090:Sharma-Adad I
5088:
5085:
5081:1700–722 BCE)
5079:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5012:Ishme-Dagan I
5010:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4968:Kings of Tyre
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4925:Amenemhat III
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:Puzur-Ashur I
4714:
4713:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4623:Third Eblaite
4619:
4616:
4615:Mentuhotep IV
4613:
4610:
4609:Mentuhotep II
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:Wahkare Khety
4464:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Ur III period
4329:
4326:
4323:
4322:Neferkare VII
4320:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4269:Ur-Ningirsu I
4266:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Lugal-kisalsi
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2997:Nangishlishma
2994:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2964:First Eblaite
2960:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:Seth-Peribsen
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:Hotepsekhemwy
2880:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:Proto-Elamite
2845:
2844:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:Double Falcon
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2387:
2386:Fifth Dynasty
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2362:Third Dynasty
2357:
2347:
2346:www.bbc.co.uk
2343:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2199:977-424-878-3
2196:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2167:, page 64–65.
2166:
2165:3-7001-3244-1
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2035:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1810:mummification
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1632:
1629:Menkaure and
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1600:Hetepheres II
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:Hetepheres II
1558:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1391:2496-2494 BC?
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Meresankh III
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:Hetepheres II
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:Personal Name
1089:
1088:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:ancient Libya
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:ancient Egypt
1001:
989:
984:
982:
977:
975:
970:
969:
967:
966:
962:
961:
956:
955:
949:
948:
938:
935:
931:
926:
922:
921:
916:
911:
910:
900:
897:
894:
888:
887:
882:
877:
876:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
839:
834:
833:
823:
820:
817:
811:
810:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
761:
755:
754:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
736:
731:
730:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
643:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
593:
588:
587:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
507:
502:
501:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
460:
456:
455:
450:
445:
444:
434:
431:
429:
425:
424:
420:
417:
415:
414:Tenth Dynasty
412:
411:
407:
404:
402:
401:Ninth Dynasty
399:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
367:
362:
361:
351:
348:
346:
345:Sixth Dynasty
343:
342:
338:
335:
333:
332:Fifth Dynasty
330:
329:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
307:
306:Third Dynasty
304:
303:
298:
293:
292:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
260:First Dynasty
258:
257:
254:
252:
250:
247:
246:
241:
236:
235:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:ancient Egypt
218:
214:
211:
210:
190:
188:
185:
184:
181:
175:
172:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
126:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
38:
31:
19:
7494:
7484:
7448:Ancient Iraq
7447:
7437:
7417:
7406:
7392:
7383:
7370:
7361:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7240:Ardashir III
7232:
7209:
7150:
7118:Roman Empire
7116:
7094:
7052:Yazdegerd II
6982:
6973:Artabanus IV
6970:Vologases VI
6961:Vologases IV
6892:Roman Empire
6890:
6875:Vologases II
6851:Artabanus II
6845:Artabanus II
6830:Tiridates II
6818:Phraates III
6784:
6721:Simon Thassi
6714:
6696:Demetrius II
6684:Antiochus IV
6675:Seleucus III
6669:Antiochus II
6656:
6646:
6643:Alexander IV
6630:
6618:
6602:Ptolemy XIII
6584:Berenice III
6578:Cleopatra IV
6519:
6516:331–141 BCE
6507:
6498:
6492:
6486:
6465:Artaxerxes I
6446:
6413:
6410:539–331 BCE
6385:
6366:Nabopolassar
6359:
6330:
6324:
6321:626–539 BCE
6289:Ashurbanipal
6244:
6243:
6237:
6200:
6197:745–609 BCE
6163:
6143:Eriba-Marduk
6104:
6058:
6033:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5979:Shoshenq III
5957:
5954:911–745 BCE
5922:
5904:Marduk-zer-X
5868:
5864:Ashur-dan II
5795:Arik-den-ili
5792:Enlil-nirari
5786:Eriba-Adad I
5779:
5772:
5749:
5730:
5725:Psusennes II
5700:
5699:
5693:
5677:Ramesses VII
5665:Ramesses III
5654:
5638:
5632:
5600:
5586:
5567:
5556:Amenhotep II
5549:Thutmose III
5523:
5517:
5514:
5465:Kurigalzu II
5459:Kara-hardash
5429:Agum-Kakrime
5420:
5399:
5393:
5361:
5344:'Aper-'Anati
5342:
5337:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5241:Damqi-ilishu
5224:
5213:Samsu-Ditana
5195:Sin-muballit
5186:Sin-muballit
5165:
5135:Ashur-rabi I
5000:Shamshi-Adad
4997:
4991:
4976:
4946:
4940:
4928:Amenemhat IV
4922:Senusret III
4916:Amenemhat II
4903:
4889:
4875:
4824:
4821:Damiq-ilishu
4791:Lipit-Eshtar
4772:
4753:
4710:
4678:
4674:
4658:Shakkanakkus
4621:
4597:Mentuhotep I
4590:
4584:
4565:
4552:
4515:
4509:Puzur-Ishtar
4476:
4471:
4453:
4406:Lugalannatum
4398:
4365:
4332:
4312:
4291:Hishep-Ratep
4257:
4239:
4176:
4166:
4120:Neferkare II
4110:
4104:
4098:
4045:
4027:
4017:
3996:
3949:Invasion by
3912:
3877:
3853:
3845:Enannatum II
3809:E-iginimpa'e
3778:
3770:Igrish-Halam
3681:Nyuserre Ini
3658:
3632:Awan dynasty
3630:
3589:
3576:
3557:
3542:
3533:
3517:Ishtup-Ishar
3497:Iku-Shamagan
3493:Ikun-Shamash
3485:
3463:Ur I dynasty
3461:
3454:
3443:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3386:
3367:
3326:
3309:
3294:
3276:
3235:
3227:
3198:
3179:
3142:Enmebaragesi
3128:
3109:
3080:
3071:
3064:
3027:
3022:
3002:En-tarah-ana
2987:
2980:
2972:
2962:
2938:
2935:Neferkasokar
2933:
2928:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2876:
2856:
2850:
2841:
2829:
2824:
2775:
2769:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2636:Finger Snail
2634:
2628:
2611:
2580:Anu Ziggurat
2563:
2531:
2525:
2443:Territories/
2367:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2244:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2220:
2216:
2206:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2115:
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2069:
2065:
2055:
2034:cite journal
2023:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1956:
1947:
1908:
1907:
1890:Hieroglyphic
1887:
1879:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1819:
1802:Bent Pyramid
1785:
1783:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1727:
1717:
1713:
1683:
1662:
1641:
1619:Great Sphinx
1609:
1582:
1543:and Khufu's
1510:James Burton
1487:
1462:Bent Pyramid
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1430:
1418:of Sneferu,
1376:
1268:
1258:Hekenuhedjet
1241:2558–2532 BC
1169:2589–2566 BC
1146:Hetepheres I
1136:Bent Pyramid
1128:2613–2589 BC
1083:
1073:
1058:
1042:Giza Plateau
1027:
1007:
999:
997:
958:
952:
929:
318:
156:Succeeded by
155:
150:
56:bent pyramid
7380:Simpson, W.
7308:639–651 CE
7255:Azarmidokht
7246:Khosrow III
7229:628–641 CE
7185:618–628 CE
7147:395–618 CE
7113:273–395 CE
7101:Vaballathus
7091:270–273 CE
7055:Hormizd III
7040:Yazdegerd I
7031:Ardashir II
7025:Adur Narseh
6979:224–270 CE
6967:Vologases V
6941:117–224 CE
6922:116–117 CE
6869:Vardanes II
6866:Vologases I
6857:Gotarzes II
6827:Phraates IV
6797:Hyspaosines
6736:Hyrcanus II
6711:141–30 BCE
6690:Demetrius I
6687:Antiochus V
6681:Seleucus IV
6672:Seleucus II
6666:Antiochus I
6653:Antigonus I
6605:Ptolemy XIV
6593:Cleopatra V
6375:Neriglissar
6372:Amel-Marduk
6355:Psamtik III
6326:Late Period
6265:Sennacherib
6256:Shalmaneser
6183:Tammaritu I
6080:Shammuramat
6023:Takelot III
6020:Osorkon III
6017:Shoshenq VI
5992:Pedubast II
5982:Shoshenq IV
5970:Shoshenq II
5819:Ashur-dan I
5760:Ish-bosheth
5713:Psusennes I
5689:Ramesses XI
5683:Ramesses IX
5674:Ramesses VI
5668:Ramesses IV
5613:Ramesses II
5576:Tutankhamun
5559:Thutmose IV
5543:Thutmose II
5477:Kudur-Enlil
5462:Nazi-Bugash
5450:Kurigalzu I
5438:Ulamburiash
5409:Amenhotep I
5390:Tutankhamun
5376:Parshatatar
5373:Shuttarna I
5306:Seventeenth
5235:Ilum-ma-ili
5210:Ammi-saduqa
5207:Ammi-ditana
5201:Samsu-iluna
5108:Erishum III
5069:Adad-salulu
5066:Ipqi-Ishtar
5054:Ashur-dugul
5039:Adad-salulu
5036:Ipqi-Ishtar
5024:Ashur-dugul
4993:Old Assyria
4988:(Amorites)
4931:Sobekneferu
4919:Senusret II
4910:Amenemhat I
4882:Sîn-iribam
4859:Sin-Iqisham
4853:Sin-Iddinam
4803:Erra-imitti
4800:Lipit-Enlil
4788:Ishme-Dagan
4785:Iddin-Dagan
4721:Shalim-ahum
4712:Old Assyria
4698:Yasmah-Adad
4675:Lim Dynasty
4667:Hanun-Dagan
4663:Hitial-Erra
4428:Ur-Ningirsu
4384:Kuda (Uruk)
4357:Ishgum-Addu
4347:Ishtup-Ilum
4199:Ishma-Dagan
4184:Shakkanakku
4162:Neferirkare
4159:Neferkauhor
4062:Ili-ishmani
4041:Manishtushu
4004:Lugalzagesi
4000:III dynasty
3984:Puzur-Nirah
3699:Ishar-Malik
3678:Shepseskare
3468:Mesannepada
3393:Nin-kisalsi
3381:Lugal-kitun
3351:Meskalamdug
3337:Ur-Pabilsag
3150:Aga of Kish
3059:Barsal-nuna
2944:Khasekhemwy
2930:Neferkara I
2909:Weneg-Nebty
2887:Nebra/Raneb
2699:Lower Egypt
2685:Scorpion II
2630:Upper Egypt
2582:, 4000 BCE)
2565:Uruk period
1882:Old Kingdom
1850:god complex
1842:the pillars
1806:Red Pyramid
1730:Khentkaus I
1724:Khentkaus I
1466:Red Pyramid
1444:Meresankh I
1416:Red Pyramid
1397:Khentkaus I
1369:Khentkaus I
1313:"Mycerinus"
1296:c. 2532 BC?
1178:Meritites I
1139:Pyramid at
1132:Red Pyramid
1023: 2613
881:Roman Egypt
735:Late Period
592:New Kingdom
297:Old Kingdom
151:Preceded by
137:ca. 2494 BC
127:ca. 2613 BC
7535:Categories
7264:Khosrow IV
7261:Hormizd VI
7243:Shahrbaraz
7220:Khosrow II
7205:Shahrbaraz
7199:Shahrbaraz
7079:Khosrow II
7076:Hormizd IV
7034:Shapur III
7022:Hormizd II
7016:Bahram III
7001:Ardashir I
6872:Pacorus II
6863:Vonones II
6860:Meherdates
6854:Vardanes I
6839:Orodes III
6836:Phraates V
6815:Sinatruces
6663:Seleucus I
6640:Philip III
6614:Arsinoe IV
6539:Arsinoe II
6480:Darius III
6346:Psamtik II
6286:Esarhaddon
6179:Ummanigash
6149:Nabonassar
6043:Bakenranef
6014:Pedubast I
6011:Takelot II
6008:Harsiese A
5996:Osorkon IV
5988:Shoshenq V
5976:Osorkon II
5964:Shoshenq I
5710:Amenemnisu
5686:Ramesses X
5671:Ramesses V
5619:Amenmesses
5607:Ramesses I
5569:Smenkhkare
5546:Hatshepsut
5540:Thutmose I
5444:Karaindash
5183:Sumu-la-El
5015:Mut-Ashkur
5006:(Amorites)
4913:Senusret I
4872:Rim-Sin II
4862:Silli-Adad
4856:Sin-Eribam
4818:Suen-magir
4815:Ur-du-kuga
4812:Iter-pisha
4806:Enlil-bani
4794:Ur-Ninurta
4782:Shu-Ilishu
4779:Ishbi-Erra
4749:Erishum II
4695:Yahdun-Lim
4692:Yaggid-Lim
4505:Tura-Dagan
4484:Utu-hengal
4460:Meryhathor
4436:Nam-mahani
4402:II dynasty
4371:(21 kings)
4265:Puzer-Mama
4261:II dynasty
4243:IV dynasty
4156:Neferkaure
4153:Qakare Ibi
4144:Neferkahor
4135:Neferkamin
4054:Ilshu-rabi
3945:Ishqi-Mari
3941:Ikun-Ishar
3937:Enna-Dagan
3857:II dynasty
3831:Bara-irnun
3786:Puzur-Suen
3782:IV dynasty
3774:Irkab-Damu
3719:(3 kings)
3645:Ukkutahesh
3618:Meskiagnun
3614:A'annepada
3561:II dynasty
3456:Thamphthis
3452:Shepseskaf
3401:Lugal-dalu
3300:Udulkalama
3280:II dynasty
3222:Sekhemkhet
3130:Lugalbanda
3056:Melem-Kish
3052:En-me-nuna
2837:Canaanites
2831:Horus Bird
2796:Neithhotep
2669:Scorpion I
2619:Naqada III
2155:. vol. I:
2118:(2): 479.
2072:(2): 479.
1939:References
1840:and meant
1826:Heliopolis
1822:Cult of Ra
1664:Shepseskaf
1659:Shepseskaf
1578:Shepseskaf
1436:Hermopolis
1378:Djedefptah
1346:Shepsesket
1342:Shepseskaf
1275:(Possibly
1228:"Chephren"
1192:"Ratoises"
1094:Horus-name
1046:Shepseskaf
1012:golden age
1008:Dynasty IV
951:See also:
930:speculated
112:Bronze Age
98:Government
18:Dynasty IV
7376:Hallo, W.
7273:Peroz III
7107:Antiochus
7073:Khosrow I
7043:Shapur IV
7037:Bahram IV
7028:Shapur II
7013:Bahram II
7007:Hormizd I
6964:Osroes II
6842:Vonones I
6824:Orodes II
6800:Artabanus
6468:Darius II
6395:Phraortes
6381:Nabonidus
6352:Ahmose II
6340:Psamtik I
6233:Tanutamun
6082:(regent)
5973:Takelot I
5967:Osorkon I
5732:Phoenicia
5716:Amenemope
5662:Setnakhte
5616:Merneptah
5565:Akhenaten
5348:Sakir-Har
5286:Sixteenth
5265:Akurduana
5251:Gulkishar
5248:Shushushi
5204:Abi-eshuh
5198:Hammurabi
5180:Sumu-abum
5102:Shu-Ninua
5093:Iptar-Sin
5063:Sin-namir
5060:Nasir-Sin
5051:Puzur-Sin
5033:Sin-namir
5030:Nasir-Sin
4884:Sîn-gāmil
4880:Sîn-kāšid
4868:Rim-Sin I
4865:Warad-Sin
4745:Naram-Sin
4729:Erishum I
4725:Ilu-shuma
4701:Zimri-Lim
4649:Indilimma
4636:Ibbit-Lim
4606:Intef III
4569:invasions
4556:invasions
4501:Ili-Ishar
4497:Iddi-ilum
4490:2100 BCE
4480:V dynasty
4450:2125 BCE
4388:Puzur-ili
4375:La-erabum
4309:2150 BCE
4235:Shu-turul
4228:(3 years)
4195:Shu-Dagan
4095:2200 BCE
4072:Naram-Sin
4068:2250 BCE
4012:2340 BCE
3978:2350 BCE
3972:Luh-ishan
3967:Urukagina
3963:Lugalanda
3932:Isar-Damu
3928:2370 BCE
3874:2380 BCE
3849:Enentarzi
3837:Enannatum
3826:Gishakidu
3790:Ur-Zababa
3766:Adub-Damu
3762:2400 BCE
3735:2425 BCE
3729:Napilhush
3717:invasions
3695:Enar-Damu
3675:Neferefre
3655:2450 BCE
3598:Ur-Nanshe
3593:I dynasty
3580:I dynasty
3521:Ikun-Mari
3480:Phoenicia
3476:2500 BCE
3409:2575 BCE
3377:Melamanna
3361:Akalamdug
3333:A-Imdugud
3296:Ur-Nungal
3283:(5 kings)
3270:Baba-Damu
3266:Ibbi-Damu
3195:2600 BCE
3165:Gilgamesh
3123:Iltasadum
3094:2700 BCE
3068:I dynasty
3021:2800 BCE
2984:I dynasty
2940:Hudjefa I
2873:2900 BCE
2819:Semerkhet
2811:(regent)
2798:(regent)
2705:Hedju Hor
2533:Naqada II
2328:ThoughtCo
2277:: 33–55.
2201:, page 61
2132:162040068
2086:162040068
1953:Shaw, Ian
1894:afterlife
1857:afterlife
1512:in 1823.
1218:Khentetka
1106:Names of
1014:" of the
1006:(notated
634:1189–1077
621:1292–1189
608:1549–1292
578:1580–1549
565:1650–1600
553:1660–1600
540:1674–1535
522:1705–1690
492:1803–1649
479:1991–1803
466:2061–1991
435:2134–2061
421:2130–2040
408:2160–2130
395:2181–2160
352:2345–2181
339:2498–2345
326:2613–2498
313:2686–2613
283:2890–2686
270:3150–2890
217:dynasties
88:Religion
7492:(2014).
7445:(1992).
7415:(2020).
7382:(1971).
7223:Kavad II
7049:Bahram V
7010:Bahram I
7004:Shapur I
6881:Osroes I
6812:Orodes I
6806:Gotarzes
6794:Phraates
6459:Darius I
6456:Cambyses
6404:Astyages
6401:Cyaxares
6343:Necho II
6274:Bel-ibni
6224:Shebitku
6187:Indabibi
6040:Tefnakht
5582:Horemheb
5441:Agum III
5423:Kassites
5406:Ahmose I
5271:Ea-gamil
5255:DIŠ+U-EN
5245:Ishkibal
5192:Apil-Sin
5174:Amorites
5084:Bel-bani
4959:Biblical
4850:Nur-Adad
4841:Gungunum
4829:Naplanum
4797:Bur-Suen
4761:Amorites
4737:Sargon I
4687:Amorites
4631:Amorites
4603:Intef II
4573:Kindattu
4561:Ibbi-Sin
4540:Amar-Sin
4534:Ur-Nammu
4469:Merykare
4361:Apil-kin
4273:Pirig-me
4251:Ur-gigir
4247:Ur-nigin
4187:dynasty)
4132:Merenhor
4058:Epirmupi
3887:Userkare
3841:Entemena
3818:Ur-Lumma
3813:Meskigal
3744:Eannatum
3739:Kun-Damu
3723:Shushun-
3708:Enakalle
3567:kushanna
3553:Undalulu
3525:Iblul-Il
3449:Menkaure
3445:Bikheris
3438:Djedefre
3397:Me-durba
3322:shaengur
3316:En-hegal
3304:Labashum
3262:Agur-lim
3258:Abur-lim
3237:Qahedjet
3082:Enmerkar
2914:Wadjenes
2904:Horus Sa
2899:Nubnefer
2890:Nynetjer
2864:Susa III
2826:Sneferka
2809:Merneith
2527:Naqada I
2291:40000226
2227:14 April
2137:21 April
2091:21 April
1979:3968521M
1927:See also
1904:Timeline
1734:Menkaure
1706:Bikheris
1698:Menkaure
1692:between
1648:Menkaure
1644:Menkaure
1638:Menkaure
1615:Djedefre
1584:Djedefre
1574:Djedefre
1552:Djedefre
1310:Menkaure
1270:Bikheris
1262:Persenet
1189:Djedefre
1182:Henutsen
1156:"Cheops"
1118:Nebma'at
1054:cenotaph
664:1069–945
382:spurious
7276:Narsieh
7104:Zenobia
7085:Vistahm
7070:Kavad I
7064:Kavad I
7058:Peroz I
7046:Khosrow
6392:Deioces
6349:Wahibre
6337:Necho I
6230:Taharqa
6227:Shabaka
6211:Taharqa
6175:Teumman
6026:Rudamun
5768:Solomon
5707:Smendes
5628:Twosret
5622:Seti II
5363:Mitanni
5357:Khamudi
5311:Dynasty
5301:Dynasty
5291:Dynasty
5129:Nur-ili
5099:Lullaya
5002:dynasty
4954:Abraham
4844:Abisare
4809:Zambiya
4703:(Queen
4655:Amorite
4626:Kingdom
4600:Intef I
4567:Elamite
4554:Amorite
4543:Shu-Sin
4444:Tirigan
4413:Ur-Baba
4343:Nûr-Mêr
4281:Lu-gula
4277:Lu-Baba
4191:Ididish
4172:Kingdom
4169:Eblaite
4167:Second
4117:Menkare
3992:Shu-Sin
3988:Ishu-Il
3916:dynasty
3896:Pepi II
3829:(Queen
3715:Elamite
3666:Userkaf
3609:Akurgal
3538:Ku-Baba
3354:(Queen
3290:Mesilim
3225:Sanakht
3215:(First
3032:Zuqaqip
3029:Kalumum
3014:Kalibum
3010:Puannum
2967:Kingdom
2816:Anedjib
2800:Hor-Aha
2745:Nat-Hor
2678:Iry-Hor
2674:Shendjw
2646:Pen-Abu
2594:Susa II
2379:2498 BC
2223:: 31–54
1741:mastaba
1710:Manetho
1493:Sneferu
1432:Sneferu
1427:Sneferu
1420:Dahshur
1406:Summary
1365:Bunefer
1159:Medjedu
1114:Sneferu
1103:Pyramid
1038:mastaba
1034:Sneferu
1030:pyramid
854:332–305
824:343–332
807:380–343
794:398–380
781:404–398
768:525–404
751:672–525
721:732–653
703:732–720
690:837–728
677:945–720
213:Periods
72:Memphis
68:Capital
60:Dahshur
52:Sneferu
7502:
7455:
7425:
7067:Jamasp
7061:Balash
7019:Narseh
6930:Trajan
6928:under
6462:Xerxes
6398:Madyes
6262:Sargon
5722:Siamun
5625:Siptah
5610:Seti I
5594:Ugarit
5339:Semqen
5324:Hyksos
5296:Abydos
5189:Sabium
5096:Bazaya
5087:Libaya
5021:Asinum
5018:Rimush
4978:Yamhad
4870:(...)
4847:Sumuel
4838:Zabaia
4835:Samium
4832:Emisum
4733:Ikunum
4705:Shibtu
4646:Immeya
4537:Shulgi
4432:Ur-gar
4392:Ur-Utu
4259:Lagash
4138:Nikare
4050:Eshpum
4038:Rimush
3890:Pepi I
3725:tarana
3669:Sahure
3649:Hishur
3626:Balulu
3591:Lagash
3572:Mug-si
3565:Ensha-
3513:Sa'umu
3441:Khafre
3425:Snefru
3373:Mes-he
3320:Lugal-
3311:Lagash
3254:Sagisu
3206:Djoser
3115:Tizqar
3086:Aratta
3042:Arwium
3039:Mashda
2989:Jushur
2919:Senedj
2858:period
2790:Narmer
2740:Wazner
2715:Hsekiu
2710:Ny-Hor
2689:Narmer
2659:Canide
2650:Animal
2556:Susa I
2506:Lagash
2480:Akshak
2455:Canaan
2289:
2252:
2197:
2163:
2130:
2084:
2011:
1977:
1967:
1718:Bakare
1694:Khafre
1690:lacuna
1688:has a
1611:Khafre
1606:Khafre
1566:sphinx
1539:, the
1316:Kakhet
1281:Baufre
1277:Bakare
1231:Userib
1225:Khafre
1195:Kheper
1141:Meidum
1108:Wives
1078:Rulers
867:305–30
864:XXXIII
778:XXVIII
713:Nubian
532:Hyksos
426:Early
7267:Boran
7249:Boran
7136:Syria
6916:Syria
6911:Judea
6453:Cyrus
6171:Urtak
5764:David
5370:Kirta
5354:Apepi
5351:Khyan
5072:Adasi
5042:Adasi
4670:(...)
4417:Gudea
4379:Si'um
4328:Setut
4299:Khita
4285:Ka-ku
4226:Ilulu
4222:Nanum
4214:Igigi
3958:Ukush
3860:Nanni
3622:Elulu
3509:Ansud
3428:Khufu
3356:Puabi
3233:Khaba
3229:Nebka
3111:Zamug
3049:Balih
3045:Etana
3006:Babum
2793:Menes
2735:Neheb
2730:Thesh
2720:Khayu
2693:Menes
2654:Stork
2485:Akkad
2475:Assur
2450:Egypt
2445:dates
2287:JSTOR
2128:S2CID
2082:S2CID
1834:I͗wnw
1830:Cairo
1750:, as
1708:, on
1592:Khufu
1588:Khufu
1570:Khufu
1501:Egypt
1489:Khufu
1473:Khufu
1153:Khufu
1100:Dates
1069:Nubia
898:XXXIV
851:XXXII
765:XXVII
687:XXIII
605:XVIII
457:Late
240:Early
7500:ISBN
7476:Per
7453:ISBN
7423:ISBN
6833:Musa
6523:and
6221:Piye
5985:Pami
5756:Saul
4681:Mari
4478:Uruk
4400:Umma
4295:Helu
4241:Uruk
4231:Dudu
3998:Uruk
3951:Mari
3914:Adab
3884:Teti
3795:Urur
3780:Kish
3690:Unas
3641:Tata
3637:Peli
3578:Umma
3559:Uruk
3549:Unzi
3529:Nizi
3388:Adab
3286:Uhub
3278:Kish
3241:Huni
3119:Ilku
3066:Uruk
3035:Atab
2982:Kish
2822:Qa'a
2806:Djet
2803:Djer
2758:Wash
2750:Mekh
2664:Bull
2641:Fish
2516:Elam
2500:Umma
2495:Adab
2490:Uruk
2470:Kish
2465:Mari
2460:Ebla
2375:2613
2250:ISBN
2229:2018
2195:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2139:2018
2093:2018
2047:help
2009:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1880:The
1838:Iunu
1804:and
1794:Giza
1784:The
1763:king
1714:Baka
1696:and
1680:Baka
1596:Iunu
1508:and
1497:Giza
1460:The
1440:Huni
1414:The
1050:tomb
998:The
936:XXXV
821:XXXI
791:XXIX
748:XXVI
700:XXIV
674:XXII
575:XVII
489:XIII
392:VIII
215:and
4679:of
4218:Imi
3704:Ush
2813:Den
2725:Tiu
2373:c.
2279:doi
2221:121
2120:doi
2074:doi
1961:480
1848:of
1836:or
1716:or
1279:or
1052:or
1002:of
804:XXX
718:XXV
661:XXI
618:XIX
550:XVI
519:XIV
476:XII
379:VII
310:III
219:of
58:at
54:'s
7537::
7467:^
7378:;
7290:,
7167:,
6661::
6651::
6635::
6423:)
6218:")
6214:("
5873:")
5579:Ay
5326:")
5322:("
5231:")
5227:("
4827::
4777::
4707:)
4579:)
4224:,
4220:,
4216:,
3855:Ur
3833:)
3822:Il
3328:Ur
3117:,
3113:,
3088:")
3012:,
3008:,
2991:,
2894:Ba
2691:/
2681:Ka
2511:Ur
2344:.
2326:.
2307:.
2285:.
2275:30
2273:.
2219:.
2215:.
2126:.
2116:70
2114:.
2110:.
2080:.
2070:70
2068:.
2064:.
2038::
2036:}}
2032:{{
1975:OL
1973:.
1963:.
1844:.
1812:.
1758:.
1720:.
1535:,
1399:?
1371:?
1056:.
1020:c.
631:XX
537:XV
463:XI
432:XI
405:IX
349:VI
323:IV
280:II
268:c.
230:BC
7508:.
7461:.
7431:.
7192:)
7188:(
6903:)
6899:(
6419:(
6249:)
6245:(
5425:)
5176:)
5172:(
5076:(
4998:(
4986:)
4982:(
4961:)
4957:(
4763:)
4759:(
4689:)
4685:(
4660:)
4653:(
4633:)
4629:(
4575:(
4182:(
3358:)
3219:)
2999:,
2866:)
2862:(
2621:)
2617:(
2578:(
2482:/
2472:/
2417:e
2410:t
2403:v
2377:–
2348:.
2330:.
2293:.
2281::
2258:.
2231:.
2141:.
2122::
2095:.
2076::
2049:)
2045:(
2017:.
1981:.
1302:?
1283:)
987:e
980:t
973:v
932:)
928:(
715:)
711:(
534:)
530:(
418:X
336:V
264:I
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
