Constitution of the Netherlands

2633:", treaties are in the Dutch legal system in principle self-executing; no special transformation is needed by implementing special law, as in countries with a "dualistic" system (such as the United Kingdom). However, when the present articles covering this subject were last revisioned, in 1953, doctrine was divided and some defended a more dualistic position, that of "limited monism". They demanded the constitution to be neutral on this issue and this has led to some infelicitous results. Government originally intended that Article 93, stating that treaties of a generally binding nature would only have such binding force after they had been published, to be simply a safeguard, protecting the citizen against duties imposed on him by such treaty. However, the "limited monists" held that only such published treaties are self-executing and that thus Article 93 is the basis for all treaty monism; to appease them government stated that the article should in any case be read as covering also the treaties conferring rights on the citizen and imposing duties upon government. The unintended result was that government might thus in principle withhold rights to the citizen by not publishing the treaty. Article 94 determines that legal prescripts are inapplicable if they conflict with treaties of a generally binding nature. This means that laws can be tested against treaty norms and obligations. Dutch courts have however been very reluctant to do so, limiting this to cases where government has been left no freedom of policy at all by the treaty, or to severe formal and procedural defects. The case law is very complex and contradictory, complicated by the fact that the phrase "generally binding nature" is assumed to have exactly the same meaning in both articles. Article 95 states that law regulates the publication of treaties or (binding) decisions of international organisations; delegation is allowed. 3091:) and does not alter the constitution, but declares there are sufficient grounds for a certain proposal to change the constitution to be considered. The House of Representatives must then be dissolved and general elections held. The proposed changes to the constitution are then discussed a second time, this time needing a two-thirds majority in both houses of the States General to approve them. This is intended to give voters a say in the matter, by allowing them the opportunity to elect a parliament to vote down the changes if desired. In practice, however, instead of disbanding the House of Representatives and having early elections, the proposal law is simply considered after the next regularly scheduled elections have been held. Consequently, unless early elections are held for some reason (e.g. following the collapse of the government) changes to the constitution can only occur once every four years. In earlier versions of the amendment process, the Senate was also dissolved whenever general elections were held and both Houses had approved a law to propose changes to the constitution. This was deemed a pointless addition to procedure, however, as the Senate is elected by the 369: 1923:. This has been defended by successive governments with the argument that such right is so fundamental to Dutch society that it is redundant to explicitly mention it. Expropriation is only allowed to serve the public interest and on the condition that prior formal assurance is given of (full) indemnity, meaning that some exact sum has to be determined. It has to be based on law; delegation is allowed, but only as regards the indemnity determination procedure, not the expropriation as such. Subarticle 2 states, however, that in an emergency situation the prior assurance has not to be given — in those cases the amount of compensation will be determined later. Subarticle 3 extends this arrangement to cases of destruction, partial damage, total loss and limitations of the right to property, caused by the competent authority to serve the public interest. Normal cases of damage are ruled by the civil code. 2574:, are General Administrative Orders. Since the Second World War a doctrinal consensus has gradually developed that all general Royal Decrees have to conform to these conditions to be valid and that earlier practices to issue general Royal Decrees without meeting these three formalities — such Decrees, general or otherwise, are called "minor Royal Decrees" — can no longer result in regulations with binding force towards the citizen. Since 1889 the constitution determines that all prescripts with a penal character have to be based on formal law and that this law imposes the penalty (Subarticles 2 and 4). This includes the Royal Decrees and thus the General Administrative Orders. A doctrinal consensus has developed, however, that all General Administrative Orders, not just those with penal content, have to be based on formal law to be valid, with the competence to regulate delegated by such law. 2998:

formal law, can be made by the central government on such regulative and administrative powers; delegation is allowed (Article 124 sub 2). So the lower territorial administrative bodies have on the one hand a relative autonomy — but on the other hand they must work within the national legal framework, loyally implement national government policy and are subject to central control. This is further covered by Article 132: the standard organisation of provinces and municipalities and the composition and competence of their administrative organs is regulated by formal law (Subarticle 1); how they are controlled is regulated by law (Subarticle 2); their decisions shall only be subject to prior supervision in cases determined by law or by force of law (Subarticle 3); their decisions shall only be quashed by Royal Decree and on grounds that they violate the law (in the broadest sense: the

2594:. Doctrine holds that this article also attributes the general right to conclude treaties. Article 91 states that the Kingdom shall not be bound by treaty without prior approval of the States General, except for those cases where law determines no such approval is necessary. Such approval may be tacit (Subarticle 2). Despite this, if not either a reservation of approval is made on conclusion of the treaty, or the treaty contains a ratification clause, treaties are according to international law binding upon conclusion. The article must thus be seen as imposing a duty upon government to arrange for such reservation or clause. Subarticle 3 determines that if a treaty conflicts with the Constitution, it has to be approved by a two-thirds majority of both Houses. Whether such conflict exists is decided by the States General; article 6 of the lower 2329:

when the new House meets, to avoid a period without representation. Dissolution of Parliament was in the 19th century an instrument for government to decide a conflict with the House of Representatives by submitting the issue to the voter. Unwritten law developed between 1866 and 1868 that this should not be done more than once over the same issue. The last instance occurred in 1894. In the 20th century such "conflict resolution" was replaced by "crisis resolution" whenever a political coalition fell apart and could not be reconciled; the government then resigns and instead of trying to find a new coalition majority, decides on holding new elections, normally in accordance with the wishes of parliament itself. Earlier typically an "interim cabinet" was formed to arrange for the elections, but this hasn't happened since 1982.

3219:; when he is acting in this capacity the council has the status of the Government of the Realm to treat minor issues. Though the Charter is in principle higher than the Dutch Constitution, there is no legal mechanism to enforce this. The Dutch Supreme Court has consistently ruled that it is forbidden for judges to test laws and administrative acts against the Charter. However the Government of the Realm can strike void any law of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten for being incompatible with the Statute. This asymmetry and the fact that foreign affairs and the defence of the Kingdom are administered by the Dutch Government in its capacity of Government of the Realm show that the frame of government of the Kingdom has also elements of a decentralised 2914:) for violation of the law (Subarticle 2). The Supreme Court in revision only decides points of law, not substantial matters. Other duties may be attributed by formal law (Subarticle 3). These other duties in fact include the resolving of conflicts of competence between courts, penal trials against judges for offences committed in office, disciplinary and advisory tasks and the decision in disputes about prizes taken by Dutch vessels. Article 119 attributes the exclusive right to the Supreme Court of trying members of the States General, ministers and secretaries of state, whether incumbent or formal, for offences committed in office. It also states such a trial is instigated by either a Royal Decree or a decision by the House of Representatives. 1424: 2480:). Its task is to perform financial audits (Article 76). The members are appointed for life by Royal Decree from a shortlist of three, proposed by the House of Representatives (Article 77). They can be dismissed on demand by Decree or when reaching an age determined by law (Subarticle 2); or dismissed by the Supreme Court in certain other cases determined by law (Subarticle 3). Law determines the organisation, composition and competence of the Court of Audit (Article 78); delegation is possible; this may exceed the functions indicated by Article 76; in this case no delegation is allowed (Subarticle 2). In fact the Court of Audit not only performs financial audits but also "value for money" 2085:. All have to be funded by government and with the strictest equality (subarticle 7); until recently law stated that this equality was nominal, meaning that if a municipality spent a certain sum per student in public schools, exactly the same sum had to be spent in its special schools. The right can be limited by formal law in that minimal quality requirements can be imposed (subarticle 5), both as regards the level of education and the standard of organization. Some of this power is in fact delegated to lower bodies; one of the breaking-points in 1983 was the refusal of parliament to express this in the constitution. The duty of State to (equally) fund is limited to free 2288:), the First Chamber of 75 members — the constitution deliberately mentions the House of Representatives first to emphasize its political primate. Subarticle 4 mentions that both Houses can gather in an indivisible United Assembly of 225 members, a joint session necessary to perform some acts, such as the appointment of a new King in absence of royal heirs. When in United Assembly the President of the Senate is President of the States General (Article 62); the House of Representatives has tried to change this in the revision of 1983 but has twice been defeated by the Senate defending its privilege. The Houses sit for four years (Article 52). They are elected on basis of 2448:). Any proposal of law in the broadest sense and any proposed treaty is in principle first submitted to the Council of State for legal comment; this can be limited by formal law, which however only does so for trivial cases (Article 73). Though officially such comment is merely an advice, it is very rare for law proposals to remain unchanged if the judgment of the council is negative. The council is seen as the guardian of legislative quality; no minister can ignore its opinion without dire effects on his own reputation. Thus the Council in fact codetermines the legislative process. The council also acts as the highest court for 2829:, but rather a purely organisational complex of judicial institutions: those courts are simply part of the judiciary that are designated as such by formal law (Article 116). Their organisation, composition and competence is regulated by law; delegation is possible (Subarticle 2). However, one safeguard that is typical of the Judicial, to guarantee its independence, is also characteristic of the Dutch judiciary: its members are appointed for life (Article 117); they can resign voluntarily or will be fired at an age determined by law (Subarticle 2); present law prescribes an age of seventy. Other principles, like 1808:). The constitution of 1815 limited the ancient right to written petitions, hoping to curtail the typical disorder created by large groups of delegates. Nevertheless, such public mass petitioning has always remained very popular. The right of petition does not imply an accompanying right to be answered, but in practice all public bodies have special commissions to do just that. Often petitions are directed to the King, although the system of ministerial responsibility makes it impossible for him to take action by himself; his secretarial cabinet relegates such petitions to the relevant ministries. 3215:, where the central government gives considerable autonomy to some parts of the kingdom (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten), but retains control over a large part (European Netherlands). There is a Government of the Realm, a Legislative of the Realm and a Supreme Court of the Realm. However, these bodies are only fully formed on special occasions and by appointing special Antillian members to the normal Dutch government, parliament and Supreme Court. One of the members of the Dutch council of ministers is always also appointed a permanent "Minister of Antillian Affairs". Since 1998 this is the 2064:. Even in 1983 this issue remained so sensitive that government and parliament failed to reach consensus over a changed redaction. As a result, Article 23 remained unchanged. It is therefore outside of the uniform terminology and systematics of the renewed constitution: some elements of Article 23 are absolute rights, others can be limited by law, for some this limitation can be delegated to lower administrative bodies — but it is impossible to understand from the article itself what is the situation for each element; this can only be learned from case law and doctrine. Absolute is the 1730:. If the legislative were allowed to delegate its powers to the government or to lower decentralized bodies, this would threaten democratic legitimacy and the constitutional protection of the citizen (as citizens have no recourse to a Constitutional Court). Therefore, delegation is only allowed if articles contain the terms "regulate" or "by force of law"; otherwise it is forbidden. This rule itself, however, being legal doctrine, is not explicitly included anywhere within the written law and is only found in the official commission reports and ministerial commentaries accompanying the 3060:. The elections take place within a system of proportional representation (Article 129 sub 2); the vote is secret and the organisation of the voting is regulated by law (Subarticle 3). The term of the States-Provincial and the municipal council is four years, unless formal law determines otherwise (Subarticle 4) Law determines possible incompatibilities of function, and may determine that family ties, marriage or the commission of acts indicated by such law may lead to a loss of membership (Subarticle 5). E.g. membership of a municipal council is incompatible with that of the 1966:(Article 18). Subarticle 1 contains a freedom right: anyone has the right to be legally assisted or represented in court or during administrative appeal. This right is absolute and cannot be limited by law. Nevertheless, the law may impose qualification requirements on legal representatives so that e.g. only attorneys are allowed to represent. Subarticle 2 contains the right to legal aid for the destitute. The right can be limited by formal law; delegation is allowed. However, doctrine holds that the State has an absolute duty to provide a minimum of legal aid. 2488:. Dutch legal doctrine believes in a clear distinction between efficiency and effectiveness reports and this is reflected in two separate types of investigation carried out. The budget as such is always officially approved, be it with "comments" when irregularities have been discovered; these then have to be remedied by special law. The effectiveness reports, carried out in great detail, in full independence and without the slightest regard for political sensitivities, have given the Court of Audit a large political influence, even more so than the British 1846:. Again, no censorship is ever allowed, but the right can otherwise be limited by formal law; explicitly mentioned in subarticle 3 is the possibility to limit the viewing of movies by minors under the age of sixteen. Although no delegation is possible, lower bodies may limit the exercise of the right for reasons of public order if such limitations are not based on the content of the expressed views. Subarticle 4 states that commercial advertising is not protected by article 7. The Dutch constitution does not contain a 2221:(Article 45), presided by the Prime Minister (Subarticle 2), which assembles (in fact weekly) to promote the unity of the general governmental policy (Subarticle 3). Though existing since 1823, this council has only been mentioned since the revision of 1983; its constitutional powers as such are almost nil. The proceedings are secret for a period of fifty years. Outwardly the council acts as if there were complete agreement between all ministers: the so-called "homogeneity". By Royal Decree are appointed 594: 563: 3044:

of his own, mainly regarding the protection of public order, but these have no direct constitutional basis, they are delegated by the national legislator. Article 126 states, however, that formal law may determine that instructions regarding his office may be given to the Commissioner of the King by the national government. For cases of gross neglect of administrative duty, formal law will regulate the kind of provisions to be made in deviation of Articles 125 and 127 (Article 132, sub 4)

1908:). The Dutch penal code offers a further protection of this right as several types of violating it are punishable as crimes. Subarticle 2 contains the privacy of communication by telephone and telegraph. This right can be limited by law; such law has to indicate which persons have the authority to allow a violation. No delegation is allowed. For most cases again the investigative judge has the competent authority. Since the nineties there is doctrinal consensus that the right extends to 180: 166: 2381:(Article 68). Doctrine holds that there can also be "natural impediments" justifying that a minister fails in answering questions, such as the circumstance that he simply doesn't know the answer, that he has already answered or that he is about to answer much more completely by issuing a written report on the question. Another doctrinal limitation is the ministerial responsibility: a minister is not obliged to give information about a subject for which not he is responsible but his 3099:). The Senate will therefore invariably have the same composition unless provincial elections are held as well. Neither holding provincial elections specially for this purpose, nor postponing consideration of the proposal to change the constitution until after the regularly scheduled provincial elections is considered a desirable alternative. Changes that involve the relations between the countries of the Kingdom must be proposed by a law formulated by the Government of the Realm. 2385:. Government members have access to the sessions and can freely partake in the discussions (Article 69); they can also be invited to do so by the Houses (Subarticle 2). Such an invitation is in fact an order: government members are not at liberty to refuse. They do however have the right to invite any expert to assist them in the discussions (Subarticle 3). All persons partaking in the deliberations of parliament or in the parliamentary commission meetings have 999: 2465:, are appointed by Royal Decree for life (Subarticle 2); they can be dismissed on demand by Decree, or in cases determined by law by the Council itself, and law can determine an age limit (Subarticles 3 and 4). The competence, organisation and composition of the council are regulated by law; delegation is possible (Article 75). This competence may exceed the functions indicated in Article 73; in this case no delegation is allowed (Subarticle 2). The number of 842: 2292:(Article 53) and by a secret ballot (Subarticle 2). The House of Representatives is elected by all Dutch citizens over the age of eighteen (Article 54), except those who have been disqualified by a court sentence as part of their punishment for a crime or those who have been declared incapable by court because of insanity (Subarticle 2). Formal law can limit the right to vote to resident nationals only but presently does not. The Senate is elected by the 3243: 3127: 1627: 1152: 36: 2687:(Article 100). In an emergency situation such information can be given after the facts. Both government and parliament tended to present this duty as a kind of implicit approval, as parliament could in principle force government to call off the mission, but the Council of State has made clear this is at least formally not the case. Article 101 (mobilisation) has been abrogated in 1995, Article 102 (defence budget and prohibition of 2895:, included by the constitutional revision of 1983 after the death penalty itself had already been abolished in 1870. The article is not a guarantee, as doctrine holds that in a state of emergency any right might be suspended by unwritten constitutional emergency law; also in principle some treaty might oblige the judge to impose the death penalty. However, in fact the Netherlands has ratified the Sixth Protocol of the 2089:(presently until the age of sixteen); Subarticle 7, however, states that law will specify the conditions under which non-compulsory education will be funded; unsurprisingly there is in fact in this field also strict equality. Subarticle 1 expresses the social right that education in general is an ongoing concern for the government; Subarticle 4 states that municipalities have the duty to provide for sufficient 2550:

House of Representatives. Bills become valid law once they have been passed by Parliament and have been affirmed by the King (Article 87). It is generally assumed that this also fulfills the demand of signature by Article 47. The affirmation needs sign and ministerial countersign but also the older Royal Order has to be signed and countersigned, ordering to publish the law in a special publication, the

2028:. In the revision of 1848 the freedom of education was first expressed. However, this was a negative right: parents were at liberty to let their children be educated in denominational schools, but had to pay for this themselves, whereas state schools offered free education. As the frame of government grew ever more democratic, this arrangement proved untenable in the gradually becoming more " 1940:(Article 16). This fundamental principle of legality (which requires that one cannot be punished for doing something that is not prohibited by law), already present in the penal code and introduced to the constitution in the revision of 1983, is absolute and cannot be limited by law. However, at the same time, the additional article IX was added to the constitution making an exception for 2508:(Subarticle 3); in both cases delegation is allowed. There used to be a great many of these advisory bodies; after 1996 their number was brought back to a few to economise. The advice of all bodies indicated in Chapter 4 is in principle public; the law regulates the way it is published; delegation is allowed (Article 80); it is submitted to the States General (subarticle 2). 2400:(Article 70). They can by majority vote empower a commission that in public or secret hearings can investigate any subject. Any person in the Realm is obliged to appear and answer their questions; it is a crime not to obey. This right can be limited by formal law; delegation is possible. Sixteen such inquiries have been held since 1848, one of them, about the events in the 1860:("Law of association and assembly") of 1855, but this law only very rarely leads to an official disbandment of an organization as a legal entity under the civil code. Dutch legal doctrine holds that the freedom of association does not protect against forced membership of organizations, e.g. when such membership is a condition for being active in a certain profession. 2641:. This approval must be given by the United Assembly (Subarticle 3), as it would be most embarrassing if the House of Representatives approved but the Senate withheld approval. If the existing war conditions make such an approval impossible it is not required. Indeed, the approval has little value in any case: the subject of the article is not the classic 2016:(Article 22). This is a basket article combining rights that were too important to remain unmentioned, but too unimportant to warrant a separate article status. Subarticle 1 imposes a duty upon government to improve public health. Subarticle 2 does the same for living conditions and subarticle 3 for "cultural self-realisation" and recreational activities. 3002:) or conflict with the public interest (Subarticle 4). Law will in general regulate the kind of provisions to be made if provinces or municipalities fail to meet the demands of Article 124 sub 2 (Subarticle 5). Which taxes may be levied by provinces and municipalities and their financial relationship with the state, are determined by law (Subarticle 6). 2570:, "General Administrative Orders". To avoid doctrinal strive over what orders exactly are covered by this concept, a consensus has developed that a strict formal definition can be applied: all general orders made by Royal Decree (Subarticle 1) that have been submitted to the Council of Ministers and to the Council of State and have been published by the 2002:(Article 21) This article imposes a duty on government to ensure the habitability of the land — including the general infrastructure and especially the vital sea-defences — and the protection and improvement of the environment. Doctrinal consensus holds that "improvement" implies that government is not allowed to make environmental laws much less strict. 2537:(Article 82). Some bills have to be presented by the States General in United Assembly (subarticle 2). The Senate cannot propose law. The ministers can but in fact act through the King who sends a Royal Missive (Article 83), containing the proposal, which is only signed by himself, thus without countersign. The House of Representatives has the 2899:, also containing a prohibition and having precedence over any other treaty. Therefore, since 1986 no Dutch judge has any formal competence to impose the death penalty. Nevertheless, the Dutch government might by treaty be obligated to cooperate with some international tribunal with the powers to impose the death penalty, such as the 1878:. The article imposes a duty on the government to protect against a threat to privacy posed by a possible abuse of databases (subarticle 2); and to regulate the right of persons to be informed about the content of such databases concerning their person and the right to improve possible mistakes in such content (subarticle 3). 3211:, which is the constitution of the entire Kingdom. The Charter however, mainly describes the relations between the different parts of the Kingdom. In addition it stipulates that each country is obliged to promote human rights, listed in a special bill of rights, and decent governance. The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a 2194:

influence in it threatens to become too predominant, has to resign if he cannot prevent it; what happens internally between King and ministers is the Crown Secret, never to be divulged. What little of it nevertheless has come to the public attention, shows that the common conception that the kingship since the reign of

3064:; a lawyer will lose his membership of a municipal council if he represents his municipality in court. All members vote without mandate (Subarticle 6). This is a reference to the situation under the Republic when the members of the States of a province voted on instruction from the city councils they represented. 3029:(Subarticle 2). In this system the administrative organs exert the function of both the executive and legislative (Article 127); however, to form the daily administration they appoint Deputised States (for provinces) or the Colleges of Mayor and Aldermen (municipalities). In 2002 the system underwent a 2769:, including their protection and workers' participation must be determined by law. This has as yet not been done in any general way. Doctrine holds that civil servants enjoy full protection by constitutional basic rights. Article 110 imposes a duty upon government to safeguard by formal law sufficient 3043:

of the word "wethouder" or "deputised" is no longer commonly understood. The Commissioner of the King and the mayor are officials, appointed by Royal Decree (Article 131). A proposed revision to introduce an elected mayor, recently was rejected by the Senate. The mayor has some legal executive powers

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Article 124 states the main principles of decentralisation: provinces and municipalities are competent to regulate and administrate their internal affairs (Subarticle 1), delegation is possible — but only by the provinces and municipalities themselves (Article 128); nevertheless demands, regulated by

2848:

is exclusively attributed to the judiciary (subarticle 1); formal law can attribute other judicial powers to either the judiciary or other courts; delegation is possible as regards the regulation of the procedures and the implementation of rulings (subarticle 2). Doctrine holds that the competence of

2695:

to maintain external or internal security; delegation is allowed. The powers of lower administrative bodies can be limited; the basic rights expressed in Articles 6,7,8,9, 12 Subarticle 2, 13 and 113 Subarticle 1 and 3 can be infringed upon (Subarticle 2). Royal Decree may end the state of emergency.

2582:

The second paragraph of Chapter 5 contains several articles of disparate administrative content; but they are not the same as the "other prescripts" of §1; the redaction of the headings is generally seen as confusing and infelicitous on this point. Most articles in §2 are combined in coherent groups.

2549:

to be passed by the House of Representatives, in fact an amendment of law. Bills may be withdrawn by the proposer until passed (Article 86), but only by a majority of the House of Representatives if the bill has been presented by some members of the House of Representatives and has been passed by the

2521:

The Legislative is formed by Government (i.e. King and ministers) and the States General in cooperation (Article 81), although the term "legislative" is not actually used: the article simply states that government and the States General together make laws. This means that the Dutch concept of "formal

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Article 64 states that government can dissolve each House by Royal Decree. Within three months elections have to be held (Subarticle 2). The duration of a new House of Representatives after dissolution is determined by law and not to exceed five years (Subarticle 4). The dissolution only takes effect

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by the responsible minister(s) or secretaries of state (Article 47). The countersign has been mandatory since the revision of 1840. Since 1983 such laws and decrees also have to be affirmed by a signed affirmation; it is usually assumed these acts coincide. All ministers and secretaries of state have

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Welfare of the people (Article 20). Subarticle 1 imposes a duty upon the government to ensure the subsistence of the population and an adequate distribution of wealth. Subarticle 2 demands that laws are made concerning the entitlements to social welfare. Delegation is allowed. Subarticle 3 contains a

1934:

takes place and is finished within a reasonable period of time. This right cannot be limited by law. In fact the Dutch penal code contains loopholes making it possible to delay trials indefinitely. Subarticle 4 states that all basic rights of a detainee can be limited in the interest of his detention.

2773:

regarding governmental activities. Delegation is allowed. The government does not see this as some general "right to public access to information" and this has been the reason not to insert it into Chapter 1, but this interpretation is quite popular in doctrine as the right does even more resemble a

2653:

forbidden by international law. It is a simple declarative statement of fact, without legal consequences, that a war situation has come to exist. The doctrine of many other nations makes no such distinction. Article 97 states that a defence force exists to defend the Kingdom and its interests and to

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educated is seen as derived; parents are free in the choice of schools. The right implies the right to found schools, the right to freely choose their underlying religion or philosophy of life and the right to organise them in accordance with such religion or philosophy. So not all "special" schools

1889:

Prohibition of unlawful entry of the home when no permission of the inhabitant has been obtained (Article 12). Although often presented as a general "right of the home", this article is in fact more based on the principle that the authorities do have a fundamental right to enter homes, but that this

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where the proposed revision has to pass with a (normal) majority. The proposed revision needs to be subsequently be supported by both chambers with a 2/3 majority, after general elections for the house of representatives (in practice most revision are submitted shortly before planned elections). The

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but one fully subordinate to a certain minister. In 1953 new articles were introduced concerning international relations, as the Netherlands was abandoning its old policy of strict neutrality. In the revision of 1956 the constitution was changed to accommodate the full independence of Indonesia. The

2636:

A second group of articles consists of those pertaining to the national security. Before the revision of 1983 these were combined in a separate Chapter 10; the articles as such remained largely unchanged in 1983, but were finally fully revised in 2000. Article 96 states that a prior approval of the

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and his substitute are appointed by the House of Representatives for a certain period of time, to be determined by law. They are in any case dismissed by the House of Representatives on demand and when reaching a certain age (Subarticle 2). Law determines the competence of the ombudsman and the way

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of new members, in this case a written affirmation by the central voting office that they have indeed obtained the necessary number of votes. After the investigation new members swear four oaths: the oath of purification, the oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the oath of loyal discharge of

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To be eligible to be elected it is necessary to be of Dutch nationality, to be over eighteen in age and not to have been excluded from the right to vote (Article 56); there are also certain incompatibilities of function (Article 57), the most important of which is that a minister not belonging to a

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Article 42 states the main principles of Dutch government: that it is formed by King and ministers (Subarticle 1) and that "the King is inviolate; the ministers are responsible" (Subarticle 2). Before 1848 the inviolacy of the King was interpreted as a judicial one: he could never be tried in court

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are directly elected by their constituents. The conditions of the right to elect and be elected are the same as those regarding the elections of the House of Representatives (Article 129 sub 1). However, formal law may give inhabitants of municipalities, that do not have the Dutch nationality, the

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doctrine. In fact all relevant laws order the authorities to obtain approval from the judge within a certain time limit, but deny to the detainee access by his own initiative until that limit has been reached. Subarticle 3 contains the penal law obligation of the authorities to ensure that a trial

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remained basically unchanged, into a completely new set of modern codes. There has been a general tendency to strive for economy of style, clarity of expression, conceptual coherence and unity of terminology. The complete revision of the Dutch constitution in 1983 is part of this process. Combined

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which were in turn elected by a select group of male citizens of good standing and paying a certain amount of taxes, so indirectly there was a modicum of democracy introduced to the system. Generally, however, the administration was monarchical, with the king appointing for life the members of the

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Article 121 states three safeguards for a fair trial: the first is that trials are public. The second is that judgments must specify the considerations and grounds upon which they are based. The third is that any judgment must be pronounced in public. Any exception to these principles can only be

2023:

is characterized by ideological divisions. The constitutions of 1814 and 1815 expressed the principle of neutral state education; even in private schools giving a full curriculum religious education was forbidden. Parents wanting their children to be given some formal religious instruction had to

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to elect the House of Representatives, the States-Provincial and the municipality councils. The Senate continued to be elected by the States-Provincial, but now also employing a system of proportional representation, no longer by majorities per province. The Christian democratic parties agreed to

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presented to the States General, its balance sheet approved by the Court of Audit (Article 105). Delegation is not allowed. The budget debates are held by the House of Representatives, with a separate treatment of each departmental budget and of special interdepartmental budgets; since 1971, the

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in 1997. However, the old laws regulating conscription have only been suspended, to be reactivated in case of emergency; this is given a constitutional basis by Subarticle 2; delegation is allowed. A provision that has remained unchanged is Article 99, stating that law regulates the exemption of

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Inviolence of the (human) body (Article 11). This right, introduced by the revision of 1983, can be limited by formal law; delegation is allowed. The right is a subspecies of the general right to personal integrity expressed in article 10, so no dichotomy is intended between the two concepts. It

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decisions having force of treaty have to be approved by Parliament prior to even the conclusion itself. By treaty legislative, administrative and judicial powers may be conferred on organisations established under international law (Article 92). This has been done on many occasions, e.g. on the

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and freedom of demonstration (Article 9). The revision of 1983 split the old combination of "freedom of assembly and association" and added the former to a new freedom of demonstration. The right can be limited by formal law. Delegation is allowed but only to protect public health, for traffic

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implies there is since the revision of 1848 primarily a political inviolacy. This means that the King cannot act in a public capacity without ministerial approval: externally the governmental policy is always represented by the responsible minister who, should he feel that the King's personal

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of the Netherlands is so complex, it was deemed impossible to incorporate it in a single code, but its general rules must be covered in a general code (Subarticle 2) as has indeed gradually been done since the nineties, be it with great difficulty. Article 108 (investigative bodies for civil

2565:

In the Dutch constitutional system there is not only formal law; also other general governmental regulations are recognised, binding the citizen; the overarching concept is called "material law". These other regulations are the "other prescripts" mentioned in the heading of §1. Only the most

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he in fact only does so on special occasions: normally the current chairman is the vice-president of the council, some times by journalists called the "Viceroy of the Netherlands". The probable heir becomes a member of the Council when he reaches the age of eighteen and often does attend the

1837:

has nevertheless ruled since 1950 that such bodies may in fact limit the distribution of materials, if such a limitation is not based on the content of those materials and does not imply a complete impediment to any separate means of distribution. They may for instance limit the spreading of

2507:

The constitution has a general Article 79 founding the establishment of other advisory bodies, the "permanent advisory colleges". The law regulates the organisation, composition and competence of these bodies (Subarticle 2); other competences than mere advisory ones may be attributed by law

2452:(Subarticle 2 and 3); it thus has the final say on the way the country is actually ruled, though this is limited by the fact such appeals can only be made on formal or procedural grounds. The large influence of the council is not always appreciated by external and internal observers. If the 2324:

Each House appoints its own President from its members (Article 61) and a clerk, not from its own members; no officials of the States General may be member of the States (Subarticle 2). Law regulates the remuneration of the members; delegation is possible; such law can only be approved by a

2833:, are not explicitly mentioned in the constitution. The law regulates to which extent persons who are not members of the judiciary, partake in its rulings; delegation is possible (Article 116, sub 3). This refers to (scientific or other) experts on a certain subject, not to a system of 2321:

their office are demanded by Article 60; the oath of loyalty to King and Statute is demanded by Article 47 of the Statute of the Kingdom, the higher Constitution of the Realm. All other issues pertaining the elections are regulated by formal law; delegation is possible (Article 59).

2366:(more than half of the votes, Subarticle 2) and without mandate (Subarticle 3) — a reference to the situation under the Republic when each delegate had to vote on instruction from the nobles or city councils he represented. On demand of a single member the vote must be oral and by 1508:-article". The election interval for the House of Representatives was changed from two (with half of it replaced) to four years (with full a replacement of now hundred members). Eligibility for the Senate was broadened. Any penal measure not based on formal law was prohibited. 1503:

In 1884 there was a minor revision. In 1887 the census suffrage system was replaced by one based on minimal wealth and education, which allowed an ever-growing share of the male population to be given the right to vote; therefore this provision was at the time nicknamed the

1958:

In addition to these classic rights the revision of 1983 introduced a number of social rights. The distinction between the two categories is not strictly based on any legal doctrine and in fact the social right articles contain many freedom rights. The social rights are:

2699:

The third group consists of articles pertaining to financial issues. Imposed taxation must be based on formal law (Article 104). Delegation is allowed. However, to indicate this must be done hesitantly, parliament insisted on a slightly different terminology: instead of

2545:(Article 84). The Senate only can pass or reject laws in full (Article 85), defended by the responsible minister or by members of the House of Representatives having taken the initiative to propose the law; however, in practice it can send the proposal back asking for a 1390:) of the States General, the "Second Chamber" as it is still called, were still appointed by the States-Provincial (for three years; each year a third was replaced), who themselves were filled with nobility members or appointed by the city councils, just like under the 1528:

was explicitly adopted in the constitution, after it had already been introduced by law in 1919. Each three years, half of the members of the Senate were to be elected by the States-Provincial for a period of six years, using a system of proportional representation.

1929:(Article 15). This right can be limited by formal law. Delegation is allowed since the revision of 1983. Subarticle 2 safeguards access to the competent judge for anyone detained; this judge has the power to order the release of the detainee, like in the common law 1890:

must be given a legal basis. The law has to indicate in which case and by which persons entry is legal. Delegation is allowed. Dutch courts tend to give precedence to the practicality of police investigation, so this article has had little protective value.

1310:, and only accepting "under the safeguard of a free constitution, assuring your freedom against possible future abuses", had first appointed a number of men of good standing as electors and these approved the constitution, written by a commission headed by 2504:

he proceeds; delegation is allowed (Subarticle 3). His competence may by law be determined to exceed that given in Subarticle 1; delegation is allowed (Subarticle 4) — in contrast with the arrangement given for the Council of State and the Court of Audit.

1541:

by giving a constitutional base to public bodies regulating sectors of the economy. A proposal to make it possible to impeach "revolutionary" members of representative bodies, directed against communists and fascists, failed to get a two-thirds majority.

1972:(Article 19). Subarticle 1 imposes a duty on the government to ensure sufficient employment. This does not imply a right to be employed for the individual. Subarticle 2 demands that laws are made regarding the legal position of workers, including the 1378:

that ordered the union of the Northern and the Southern Netherlands, their votes and those of the men having refused to vote, were added to the minority, and by this infamous "Hollandic Arithmetic" William felt justified to proclaim the new kingdom.

1758:

indicated by the constitution: all basic rights are principally equal in value and importance. Some rights are absolute, most can be limited by parliamentary or "formal" law, many can be limited by delegation of limiting powers. They include:

1856:(Article 8). This right can be limited by formal law, but only to safeguard public order. No delegation is allowed. Almost any organization posing any conceivable danger to public order in the broadest sense is forbidden by the still extant 1585:

were included, most articles were reformulated (the main exception being article 23 about the still sensitive freedom of education) using a new uniform legal terminology and their sequence was changed. The bill of rights was expanded with a

2148:(Article 27); parliamentary approval of royal marriage on penalty of loss of the right to the throne (Art. 28); the exclusion of unfit possible heirs (Art. 29); appointment of a successor if heirs are absent (Art. 30 and 31); the oath and 1996:

right to welfare for the destitute. The right can be limited by formal law; delegation is allowed. The government has a duty to make a law implementing the right. The right is limited to those Dutch nationals living in the Netherlands.

3303:

Although the constitution itself is the primary body of constitutional law in the Netherlands, it is not the only law that contains constitutional codification. A number of general precepts are encoded in a separate law known as the

1984:. This right can be limited by formal law; delegation is allowed. The right is limited to those of Dutch nationality, so in principle foreign nationals can be denied access to the labour market. The law in fact denies such access to 1774:. This right can only be limited by law, if there is an objective, reasonable justification for restricting it. In that case, the court will decide if the law is suitable, necessary and in proportion to reach the purpose of the law. 1874:(Article 10). This right, introduced by the revision of 1983, is a general right to be protected whenever the personal integrity is threatened. The right can be limited by formal law. Delegation is allowed, but only in relation to 2910:. Their members are appointed from a shortlist of three, made by the House of Representatives of the States General (Subarticle 1). Formal law determines in which cases the Supreme Court may reverse judgments of lower courts ( 2875:

to the judiciary. However, law can regulate the establishment by government of disciplinary courts outside of the judiciary. Delegation is possible (Subarticle 2). The judiciary is attributed the exclusive right to impose a

2499:, a relatively new function; he may investigate by his own initiative or on request of anyone, the actions of State bodies or other governmental bodies indicated by law; this indication can be delegated (Article 78a). The 1828:

is absolutely forbidden. However, formal law can otherwise limit this freedom, e.g. by making a certain content punishable under penal law. Such limiting powers cannot be delegated to lower administrative bodies such as

597: 2407:

The Houses each determine their own Rules of Procedure (Article 72). As the legislative is in the Netherlands formed by parliament and government in cooperation, these Rules of Procedure are not formal laws but have a

2849:

the court is determined by the nature of the legal rule on which the plaintiff founds his claim. This implies that even in administrative disputes the citizen can always assure some legal resort, simply by bringing a

2683:. Delegation is allowed. Government has to inform the States General about any intended foreign deployment of Dutch forces outside of defence treaty obligations, thus to protect the international rule of law and for 2361:

or the President, on which proposal the doors are closed immediately for the vote (Subarticle 2). Normally there is a quorum of a half to start a session or to take any decision (Article 67). Decisions are taken by

1717:

there has been a dominant movement within the Dutch legal community to be fully consistent in this and incorporate the total of case law accumulated over the years, while the old law books derived from the French

2977:

can be established and abolished by formal law, hereby indicating the two levels of territorial division. The twelve Dutch provinces still largely coincide with their medieval predecessors, with the exception of

3056:

right to elect, and be elected in, the municipal council, if they meet the other conditions (Article 130). This right has indeed been given to certain categories of foreign nationals, e.g. all citizens of the

2055:

on the other hand. In 1889 a system of school funding for denominational schools was introduced; in the revision of 1917 this was formalised by a guarantee of full constitutional equality between public and

2456:

is unable to exert the royal authority and there is as yet no regent, the Council exerts the royal authority (Article 38). The council is officially presided by the King (Article 74); in view of the

2921:. However, regulations of lower administrative bodies may be tested against the constitution by the courts. Also any law may be tested against any self-executing treaty, though this rarely happens. 2864:

ruled that the Crown Appeal by the Council of State, then by exclusion the highest administrative appeal court, lacked the necessary independence. This necessitated a complete revision of the Dutch

1609:

In 1987 there was a minor revision. In the revision of 1995 the introduction of a professional army, replacing the conscript army, was regulated. In the revision of 1999 a proposal to introduce an

1415:. In 1840, when a new revision was made necessary by the independence of Belgium, a first step to a more parliamentary system was taken by the introduction of penal ministerial responsibility. 602: 1465:. The States-Provincial, themselves elected by voters, appointed by majorities for each province the members of the Senate from a select group of upper class citizens. A commission chaired by 2884:

that are not punitive in nature. Law may regulate exceptions to the provisions of Article 113 in case of trials held outside of the European territory of the Netherlands or of proceedings of

2654:

maintain and promote the international rule of law; Subarticle 2 determines that the supreme authority over this defence force is exercised by the government; there is thus no constitutional

820: 3223:. The Charter can only be changed with the consent of all countries within the Kingdom; the laws to this effect can be adopted with a simple absolute majority in each of their parliaments. 2217:(Subarticle 2), who officially have no ministry but whom in fact is assigned the necessary personnel and who sign and are responsible for a partial budget. The ministers together form the 2696:

The States General decide in United Assembly whether the state of emergency must be maintained, immediately after its declaration and as often as they see fit afterwards (Subarticle 3).

3039:) and States Deputised were no longer allowed to be members of the municipal councils or States Provincial respectively. This makes their function designation a misnomer, although the 1900:. This can only be violated on order of a judge and only in those cases indicated by formal law. No delegation is allowed. The judge in question is rarely a court but in practice the 1842:

and radio broadcasts. Subarticle 3, added in 1983, gives a general right of expression, for those cases where neither printed nor broadcast information is involved; this includes the

2198:

has in fact been almost fully ceremonial, is not supported by the facts. Often it is assumed that there is a "derived ministerial responsibility" for all members of the Royal House.

609: 2234:(declaring to not having bribed anyone to obtain their office, nor having been bribed to commit certain acts when in office) and swear allegiance to the Constitution (Article 49). 566: 1954:(Article 17). This ancient right states that no one can against his will be kept from the competent court. It cannot be limited by law — but law decides which court is competent. 2917:

Article 120 states that no judge will judge the constitutionality of laws and treaties. Therefore, no constitutional review of formal laws is possible; the Netherlands lack a

2209:(Article 43). Such decrees are also signed by the Prime Minister himself, who signs his own appointment and those of the others (Article 48). Royal decree also institutes the 942: 2586:

The first of these groups consists of articles pertaining to international law and treaties. Article 90 states that it is the duty of government to promote the international

2461:

meetings. Law can give other members of the Royal House the right to attend; it in fact determines that they nor the heir have voting powers. The members of the council, the

2522:

law" cannot simply be equated to "Act of Parliament", as government and parliament act in unison in creating laws. In the Dutch constitutional system there is no decisive

825: 1882:

protects against violations like forced medical experiments, corporal punishment, torture and mutilation. It does not end with death and thus demands a legal basis for

3013:. Their sessions are public, except in cases regulated by formal law; delegation is allowed (Subarticle 1). The sessions of the States-Provincial are presided by the 2756:(which is seen as a more limited field than general penal law) must be determined by formal law only. This means provinces and municipalities cannot create their own 2272:

have to give priority to the public interest, as opposed to the particular interests of their constituents. Article 51 specifies that the States General consist of a

2068:

itself (subarticle 2), the equality between public and special schools and the duty of the State to finance them all. The right to education is primarily a right to

1613:

was rejected by the Senate. After a minor revision in 2002, the last changes were made in 2005; a proposal to introduce an elected mayor was rejected by the Senate.

3312:). These precepts cover a number of varying topics ranging from applicability of different types of laws to persons or territories, to regulations mandating that 2164:

over a minor King (Art. 34); declaration by Parliament of the King's inability (Art. 35); temporary relinquishment of the exercise of royal authority (Art. 36);

1820:(Article 7). This article has only been partially changed in the 1983 revision, as it was linked to very complicated case law. Subarticle 1 contains the classic 1549:

in 1946 a revision failed attempting to simplify the revisional procedure. However, a change was accepted allowing to send conscripts to the colonial war in the

1374:. As 126, however, had indicated that they were against because of the (by them still considered too limited) freedom of religion, which was mandatory under the 2684: 2231: 1123:. In 1983, the most recent major revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands was undertaken, almost fully rewriting the text and adding new civil rights. 433: 2777:

Article 111, the last of this paragraph, stands alone; it determines that formal law shall instate honorary Royal Orders of Knighthood. These are in fact the

2994:; the municipalities have recently been greatly decreased in number. Formal law regulates changes in their boundaries, delegation is allowed (Subarticle 2). 1027: 583: 571: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 1520:

universal manhood suffrage in exchange for a complete constitutional equality in state funding between public and denominational schools, thus ending the

2225:(Article 46); these are subordinate to a certain minister who is fully responsible for their acts (Subarticle 2). All laws and Royal Decrees have to be 2110:

together form the government and this indivisibly, so that the King in any of his public acts always acting under ministerial responsibility is not the

1570:

number of members of the House of Representatives members was brought up to 150, of Senate members to 75. The revision of 1963 accommodated the loss of

2397: 1687:

There are substantial safeguards to prevent carefree revision of the constitution. A revision of the constitution is submitted to both chambers of the

1111:, except when the Charter does not cover a certain legal subject. It is generally seen as directly derived from the one issued in 1815, constituting a 1441:

The constitution as it was revised on 11 October 1848 is often described as the original of the version still in force today. Under pressure from the

4318: 1382:

Regarding the government's political structure the 1815 constitution did not diverge much from the situation during the Republic: the 110 members of

1794:(Article 5). This ancient right is absolute and cannot be limited by law. The right of petition has a long tradition in the Netherlands; indeed the 3669: 3264: 3148: 1648: 1299: 1173: 53: 3823: 3005:

Article 125 indicates the main administrative organs of the lower territorial administrative bodies: in the case of the provinces these are the

1726:

Because there is no Constitutional Court testing laws and acts against the constitution, much of the systematics are centered on the problem of

3798: 3216: 916: 912: 1318:— having proclaimed himself King of the larger United Netherlands six days earlier, issued the first version of the current constitution, the 100: 4430: 3753: 3557: 2527: 975: 2260:

and that these represent the whole of the people of the Netherlands. Thus a clear distinction is made to the situation under the confederal

72: 3978: 3467: 3330: 835: 2273: 815: 2929:

is granted by Royal Decree, on advice by a court indicated by law. Formal law regulates the procedure; delegation is possible. Also, an

3701: 3232: 3208: 3116: 1723:

with an absence of explicit legal doctrine the result can be deceptive, as the simple phrasing hides the underlying implicit doctrine.

1077: 487: 389: 79: 2853:

action against the State: the judiciary is then competent. Article 115 states that in the cases covered by Article 112, sub 2, always

2717:

Senate immediately approves the budget formally in exchange for full policy debates. Article 106 states that formal law regulates the

1561:. Soon it would become irrelevant as Indonesia severed all ties with the Netherlands in 1954. The revision also created the office of 4160: 4150: 3768: 3030: 1020: 898: 1370:(consisting of 55 members) of the Northern Netherlands, but rejected by the majority of appointed electors (796 against 527) of the 500: 456: 3072:

To amend the constitution, the proposed changes must first be approved by both the House of Representatives and the Senate of the

4190: 3696: 2630: 2351:

presents the yearly national budget. The sessions of the States General are public (Article 66), but the session will be secret (

1130:. It prohibits the judiciary from testing laws and treaties against the constitution, as this is considered a prerogative of the 86: 1366:

of 1814 the Allies had ordered that the original Dutch state would devise the new constitution. It had been approved by the new

4715: 4380: 3763: 3026: 2942: 2489: 2401: 2141: 2041: 1692: 1383: 863: 578: 438: 293: 272: 3107:

There used to be several additional articles with Roman numbering; however, all except articles IX and XIX are now abrogated.

2237:

The individual ministers do not have a (general) executive power, other than that which is attributed to them by special law.

451: 4720: 4592: 4311: 4049: 3375: 2946: 873: 552: 68: 3914: 3818: 3726: 3706: 2269: 1081: 1013: 932: 891: 2966:, some bodies have an autonomous power of regulation, either based on a territorial division or on a functional division. 1700:

general elections and the new house of representatives guarantees citizens can indirectly vote for or against a revision.

4082: 2896: 2708:

was used; both mean "by force of law" or "pursuant to law"; but the second expression puts somewhat more emphasis on the

2662:

had been the rule and voluntary service the exception; this has now been inverted to accommodate the creation of a fully

2437: 634: 426: 4587: 4400: 4210: 3941: 3803: 3793: 3783: 3684: 2526:, although sometimes consultative referendums are held, like the one in 2005 in which the people advised to reject the 1847: 1578:

was lowered from 23 to 21. In 1972 there was a minor revision; the main change was a lowering of the voting age to 18.

1087:

The constitution of the Netherlands is only applicable to the Netherlands proper, i.e. the territory in Europe and its

289: 17: 2601:

determines that this decision has again to be made by special formal law. A special implementation by law of the 1992

4730: 4653: 4425: 4092: 4087: 3983: 3973: 3958: 3864: 3813: 3808: 3674: 3368:

Freedom of Education: The Dutch Political Battle for State Funding of all Schools both Public and Private (1801-1920)

3290: 3174: 2974: 2348: 2257: 2246: 2202: 1688: 1674: 1367: 1335: 1199: 1104: 540: 483: 446: 285: 264: 119: 3272: 3156: 1656: 1181: 4304: 4252: 3968: 3788: 3773: 3748: 3619: 3460: 2794: 2637:

States General is necessary for the government (since 1983 no longer the King) to declare that the Kingdom is in a

1833:; the related right of distribution of printed materials can similarly only be limited by formal law. However, the 1591: 980: 937: 629: 2417: 2389:

regarding any communication they made, either in speech or in writing (Article 71). Otherwise the members have no

1423: 4725: 4668: 4620: 4512: 4235: 4205: 4118: 4059: 3988: 3919: 3909: 3879: 2900: 2798: 2293: 1830: 732: 727: 722: 717: 401: 4694: 4200: 3931: 3924: 3884: 3268: 3152: 2861: 2441: 2301: 2195: 2048: 1973: 1652: 1553:. In the revision of 1948 a complete new chapter was added to facilitate the incorporation of the new state of 1177: 1116: 806: 759: 754: 749: 744: 57: 1777:

Nationality, citizenship and right to reside in the country (including extradition) is specified in article 2.

4625: 4472: 4165: 3904: 3899: 3874: 2782: 2309: 2037: 2033: 1839: 1767: 1587: 1521: 1446: 1436: 1428: 960: 527: 93: 2658:. This defence force consists of volunteers and may contain conscripts (Article 98). Since Napoleonic times 4630: 4170: 4069: 3963: 3946: 3894: 3889: 3736: 3689: 3335: 3096: 2970: 2770: 2752:, although certain subject might be covered by special laws. Delegation is allowed but doctrine holds that 2377:

from the government in writing or in person, only constitutionally limited by State interests, such as the

2265: 2137: 2057: 2052: 1315: 1311: 1266:, written by a Constitutional Assembly, went into force, approved by the National Assembly. The Napoleonic 664: 622: 4215: 4155: 4128: 4044: 3953: 3854: 3842: 3721: 3679: 3664: 3552: 3453: 2289: 2131: 1714: 1558: 1516: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 421: 414: 359: 1780:

Right to be appointed to a public function and to hold multiple nationalities is specified in article 3.

4572: 4542: 4502: 4482: 4462: 4365: 4271: 4225: 4106: 4077: 4054: 4007: 3495: 3487: 3188: 3052: 3010: 2950: 2860:

is possible. However, it does not guarantee a decision by an independent court: on 23 October 1985 the

2473: 2457: 2427: 2214: 2190: 2153: 1512: 1450: 1064:(the territory of the Kingdom mainly situated in Europe). The Kingdom of the Netherlands also includes 1053: 845: 644: 476: 171: 3021:(Subarticle 3). The Commissioner of the King is also part of the provincial administration as are the 2300:

demissionary cabinet cannot be a member of the States General, a stark contrast with the situation in

1394:. However, now also some rural delegates were appointed to all States-Provincial (first only true for 1076:: there is an overarching instrument of the entire kingdom that has constitution characteristics: the 4658: 4477: 4133: 4029: 3993: 3508: 2907: 2712:

of the law and thus on the fact all delegation is ultimately derived from law. A yearly budget is on

1977: 1897: 1795: 1482: 1088: 868: 3354: 2691:) in 2000. Article 103 states that law has to determine in which cases a Royal Decree may declare a 1457:, with the House of Representatives directly elected by the voters within a system of single-winner 4735: 4678: 4663: 4610: 4557: 4552: 4527: 4385: 4220: 4185: 4180: 3253: 3137: 2881: 2789:. They do not include Royal House Orders, which are the personal prerogative of the King, such the 2760:

and government cannot make a certain act a crime by a Royal Decree not based on formal law. As the

1999: 1893: 1713:

Civil law systems are characterized by their emphasis on abstract rules and methodology. Since the

1637: 1363: 1162: 4648: 1838:

pamphlets to certain hours for reasons of public order. Subarticle 2 has the same arrangement for

4582: 4532: 4492: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4390: 4375: 4370: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4240: 3521: 3437: 3257: 3141: 3014: 1945: 1763: 1641: 1466: 1454: 1271: 1166: 1120: 1112: 985: 395: 46: 3095:

and the States-Provincial are not dissolved following the adoption of a proposal in parliament (

4673: 4615: 4577: 4567: 4547: 4537: 4522: 4517: 4497: 4467: 4435: 4420: 4395: 3936: 3609: 2786: 2679:; the older legal system regulating this issue had been largely abolished since the end of the 2672: 2566:

important subcategory of these is explicitly mentioned in the constitution, in Article 89: the

2423: 2418:

Chapter 4: Council of State, Court of Audit, National Ombudsman and Permanent Advisory Colleges

2390: 2386: 2357:) when the House in question so decides (Subarticle 3) which can be proposed by a tenth of the 2344: 1853: 1599: 1216:

which applied to all its provinces and cities, is the 1579 constitution, which established the

970: 639: 4562: 4487: 4457: 4024: 2936: 2933:

is possible by a special law or by force of such law; delegation is possible (Subarticle 2).

2857: 2790: 1937: 1595: 1232: 1108: 965: 922: 3207:) has its own constitution or "basic law". These constitutions are legally subjected to the 2032:" Dutch society. The school system became the central battleground of political change: the 4280: 3716: 3634: 3614: 2918: 2865: 2602: 2374: 2337:

Article 65 states that the parliamentary year is opened on the third Tuesday of September (

2281: 2086: 2061: 1821: 1696: 1498: 1486: 1404: 1371: 1359: 1135: 547: 280: 268: 3419: 2675:; delegation is allowed. In 2000 a new Article 99a was inserted, that law has to regulate 2144:; since 1983 female successors have equal rights to the throne. Further articles regulate 8: 4245: 3859: 3778: 3649: 3629: 3624: 3085: 3022: 2591: 2534: 2481: 2305: 2226: 1951: 1901: 1863: 1811: 1731: 1610: 1478: 1442: 1347: 1283: 556: 259: 2725:

in 2002; doctrine holds that the constitution does not demand a purely national system.

368: 4285: 3659: 3582: 3432: 2845: 2761: 2729: 2721:. Delegation is allowed. The article has lost its relevance by the introduction of the 2692: 2655: 2642: 2638: 2606: 2533:

Bills are presented by the King or by the House of Representatives, which thus has the

2496: 2469:

is determined by law at a maximum of 29 ordinary members and 50 extraordinary members.

2449: 2431: 2317: 2111: 2065: 1985: 1771: 1562: 1525: 1458: 1375: 1267: 649: 1581:

In 1983 the constitution was almost entirely rewritten. Many articles were abolished.

1537:

In 1938 there was a minor revision, introducing some elements of the then fashionable

3654: 3604: 3586: 3371: 3325: 3092: 3048: 3006: 2728:

A fourth and last group of articles pertains to judicial issues. Article 107 is the "

2663: 2650: 2619: 2485: 2378: 2313: 2005: 1920: 1843: 1817: 1550: 1469:

was appointed to draft the new proposed constitution, which was finished on 19 June.

1399: 1355: 1239: 351: 310: 249: 1802:

authorities, the noble petitioners having been contemptuously treated as "beggars" (

4175: 3644: 3595: 3530: 3503: 2956: 2880:

entailing a deprivation of liberty (Subarticle 3). This does not refer to forms of

2778: 2668: 2562:). Only after such publication the law has an external binding force (Article 88). 2222: 2210: 2020: 1963: 1926: 1603: 1571: 1224: 2868:

system, resulting in a much expanded access to independent administrative courts.

1391: 3828: 3711: 3590: 3562: 3073: 2810: 2718: 2177: 2173: 1981: 1916: 1566: 1474: 1003: 904: 2765:

complaints) has been abrogated in 1999. Article 109 states that the position of

1080:. Sint Maarten is the only country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands that has a 3639: 3577: 3572: 3424: 3057: 2826: 2741: 2615: 2542: 2538: 2453: 2367: 2261: 2136:

Article 24 stipulates that there is kingship and that this kingship is held by

2103: 2090: 1989: 1883: 1770:(Article 1). This article forbids any discrimination on any grounds but allows 1748: 1343: 1342:, which would again secede from it in 1830. It included a limited unentrenched 1247: 1220: 1127: 1119:

constitution still in use worldwide. A revision in 1848 instituted a system of

1096: 1045: 927: 515: 510: 214: 2484:

analyses; it also reports on the effectiveness of all governmental policy via

1787:(Article 4). The right can be limited by formal law; no delegation is allowed. 1258:. On 1 May 1798 a new constitution, the first in the modern formal sense, the 4709: 4138: 3543: 3220: 2987: 2983: 2959: 2911: 2892: 2872: 2766: 2757: 2676: 2213:(Article 44), which have tended to be very variable in number and scope, and 2119: 2078: 2029: 2025: 1969: 1930: 1814:(Article 6). This right can be limited by formal law; delegation is possible. 1719: 1582: 1462: 1351: 1306:. William VI of Orange, instated on 2 December 1813 as "Sovereign Prince" by 1243: 1217: 1100: 4327: 4195: 4039: 3204: 3061: 3018: 2830: 2753: 2744:

covering these subjects must indeed be formal law and treated in a general

2659: 2218: 2206: 2149: 2107: 1546: 1213: 1073: 1057: 587: 520: 194: 4296: 2937:

Chapter 7: Provinces, municipalities, water boards and other public bodies

1461:. Parliament was accorded the right to amend government bills and to hold 3758: 3525: 3476: 3192: 2885: 2841: 2733: 2587: 2410: 2339: 2285: 2277: 1752: 1538: 1387: 1307: 1131: 1061: 878: 505: 493: 185: 1212:

The first constitution of the Netherlands as a whole, in the sense of a

1126:

The text is sober, devoid of legal or political doctrine and includes a

998: 4143: 3445: 3035: 2963: 2925:

made by formal law; no delegation is possible. Article 122 states that

2877: 2749: 2745: 2523: 2145: 2122:, and so a special paragraph is dedicated to the King in this quality. 2044: 2013: 1941: 1909: 1825: 1727: 1575: 1511:

In 1917, like in 1848 influenced by the tense international situation,

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Article 112 states the main principle: the power to judge disputes of

2801:. Each year many thousands are honoured by the constitutional orders. 2556:

Bulletin of Acts, Orders and Decrees of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

1069: 4230: 4123: 4019: 3040: 2979: 2814: 2737: 2646: 2500: 2353: 2157: 2082: 1834: 1755: 1554: 1395: 1338:, now expanding his realm with the territory of the present state of 1231:. Article XIII of the treaty granted each inhabitant of the Republic 3242: 3126: 3025:; the mayor is also part of the municipal administration, as is the 1626: 1151: 35: 4034: 3599: 3548: 3539: 3212: 3077: 2822: 2680: 2596: 2363: 1875: 1799: 1791: 1784: 1470: 1289: 3567: 3517: 2991: 2930: 2645:, as such a declaration according to doctrine might constitute a 2611: 2382: 2169: 2009: 1871: 1339: 1295: 1092: 1050:

Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden van 24 augustus 1815

153:

Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden van 24 augustus 1815

1042:

Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands of 24 August 1815

135:

Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands of 24 August 1815

4331: 3535: 3513: 2926: 2688: 2358: 2176:) (Art. 39); its payment (Art. 40) and the organisation of the 2165: 2161: 1804: 1228: 943:

Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean

3313: 3196: 3110: 2818: 1065: 2511: 2160:(Art. 32); the age of royal majority at eighteen (Art. 33); 1302:, was established by the constitution of 29 March 1814, the 3355:

Article 5 of the Statute for the Kingdom of the Netherlands

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Article 113 exclusively attributes also the power to judge

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and his lawful successors. Articles 25 and 26 regulate the

2891:

Article 114 entails a civil right: the prohibition of the

2440:

apart from parliament. The most important of these is the

1919:(Article 14). The Dutch constitution contains no general 1282:

on 7 August 1806. In 1810 the kingdom was annexed by the

341:

Grondwet van den Staat der Verëenigde Nederlanden (1814)

3067: 2804: 1294:

After the French troops had been driven out by Russian

1254:

Verklaring der Rechten van den Mensch en van den Burger

1407:, the "First Chamber", that mockingly was called the 2821:. The term "judiciary" is not meant to indicate the 2268:. Doctrine holds that the article also entails that 1052:) is one of two fundamental documents governing the 2906:Article 118 regulates the Dutch Supreme Court, the 2251: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2813:. The central subject is the relation between the 2530:; the Dutch people is thus not a direct lawgiver. 1798:started after a petition had been rejected by the 1314:. On 24 August 1815 William — since 16 March King 3084:or 'law to propose changes to the constitution' ( 2205:and the ministers are appointed and dismissed by 2172:(in practice mainly consisting of members of the 1485:, freedom of ecclesiastical organisation and the 1304:Grondwet van den Staat der Verëenigde Nederlanden 1246:, was proclaimed. On 31 January 1795 it issued a 4707: 2516: 1418: 1300:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 3370:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2040:and conservatives on the one and mass-oriented 1290:Establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 3217:Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations 3009:; the municipalities are administrated by the 2316:of Dutch politics. The Houses investigate the 1912:communication, but earlier this was contended. 1708: 4312: 3461: 3400:Een systematisch en artikelsgewijs commentaar 2552:Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden 2102:Dutch constitutional doctrine holds that the 1021: 3331:Principle of legality in French criminal law 2837:trials, which is absent in the Netherlands. 2240: 1453:in the constitution, leading to a system of 1409: 1328: 1322:Grondwet voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden 254:Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) 4326: 3271:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2962:, meaning that although the state is not a 2280:), the Second Chamber of 150 members and a 2274:House of Representatives of the Netherlands 2189:for whatever reason. This is still so, but 1655:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1320: 1276: 1260: 1252: 1180:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 148: 4319: 4305: 3702:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 3468: 3454: 3233:Wet Algemene Bepalingen of the Netherlands 3209:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 3117:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 3111:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 1980:. Subarticle 3 contains a general freedom 1742: 1398:) and the city councils were appointed by 1078:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 1028: 1014: 3316:must hear all cases brought before them. 3291:Learn how and when to remove this message 3175:Learn how and when to remove this message 3017:, those of the municipal councils by the 2888:; delegation is possible (Subarticle 4). 2512:Chapter 5: Legislation and Administration 2183: 1675:Learn how and when to remove this message 1515:was introduced combined with a system of 1200:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3475: 2629:According to present doctrine, that of " 2264:when the States General represented the 2168:(Art. 37 and 38); the membership of the 2097: 1896:(Article 13). Subarticle 1 contains the 1867:concerns and to prevent public disorder. 1492: 1422: 1330:Loi fondamentale du Royaume des Pays-Bas 1223:. The constitution was empowered by the 1084:to govern the Sint Maarten legislature. 3697:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 2577: 2019:Freedom of education (Article 23). The 1974:protection of workers against accidents 1278:Constitutie voor het Koningrijk Holland 1262:Staatsregeling voor het Bataafsche Volk 14: 4708: 3365: 3187:Each of the four countries within the 3102: 3080:(more than 50%). This law is called a 2943:Provincial politics in the Netherlands 2142:line of succession to the Dutch throne 2024:send them to special bible classes in 1477:), as was the bill of rights with the 1473:was expanded (though still limited to 1427:A plaque commemorating the actions of 1238:After the French invasion of 1794 the 4300: 3449: 2947:Municipal politics in the Netherlands 2599:goedkeuring en bekendmaking verdragen 2590:. The Netherlands is home to several 3269:adding citations to reliable sources 3236: 3153:adding citations to reliable sources 3120: 3068:Chapter 8: Amending the constitution 2805:Chapter 6: Administration of justice 2373:The States General have an absolute 2072:education of any kind; the right to 1653:adding citations to reliable sources 1620: 1178:adding citations to reliable sources 1145: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3226: 2897:European Convention on Human Rights 2774:freedom right than a social right. 1848:freedom of gathering of information 176:(most contents applies only to the 24: 2990:, which were created in 1815 from 2325:two-thirds majority (Article 63). 2114:, but embodies it fully. The King 2077:are denominational; some are e.g. 1532: 1449:accepted the introduction of full 25: 4747: 3413: 2809:This chapter regulates the Dutch 2332: 2256:Article 50 states that there are 2247:States General of the Netherlands 1336:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 69:"Constitution of the Netherlands" 3241: 3125: 3097:see elections in the Netherlands 2568:Algemene maatregelen van bestuur 2252:§1: Organisation and composition 1625: 1592:prohibition of the death penalty 1150: 997: 981:Republicanism in the Netherlands 938:Visa policy of the Schengen Area 841: 840: 593: 592: 562: 561: 367: 178: 164: 34: 2901:International Military Tribunal 2799:The Order for Loyalty and Merit 2732:article". It imposes that that 2436:Chapter 4 covers certain other 2404:, lasting from 1947 till 1956. 2312:. This principle underlies the 1445:in surrounding countries, King 45:needs additional citations for 3359: 3348: 2862:European Court of Human Rights 2614:, the European Community, the 2196:William III of the Netherlands 1103:, the latter three since 2010 13: 1: 4716:Government of the Netherlands 3722:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 3405:Kortmann, C.A.J.M., (2005), 3394:Koekkoek, A.K. (e.a.) (2000) 3388: 3027:College of Mayor and Aldermen 2783:Order of the Netherlands Lion 2517:§1: Laws and other prescripts 1938:Nulla poena sine praevia lege 1858:Wet vereniging en vergadering 1768:prohibition of discrimination 1588:prohibition of discrimination 1557:within the Kingdom under the 1437:Constitutional Reform of 1848 1419:Constitutional Reform of 1848 961:Corruption in the Netherlands 4721:Dutch political institutions 3336:Rule according to higher law 2771:public access to information 2560:Bulletin of Acts and Decrees 2396:The States General have the 2138:William I of the Netherlands 1316:William I of the Netherlands 1312:Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp 294:the House of Representatives 273:the House of Representatives 27:Basic law of the Netherlands 7: 3420:Dutch version on Wikisource 3319: 2290:proportional representation 2132:Monarchy of the Netherlands 2125: 1737: 1709:Systematics and terminology 1616: 1559:Netherlands-Indonesia Union 1517:proportional representation 1362:as its main points. In the 899:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 360:Politics of the Netherlands 10: 4752: 3488:Kingdom of the Netherlands 3230: 3189:Kingdom of the Netherlands 3114: 2951:Water boards (Netherlands) 2940: 2458:ministerial responsibility 2428:Netherlands Court of Audit 2421: 2343:) by the King holding the 2244: 2215:non-departmental ministers 2191:ministerial responsibility 2154:capital of the Netherlands 2129: 1703: 1524:. By the revision of 1922 1513:universal manhood suffrage 1496: 1451:ministerial responsibility 1434: 1141: 1054:Kingdom of the Netherlands 172:Kingdom of the Netherlands 4687: 4639: 4601: 4338: 4265: 4114: 4105: 4068: 4015: 4006: 3850: 3841: 3814:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 3744: 3735: 3558:Development urban centers 3494: 3484: 3427:, 1989 and 1972 versions 3402:, Tjeenk Willink Deventer 2908:Hoge Raad der Nederlanden 2370:; no member may abstain. 2241:Chapter 3: States General 1898:privacy of correspondence 1796:Dutch War of Independence 1483:privacy of correspondence 1274:, was established by the 439:Ministers Plenipotentiary 337: 319: 309: 299: 279: 258: 248: 243: 233: 213: 193: 159: 144: 139: 134: 4731:Constitutions by country 3438:Dutch government website 3341: 3015:Commissioner of the King 2969:Article 123 states that 2605:determines that certain 2036:between elitist neutral 2000:Environmental protection 1915:Prohibition of unlawful 1894:Secrecy of communication 1693:House of Representatives 1600:freedom of demonstration 1384:House of Representatives 610:Parliamentary committees 579:House of Representatives 3310:Wet Algemene bepalingen 3306:Law on general precepts 2955:The Netherlands form a 2673:conscientious objectors 2308:, but in line with the 2180:by the King (Art. 41). 1946:crimes against humanity 1790:The right of (written) 1764:Equality before the law 1743:Chapter 1: Basic rights 1467:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke 1455:parliamentary democracy 1272:constitutional monarchy 1121:parliamentary democracy 1113:constitutional monarchy 986:Social Economic Council 396:Wet Algemene Bepalingen 325:; 18 months ago 239:Constitutional monarchy 221:; 209 years ago 201:; 209 years ago 4726:Law of the Netherlands 4381:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4161:Decorations and medals 3610:Burgundian Netherlands 2787:Order of Orange-Nassau 2438:High Councils of State 2424:Dutch Council of State 2391:parliamentary immunity 2345:Speech from the Throne 2184:§2: King and ministers 2021:Dutch education system 1978:workers' participation 1854:Freedom of association 1747:Chapter 1 is mainly a 1463:investigative hearings 1432: 1410: 1329: 1321: 1277: 1261: 1253: 1105:special municipalities 1049: 971:Law of the Netherlands 913:Diplomatic missions of 635:High Councils of State 501:Deputy Prime Ministers 149: 4156:Customs and etiquette 3407:Constitutioneel Recht 3366:Hooker, Mark (2009). 2858:administrative appeal 2791:House Order of Orange 2685:humanitarian missions 2541:; government too may 2528:European Constitution 2490:National Audit Office 2450:administrative appeal 2098:Chapter 2: Government 1596:freedom of expression 1493:Expansion of suffrage 1426: 1233:freedom of conscience 966:De Nederlandsche Bank 323:22 February 2023 4191:Orders of knighthood 3824:World Heritage Sites 3727:Coronavirus pandemic 3717:European debt crisis 3690:Dutch Liberation Day 3615:Habsburg Netherlands 3265:improve this section 3149:improve this section 3062:Council of Ministers 2919:Constitutional Court 2866:administrative court 2603:Treaty of Maastricht 2592:International Courts 2578:§2: Other prescripts 2375:right to information 2232:oath of purification 2223:secretaries of state 2219:Council of Ministers 2087:compulsory education 1822:freedom of the press 1649:improve this section 1499:Pacification of 1917 1487:freedom of education 1372:Southern Netherlands 1360:freedom of the press 1174:improve this section 1138:in the Netherlands. 1136:constitutional court 1082:constitutional court 603:Historic composition 572:Historic composition 434:Council of Ministers 290:Council of Ministers 244:Government structure 54:improve this article 4602:States with limited 3799:Mountains and hills 3650:Batavian Revolution 3630:Spanish Netherlands 3625:Seventeen Provinces 3103:Additional articles 3047:The members of the 2535:right of initiative 2478:Algemene Rekenkamer 2349:minister of finance 2347:. The same day the 2318:Letters of Credence 1952:Ius de non evocando 1906:rechter-commissaris 1902:investigative judge 1864:Freedom of assembly 1812:Freedom of religion 1611:advisory referendum 1479:freedom of assembly 1459:electoral districts 1443:Revolutions of 1848 1350:, the principle of 1348:freedom of religion 1334:, establishing the 1004:Politics portal 864:Provincial politics 557:Jan Anthonie Bruijn 219:24 August 1815 215:Date effective 199:24 August 1815 4050:Telecommunications 3660:Kingdom of Holland 3433:University of Bern 3409:, Kluwer, Deventer 3011:municipal councils 2846:law of obligations 2795:Order of the Crown 2762:administrative law 2706:uit kracht van wet 2693:state of emergency 2643:declaration of war 2607:European Community 2539:right of amendment 2497:National Ombudsman 2486:performance audits 2472:The second is the 2432:National Ombudsman 2112:Head of Government 2066:right to education 1986:illegal immigrants 1772:affirmative action 1574:to Indonesia. The 1563:secretary of state 1526:universal suffrage 1433: 1400:electoral colleges 1268:Kingdom of Holland 1062:Netherlands proper 917:in the Netherlands 874:Municipal politics 650:National Ombudsman 598:Current membership 567:Current membership 18:Dutch Constitution 4703: 4702: 4294: 4293: 4261: 4260: 4101: 4100: 4002: 4001: 3979:Political parties 3915:Foreign relations 3837: 3836: 3707:Same-sex marriage 3655:Batavian Republic 3635:Eighty Years' War 3605:Holy Roman Empire 3377:978-1-4404-9342-3 3326:Constitutionalism 3301: 3300: 3293: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3093:States-Provincial 3053:municipal council 3049:States-Provincial 3007:States-Provincial 2740:and the separate 2664:professional army 2656:supreme commander 2651:war of aggression 2620:Council of Europe 2495:The third is the 2379:national security 2314:political dualism 2294:States Provincial 2270:political parties 1921:right to property 1844:freedom of speech 1818:Freedom of speech 1685: 1684: 1677: 1551:Dutch East Indies 1356:right 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There is no 1128:bill of rights 1097:Sint Eustatius 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1010: 1007: 1006: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 978: 976:Modern history 973: 968: 963: 957: 955:Related topics 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 910: 909: 908: 895: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 860: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848: 838: 833: 832: 831: 829: 828: 823: 818: 811: 804: 803: 802: 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 767: 765: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 740: 738: 736: 735: 730: 725: 720: 713: 711: 709: 708: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 674: 668: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 653: 652: 647: 645:Court of Audit 642: 632: 626: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 607: 606: 605: 600: 590: 576: 575: 574: 569: 559: 544: 541:States General 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 524: 523: 518: 516:Eddy van Hijum 513: 511:Sophie Hermans 508: 498: 497: 496: 484:Prime Minister 480: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 465: 464: 463: 462: 460: 459: 454: 449: 443: 431: 430: 429: 418: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 399: 392: 386: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 364: 363: 358: 355: 354: 343: 342: 339: 335: 334: 321: 317: 316: 313: 307: 306: 303: 297: 296: 286:Prime Minister 283: 277: 276: 262: 256: 255: 252: 246: 245: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 217: 211: 210: 197: 191: 190: 161: 157: 156: 146: 145:Original title 142: 141: 137: 136: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4748: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4654:Faroe Islands 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:South Ossetia 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4473:Liechtenstein 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4328:Constitutions 4322: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3969:Republicanism 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774:Flood control 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3685:Nazi invasion 3683: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665:Incorporation 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3295: 3292: 3284: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3250:This section 3248: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3221:unitary state 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3179: 3176: 3168: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3134:This section 3132: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2988:South Holland 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2960:unitary state 2958: 2957:decentralised 2952: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:death penalty 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704:, the phrase 2703: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677:civil defence 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2631:treaty monism 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:United States 2307: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2227:countersigned 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2120:head of state 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Labour rights 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931:habeas corpus 1928: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917:expropriation 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1835:Supreme Court 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1785:right to vote 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1720:Code Napoleon 1716: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1679: 1676: 1668: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1634:This section 1632: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1583:Social rights 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1430: 1425: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:ancien régime 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:habeas corpus 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1284:French Empire 1281: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1244:unitary state 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1204: 1201: 1193: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1159:This section 1157: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:the Caribbean 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:public bodies 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1000: 995: 994: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 952: 951: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 918: 914: 911: 906: 902: 901: 900: 897: 896: 893: 888: 887: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 855: 854: 847: 839: 837: 834: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814:Referendums: 813: 812: 810: 809: 808: 805: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 769: 768: 766: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 742: 741: 739: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 715: 714: 712: 707: 706: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 676: 675: 673: 672: 670: 669: 666: 661: 660: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 636: 633: 631: 630:Supreme Court 628: 627: 624: 619: 618: 611: 608: 604: 601: 599: 591: 589: 585: 582: 581: 580: 577: 573: 570: 568: 560: 558: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 537: 536: 529: 526: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 495: 492: 491: 489: 485: 482: 481: 478: 473: 472: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 442: 441: 440: 437: 436: 435: 432: 428: 425: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 411: 410: 403: 400: 398: 397: 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 370: 366: 365: 361: 357: 356: 353: 349: 348: 340: 336: 322: 318: 314: 312: 308: 304: 302: 298: 295: 291: 287: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 263: 261: 257: 253: 251: 247: 242: 238: 236: 232: 218: 216: 212: 198: 196: 192: 187: 173: 162: 158: 154: 147: 143: 138: 133: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4631:Transnistria 4593:Vatican City 4507: 4236:Coat of arms 4206:Prostitution 4119:Architecture 4060:Trade unions 4040:Polder model 4025:Central bank 3994:Water boards 3920:Human rights 3910:Homelessness 3880:Demographics 3870:Constitution 3869: 3680:World War II 3670:Principality 3486:Part of the 3429:(in English) 3406: 3399: 3395: 3367: 3361: 3350: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3287: 3278: 3263:Please help 3251: 3205:Sint Maarten 3186: 3171: 3162: 3147:Please help 3135: 3106: 3089:proposal law 3088: 3081: 3071: 3046: 3034: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2968: 2954: 2923: 2916: 2905: 2890: 2870: 2854: 2839: 2831:impartiality 2808: 2776: 2754:criminal law 2730:codification 2727: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2660:conscription 2639:state of war 2635: 2628: 2595: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2532: 2520: 2506: 2494: 2477: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2445: 2435: 2409: 2406: 2395: 2372: 2352: 2338: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2298: 2255: 2236: 2230:to swear an 2207:Royal Decree 2200: 2187: 2162:guardianship 2150:inauguration 2135: 2115: 2101: 2073: 2069: 2062:Pacification 2042:confessional 1957: 1905: 1857: 1803: 1746: 1725: 1712: 1686: 1671: 1662: 1647:Please help 1635: 1608: 1594:, a general 1580: 1565:, a kind of 1547:World War II 1544: 1536: 1510: 1502: 1440: 1431:during 1848. 1408: 1381: 1327: 1319: 1303: 1293: 1275: 1259: 1251: 1237: 1211: 1196: 1187: 1172:Please help 1160: 1125: 1117:third oldest 1115:; it is the 1086: 1074:Sint Maarten 1041: 1039: 869:Water boards 716:Provincial: 704: 588:Martin Bosma 521:Mona Keijzer 402:Human rights 394: 383:Constitution 382: 350:Part of the 320:Last amended 160:Jurisdiction 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 4669:Isle of Man 4604:recognition 4573:Switzerland 4508:Netherlands 4253:Terminology 4201:Pornography 3942:Enforcement 3932:Immigration 3905:Health care 3885:Drug policy 3764:Earthquakes 3759:Delta Works 3620:Renaissance 3526:Cananefates 3477:Netherlands 3398:Grondwet — 3193:Netherlands 3082:voorstelwet 2886:martial law 2842:private law 2734:private law 2714:Prinsjesdag 2588:rule of law 2467:Staatsraden 2463:Staatsraden 2411:sui generis 2340:Prinsjesdag 2286:upper house 2278:lower house 2170:Royal House 2118:, however, 2045:protestants 2008:, housing, 1539:corporatism 1388:lower house 1308:acclamation 1132:legislature 879:BES islands 846:Politicians 807:Referendums 743:Municipal: 506:Fleur Agema 494:Dick Schoof 457:St. Maarten 186:Netherlands 4710:Categories 4543:San Marino 4503:Montenegro 4483:Luxembourg 4463:Kazakhstan 4366:Azerbaijan 4176:Literature 4166:Irreligion 3974:Parliament 3900:Euthanasia 3875:Corruption 3645:Golden Age 3441:(in Dutch) 3389:References 3036:wethouders 2964:federation 2903:once was. 2878:punishment 2817:and other 2750:Penal Code 2746:Civil Code 2572:Staatsblad 2524:referendum 2482:efficiency 2211:ministries 2146:abdication 2053:socialists 2030:pillarised 2014:recreation 1942:war crimes 1910:cell phone 1840:television 1826:censorship 1728:delegation 1576:voting age 1506:caoutchouc 1497:See also: 1447:William II 1429:William II 1298:, the new 1227:, thus by 1218:confederal 903:Minister: 770:European: 528:Ministries 338:Supersedes 330:2023-02-22 301:Federalism 226:1815-08-24 206:1815-08-24 151:(in Dutch) 80:newspapers 4659:Gibraltar 4478:Lithuania 4171:Languages 4070:Transport 4020:AEX index 3964:Provinces 3947:Law Firms 3895:Elections 3890:Education 3819:Volcanoes 3779:Gas field 3737:Geography 3509:Roman Era 3252:does not 3136:does not 3041:etymology 2980:Flevoland 2971:provinces 2912:cassation 2882:detention 2815:judiciary 2738:penal law 2689:billeting 2647:war crime 2501:ombudsman 2383:colleague 2368:roll call 2354:In camera 2266:provinces 2158:Amsterdam 2108:ministers 2083:platonist 2049:Catholics 1876:databases 1870:Right to 1756:hierarchy 1753:normative 1636:does not 1555:Indonesia 1396:Friesland 1161:does not 677:General: 665:Elections 623:Judiciary 553:President 281:Executive 4679:Svalbard 4664:Guernsey 4611:Abkhazia 4558:Slovenia 4553:Slovakia 4528:Portugal 4386:Bulgaria 4281:Category 4216:Religion 4129:Cannabis 4045:Taxation 4035:Euronext 3989:Military 3855:Abortion 3843:Politics 3600:Guelders 3583:Flanders 3549:Dorestad 3540:Frisians 3425:UNIBE.ch 3320:See also 3213:federacy 3051:and the 2873:offences 2844:and the 2823:Judicial 2785:and the 2681:Cold War 2597:Rijkswet 2364:majority 2126:§1: King 2038:liberals 1800:Habsburg 1792:petition 1738:Chapters 1695:and the 1617:Revision 1471:Suffrage 1296:Cossacks 928:Passport 415:Monarchy 260:Chambers 250:Branches 195:Ratified 140:Overview 110:May 2019 4583:Ukraine 4533:Romania 4493:Moldova 4451:Ireland 4446:Iceland 4441:Hungary 4431:Germany 4426:Georgia 4416:Finland 4411:Estonia 4406:Denmark 4391:Croatia 4376:Belgium 4371:Belarus 4361:Austria 4356:Armenia 4351:Andorra 4346:Albania 4272:Outline 4226:Symbols 4139:Cuisine 4107:Culture 4078:Cycling 4055:Tourism 4008:Economy 3954:Monarch 3860:Cabinet 3804:Regions 3794:Mammals 3784:Islands 3596:Brabant 3587:Holland 3553:Utrecht 3518:Chamavi 3496:History 3273:removed 3258:sources 3201:Curaçao 3157:removed 3142:sources 3076:with a 2992:Holland 2931:amnesty 2825:of the 2612:Benelux 2547:novelle 2306:Germany 2166:regency 2152:in the 2010:culture 1872:privacy 1704:Content 1657:removed 1642:sources 1346:, with 1340:Belgium 1182:removed 1167:sources 1142:History 1093:Bonaire 1070:Curaçao 1060:of the 584:Speaker 477:Cabinet 452:Curaçao 390:Charter 328: ( 305:Unitary 224: ( 204: ( 188:proper) 94:scholar 4674:Jersey 4616:Kosovo 4578:Turkey 4568:Sweden 4548:Serbia 4538:Russia 4523:Poland 4518:Norway 4498:Monaco 4468:Latvia 4436:Greece 4421:France 4396:Cyprus 4332:Europe 4286:Portal 4231:Anthem 4196:People 4134:Cinema 4030:Energy 3809:Rivers 3754:Cities 3544:Franks 3536:Saxons 3522:Batavi 3514:Frisii 3374: 3314:judges 2982:, and 2949:, and 2927:pardon 2819:courts 2781:, the 2748:and a 2618:, the 2430:, and 2359:quorum 2282:Senate 2060:: the 2006:Health 1824:. Any 1805:Geuzen 1697:Senate 1691:, the 1598:, the 1545:After 1481:, the 1405:Senate 1354:, the 1250:, the 1229:treaty 548:Senate 269:Senate 235:System 183: 169: 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 4649:Åland 4563:Spain 4488:Malta 4458:Italy 4221:Sport 4186:Music 4181:Media 3789:Lakes 3749:Birds 3342:Notes 3308:(the 3197:Aruba 3191:(The 3019:mayor 3000:recht 2984:North 2710:force 2543:amend 1107:, in 1066:Aruba 1046:Dutch 447:Aruba 288:-led 101:JSTOR 87:books 4246:Lion 4241:Flag 4144:Wine 3925:LGBT 3372:ISBN 3256:any 3254:cite 3203:and 3140:any 3138:cite 3086:lit. 2986:and 2973:and 2855:some 2851:tort 2835:jury 2797:and 2723:euro 2671:for 2624:NATO 2622:and 2454:King 2201:The 2106:and 2104:King 2070:give 2047:and 2012:and 1988:and 1976:and 1944:and 1783:The 1766:and 1732:bill 1640:any 1638:cite 1590:, a 1358:and 1270:, a 1242:, a 1165:any 1163:cite 1101:Saba 1099:and 1072:and 1040:The 826:2018 821:2016 816:2005 797:2024 792:2019 787:2014 782:2009 777:2004 772:1999 760:2022 755:2018 750:2014 745:2010 733:2023 728:2019 723:2015 718:2011 705:Next 699:2023 694:2021 689:2017 684:2012 679:2010 488:list 422:King 271:and 73:news 4330:of 4124:Art 3937:Law 3267:by 3151:by 2304:or 2081:or 1651:by 1326:or 1176:by 1091:of 265:Two 56:by 4712:: 3598:, 3589:, 3585:, 3551:, 3542:, 3538:, 3524:, 3520:, 3516:, 3431:, 3396:de 3199:, 3195:, 2945:, 2736:, 2626:. 2492:. 2426:, 2393:. 2156:, 2116:is 2074:be 1734:. 1606:. 1489:. 1286:. 1235:. 1095:, 1068:, 1048:: 915:/ 586:: 555:: 490:) 315:No 4320:e 4313:t 4306:v 3469:e 3462:t 3455:v 3380:. 3294:) 3288:( 3283:) 3279:( 3275:. 3261:. 3178:) 3172:( 3167:) 3163:( 3159:. 3145:. 2554:( 2476:( 2444:( 2284:( 2276:( 2093:. 1992:. 1948:. 1904:( 1886:. 1850:. 1678:) 1672:( 1667:) 1663:( 1659:. 1645:. 1504:" 1386:( 1203:) 1197:( 1192:) 1188:( 1184:. 1170:. 1044:( 1029:e 1022:t 1015:v 486:( 332:) 275:) 267:( 228:) 208:) 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

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