57:
663:
sense of belonging. Nowadays, Dusun people live in single houses distributed in small clusters of hamlets. This shift from traditional longhouses to individual homes resulted from changes in the traditional administrative system following
British colonialism in Brunei, which began in 1906. The long-house dwelling patterns began to disappear in the 1950s as the Dusuns began to build individual houses during this period.
481:, which had long been the backbone of Dusun tradition and livelihood. The shift from agrarian lifestyles to wage-based employment also influenced social and cultural dynamics within the Dusun community. Traditional practices tied to rice cultivation and village life underwent changes, reflecting the broader transformations in Brunei's social fabric driven by its oil industry.
667:
kinship ties between the Dusuns of different generations have remained intact and even strengthened despite the changing preferences in dwelling style. Moreover, as most Dusuns own land that they acquire through hereditary succession, building individual houses on their inherited acreage guarantees the preservation of their kin relationship.
352:. Although precise statistics are challenging to ascertain, estimates indicate that the majority of the Dusun reside in the Tutong District, with significant populations in villages such as Bukit Sawat, Sungai Mau, Merangking, Ukong, Kiudang, Lamunin, and Rambai. Smaller numbers are also found in the interior of the
534:
in urban areas. Distinct dialects are observed in different Dusun settlements, such as Danau, Telisai, Sungai Liang and Lumut for coastal Dusun, and Bukit and
Merimbun for upland Dusun. The Dusun community exhibits significant linguistic diversity, with dialects influenced by neighboring ethnic groups like the
484:
In contemporary times, the traditional roles of village leaders like the ketua kampung and penghulu have evolved into administrative positions within the state structure. These leaders now serve as mediators between the community and government institutions, selected based on merit and administrative
533:
The language is classified into coastal, lowland and upland dialects. Coastal Dusun communities use the Liang-Telisai dialect, while upland Dusun speakers use an upland Bukit dialect. The lowland Dusun dialect is considered the 'standard Dusun language' and is widely spoken, with variations adapted
500:
Amidst these changes, the early 1960s saw the establishment of the
Pakatan Sang Jati Dusun (PSJD) in Bukit Udal. This association aimed to preserve Dusun language, culture and unity. Despite challenges, PSJD continues to be a cultural reference point and plays a role in promoting cultural awareness
666:
The changes in the dwelling patterns from longhouses to individual residences had minimal impact on the living arrangements of the Dusuns, where multiple families of different generations still live together under one household or in close proximity to each other's houses. This indicates that the
662:
plays a crucial role in the preservation of Dusun identity. Values such as respecting elders and maintaining family bonds are passed down through generations. Family and community gatherings, such as weddings, funerals and feasts, are essential for demonstrating ethnic involvement and fostering a
529:
dialects with a shared lexical cognate level of 82%, indicating linguistic similarities between them. These similarities are further supported by phonological resemblances, as observed by researchers. However, dialectal differences exist, such as the realization of 'r' as an alveolar trill /r/ in
288:
means "ours" or "us." The Dusun community in Brunei refers to themselves as Sang Jati rather than the Dusun tribe, a term originally associated with their traditional farming practices of rice cultivation and fruit farming. Despite its origins, the Sang Jati community embraces the name Dusun with
557:
and organisations such as the Sang Jati Dusun
Association (PSJD) actively contribute to promoting the Dusun language and preserving its cultural heritage. In recent decades, the Dusun language has gained recognition in linguistic studies, leading to initiatives for its preservation and promotion
292:
The term "Sang Jati" gained prominence in the 1960s with the establishment of the
Pakatan Sang Jati Dusun association, marking a significant moment in the reclamation of their identity. Before this, the Dusun people were known by various names, reflecting regional and contextual variations. The
252:
term that literally means "people of the orchards." It was originally used to refer to groups of people living in the inland regions of North Borneo. In the context of the Dusuns in Brunei, their contact with coastal Malays led to the imposition of the "Dusun" ethnic label. This designation was
577:
As the Dusun language and culture face the threat of extinction, several seminars introduce the Dusun way of life, including exposure to their language, culture, diet, medicine, crafts and dance. These efforts, along with initiatives from other community-based organizations such as the Majlis
496:
rites among the Dusun people. The adoption of modern lifestyles also contributed to a gradual weakening of the social fabric based on traditional customs and familial bonds. This shift highlights the complex interplay between economic development and cultural heritage among the Dusun people.
513:
family and demonstrates significant linguistic diversity, with distinct dialects influenced by ecological settings and neighboring ethnic groups. Estimating the exact population of Dusun speakers is challenging due to categorisations such as 'Malay' for Dusun individuals who have embraced
652:, a respected male elder who serves as the genealogical reference point. This common ancestry is crucial for establishing each member's rights and status within the kin group. The tatuwo's role extends beyond genealogy; they also play a vital role in consulting customary laws (
834:), is used to convey criticism and advice. Both female and male singers can perform this type of siram, which is composed spontaneously in the presence of the criticized person(s) using allegories and metaphors to conceal its real meaning from the general listeners.
301:
Before the widespread use of "Dusun", outsiders commonly referred to the Dusun people as "Bisaya" or "Orang Bukit" (the Hill People). These terms were prevalent until the early 20th century and were used interchangeably to denote the Dusun communities.
453:(village headmen), granting them significant influence in local governance and administration. This integration into formal administrative structures marked a significant shift in the role of Dusun leaders within the broader political framework.
321:, Dusun Tutong, Iddeh Kitah, Sang Kedayan, Idahan, Bisaya, Tutong and Belait. These names and terms are used to refer to the Brunei Dusun as communities having similar 'cultural stock' or linguistically very closely related to each other.
1109:
461:
The discovery of oil in the 1930s marked a significant turning point for the Dusun people of Brunei. The subsequent dominance of the oil economy in the 1970s led to profound changes in Dusun society. Many Dusun individuals migrated to
383:
The history of the Dusun people is deeply rooted in their settlements across the highland and lowland areas of Brunei, spanning centuries of tradition and cultural evolution. Traditionally, Dusun society was structured around compact
891:, the Dusun people don their traditional costumes and engage in visits to the homes of relatives and friends. The celebration is characterized by various cultural activities, including traditional dances and music performances.
578:
Perwakilan
Kampung (Village Representative Council) and PSJD, aim to increase awareness and enhance the status of the Dusun language, providing more confidence and economic value to both the language and its native speakers.
770:, malevolent spirits tasked with upholding social norms and enforcing taboos. Isi inhabit various locations such as trees, rivers, and underground areas, claiming jurisdiction over these territories. When angered, an
388:, creating close-knit communities that fostered strong kinship ties and intermarriages within the group. This communal way of life was integral to their identity and played a vital role in shaping their
477:
had a dual impact on traditional Dusun village economies. On one hand, it brought economic stability to families through wage labor. On the other hand, it led to the abandonment of traditional
861:
is very difficult to master, and proficient singers are rare today. Consequently, most raconteurs prefer to narrate the epic tales in ordinary Dusun language, where they are known as
227:, with a strong presence in Tutong district and scattered communities in Belait. Their cultural richness, distinct traditions and linguistic diversity significantly contribute to
399:
rule, which dates back centuries, the societal dynamics of the Dusun people began to undergo gradual transformations. Bilateral kin groups, led by respected male elders known as
928:
is not solely about dances, music and costumes. Traditional food plays a central role in the celebrations. Various types of traditional dishes are prepared and offered on the
1016:
955:
Overall, Adau Gayoh is a vibrant and essential cultural event for the Dusun community, reflecting their agricultural traditions, cultural heritage, and communal bonds.
868:
Both types of siram songs are usually performed at major Dusun social gatherings, such as wedding ceremonies, 'cleansing' ceremonies for newly completed houses, and
644:. These kin groups, encompassing multiple generations, are essential in preserving social cohesion without establishing superiority over one another. Members of a
253:
primarily due to their inland residence, which was surrounded by fruit orchards and coconut plantations, and their occupation as rice farmers and fruit growers.
613:
were respected for their wisdom, knowledge and achievements, playing crucial roles in customary law, public matters and religious administration. While most
609:
The Dusun social system was historically egalitarian but patrifocal, with males typically handling social welfare, economic matters and political decisions.
558:
through education and media platforms. PSJD's cultural awareness efforts have played a significant role in revitalizing the Dusun language and heritage.
574:. This blend of influences reflects a dynamic and resilient cultural fabric, continually evolving through internal adaptations and external influences.
1327:
332:
in 1961. The
Nationality Law offers an authoritative classification that defines the Dusuns, the Tutongs, the Bisayas and the Belaits as four of the
952:(customary feast). This feast showcases the culinary heritage of the Dusun people, emphasizing the importance of food in their cultural practices.
445:
The interaction with the Brunei Malay
Sultanate and later with the British Residency further influenced the roles of Dusun leadership. Some Dusun
369:
Upland
Settlements: Situated in the Tutong and Belait Districts, including Bukit Udal, Long Mayan, Merimbun, Merangking, Bukit Sawat, and Sukang.
530:
coastal areas and a velar fricative /ÉŁ/ in inland areas, reflecting the linguistic diversity within the Dusun and Bisaya communities of Brunei.
872:
ceremonies. These performances play a crucial role in preserving and perpetuating the cultural and oral traditions of the Dusun people.
1463:
845:, supernatural beings central to Dusun mythology. These epics, which can take several evenings to recount, are performed by talented
244:
The term "Dusun" has a complex and multifaceted etymology, reflecting historical, cultural, and linguistic influences. The word
1182:
1320:
1198:
1103:
1101:
1099:
806:, which amount to roughly 40 titles. Siram is a traditional Dusun song performed in verses following the rhythmic beat of a
706:
According to Dusun mythology, these deities bestowed the Dusun people with their initial rice seeds, marking the genesis of
1048:
518:. However, estimates suggest a population range of 10,000 to 20,000, primarily residing in the Tutong District of Brunei.
1096:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
396:
366:
Lowland
Settlements: Located along the Tutong river valley in villages such as Sungai Damit, Ukong, Rambai, and others.
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
305:
However, because the Dusuns demonstrated some similarities with other ethnic groups in the country, particularly the
857:
rato community and are composed of stocked phrases that are archaic and carry no meaning to modern Dusun listeners.
1487:
1313:
982:
1256:
492:, there was a noticeable decline in traditional communal activities and ceremonies like weddings, funerals and
17:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1497:
1230:
1344:
1286:
1125:
969:
629:(chief priestess). These leaders were responsible for overseeing Dusun religious ceremonies referred to as
554:
333:
209:
1222:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1492:
1159:
521:
The linguistic landscape of Brunei encompasses the classification of Bruneian Dusun and Bisaya as the
353:
525:, although officially recognised as separate ethnic groups. Scholars note that Dusun and Bisaya are
1437:
1205:
329:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
883:
is a significant cultural celebration among the Brunei Dusun ethnic group, marking the end of the
1336:
489:
1206:"The Vitality and Revitalization of Minority Languages: The Case of Dusun in Brunei Darussalam"
1033:
964:
526:
510:
325:
887:
harvesting season. This festive period lasts for a month, beginning on the 1st of May. During
1458:
1353:
438:
where they held increased authority and status. This transition reflected broader changes in
435:
419:
and guardians of tradition, maintaining harmony and resolving disputes within the community.
1110:"Research on the Brunei Dusun and its Authentication: A Cross-Roads of Interests and Values"
470:
opportunities, drawn by the promise of stable jobs in the government and private sectors.
268:
and the colonial administration to refer to various indigenous communities in the region.
8:
853:(priestesses). The epic tales depict the romantic lives and feuds among members of the de
404:
1142:
710:
rituals. Before receiving these seeds, legend has it that the Dusun people subsisted on
1017:"Who are the Dusun in Brunei? Representation and Deconstruction of an Ethnic Identity"
277:
257:
722:
down to earth, seeking blessings for the people and sharing in entertainment with the
293:
adoption of "Sang Jati" signified a unified and empowered identity for the community.
1442:
1080:
595:
590:, or "big house," served as a central family residence and administrative hub. These
522:
385:
324:
These diverse names for the Dusuns led to some ambiguity, which was clarified by the
265:
228:
87:
412:
389:
280:, have a distinct understanding of their identity. In the Bruneian Dusun language,
97:
422:
Over time, as Brunei's political landscape evolved, the roles and status of these
1371:
1366:
547:
515:
474:
349:
345:
306:
261:
220:
201:
197:
173:
143:
71:
67:
1412:
1376:
543:
535:
249:
918:. The dances are accompanied by distinctive musical beats including drums and
1481:
1391:
1361:
932:(a tiered tray traditionally used to display a variety of food items such as
539:
314:
310:
163:
153:
1231:"A Study of Brunei Dusun Religion: Ethnic Priesthood on a Frontier of Islam"
1144:
Conversion to Islam: The case of the Dusun ethnic group in Brunei Darussalam
729:
Traditionally, newly harvested rice is presented in specific manners during
679:
belief encompasses a series of ritual performances divided into the monthly
1417:
450:
148:
120:
92:
1305:
1407:
1183:"Temarok belief, siram-songs, and the repertoire of epic tales of Derato"
919:
884:
467:
115:
733:
ceremonies, often taking the form of 'games' with ceremonial names like
1386:
637:
463:
439:
158:
317:, the term "Dusun" was inevitably used interchangeably with the terms
738:
692:
591:
416:
766:
In addition to human beings, Dusun belief includes the existence of
1107:
774:
may harm individuals, prompting families to seek assistance from a
711:
636:
The traditional social structure of the Dusun people is defined by
571:
567:
1049:"The Influence of the Malay Language on the Brunei Dusun Language"
1381:
941:
617:
were male, females could also assume this role, often serving as
449:
were appointed to positions like menteri darat (land chiefs) and
318:
224:
168:
125:
1280:
1278:
945:
659:
622:
359:
Dusun settlements are spread across various regions in Brunei:
205:
62:
1210:
IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences
898:, each with its unique rhythm and style. These dances include
1275:
749:
691:) rice festival. These ceremonies are conducted to appease a
566:
The Dusun people's identity is deeply intertwined with their
363:
Coastal Settlements: Danau, Telisai, Sungai Liang, and Lumut.
1140:
1075:
1073:
1071:
799:
653:
478:
196:, are an indigenous ethnic group primarily residing in the
602:
was governed by an influential council of elders known as
1068:
488:
With the onset of modernization and the development of a
485:
capabilities rather than solely on lineage or seniority.
276:
The Dusun people, also known as "Sang Jati" in their own
264:. Over time, it became an official term used by both the
1046:
656:) and providing social leadership within the community.
219:
The Brunei Dusun ethnic group is closely related to the
344:
The Dusun population in Brunei primarily inhabits the
849:
singers who are generally female and sometimes also
718:regularly perform temarok ceremonies to invite the
1479:
1228:
894:Several traditional dances are performed during
1180:
948:), which serves as the main centerpiece of the
594:could accommodate three to four generations of
581:
606:, who were both social and religious leaders.
456:
1321:
1284:
786:, utilizing her spirit to negotiate with the
1251:
1249:
1108:Eva Maria Kershaw and Roger Kershaw (2016),
670:
1335:
212:in Brunei Darussalam, known locally as the
1328:
1314:
798:The Dusun people maintain a repertoire of
1246:
865:(narrated words) instead of sung verses.
703:(the 'upper world') located in the sky.
683:(minor temarok) ceremony and the annual
328:in 1959 and later by the passing of the
1047:Mohd Norazmie Mohd Yusof (2019-06-03),
810:drum. There are two main categories of
14:
1480:
841:consists of epic narratives about the
695:group of supernatural beings known as
1309:
1141:Asiyah az-Zahra Ahmad Kumpoh (2011),
714:instead of rice. Consequently, Dusun
1287:"BiG Buzz : Times of Gratitude"
922:that add to the festive atmosphere.
434:, signifying a shift towards a more
49:Regions with significant populations
908:Tak Injul Tulak Bangikat Tapi Butan
875:
24:
793:
640:bilateral descent groups known as
586:In traditional Dusun society, the
509:The Dusun language belongs to the
442:and power dynamics within Brunei.
25:
1509:
403:, formed the foundation of their
284:means tribe or ethnic group, and
27:Indigenous ethnic group of Brunei
430:began to acquire titles such as
378:
188:people of Brunei, also known as
55:
570:, ecological surroundings and
339:
296:
210:seven indigenous ethnic groups
13:
1:
975:
208:. They constitute one of the
1285:Jia Ying Chia (2023-07-17),
1114:Borneo Research Council, Inc
1085:Universiti Brunei Darussalam
1081:"The Pronunciation of Dusun"
1056:Universiti Brunei Darussalam
1021:Universiti Brunei Darussalam
970:Indigenous peoples of Brunei
582:Traditional social structure
555:Universiti Brunei Darussalam
334:seven separate ethnic groups
271:
234:
7:
958:
504:
501:among younger generations.
457:Adaptation and preservation
10:
1514:
561:
373:
229:Brunei's cultural heritage
1451:
1430:
1400:
1352:
1343:
1229:Sather, Clifford (2002),
763:ceremony), among others.
671:Traditional belief system
648:trace their lineage to a
139:
134:
111:
106:
83:
78:
53:
48:
43:
38:
1181:Pudarno Binchin (2010),
699:, believed to reside in
239:
66:(Nationwide, notably in
1488:Ethnic groups in Brunei
1337:Ethnic groups in Brunei
490:market-oriented economy
1235:Asian Folklore Studies
965:Demographics of Brunei
553:Key institutions like
326:Constitution of Brunei
726:and Dusun community.
527:mutually intelligible
511:Austronesian language
386:nucleated settlements
135:Related ethnic groups
1498:Austronesian peoples
802:epic tales known as
778:, or priestess. The
837:On the other hand,
782:may then conduct a
572:linguistic heritage
568:religious practices
426:also evolved. Some
405:egalitarian society
35:
912:Kataduh Lait Lalau
904:Kasapi Imang-Imang
436:stratified society
395:During the era of
33:
1493:Society of Brunei
1475:
1474:
1426:
1425:
523:Dusunic languages
479:rice cultivations
413:community leaders
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
1505:
1350:
1349:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1178:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1138:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1013:
876:Harvest festival
826:, also known as
596:bilateral family
397:Brunei Sultanate
390:social structure
350:Belait Districts
266:Brunei Sultanate
223:ethnic group of
202:Belait Districts
61:
59:
58:
39:Total population
36:
32:
21:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1447:
1422:
1396:
1339:
1334:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1139:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
983:
978:
961:
878:
796:
794:Oral traditions
673:
584:
564:
507:
459:
381:
376:
342:
330:Nationality Law
299:
274:
262:Bruneian Malays
242:
237:
214:Sang Jati Dusun
178:
174:Bruneian Malays
130:
102:
72:Belait District
68:Tutong District
65:
56:
54:
34:Sang Jati Dusun
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1431:non-indigenous
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Dusun (Brunei)
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1274:
1264:Brunei Tourism
1245:
1221:
1197:
1158:
1124:
1095:
1067:
1032:
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
967:
960:
957:
916:Ebang Bataring
877:
874:
795:
792:
757:temarok dulang
735:temarok berayo
672:
669:
627:belian pengiaw
583:
580:
563:
560:
506:
503:
458:
455:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
364:
341:
338:
298:
295:
273:
270:
256:Originally an
241:
238:
236:
233:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
129:
128:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
104:
103:
101:
100:
98:Brunei English
95:
90:
84:
81:
80:
76:
75:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
29:
26:
18:Dusun (Brunei)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
981:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
956:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
873:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
828:siram nasihat
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
746:temarok lanut
743:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
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664:
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651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
598:members. The
597:
593:
589:
579:
575:
573:
569:
559:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
502:
498:
495:
491:
486:
482:
480:
476:
471:
469:
466:in search of
465:
454:
452:
451:ketua kampung
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
379:Early history
368:
365:
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361:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
337:
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327:
322:
320:
316:
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308:
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294:
290:
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283:
279:
269:
267:
263:
260:given by the
259:
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232:
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217:
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89:
86:
85:
82:
77:
73:
69:
64:
52:
47:
42:
37:
19:
1372:Brunei Malay
1294:, retrieved
1290:
1267:, retrieved
1263:
1257:"Adau Gayoh"
1238:, retrieved
1234:
1224:
1214:, retrieved
1209:
1200:
1190:, retrieved
1186:
1151:, retrieved
1143:
1117:, retrieved
1113:
1088:, retrieved
1084:
1060:, retrieved
1055:
1025:, retrieved
1020:
954:
950:Adat Panakod
949:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
893:
888:
880:
879:
869:
867:
862:
859:Siram ditaan
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:siram ditaan
838:
836:
831:
827:
824:Siram sindir
823:
820:siram ditaan
819:
816:siram sindir
815:
811:
807:
804:siram ditaan
803:
797:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
745:
741:
734:
730:
728:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
700:
696:
688:
685:temarok gayo
684:
681:temarok diok
680:
676:
674:
665:
658:
649:
645:
641:
635:
630:
626:
618:
614:
610:
608:
603:
599:
587:
585:
576:
565:
552:
532:
520:
508:
499:
493:
487:
483:
472:
460:
446:
444:
431:
427:
423:
421:
408:
400:
394:
382:
358:
354:Brunei Muara
343:
323:
304:
300:
291:
285:
281:
275:
255:
245:
243:
218:
213:
193:
189:
185:
183:
121:Christianity
93:Brunei Malay
30:Ethnic group
1452:expatriates
938:nubor lopot
920:Gulintangan
855:Italic text
759:(rice tray
755:ceremony),
744:ceremony),
701:pagun sawat
464:urban areas
340:Settlements
297:Other names
116:Sunni Islam
1482:Categories
1468:Indonesian
1345:indigenous
1296:2024-06-09
1269:2024-06-03
1240:2024-06-09
1216:2024-06-09
1192:2024-06-06
1153:2024-06-09
1119:2024-06-03
1090:2024-06-09
1062:2024-06-03
1058:(in Malay)
1027:2024-06-03
976:References
926:Adau Gayoh
896:Adau Gayoh
889:Adau Gayoh
881:Adau Gayoh
830:(advisory
638:autonomous
592:longhouses
468:wage labor
440:governance
432:orang kaya
356:District.
313:, and the
194:Suang Jati
863:kata-kata
739:crocodile
623:priestess
600:alai gayo
588:alai gayo
475:migration
417:mediators
411:acted as
272:Sang Jati
235:Etymology
190:Sang Jati
79:Languages
1464:Filipino
1291:Big Buzz
959:See also
934:penyaram
712:charcoal
693:mystical
505:Language
407:. These
107:Religion
1459:British
1438:Chinese
1413:Melanau
1382:Kedayan
946:bananas
942:kelupis
900:Ancayau
870:temarok
814:songs:
784:temarok
761:temarok
753:temarok
742:temarok
731:temarok
708:temarok
689:temarok
687:(major
677:temarok
631:temarok
562:Culture
494:temarok
374:History
319:Kedayan
315:Tutongs
311:Belaits
307:Bisayas
289:pride.
278:endonym
225:Limbang
169:Kedayan
126:Animism
44:10,000~
1443:Indian
1401:others
1392:Tutong
1367:Bisaya
1362:Belait
1354:Malays
1212:, 2015
1187:ICHCAP
1023:, 2022
851:balian
843:derato
808:dumbak
780:belian
776:belian
724:balian
720:derato
716:balian
697:derato
660:Family
650:tatuwo
619:belian
615:tetuwo
611:Tetuwo
604:tetuwo
548:Tutong
447:tatuwo
428:tatuwo
424:tatuwo
409:tatuwo
401:tatuwo
346:Tutong
309:, the
258:exonym
221:Bisaya
206:Brunei
198:Tutong
164:Tutong
154:Belait
144:Bisaya
63:Brunei
60:
1418:Penan
1387:Murut
1260:(PDF)
1148:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
885:paddy
847:siram
832:siram
812:siram
750:snake
646:waris
642:waris
625:) or
544:Penan
536:Malay
516:Islam
473:This
250:Malay
248:is a
246:Dusun
240:Dusun
186:Dusun
159:Murut
149:Dusun
88:Dusun
1408:Iban
944:and
930:Puun
914:and
818:and
800:sung
675:The
654:adat
546:and
540:Iban
348:and
286:jati
282:sang
200:and
184:The
70:and
788:isi
772:isi
768:isi
204:of
192:or
1484::
1289:,
1277:^
1262:,
1248:^
1233:,
1208:,
1185:,
1161:^
1127:^
1112:,
1098:^
1083:,
1070:^
1054:,
1035:^
1019:,
984:^
940:,
936:,
910:,
906:,
902:,
822:.
790:.
633:.
550:.
542:,
538:,
415:,
392:.
336:.
231:.
216:.
1329:e
1322:t
1315:v
748:(
737:(
621:(
74:)
20:)
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