Dual monarchy of England and France

946:. However, for matters of security of English-controlled France, the English soldiers were valued highest for the disposal of French estates. As much as the conquests seemed realistic in a complete France, enthusiasm started to wane. After Gloucester's invasion of Holland in 1424 to enforce the rights of his wife, Jacqueline of Hainault, Anglo-Burgundian relations began to become strained. In addition, Brittany under Duke Jean V lost interest, and his negotiations with Charles VII were used to weaken the western military frontier on Brittany. In 1428, the Scots continued to support Charles, and when Anglo-Scottish relations deteriorated completely, French envoys were sent to Scotland for an alliance and a proposal that King 1207:, stated that Henry's stay had not achieved its desired effect but had instead shown that English power in Normandy was weakening. Bedford himself was then mourning the death of his wife, Anne of Burgundy, and collapsed from exhaustion after news of more territory being lost to Charles VII. Five months later, Bedford married Jacquetta of Luxembourg, who came from a family distrusted by Philip the Good's Anglo-Burgundian forces, and thus Bedford and Philip lost the link they had with each other through Anne of Burgundy, who had been the primary mediator between the two. The last three years saw England struggle to maintain its military commitment to the war, and Philip was finding the war too costly on his part. 48: 60: 708:

for the king of France. Bedford was a little uncertain whether Burgundy would relinquish his status as keeper of Normandy, so he wrote to London five days later to advertise his position as Regent of England, then of France. Bedford had no reason to contradict Henry V, but if he could not be regent for his French king, he would be as his English Regent. At the time, Bedford was still referring to himself as "gubernator Normandiae", governor of Normandy, on 1 November six days after the letter was dispatched to London. Bedford started to emerge as French regent for his nephew King Henry VI of England and France. At the same time the

765:

Beaufort studied the attached last wills of Henry. There was some agreement on the authority of the dead king's wishes, but until all of Henry's directions were carried out, there was still going to be objections to Humphrey. John, Duke of Bedford, unsure of his future in France, issued an objection to Humphrey's regency on 26 November. Some lords supported the idea of Gloucester as regent because of his youth, and his emerging reputation; however, most of the lords still disliked the idea and expressed great misgivings about the powers which were later to be bestowed upon him by the codicil of 1422.

610: 1087: 692: 893:, was stabilized. The Crotoy in the mouth of the Somme was also in Valois' hands, but was taken over by an English force, with Bedford's aid. Another expedition under the Duke of Exeter consisting of 1600 men (mostly archers) was sent to protect the Lancastrian-dominated part of France. Not only was most of Normandy cleared from the Armagnac French but there was also some attempts south of the Loire to endanger Charles VII's capital at 258: 233: 756:. This was a distortion of fact. Monstrelet was trying to heighten Burgundian self-esteem and to explain why Burgundy dropped the regency in 1422. The St. Albans' chronicler recorded that Burgundy was never entrusted with the regency of France. However, his work ends six weeks before Charles VI's death and mentions nothing beyond that. Henry V may have not inquired about any specific regent for France, but Bedford was unopposed. 428:

battles with the English; with this important strategic move, the extended English holdings in Aquitaine were quickly recaptured. The English, now on the defensive, lost more territory, retaining only parts of Gascony and a few coastal cities. By now, Edward was aging and no longer fit to lead in battle. His son, the Prince of Wales, predeceased him by a year, and so when Edward III died in 1377 it was his grandson

508:. Upon the death of Henry IV, Thomas, Duke of Clarence (Henry V's younger brother) was supported as the heir rather than Henry. The dauphin was made Duke of Guyenne, which was English Gascony, as the Armagnacs wanted Gascony back under their own sovereignty. Clarence was to lead the English in Gascony, not Henry; this would give him a chance to take the throne of England. While Clarence was away in Gascony, 868:'s flight to England in 1421 from her husband John of Brabant, she married Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester in 1423. This quickly caused English intervention in 1424 when Jacqueline's uncle and enemy made the Duke of Burgundy his heir. The outcome was Gloucester's disastrous campaign to Hainault. Bedford came to shore up the alliance on which his power depended. 975:, the traditional crowning place for French kings. It was reported with great gravity in Westminster and the coronation of Henry VI as king of France in Paris could be the sole propaganda weapon against Charles. The crusade assembled by Beaufort against the Bohemians was quickly diverted to France. Beaufort could not afford to anger 1111:, which was the traditional day for a king of France to proceed to the cathedral, this being a symbolic parallel with the progress of the King of Heaven. Henry was preceded by twenty-five trumpeters and a guard of between two and three thousand men. The royal party's route took the usual ceremonial entry into Paris from the north. 963:

further in towards the Anjou region. Local French forces subject to their King Henri II of France however were neglected of military duty and the English soldier again was favoured by the Estates-General to carry out the offensive. This decision was made during the absence of Bedford, who had already left for England.

1019:, and he quickly arranged it. Charles' coronation in Reims, on 16 July 1429, was an act of symbolic significance compared to the English position in the 1420s. However, by the end of 1427, the French and the English were quarrelling over strategic military plans to gain the upper hand in conquering France. The 905:

on the Maine–Normandy border. Bedford began to emerge as an English conqueror with a better reputation after his victory. It dealt also a stinging defeat against the Scots since they supported Charles VII and fought many causes in his name. Bedford's extensive conquests in Maine and towards the Loire

789:

Gloucester was given a blow and was only to act in affairs by council permission as well as by opening and closing parliament. However, it was not the only drawback and since Bedford was heir to the throne of France as well as to that of England, if he returned from France he would take Gloucester's

739:

Charles VII of France). Henry V's arrangements had one fatal flaw: not until the last few days of his life had he thought he would predecease Charles VI. Moreover, the treaty had restricted Henry's freedom on his deathbed. The arrangements he had made were to cover the short term (up to Charles VI's

707:

After Henry V's death, the issue of the regency to the infant king Henry VI was resolved by meetings between Bedford, Burgundy and the French Estates-General. The Settlement of Troyes was reaffirmed in accordance with it; Bedford was made keeper of Normandy and Burgundy and may have been named regent

785:

and each kingdom is allowed with their own traditions and customs. The lords did not want to attack Humphrey personally in his pretensions to regent but rather the will itself. They denied that Henry V had any right to determine the governance of England or of disposing of any royal land. The will

427:

ascended to the throne, and in 1369 hostilities were reopened by the French declaring war, thus breaking the treaty. This time they led to embarrassing strategic defeats for the English side. Charles' strategy was to attack the castles, where English victories were less certain, and to avoid pitched

926:

The alliance of Amiens was almost completely undermined when Brittany and Burgundy held a conference the same year in which both parties agreed to be friends if either side ever reconciled with the dauphin. Although both Brittany and Burgundy acknowledged Henry VI of England as their sovereign, the

900:

The English strategy became more widespread while they swept across the Seine valley and Paris. The western border on Brittany was also strengthened. In 1424, Bedford made a bid in Paris at the Estates-General for an expeditionary force aimed to conquer Maine-Anjou and the Picardy region. It led to

764:

Henry V's wish that Gloucester be appointed regent for England was controversial, and not clear in any sense that there was any named candidate to adopt the regency to England. On 7 November 1422, which was the day of Henry V's solemn burial at Westminster, dukes of Gloucester and Exeter and Bishop

743:

Charles VI's death had in no way affected the Anglo-Burgundian alliance or the legal dual monarchy of England and France. Monstrelet the Burgundian is the only contemporary to record that Burgundy backed down to the regency to the French king in order to have Bedford as Regent. He claimed to record

723:, passed directly to the French king Charles VI; when Henry VI of England succeeded to the French crown in 1422 it was included as part of the jurisdiction. The Duke of Bedford was content and he made no appeal to return to England, returning only in 1425 to England in an urgent meeting with Bishop 451:

In the beginning, Henry claimed he was retrieving his confiscated region of Lancaster, and wrote to Richard that he had "no wish or right to depose your highness as king". Henry, nevertheless, remained firmly on the throne, and Richard II was deposed. Internal strife reached its climax during his

1198:

French bishops. The coronation had not offered resistance to the Valois-French pressing at the borders, with the English losing mile after mile of territory. Henry, with little to show for his two-year stay in his French kingdom, returned to England by way of Calais and never stepped on his French

888:

A dual monarchy gave Englishmen and northern Frenchmen alike the impetus to ensure complete suzerainty of France and to punish the treachery of Charles VII. In the 1420s, the English sent a small expeditionary force to France. As such, many English gentry were given French estates. The scheme was

962:

after 1 year of fighting against the English. After Verneuil, there was less need for a civil administration. The defence and garrisons slowly passed to the keeping of the civilians after Bedford and his host left for England in 1427 left. The same year, there was another draw for an invasion

1193:

Apart from its splendour and glory, the coronation ultimately achieved little. England's suspicions of Burgundy had become marked concerning the actual military position, as it was discovered three days before the coronation that Philip had made a six-day general truce with Charles VII. The

1174:, representing the king of England and France, was balancing the two crowns on his head with actors representing the duke of Burgundy and his son, the count of Nevers, offering him the shields of France, and other actors playing Anne of Burgundy and the Duke of Bedford as offering him the 879:

suffered some military engagements against Breton raiders. Bedford himself relied heavily on English financial aid to support his armies on the Norman frontiers. Local revenue from Normandy, Gascony and Calais was used for expected naval defence fortifications and garrisons in France.

906:

meant that King Henry's French realm's capital was no longer in the front lines as long as the English remained in the offensive. Bedford assured the Norman population and made proclamations that the Normans would not suffer any colonial regime or financial hardship by taxation.

1166:, who was further shocked that Beaufort also celebrated part of the Holy Mass service at the chapel, another office which properly belonged to him. The coronation had very important orchestration, seeking to present again the dual-lineage of Henry, and a French play called 349:, released from his obligations to Henry VI by a papal legate, recognised Charles VII as the rightful king of France. The defection of this powerful French noble marked the decline of Henry's de facto reign over France. The dual monarchy came to an end with the capture of 909:

After Henry V's death in 1422, the duke of Bedford had intended on bringing the powerful duke of Brittany and Burgundy closer to the Lancastrian cause and confirm it in a treaty. In 1423, at the Treaty of Amiens, the three dukes, John VI of Brittany, John of Bedford and

966:

Orléans was the last jewel for the Armagnacs. The Earl of Salisbury began the siege in 1428 with 2400 men in addition to Burgundian allies who joined the siege. Salisbury's death at the start of the siege destroyed the Anglo-Burgundian morale. The French revived with

772:

who was rector to king Henry III while the latter was in his minority. He wanted to have the same authority but as wardship to the young king. The lords countered that this precedent was too far back in time, and furthermore Richard II was in his minority as King but

468:. Henry IV was considered a key ally during the civil war. The Armagnacs even offered to give back the Duchy of Aquitaine in support of military services, although Aquitaine was forgotten when the Armagnacs won. Henry sent an expeditionary force in 1412 to aid them. 329:

and legitimacy as king of France was only recognised in the English and allied-controlled territories of France which were under the domination of his French regency council, while the Dauphin ruled as King of France in part of the realm south of the river

512:

took the throne. Henry had also successfully fended off the dauphin's designs on the Guyenne region. As Henry started his reign in 1413, and the civil war in France was still on, Henry demanded that the King of France give him back an extended Aquitaine,

500:

in 1403. He took a Welsh arrow in the lower part of his face; it passed through his jaw and out the other side. Henry's knights were charging the Welsh positions, so in spite of his wound, Henry refused to leave the field and the English won the day.

688:, as the sickly Charles VI, whose heir he had been named, survived him by two months. His son Henry, who was born the year before, succeeded his father as king Henry VI of England and, six months later, his maternal grandfather as king of France. 1055:. This was not mentioned in John Lydgate's poem, no doubt because it was largely a translation from a French work. But in another poem written for the king's coronation on 6 November 1429 Henry's descent from both these saints was mentioned. 561:

who died in the thousands. Most of those taken prisoners were slaughtered by order of Henry, who spared only the most illustrious. This victorious conclusion, from the English viewpoint, was only the first step in the campaign.

383:(1337–1453) escalated, and the conflict between the two nations reached its peak in an intermittent series of belligerent phases, with each phase usually ending with a temporary truce lasting for a few years. In the first phase 817:

attempts to capture the area, as it was isolated by both sea and land from the northern French territories. Gascony was largely protected by French nobles sympathetic to the English cause and there were negotiations with the

790:

position as head regent with the permission of council temporarily until he withdrew back to his regency in France. Gloucester's position was severely limited in England but both realms were to benefit for the time being.

1098:

for France in company with Cardinal Beaufort, the Duke of Bedford and the bishops of Thérouanne, Norwich, Beauvais and Évreux. On 16 December 1431, on the way to his French coronation in Paris, Henry travelled to the

495:

The main feature of Henry IV's reign in England was internal strife and rebellion, and as a result, Henry V took part in battles from an early age. His first test in battle was in the Welsh wars: Henry fought at the

322:. Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognized only by the English and Burgundians until 1435 as King Henry II of France. He was crowned King of France on 16 December 1431. 740:

death) and the long term (when Henry VI would become king of both France and England). This is a major reason for Burgundy's alliance with England and the steadfastness of English commanders to the battlefield.

914:

agreed on a triple alliance, lapsing on any of their deaths, which also recognized Henry VI as King of France and that they would work together to subjugate Charles the dauphin in the South. Overshadowing the

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The military of Normandy now depended on three men, Bedford, Warwick and Suffolk. Warwick landed in France in 1426 to protect Cherbourg, threatened by Breton raids. In 1427, Brittany was forced again to be a

414:

the French king was ransomed for an amount equal to twice the French kingdom's Gross. In addition, the French granted Edward III an extended Aquitaine, thus restoring one of the main duchies of the previous

837:

by the Duke of Burgundy. The only sensitive part was in the Channel where Anglo-Breton relations and attitudes affected the safekeeping of south-western English waters and the passing of ships to Gascony.

1031:

and so allowed Bedford to concentrate in Normandy. Some Englishmen who feared an English government in France were opposed to the idea of Henry's being crowned in France before his coronation in England.

606:, who had hung English prisoners from the walls, was summarily executed; Robert de Livet, Canon of Rouen, who had excommunicated the English king, was sent to England and imprisoned for five years. 456:(in Wales) and of the Percy family (Henry's old primary supporters) in the North. Henry, however, was least involved politically. Civil War was raging in France, especially between the parties of 1007:, was the one to suggest the idea of his French coronation in Paris, as there was no reason to further postpone his coronation until he came of age. Deeply shocked by the Valois success in having 1059:

Your Father which did all shine in all virtue ... with the good life of Queen Catherine, your blessed Mother ... of Good roots, springing from virtue must grow good fruit by necessity.

357:(17 July 1453), thus bringing the Hundred Years' War to a conclusion. The English were expelled from all of the territories which they had controlled in France, with the sole exception of 781:

rather than a single rector to the king. Bedford was rector of France because a single regent was favoured in France rather than a ruling council and the dual monarchy existed through a

602:. Henry skilfully played them off one against the other, without relaxing his warlike approach. In January 1419, Rouen fell. The Norman French who had resisted were severely punished: 919:

further, it arranged the marriage of Anna of Burgundy (Philip's sister) to John Duke of Bedford Regent of France. The two were married at Troyes cathedral, where Henry V was married to

684:

regent of France in the name of his son Henry VI, then only a few months old. Henry V did not live to be crowned King of France himself, as he might confidently have expected after the

566:

People of England, cease your work and pray, For the glorious victory of Crispin's day; Despite their scorn for Englishmen's renown, The odious might of France came crashing down.

934:

By 1424, French estates were sold widely from noble to commoner, and by both English and French. In 1417, English settlers had arrived to purchase estates in coastal cities like

752:. The chronicle, however, was written after Gloucester's invasion of the Low Countries in 1425 which provoked Burgundy's hostility and after Gloucester repelled Duke Philip's 533:. The French refused to accept his demands, and they ignored his claims. In 1415, at the age of twenty-eight, Henry began his invasion of France which would culminate in the 1142:

and the Duke of Bedford awaited their royal nephew. The following day, the King waited to the east of the city for his coronation. Preparation was done for the hallowing at

841:

The Duke of Brittany's allegiance to the dual monarchy under the protectorate of Bedford was preserved through his abiding aim to preserve the independence of his duchy.

1146:, and the gold draperies were taken down until the coronation day. The newly anointed and crowned sovereign would be seated on a great raised dais. Stairs were covered by 59: 829:. Calais was protected by its garrison and local merchant community which exported wool to Northern Europe and England and making good commercial relations with the 979:

by denying the crusade, however the defeat at Patay could not have been ignored. The events at the Loire brought the English-French military scheme to its test.

1621: 443:

usurped Richard's throne while Richard was away in Ireland, thus provoking French hostility in 1403 which marked the beginning of the third phase of the war.

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and to signify perfect religious belief and the steadfast unity of the three persons of the Trinity. The actual anointing and coronation were performed by

1616: 1103:, a hallowed burial place for French kings on the outskirts of Paris. Two days earlier, the coronation was carefully set to be held at the cathedral of 889:

supported in 1417 during the conquest of upper Normandy during the reign of Henry V and was revived by Bedford. Most of Normandy, with the exception of

786:

itself was too inclined to Roman law and rather heavily foreign to the English. It was said Gloucester's keepership was made forfeit by Henry's death.

660:

On 10 June 1421, Henry sailed back to France for what would be his last military campaign. From July to August, his forces besieged and captured

557:, he turned to engage a pursuing French army in battle. Despite his men-at-arms being exhausted and outnumbered, Henry led his men into battle, 768:

Gloucester realised the idea of using history or precedent; in 1216, the first English minority since the Norman conquest was upheld and later,

1015:, the traditional altar for the consecration of French kings, Bedford believed that Henry VI's coronation in Paris would cancel the victory of 1626: 1636: 471:

The civil war continued with persecution on both sides, the sack of Soissons by the Armagnacs and the control of Paris by the Burgundians.

419:. Edward III was, however, forced to give up his title as the rightful king to the throne of France, this claim being based on his mother, 1003:

and was a move recommended by Henry's English and French advisers. His English coronation had already been postponed for seven years, and

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Like Jean V, Philip also had other political wishes. One of his greatest concerns was Burgundian influence in the Low Countries. After

1474: 696: 1039:

were read to stress further Henry's dual inheritance of England and France. A direct link was made between Henry and his grandfather,

871:

Channel naval protection was not a concern, even after Burgundy switched its support at Arras. In the late 1420s, coastal areas like

680:, which he had contracted during the siege of Meaux. He was thirty-five years old. Before his death, Henry V had named his brother 927:

friendly relations still remained between Brittany and Burgundy despite Burgundy breaking their agreements with the English at the

439:, a daughter of King Charles VI of France, thus marking the end of the second phase. Peace did not last long however, as, in 1399, 47: 1182:, never in fact met his acknowledged sovereign at any time during his expedition to France from 1430 to 1432, since Philip was in 923:. The marriage, although primarily a political movement, evolved into a love match despite Anna being 15 years Bedford's senior. 807: 345:, who believed it was her mission to free France from the English and to have the Dauphin Charles crowned at Reims. In 1435, the 1004: 798:

Staying in the offensive and maintaining French possessions meant that the English navy was now a second defence. In 1420, the

681: 1358: 861:

took precautions against Breton raiders on the coast. Relations with Burgundy were much more important for English commerce.

464:. This was largely due to a scandalous affair with the Duchess of Burgundy, which started as a rumor but would later involve 1601: 1515: 769: 1651: 1567: 1162:

during the coronation. Cardinal Beaufort did the actual crowning, which was traditionally an office to be performed by the

1080: 460:

and the Burgundians. Charles VI's brother Louis, Duke of Orléans, was assassinated on the order of the Duke of Burgundy,

1216: 648:, the daughter of Charles VI of France. From June to July, Henry's army besieged and took the castle at Montereau, then 570:

This Latin epigram was one of many produced after the battle and came from a long tradition of such work in Chronicles.

318:

of France, the act was a contravention of the French law of succession which decreed that the French crown could not be

621: 19:

This article is about the 1422–1453 dual monarchy of England and France. For the Franco-British theoretical union, see

1090:

France in 1428. Paris was centred in the Anglo-Burgundian-controlled region. Reims lies to the northeast of this area.

777:(Humphrey's grandfather) was given no specific position in the council. They ruled with general consensus between the 1532: 549:, capturing it on 22 September. Afterwards, Henry had to march with his army across the French countryside towards 407:

in 1356, and routed the French army. The year 1360 marked the end of the first phase and an opportunity for peace.

1641: 749: 1546: 1494: 636:, the new duke, and the French court threw themselves into Henry's arms. After six months of negotiation, the 971:'s arrival, and it was the turning point of the war. She lifted the siege and Charles VII was consecrated in 620:

By August, the English were outside the walls of Paris. The intrigues of the French parties culminated in the

1656: 1449: 745: 802:

achieved political stability as did the Anglo-Burgundian alliance. In 1423, the alliance further included

857:

territory , relations with Brittany started to deteriorate in 1424 and when "open war" was declared the

744:

Henry V's last words on his deathbed, and also the content of the recorded speech. It made an insult to

290:

disputed the succession to the throne of France. It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King

1631: 1187: 591: 803: 319: 1468: 1194:

coronation was principally an English affair, dominated by Beaufort, some English bishops, and some

849:, and he was created Count of Touraine by the English, but soon gave allegiance to Charles VII when 578:

So, with those two potential enemies gone, and after two years of patient preparation following the

1646: 1204: 396: 192: 1444: 641: 1318:

The History of England, from the Accession of Richard II to the Death of Richard III (1377-1485)

1134: 999:

in Paris, on 16 December 1431. The coronation in England was in response to the collapse of the

731:

could hardly resist English wishes, for he needed their support after the murder of his father,

673: 361:. Charles VII had thus established himself as the undisputed king of almost all of France (save 928: 865: 753: 179: 326: 1356:

Lebigue, Jean-Baptiste, "L'ordo du sacre d'Henri VI à Notre-Dame de Paris (16 décembre 1431)"

1020: 1008: 858: 652:

in November, returning to England shortly thereafter. Henry VI was born the following year.

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The English and French had been constantly at war over hereditary sovereignty in France; the

374: 315: 303: 283: 279: 66: 411: 1221: 1100: 1076: 1052: 1040: 497: 480: 291: 150: 20: 8: 1482: 1355: 1129: 1119: 1104: 1044: 996: 947: 920: 842: 645: 614: 579: 558: 534: 505: 440: 424: 354: 287: 165: 110: 1000: 1300: 1048: 951: 902: 595: 522: 509: 504:

Henry would employ the English and Welsh archers on a massive scale in his campaign at

436: 420: 299: 1597: 1563: 1542: 1528: 1511: 1490: 992: 890: 850: 732: 625: 546: 476: 472: 461: 400: 311: 251: 238: 487:, died in 1413. His son, Henry, was still in his mid twenties when he became king. 1147: 1139: 916: 846: 799: 720: 709: 685: 637: 599: 526: 457: 295: 137: 1128:. The route traversed to the western part of Île de la Cité carefully missing the 609: 453: 1179: 1175: 1163: 1124: 1028: 968: 911: 854: 814: 728: 633: 603: 346: 124: 353:

by Charles VII's forces on 19 October 1453 following their final victory at the

1200: 1072: 1067:, to whom God had sent an angel, to secure for Henry of France and England the 833:. Normandy and the Île-de-France region was protected by the French Regent and 782: 724: 719:

Henry VI was also now King of France united with Normandy, and Gascony, by the

530: 416: 358: 1610: 1467: 1362: 1158:

choir joined the choir of the cathedral of Paris, who sang their traditional

976: 876: 830: 826: 774: 672:, capturing it on 2 May 1422. Henry V died suddenly on 31 August 1422 at the 307: 1086: 712:

was reaffirmed, and on 19 November Bedford presided as French regent in the

1510:, (first published in Great Britain by Little, Brown and Co), p. 375, 1155: 1068: 1036: 1016: 342: 1023:

in Paris announced that the provinces adjacent to the east and south of

1520: 1195: 988: 1043:. The painted pedigree paralleled Henry's descent through his mother, 845:, a Breton nobleman, at first supported Henry V in the signing of the 702: 1159: 935: 819: 691: 677: 554: 387:

won some extraordinary victories against the French, most notably at

446: 1064: 1024: 943: 665: 583: 518: 514: 404: 350: 196: 388: 894: 748:

by further saying Henry had maintained the regency of England to

695:

Henry VI, aged nine months, is shown being placed in the care of

484: 1245: 1108: 1035:

During Henry's coronation as king of England in 1429, poems by

972: 959: 853:

made him Constable of France. As the English were moving into

834: 822: 778: 550: 525:(which was vassal to the Angevin empire), and the provinces of 362: 1118:

flying, the procession proceeded over the Seine bridge to the

1249: 1241: 1183: 1095: 1012: 872: 669: 661: 649: 587: 545:

On 11 August 1415, Henry sailed for France, where his forces

392: 338: 331: 1434:, Marshall Cavendish Publications Ltd., London, 1976, p. 82. 1122:, where the young French King kissed the Holy Relics at the 716:

and dedicated himself to be working for the good of France.

1527:, Osprey Publishings, Oxford, 2002, pp. 8, 9, 10, 60, 1344:

Events that changed the world through the sixteenth century

1051:, and his descent on his father's side from another saint, 939: 813:

In the 1420s, Gascony had received no harm from any of the

582:, Henry renewed the war on a larger scale in 1417. Lower 365:, which remained under English rule for another century). 594:. The French were paralysed by the disputes between the 337:

The Dauphin was crowned as King Charles VII of France at

553:. On 25 October 1415, on the plains near the village of 435:

There was another truce in 1396 when Richard II married

341:

on 17 July 1429, largely through the martial efforts of

640:

recognised Henry as the heir and regent of France (see

302:

and Henry's heirs. It excluded King Charles's son, the

1503:, Marshall Cavendish Publications Ltd., London, 1976. 1063:

There was also a mention of the king's descent from

703:

1422: The question of regent upon French succession

995:in England, on 6 November 1429, and the second at 1478:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 893–894. 447:The House of Lancaster and Anglo-French relations 1608: 1154:from the top of the structure down. The English 883: 1589:, C. P. Putnam's Sons, London, New York, 1901. 982: 298:which gave the French crown to his son-in-law 1622:States and territories disestablished in 1453 1419:History of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy 1263:History of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy 1452:, C.P. Putnam's Sons, London, New York, 1901 1320:, (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1906), 316-317. 1594:The Contending Kingdoms: France and England 1541:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1972, 1617:States and territories established in 1422 1596:, Chapter 1, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.,2008, 1395:, (Sterling Publishing Company, 2007), 11. 1369:, ed. C. Giraud, (Brepols, 2013), 319-363. 697:Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick 325:In practical terms, King Henry's claim to 314:. Although the Treaty was ratified by the 1582:, by Byre and Spottiswoode, London, 1967. 1346:, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001), 57. 1305:The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain 1186:in connection with his newly established 1178:of England. As a blight on the occasion, 810:, were moving towards the Loire by 1428. 668:. That October, his forces lay siege to 106:• 21 October 1422 – 19 October 1453 1562:, Phoenix Mill, 2004, pp; 17,18,19,217. 1501:Kings and Queens of England and Scotland 1432:Kings and Queens of England and Scotland 1421:, (J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1863), 36. 1265:, (J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1863), 36. 1085: 690: 608: 1408:, (Oxford University Press, 2007), 567. 1307:, (Oxford University Press, 2000), 200. 808:Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury 278:existed during the latter phase of the 1609: 1094:On 23 April 1430, Henry embarked from 1005:John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford 644:), and, on 2 June 1420, Henry married 475:claimed to be the regent of the young 1465: 950:'s daughter would marry Charles' son 770:William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1329:Hare, Christopher and Mare Andrews, 735:by the henchmen of the dauphin (now 111:Henry VI of England and II of France 1587:Henry V: the Typical Mediaeval Hero 1217:English claims to the French throne 793: 490: 276:dual monarchy of England and France 31:Dual monarchy of England and France 13: 1445:Henry V, the Typical Medieval Hero 1278:, (Marshall Cavendish, 2007), 601. 759: 664:, thus relieving allied forces at 622:assassination of John the Fearless 80:English-held territories in France 14: 1668: 1573:Henry V. The Practice of Kingship 1553:The Emergence of Standard English 1240:Main administrative centers were 547:besieged the fortress at Harfleur 1637:People of the Hundred Years' War 1575:, ed. G.L. Harris, Oxford, 1985. 1382:, (BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008), 21. 1316:Oman, Charles William Chadwick, 655: 573: 540: 256: 231: 58: 46: 16:Dual monarchy in medieval France 1585:Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge, 1437: 1424: 1411: 1398: 1385: 1372: 559:decisively defeating the French 1349: 1336: 1323: 1310: 1294: 1281: 1268: 1255: 1234: 452:reign, with the rebellions of 399:also captured the French king 162:• Coronation of Henry II 1: 1627:Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453 1539:The Life and Times of Henry V 1459: 1367:Notre-Dame de Paris 1163-2013 1333:, (C. Scribner, 1907), 15-16. 368: 1450:Charles Lethbridge Kingsford 884:1422–1429: English offensive 676:near Paris, apparently from 479:Charles and the insane king 7: 1652:Warfare in medieval England 1417:Charles, John Foster Kirk, 1276:Renaissance and Reformation 1261:Charles, John Foster Kirk, 1210: 1132:and then moved east to the 1114:With trumpets sounding and 983:Two coronations (1429–1431) 586:was quickly conquered, and 10: 1673: 1560:The Reign of King Henry VI 1489:, Menthuen, London, 1992, 1469:"Hundred Years' War" 1378:Gower, Ronald Sutherland, 1188:Order of the Golden Fleece 1011:crowned King of France in 372: 18: 1291:, (Routledge, 1991), 263. 1107:, on the first Sunday in 987:Henry VI experienced two 804:John VI, Duke of Brittany 210: 206: 189: 176: 160: 147: 134: 130: 120: 116: 104: 100: 92: 84: 76: 42: 37: 28: 1227: 1205:Archbishop of Canterbury 1199:kingdom again. In 1432, 1180:Philip, Duke of Burgundy 1170:: a boy clothed in gold 754:attack on Calais in 1436 397:Edward, the Black Prince 1475:Encyclopædia Britannica 642:English Kings of France 590:cut off from Paris and 69:during Henry VI's reign 1642:15th century in France 1525:The Hundred Years' War 1289:The Hundred Years' War 1091: 1061: 866:Jacqueline of Hainault 699: 632:(10 September 1419). 617: 613:Henry V's marriage to 568: 1466:Viard, Jules (1911). 1342:Thackeray, Frank W., 1089: 1057: 806:. The English, under 694: 682:John, Duke of Bedford 612: 564: 294:, who had signed the 284:Charles VII of France 67:Royal Arms of England 1580:Henry V. A Biography 1483:Allmand, Christopher 1331:The life of Louis XI 1222:Franco-British Union 1135:Hôtel des Tournelles 1101:Basilica of St Denis 1077:Bishop of Winchester 1053:Edward the Confessor 674:Château de Vincennes 498:Battle of Shrewsbury 310:was the heir to the 292:Charles VI of France 185:20/21 September 1435 151:Charles VI of France 21:Franco-British Union 1657:Henry VI of England 1168:tableau of Châtelet 1079:, a natural son of 1045:Catherine of Valois 948:James I of Scotland 921:Catherine of Valois 843:Arthur de Richemont 646:Catherine of Valois 615:Catherine of Valois 580:battle of Agincourt 535:Battle of Agincourt 355:Battle of Castillon 327:de jure sovereignty 288:Henry VI of England 166:Notre-Dame de Paris 1592:Richardson, Glen, 1578:Hutchinson, H.F., 1406:Shaping the Nation 1301:Morgan, Kenneth O. 1287:Neillands, Robin, 1092: 903:Battle of Verneuil 729:Philip of Burgundy 714:Parlement de Paris 700: 618: 523:county of Toulouse 437:Isabella of Valois 412:Treaty of Brétigny 381:Hundred Years' War 375:Hundred Years' War 306:, who by right of 300:Henry V of England 280:Hundred Years' War 1632:Anglo-French wars 1602:978-0-7546-5789-7 1558:Griffiths, R.A., 1516:978-0-349-11918-2 1404:Harriss, Gerald, 1073:Cardinal Beaufort 1027:were assigned to 993:Westminster Abbey 891:Mont Saint-Michel 851:Yolande of Aragon 733:John the Fearless 473:John the Fearless 462:John the Fearless 432:who became king. 403:at the battle of 312:Kingdom of France 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 252:Kingdom of France 244: 243: 239:Kingdom of France 168: 1664: 1555:Lexington, 1996. 1506:Barker, Juliet, 1499:Andrews, Allen, 1479: 1471: 1453: 1441: 1435: 1430:Andrews, Allen, 1428: 1422: 1415: 1409: 1402: 1396: 1389: 1383: 1376: 1370: 1353: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1298: 1292: 1285: 1279: 1274:Patrick, James, 1272: 1266: 1259: 1253: 1238: 1160:polyphonic music 1150:cloth sewn with 1140:Anne of Burgundy 1001:Siege of Orléans 917:Treaty of Troyes 847:Treaty of Troyes 800:Treaty of Troyes 794:The French realm 721:Treaty of Troyes 710:Treaty of Troyes 686:Treaty of Troyes 638:Treaty of Troyes 628:'s partisans at 491:The Warrior King 483:. Henry IV, the 347:Duke of Burgundy 296:Treaty of Troyes 260: 259: 248: 247: 235: 234: 228: 227: 212: 211: 172:16 December 1431 163: 149:• Death of 138:Treaty of Troyes 62: 50: 26: 25: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1647:Personal unions 1607: 1606: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1399: 1391:Williams, Jay, 1390: 1386: 1377: 1373: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1256: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1213: 1164:bishop of Paris 1125:Sainte Chapelle 1029:Philip the Good 991:: the first at 985: 929:Treaty of Arras 912:Philip the Good 886: 859:Estates-General 796: 762: 760:English regency 705: 658: 634:Philip the Good 604:Alain Blanchard 576: 543: 517:, the ports of 493: 449: 377: 371: 316:Estates-General 304:Dauphin Charles 257: 232: 202:19 October 1453 199: 182: 180:Treaty of Arras 169: 156:21 October 1422 153: 140: 125:Lancastrian War 107: 72: 71: 70: 63: 55: 54: 51: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1670: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1605: 1604: 1590: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1556: 1549: 1535: 1518: 1504: 1497: 1480: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1436: 1423: 1410: 1397: 1384: 1371: 1361:2014-04-04 at 1348: 1335: 1322: 1309: 1293: 1280: 1267: 1254: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1201:Henry Chichele 1120:Île de la Cité 1021:States-General 984: 981: 885: 882: 825:, such as the 795: 792: 783:personal union 761: 758: 725:Henry Beaufort 704: 701: 657: 654: 575: 572: 542: 539: 492: 489: 448: 445: 417:Angevin Empire 373:Main article: 370: 367: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 254: 245: 242: 241: 236: 224: 223: 218: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 190: 187: 186: 183: 177: 174: 173: 170: 161: 158: 157: 154: 148: 145: 144: 141: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127: 122: 121:Historical era 118: 117: 114: 113: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 64: 57: 56: 52: 45: 44: 43: 40: 39: 35: 34: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1669: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1568:0 7509 3777 7 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551:Fisher, J.H. 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1533:1-84176-269-5 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1407: 1401: 1394: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1368: 1364: 1363:archive.today 1360: 1357: 1352: 1345: 1339: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1313: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1290: 1284: 1277: 1271: 1264: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:fleurs-de-lys 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152:fleurs-de-lys 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1116:fleurs-de-lys 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1081:John of Gaunt 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 980: 978: 977:Pope Martin V 974: 970: 964: 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 924: 922: 918: 913: 907: 904: 898: 896: 892: 881: 878: 877:Isle of Wight 874: 869: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 836: 832: 831:Low Countries 828: 827:Count of Foix 824: 821: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 791: 787: 784: 780: 776: 775:John of Gaunt 771: 766: 757: 755: 751: 747: 741: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 698: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 656:1421 campaign 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 616: 611: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 574:1417 campaign 571: 567: 563: 560: 556: 552: 548: 541:1415 campaign 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 507: 502: 499: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 454:Owain Glyndŵr 444: 442: 438: 433: 431: 426: 422: 418: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 376: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:primogeniture 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 255: 253: 250: 249: 246: 240: 237: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198: 194: 188: 184: 181: 175: 171: 167: 159: 155: 152: 146: 142: 139: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 115: 112: 109: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 68: 61: 49: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 1593: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1559: 1552: 1538: 1524: 1507: 1500: 1486: 1473: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1426: 1418: 1413: 1405: 1400: 1392: 1387: 1379: 1374: 1366: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1275: 1270: 1262: 1257: 1236: 1192: 1176:Lion Rampant 1171: 1167: 1156:Chapel Royal 1151: 1143: 1133: 1123: 1115: 1113: 1093: 1069:fleur-de-lys 1062: 1058: 1037:John Lydgate 1034: 986: 969:Jeanne d'Arc 965: 956: 933: 925: 908: 899: 887: 870: 863: 840: 812: 797: 788: 767: 763: 742: 736: 718: 713: 706: 659: 619: 577: 569: 565: 544: 503: 494: 470: 450: 434: 409: 378: 336: 324: 275: 273: 221:Succeeded by 220: 215: 30: 1537:Earle, P., 1521:Curry, Anne 1393:Joan of Arc 1380:Joan of Arc 1049:Saint Louis 1017:Joan of Arc 1009:Charles VII 989:coronations 596:Burgundians 466:Charles VII 343:Joan of Arc 216:Preceded by 143:21 May 1420 1611:Categories 1547:029799428X 1495:0413532801 1460:References 1196:Anglophile 1144:Notre-Dame 1105:Notre-Dame 1041:Charles VI 997:Notre-Dame 746:Gloucester 521:, the old 481:Charles VI 430:Richard II 395:. His son 385:Edward III 369:Background 93:Government 1508:Agincourt 1130:Cathedral 936:Cherbourg 820:Languedoc 678:dysentery 630:Montereau 600:Armagnacs 555:Agincourt 506:Agincourt 425:Charles V 320:alienated 38:1422–1453 1359:Archived 1211:See also 1025:Normandy 944:Harfleur 875:and the 737:de facto 666:Chartres 598:and the 592:besieged 584:Normandy 519:Provence 515:Normandy 458:Armagnac 441:Henry IV 421:Isabella 405:Poitiers 351:Bordeaux 197:Bordeaux 96:Monarchy 1487:Henry V 1047:, from 895:Bourges 626:Dauphin 624:by the 510:Henry V 485:usurper 477:dauphin 410:In the 401:John II 191:• 178:• 136:• 85:Capital 1600: 1566: 1545: 1531: 1514: 1493: 1248:, and 1246:London 1138:where 1109:Advent 1065:Clovis 973:Rheims 960:Vassal 855:Valois 835:Rheims 823:gentry 815:Valois 779:gentry 750:Exeter 551:Calais 363:Calais 359:Calais 77:Status 1250:Rouen 1242:Paris 1228:Notes 1184:Lille 1148:azure 1096:Dover 1013:Reims 952:Louis 873:Devon 670:Meaux 662:Dreux 650:Melun 588:Rouen 531:Anjou 527:Maine 393:Sluys 389:Crécy 339:Reims 332:Loire 282:when 1598:ISBN 1564:ISBN 1543:ISBN 1529:ISBN 1512:ISBN 1491:ISBN 942:and 940:Caen 901:the 529:and 391:and 286:and 274:The 193:Loss 88:None 65:The 53:Flag 423:. 195:of 164:at 1613:: 1523:, 1485:, 1472:. 1448:, 1365:, 1303:, 1244:, 1203:, 1190:. 1083:. 1075:, 954:. 938:, 931:. 897:. 727:. 537:. 334:. 1252:. 23:.

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Knowledge

Dual monarchy of England and France

Index