930:
hours and persist for 24 hours or longer. Symptoms are dizziness, loss of equilibrium, lack of motor coordination, hallucinations and mental depression. A common complaint of the victim is that "someone is sitting on my chest", or there is a sensation of a tight constriction around the chest. The conviction that he is going to die, or some other frightening fantasy, is a characteristic part of the clinical picture. Other complaints consist of itching, burning of the throat, muscular weakness and abdominal distress. No fatalities have been reported, and in comparison with other forms of ichthyosarcotoxism, hallucinogenic fish poisoning is relatively mild... Ordinary cooking procedures do not destroy the poison.
667:
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404:
165:
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298:
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of a distressing nature that can arise from consuming hallucinogenic fish. It is characterised by "psychologic disturbances of hallucination and depression. Gastrointestinal disturbance may occur". "Ichthyoallyeinotoxism is a kind of ichthysarcotoxism (fish flesh poisoning) responsible of an unusual
929:
Ichthyoallyeinotoxism may result from eating the flesh or the head of the fish where the poison is reputedly concentrated. This biotoxication is sporadic and unpredictable in its occurrence. The poison affects primarily the central nervous system. The symptoms may develop within a few minutes to 2
239:
magazine. He broiled the dream fish in 1960. After eating the delicacy, he experienced intense hallucinations with a science-fiction theme that included futuristic vehicles, images of space exploration, and monuments marking humanity's first trips into
86:
such as LSD. In 2006, two men who apparently ate the fish experienced hallucinations lasting for several days (an effect common with some naturally occurring deliriants). The likelihood of hallucinations depends on the season.
2552:
1233:
de Haro L, Jouglard DE, Thomas MJ, David JM (1994). "Intoxications de type ciguatera after eating the
Sparidae in Mediterranean". In Boudoresque, CF, Meinsez A, Gravez V (eds.).
2190:
2549:
187:
The active agent(s) that cause hallucinations in humans, and the origin of these agents, are not clear. Some authors think they could come from toxins associated with
74:
and along the west and south coasts of Africa. Occasionally they are found in
British or more northerly waters. They may induce hallucinogenic effects similar to LSD (
3721:
1133:
de Haro, L.; Pommier, P. (2006). "Hallucinatory fish poisoning (ichthyoallyeinotoxism): two case reports from the
Western Mediterranean and literature review".
1737:
1090:
1888:
de Haro L, Treffot MJ, Jouglard J and
Perringué C (1993) "Trois cas d'intoxication de type ciguatérique après ingestion de Sparidae de Méditerranée",
3716:
2510:
1375:
Kitting, Christopher L.; Fry, Brian; Morgan, Mark D. (1984). "Detection of inconspicuous epiphytic algae supporting food webs in seagrass meadows".
1816:"La ciguatera dans l'Océan Indien: étude des poissons vénéneux des bancs de l'archipel des Mascareignes et de la crète centrale de l'Océan Indien"
233:
A few reporters have eaten the dream fish and described their strange effects. The most famous user is Joe
Roberts, a photographer for the
3390:
2587:
1657:
1495:
2258:
2487:
1298:
1177:
108:. It is unclear whether the toxins are produced by the fish themselves or by marine algae in their diet. Other hallucinogenic fish are
1355:
3132:
2156:
2349:
1991:
2037:
2441:
2187:
1613:
2110:
1790:
1567:
1703:
2395:
2285:
1267:
1436:
1336:
1244:
1043:
1066:
2064:
2959:
1452:
2989:
2643:
2580:
2527:
1858:
78:) if eaten. However, based on the reports of exposure they are more likely to resemble hallucinogenic effects of
1730:
1210:
Bellassoued K, Hamza A, Abdelmouleh A, Makni FA, Van Pelt J, Elfeki A (2012). "Toxicity assessment of dreamfish
979:
Orsolini, L.; Ciccarese, M.; Papanti, D.; De
Berardis, D.; Guirguis, A.; Corkery, J. M.; Schifano, F. (2018).
2236:
Randall JE (1958) "A review of ciguatera, tropical fish poisoning, with tentative explanation of its cause",
3694:
2728:
121:
46:
Several species of fish are claimed to produce hallucinogenic effects when consumed, a condition known as
2628:
1108:
3380:
3107:
3077:
2964:
2573:
3653:
3646:
3613:
3355:
3027:
2708:
304:
17:
62:
referred to as the "dream-fish", is commonly claimed to be hallucinogenic. These widely distributed
3663:
3422:
83:
3726:
3641:
3623:
3185:
2934:
2685:
876:
3603:
3427:
3412:
3235:
2954:
2843:
1326:
1031:
3633:
3618:
3127:
2944:
916:, or hallucinogenic fish inebriation, is a clinical syndrome that refers to a hallucinogenic
913:
908:
673:
666:
48:
1185:
3628:
2924:
1815:
1428:
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950:
567:
98:
Other species claimed to be capable of producing hallucinations include several species of
922:
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8:
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598:
235:
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1007:
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226:
205:
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150:
2216:
Jordan DS, Evermann BW and Tanaka S (1927) "Notes on new or rare fishes from Hawaii",
3345:
3250:
3155:
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1400:
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443:
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67:
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925:. The most frequent signs are dizziness, loss of co-ordination and hallucinations."
495:
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3032:
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2907:
2831:
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1873:
1752:
1392:
1328:
All Stings
Considered: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Hawai'i's Marine Injuries
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R Bagnis R, F Berglund, PS Elias, GJ van Esch, BW Halstead and K Kojima (1970)
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1949:
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de Haro, L., Prost, N., Arditti, J., David, J. M., & Jouglard, J. (1998)
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63:
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38:
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104:
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2014:
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457:
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329:
210:
142:
79:
59:
2528:"Problems of Toxicants in Marine Food Products: 1. Marine biotoxins"
622:
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921:
clinical feature: it is the unique case of central nervous system
3541:
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3514:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3022:
2974:
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2638:
2633:
2550:
Dolphins 'getting high' on puffer fish, zoologist Rob Pilley says
790:
535:
474:
110:
1209:
3460:
1638:"Rabbitfish ("Aras"). An unusual source of ciguatera poisoning"
748:
541:
514:
461:
424:
92:
71:
32:
1214:
1036:
Dangerous Fishes of the
Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula
3563:
3492:
2902:
1453:"Ciguatera and other marine poisoning in the Gilbert Islands"
221:
that live on the seagrass leaves. The German anthropologist
200:
3465:
3052:
2605:
2596:
1091:"Fish that triggers hallucinations found off British coast"
1729:
Spanier E, Finkelstein Y and Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B (1989)
1232:
191:
that accumulate in the flesh of the fish. Toxins from the
3504:
3072:
1863:(L.), in the Mediterranean: a possible misinterpretation"
981:"Psychedelic fauna for psychonaut hunters: a mini-review"
75:
42:
can result in hallucinations that last for several days.
27:
Fish which can produce hallucinogenic effects when eaten
2565:
1905:
Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Finkelstein Y, Spanier E (1988)
1735:(Linnaeus, 1758), on the Mediterranean coast of Israel"
66:
are normally found in the Mediterranean and around the
1132:
225:
thinks that dreamfish might contain the hallucinogen
148:
Some fish may become hallucinogenic after grazing on
1331:. Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 120.
180:
that lives in meadows along the Mediterranean coast.
1289:
1287:
1236:First International Workshop on Caulerpa taxifolia
2218:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences
2062:"Bounty descendant live on remote Norfolk Island"
1525:"An investigation on fish poisoning in Mauritius"
1205:
1203:
3722:Toxic effect of noxious substances eaten as food
3708:
1374:
1239:. France: GIS Posidonie Publ. pp. 271–274.
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1907:"Ciguatera-like poisoning in the Mediterranean"
1662:(Ruppell) on the Mediterranean Coast of Israël"
1519:
1517:
1515:
1431:(2005) Chapter 1, page 9, Smart Publications.
1320:
1318:
1284:
2232:
2230:
1725:
1723:
1200:
2581:
2212:
2210:
1447:
1445:
1350:
1348:
158:that forms dense beds on shallow sandy areas.
2173:
1937:
1650:
1630:
1512:
1424:
1422:
1315:
1216:Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1038:. Springer International. pp. 177–185.
91:is known as "the fish that makes dreams" in
2511:Report of the Seminar on Ichthyosarcotoxism
2227:
2054:
1720:
1325:Thomas, Craig; Scott, Susan (1 June 1997).
1324:
1258:
1256:
129:), called "the chief of ghosts" in Hawaii.
2588:
2574:
2207:
1636:Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B and Bentur Y (2002)
1442:
1345:
132:
3133:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
2531:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2238:Bulletin of Marine Science Gulf Caribbean
1419:
1356:"Ichthyoallyeinotoxism: a rare pathology"
1119:
1057:
1055:
1006:
996:
244:
3717:Biological sources of psychoactive drugs
2198:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1813:
1253:
1109:"'Hallucination' fish netted in Channel"
902:
250:Fish species reported as hallucinogenic
31:
2482:
2436:
2390:
2344:
2253:
2151:
2105:
2032:
1986:
1785:
1698:
1608:
1562:
1490:
1293:
1262:
1061:
740:Called "the chief of ghosts" in Hawaii
115:, called "the fish that inebriates" in
14:
3709:
2283:"Memoir: Native use of fish in Hawaii"
1175:
1052:
213:eat seagrass leaves they ingest algal
2569:
1029:
3689:
2960:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1641:Israeli Medical Association Journal
1178:"Men hallucinate after eating fish"
24:
1878:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05883.x
1757:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03342.x
25:
3738:
2543:
2293:Journal of the Polynesian Society
3688:
3677:
3676:
3659:
3658:
2684:
2188:"Hallucinatory mullet poisoning"
868:
820:
789:
747:
708:
665:
621:
590:
559:
513:
473:
435:
402:
369:
336:
296:
163:
141:
2644:Environmental impact of fishing
2520:
2504:
2476:
2458:
2430:
2412:
2384:
2366:
2338:
2320:
2302:
2275:
2247:
2145:
2127:
2099:
2081:
2026:
2008:
1980:
1962:
1919:
1899:
1882:
1851:
1833:
1807:
1779:
1761:
1692:
1674:
1602:
1584:
1556:
1538:
1529:Proc Roy Soc Arts Sci Mauritius
1484:
1466:
1368:
2060:Roughly TC, Roberts BJ (1960)
1226:
1176:Clarke, Matt (19 April 2006).
1169:
1101:
1083:
1023:
972:
13:
1:
2186:Helfrich P, Banner A. (1960)
966:
2729:intramembranous ossification
2473:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
2427:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
2381:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
2335:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
2317:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
2142:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
2096:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
2072:National Geographic Magazine
2023:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1977:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1934:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1848:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1776:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1689:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1599:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1553:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
1481:. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
122:Mulloidichthys flavolineatus
7:
1523:Halstead BW, Cox KM (1973)
934:
860:
10:
3743:
3108:Fin and flipper locomotion
3078:Sequential hermaphroditism
2965:Jamming avoidance response
2682:
1859:"Ciguatera and the saupe,
1823:Rev Trav Inst Pêches Marit
1548:: Yellowspotted Spinefoot
906:
283:
76:lysergic acid diethylamide
3672:
3596:
3529:
3436:
3398:
3389:
3328:
3259:
3146:
3098:
3008:
2933:
2693:
2603:
2281:Titcomb, Margaret (1951)
1950:"Fish Poisoning in Hawaii
1498:Abudefduf septemfasciatus
1474:Abudefduf septemfasciatus
1147:10.1080/15563650500514590
781:
700:
695:
551:
328:
305:Abudefduf septemfasciatus
84:serotonergic psychedelics
2595:
2515:South Pacific Commission
2486:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2440:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2394:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2348:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2288:18 February 2020 at the
2261:Mulloidichthys samoensis
2257:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2155:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2109:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2036:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1990:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1789:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1740:28 November 2021 at the
1731:"Toxicity of the saupe,
1702:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1612:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1594:: Blue-spotted spinefoot
1566:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1494:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1297:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1266:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1065:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1030:Jawad, Laith A. (2017).
998:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00153
736:Mulloidichthys samoensis
127:Mulloidichthys samoensis
36:Ingesting the dreamfish
3624:Glossary of ichthyology
3186:Diel vertical migration
2555:21 October 2016 at the
2500:. October 2013 version.
2490:Epinephelus corallicola
2466:Epinephelus corallicola
2454:. October 2013 version.
2408:. October 2013 version.
2362:. October 2013 version.
2312:: Yellowstripe goatfish
2310:Mulloides flavolineatus
2271:. October 2009 version.
2193:29 October 2013 at the
2169:. October 2013 version.
2123:. October 2013 version.
2050:. October 2013 version.
2004:. October 2013 version.
1866:Journal of fish biology
1803:. October 2013 version.
1771:: Squaretail Rabbitfish
1745:Journal of Fish Biology
1716:. October 2013 version.
1684:: Squaretail Rabbitfish
1626:. October 2013 version.
1580:. October 2013 version.
1508:. October 2013 version.
1311:. October 2013 version.
1301:Mulloides flavolineatus
1280:. October 2013 version.
1079:. October 2013 version.
985:Frontiers in Psychiatry
877:Epinephelus corallicola
383:Blue-spotted spinefoot
133:Cause of hallucinations
2990:Surface wave detection
2955:Hydrodynamic reception
2629:Diseases and parasites
1953:Hawaii Medical Journal
1890:Ictyophysiologica Acta
1476:: Sevenband Damselfish
932:
723:Yellowstripe goatfish
350:Streamlined spinefoot
291:Clown and damselfishes
245:Hallucinogenic species
242:
43:
3128:Undulatory locomotion
2945:Ampullae of Lorenzini
2159:Acanthurus triostegus
2135:Acanthurus triostegus
2067:24 April 2016 at the
1857:Chevaldonne P (1990)
1182:Practical Fishkeeping
1032:"Hallucinogenic fish"
927:
914:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
909:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
903:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
803:Flathead grey mullet
674:Acanthurus triostegus
231:
49:ichthyoallyeinotoxism
35:
3356:Genetically modified
2471:Encyclopedia of Life
2425:Encyclopedia of Life
2379:Encyclopedia of Life
2352:Upeneus taeniopterus
2333:Encyclopedia of Life
2315:Encyclopedia of Life
2140:Encyclopedia of Life
2094:Encyclopedia of Life
2021:Encyclopedia of Life
1994:Kyphosus cinerascens
1975:Encyclopedia of Life
1970:Kyphosus cinerascens
1932:Encyclopedia of Life
1846:Encyclopedia of Life
1774:Encyclopedia of Life
1687:Encyclopedia of Life
1597:Encyclopedia of Life
1551:Encyclopedia of Life
1479:Encyclopedia of Life
1429:Pickover, Clifford A
951:Hallucinogenic plant
756:Upeneus taeniopterus
679:Convict surgeonfish
568:Kyphosus cinerascens
82:than the effects of
3161:Aquatic respiration
3048:Life history theory
2562:, 30 December 2013.
2330:: Bandtail Goatfish
2040:Kyphosus vaigiensis
2018:: Lowfinned Drummer
2016:Kyphosus vaigiensis
1843:: Little spinefoot
1389:1984Oecol..62..145K
1135:Clinical Toxicology
835:Acute-jawed mullet
761:Finstripe goatfish
599:Kyphosus vaigiensis
273:Reported locations
251:
236:National Geographic
170:Also implicated is
3000:Weberian apparatus
2444:Neomyxus leuciscus
2420:Neomyxus leuciscus
1948:Helfrich P (1963)
1656:Herzberg A (1973)
1616:Siganus corallinus
1592:Siganus corallinus
1397:10.1007/BF00379006
848:Neomyxus chaptalli
449:Marbled spinefoot
378:Siganus corallinus
249:
206:Posidonia oceanica
197:Caulerpa prolifera
173:Posidonia oceanica
151:Caulerpa prolifera
44:
3704:
3703:
3614:Fish common names
3525:
3524:
3156:Aquatic predation
2980:Capacity for pain
2709:Age determination
2468:: Malabar Grouper
2113:Kyphosus bigibbus
2091:: Striped Drummer
2089:Kyphosus bigibbus
1814:Lebeau A (1979).
1793:Siganus rivulatus
1769:Siganus rivulatus
1570:Siganus argenteus
1546:Siganus argenteus
1451:Cooper MJ (1964)
1437:978-1-890572-17-4
1338:978-0-8248-1900-2
1246:978-2-905540-19-5
1045:978-3-319-57926-9
900:
899:
630:Kyphosus bigibbus
487:Little spinefoot
444:Siganus rivulatus
345:Siganus argenteus
68:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
3734:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3662:
3661:
3396:
3395:
2688:
2619:Ethnoichthyology
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2538:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2480:
2474:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2434:
2428:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2388:
2382:
2376:: Striped Mullet
2370:
2364:
2363:
2342:
2336:
2324:
2318:
2306:
2300:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2251:
2245:
2234:
2225:
2214:
2205:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2149:
2143:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2103:
2097:
2085:
2079:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2030:
2024:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1984:
1978:
1966:
1960:
1946:
1935:
1923:
1917:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1855:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1783:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1696:
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1648:
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1628:
1627:
1606:
1600:
1588:
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1581:
1560:
1554:
1542:
1536:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1488:
1482:
1470:
1464:
1449:
1440:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1372:
1366:
1365:(12): 1738–1739.
1352:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1184:. Archived from
1173:
1167:
1166:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
976:
872:
864:
858:
824:
793:
785:
751:
712:
704:
698:
669:
661:
625:
594:
563:
555:
517:
509:
477:
439:
416:Dusky spinefoot
406:
373:
340:
332:
310:Banded sergeant
300:
292:
286:
252:
248:
223:Christian Rätsch
167:
145:
52:. For example,
21:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3668:
3592:
3521:
3432:
3385:
3324:
3255:
3148:
3142:
3094:
3038:Ichthyoplankton
3004:
2936:
2929:
2925:Digital Library
2920:Teleost leptins
2859:Shark cartilage
2783:pharyngeal slit
2778:pharyngeal arch
2714:Anguilliformity
2699:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2599:
2594:
2557:Wayback Machine
2546:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2481:
2477:
2463:
2459:
2435:
2431:
2417:
2413:
2389:
2385:
2371:
2367:
2343:
2339:
2325:
2321:
2307:
2303:
2290:Wayback Machine
2280:
2276:
2252:
2248:
2235:
2228:
2215:
2208:
2195:Wayback Machine
2185:
2174:
2150:
2146:
2132:
2128:
2104:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2069:Wayback Machine
2059:
2055:
2031:
2027:
2013:
2009:
1985:
1981:
1967:
1963:
1947:
1938:
1924:
1920:
1910:Vet Hum Toxicol
1904:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1784:
1780:
1766:
1762:
1742:Wayback Machine
1728:
1721:
1706:Siganus luridus
1697:
1693:
1682:Siganus luridus
1679:
1675:
1660:Siganus luridus
1655:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1607:
1603:
1589:
1585:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1539:
1522:
1513:
1489:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1457:Pacific Science
1450:
1443:
1427:
1420:
1373:
1369:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1323:
1316:
1292:
1285:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1231:
1227:
1222:(2): 1308–1313.
1208:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1131:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1028:
1024:
977:
973:
969:
937:
923:ichthyotoxicity
911:
905:
891:Gilbert Islands
887:
862:
856:
840:
808:
783:
766:
739:
728:
702:
696:
684:
659:
650:Kyphosus fuscus
640:
609:
578:
553:
540:
538:
532:
507:
492:
460:
454:
421:
411:Siganus luridus
388:
355:
330:
319:Gilbert Islands
315:
290:
284:
247:
219:dinoflagellates
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
168:
160:
159:
154:, a species of
146:
135:
102:from the genus
58:, a species of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3727:Hallucinations
3724:
3719:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3442:
3440:
3438:Wild fisheries
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Hallucinogenic
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Schooling fish
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Filter feeders
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Bottom feeders
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Leydig's organ
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:pharyngeal jaw
2807:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:branchial arch
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2544:External links
2542:
2540:
2539:
2519:
2513:Papeete 1968,
2503:
2484:Froese, Rainer
2475:
2457:
2438:Froese, Rainer
2429:
2422:: Brown Mullet
2411:
2398:Mugil cephalus
2392:Froese, Rainer
2383:
2374:Mugil cephalus
2365:
2346:Froese, Rainer
2337:
2319:
2301:
2274:
2255:Froese, Rainer
2246:
2226:
2224:(20): 649–680.
2206:
2172:
2153:Froese, Rainer
2144:
2137:: Convict Tang
2126:
2107:Froese, Rainer
2098:
2080:
2053:
2034:Froese, Rainer
2025:
2007:
1988:Froese, Rainer
1979:
1972:: Blue Seachub
1961:
1936:
1929:: Salema porgy
1918:
1898:
1881:
1850:
1841:Siganus spinus
1832:
1806:
1787:Froese, Rainer
1778:
1760:
1719:
1700:Froese, Rainer
1691:
1673:
1649:
1629:
1610:Froese, Rainer
1601:
1583:
1564:Froese, Rainer
1555:
1537:
1511:
1492:Froese, Rainer
1483:
1465:
1441:
1418:
1383:(2): 145–149.
1367:
1344:
1337:
1314:
1295:Froese, Rainer
1283:
1270:Siganus spinus
1264:Froese, Rainer
1252:
1245:
1225:
1199:
1188:on 5 June 2011
1168:
1118:
1115:. 13 May 2009.
1100:
1097:. 13 May 2009.
1082:
1063:Froese, Rainer
1051:
1044:
1022:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
936:
933:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
898:
897:
895:
893:
888:
885:
883:
882:Coral grouper
880:
873:
866:
859:
853:
852:
850:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
825:
817:
816:
814:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:Mugil cephalus
794:
787:
779:
778:
776:
770:
767:
764:
762:
759:
752:
744:
743:
741:
732:
729:
726:
724:
721:
717:Mulloidichthys
713:
706:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
685:
682:
680:
677:
670:
663:
655:
654:
652:
646:
644:Norfolk Island
641:
638:
636:
633:
626:
618:
617:
615:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
595:
587:
586:
584:
582:
579:
576:
574:
573:Blue sea chub
571:
564:
557:
549:
548:
546:
544:
533:
530:
528:
525:
518:
511:
503:
502:
500:
498:
496:Réunion island
493:
490:
488:
485:
482:Siganus spinus
478:
470:
469:
467:
465:
455:
452:
450:
447:
440:
432:
431:
429:
427:
422:
419:
417:
414:
407:
399:
398:
396:
394:
389:
386:
384:
381:
374:
366:
365:
363:
361:
356:
353:
351:
348:
341:
334:
326:
325:
323:
321:
316:
313:
311:
308:
301:
294:
287:
281:
280:
279:Other sources
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
246:
243:
169:
162:
161:
147:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
134:
131:
117:Reunion Island
70:, west to the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3739:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3697:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3665:
3664:more lists...
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Fish families
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Aquarium life
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3586:fleshy-finned
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:Cartilaginous
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Electric fish
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Mauthner cell
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Chromatophore
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:(3): 236–267.
2243:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:(5): 361–372.
1958:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1916:(6): 582–583.
1915:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1829:(4): 325–345.
1828:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:"Toxicity of
1653:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1463:(4): 411–440.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
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1095:The Telegraph
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956:Venomous fish
954:
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719:flavolineatus
718:
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41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
3693:
3681:
3581:spiny-finned
3530:Major groups
3360:
3251:Intelligence
3231:Scale eaters
3176:Cleaner fish
3058:Mouthbrooder
3010:Reproduction
2985:Schreckstoff
2970:Lateral line
2886:Swim bladder
2876:Spiral valve
2805:hyomandibula
2788:pseudobranch
2671:Hypoxia in -
2559:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2495:
2489:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2449:
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2414:
2403:
2397:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2357:
2351:
2340:
2332:
2328:Upeneus arge
2327:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2221:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2164:
2158:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1931:
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1913:
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1901:
1893:
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1869:
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1809:
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1358:
1327:
1306:
1300:
1275:
1269:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1181:
1171:
1141:(2): 185–8.
1138:
1134:
1113:The Guardian
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1035:
1025:
988:
984:
974:
928:
912:
875:
847:
827:
796:
774:Upeneus arge
773:
754:
735:
715:
672:
660:Surgeon fish
649:
628:
604:Brassy chub
597:
566:
520:
480:
464:(suspected)
442:
409:
376:
343:
303:
267:Common name
234:
232:
204:
195:
186:
171:
149:
126:
120:
109:
103:
97:
88:
64:coastal fish
53:
47:
45:
37:
29:
3695:WikiProject
3654:Prehistoric
3638:Threatened
3329:Other types
3226:Sardine run
3201:Forage fish
3181:Corallivory
3033:Development
3018:Bubble nest
2891:physoclisti
2881:Suckermouth
2854:Root effect
2676:Ichthyology
2560:news.com.au
1927:Sarpa salpa
1872:: 503–504.
1861:Sarpa salpa
1751:: 635–636.
1733:Sarpa salpa
1665:Aquaculture
1212:Sarpa salpa
1069:Sarpa salpa
941:5-Bromo-DMT
918:inebriation
635:Brown chub
522:Sarpa salpa
270:Max length
193:green algae
89:Sarpa salpa
55:Sarpa salpa
39:Sarpa salpa
3711:Categories
3310:Groundfish
3305:Freshwater
3300:Euryhaline
3285:Coral reef
3221:Salmon run
3211:Paedophagy
3113:Amphibious
3100:Locomotion
2908:pharyngeal
2896:physostome
2849:Photophore
2795:Glossohyal
2768:gill raker
2751:dorsal fin
2701:physiology
1896:: 133–146.
1535:(2): 1–26.
967:References
857:Carnivores
508:Sea breams
331:Rabbitfish
285:Herbivores
217:and toxic
211:herbivores
189:macroalgae
156:green alga
125:(formerly
80:deliriants
3559:chimaeras
3446:Predatory
3423:Salmonids
3381:Whitefish
3371:Poisonous
3346:Diversity
3280:Coldwater
3216:Predatory
3206:Migratory
3166:Bait ball
3149:behaviour
3068:Pregnancy
3063:Polyandry
2837:papillare
2832:Operculum
2827:Meristics
2773:gill slit
2736:Cleithrum
2666:Fish kill
2656:Fear of -
2649:- as food
2639:Fisheries
2624:Evolution
2614:Diversity
2078:(6): 575.
1377:Oecologia
961:Ciguatera
946:Entheogen
846:Formerly
831:leuciscus
772:Formerly
734:Formerly
697:Omnivores
648:Formerly
458:Mauritius
392:Mauritius
359:Mauritius
215:epiphytes
60:sea bream
18:Dreamfish
3683:Category
3634:Smallest
3547:lampreys
3510:flatfish
3500:Demersal
3456:mackerel
3451:billfish
3391:Commerce
3320:Tropical
3295:Demersal
3290:Deep-sea
3246:Venomous
3138:RoboTuna
3088:triggers
3083:Spawning
3043:Juvenile
3028:Egg case
2661:FishBase
2553:Archived
2537:: 69–88.
2497:FishBase
2451:FishBase
2405:FishBase
2359:FishBase
2299:" 1–146.
2286:Archived
2268:FishBase
2204:: 86–89.
2191:Archived
2166:FishBase
2120:FishBase
2065:Archived
2047:FishBase
2001:FishBase
1800:FishBase
1738:Archived
1713:FishBase
1671:: 89–91.
1647:: 28–30.
1623:FishBase
1577:FishBase
1505:FishBase
1413:24235492
1405:28310706
1308:FishBase
1277:FishBase
1192:31 March
1163:41191477
1155:16615678
1076:FishBase
1017:29910745
935:See also
863:Groupers
829:Neomyxus
703:Goatfish
554:Sea chub
264:Species
202:seagrass
178:seagrass
105:Kyphosus
100:sea chub
3629:Largest
3542:hagfish
3537:Jawless
3515:pollock
3488:sardine
3483:herring
3478:anchovy
3428:Tilapia
3418:Octopus
3413:Catfish
3400:Farming
3315:Pelagic
3275:Coastal
3262:habitat
3118:Walking
3023:Clasper
2975:Otolith
2937:systems
2935:Sensory
2869:ganoine
2844:Papilla
2695:Anatomy
2634:Fishing
1385:Bibcode
1359:Toxicon
1008:5992390
991:: 153.
843:Hawaii
811:Hawaii
769:Hawaii
731:Hawaii
687:Hawaii
612:Hawaii
581:Hawaii
536:Tunisia
527:Salema
258:Family
209:. When
111:Siganus
3647:sharks
3564:sharks
3493:sprats
3473:Forage
3461:salmon
3341:Coarse
3123:Flying
2995:Vision
2950:Barbel
2864:Scales
2724:dermal
2604:About
1435:
1411:
1403:
1335:
1243:
1161:
1153:
1042:
1015:
1005:
807:100 cm
784:Mullet
542:Israel
539:France
462:Israel
425:Israel
276:Notes
261:Image
240:space.
119:, and
113:spinus
93:Arabic
72:Azores
3609:Blind
3597:Lists
3376:Rough
3241:Sleep
3147:Other
2913:shark
2903:Teeth
1819:(PDF)
1409:S2CID
1159:S2CID
886:49 cm
839:46 cm
765:33 cm
727:43 cm
683:27 cm
639:75 cm
608:70 cm
577:50 cm
531:51 cm
491:28 cm
453:27 cm
420:30 cm
387:35 cm
354:40 cm
314:23 cm
255:Diet
3642:rays
3576:Bony
3569:rays
3466:tuna
3408:Carp
3366:Oily
3351:Game
3336:Bait
3270:Cave
3053:Milt
2758:Gill
2746:Fins
2719:Bone
2606:fish
2597:Fish
1433:ISBN
1401:PMID
1333:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1194:2010
1151:PMID
1040:ISBN
1013:PMID
176:, a
3505:cod
3260:By
3073:Roe
2800:Jaw
2698:and
2076:116
1874:doi
1753:doi
1393:doi
1143:doi
1003:PMC
993:doi
227:DMT
3713::
2535:42
2533:,
2494:.
2448:.
2402:.
2356:.
2297:60
2295:,
2265:.
2240:,
2229:^
2222:16
2220:,
2209:^
2200:,
2175:^
2163:.
2117:.
2074:,
2044:.
1998:.
1957:22
1955:,
1939:^
1914:30
1912:,
1894:16
1892:,
1870:37
1868:,
1827:42
1825:.
1821:.
1797:.
1749:34
1747:,
1722:^
1710:.
1667:,
1643:,
1620:.
1574:.
1531:,
1527:,
1514:^
1502:.
1461:18
1459:,
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1399:.
1391:.
1381:62
1379:.
1363:36
1361:,
1347:^
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1305:.
1286:^
1274:.
1255:^
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1218:.
1202:^
1180:.
1157:.
1149:.
1139:44
1137:.
1121:^
1111:.
1093:.
1073:.
1054:^
1034:.
1011:.
1001:.
987:.
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2446:"
2442:"
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2354:"
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2202:1
2161:"
2157:"
2115:"
2111:"
2042:"
2038:"
1996:"
1992:"
1876::
1795:"
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1708:"
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1669:2
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1395::
1387::
1341:.
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1145::
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995::
989:9
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20:)
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