20:
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234:. Along a strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into the steep slopes of mountainsides. These tributaries enter the main river about perpendicular, causing a trellis-like appearance of the system. They form where hard and soft formations exist on both banks of the main river, and are reflective of height, accentuated by erosion. Trellis drainage is characteristic of folded mountains, such as the
266:
at approximately right angles or 90 degrees. The joints are usually less resistant to erosion than the bulk rock so erosion tends to preferentially open the joints and streams eventually develop along the joints. The result is a stream system in which streams consist mainly of straight line segments
489:
The ancestral Rio Grande progressively integrated basins to the south, reaching the
Palomas basin by 4.5 million years ago, the Mesilla basin by 3.1 million years, to Texas by 2.06 million years, and finally joining the Pecos River at 800,000 years to drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Volcanism in the
210:
A parallel drainage system occurs on elongate landforms like outcropping resistant rock bands), typically following natural faults or erosion (such as prevailing wind scars). The watercourses run swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in the same direction. This system forms on
147:
drainage develops differently: initially, a drainage system develops on a surface composed of 'younger' rocks, but due to denudation activities this surface of younger rocks is removed and the river continues to flow over a seemingly new surface, but one in fact made up of rocks of old geological
349:
where there is no coherent pattern to the rivers and lakes. These can form in areas with extensive limestone deposits, where surface streams can disappear into the groundwater via caves and subterranean drainage routes. They can also form in areas where there has been much geological disruption.
365:
was scraped off, leaving mostly bare rock. The melting of the glaciers left land with many irregularities of elevation and a great deal of water to collect in the low points, resulting in the region's many lakes. The drainage basins are young and are still sorting themselves out; eventually the
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is a mature drainage system characteristic of arid climates. It is formed by coalescing of individual basins formerly separated by high ground, such as mountains or ridges. Headward erosion from a lower basin may breach the barrier, as may spilling over from a higher basin due to
251:
375:
280:
847:
Mackey, G. N.; Horton, B. K.; Milliken, K. L. (2012-05-01). "Provenance of the
Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group, western Gulf of Mexico basin: Evidence for integrated drainage of the southern Laramide Rocky Mountains and Cordilleran arc".
461:
forming the modern Rio Grande Valley were not integrated into a single river system draining into the Gulf of Mexico until relatively recent geologic time. Instead, the basins formed by the opening of the Rio Grande rift were initially
777:
Repasch, Marisa; Karlstrom, Karl; Heizler, Matt; Pecha, Mark (May 2017). "Birth and evolution of the Rio Grande fluvial system in the past 8 Ma: Progressive downward integration and the influence of tectonics, volcanism, and climate".
382:
In an annular drainage pattern, streams trace a tangential or greater concentric path along a belt of weak rock so, with others, a roughly traced out ring can be seen. It is best displayed by streams draining a maturely dissected
181:
of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They are seen to feed a river channel that matches and is strongly accordant to the overriding gradient of the land. Truly dendritic systems form in
470:. An axial river existed in the Espanola Basin as early as 13 million years ago, reaching the Santo Domingo Basin by 6.9 million years ago. However, at this time, the river drained into a playa in the southern
177:, "of or like a tree") are not straight and are the most common form of the drainage system. In this, there are many sub-tributaries (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which merge into
125:
A discordant system or pattern does not correlate to the topography and geology of the area. Discordant drainage patterns are classified into two main types:
642:
The Giba, Tanqwa and
Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District
695:"Preliminary geomorphological and hydrographical characterization of a circular structure in the Marche Region (Central Italy) and its possible origin"
59:. They are governed by the topography of land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land.
883:
Hynek, Brian M.; Phillips, Roger J. (2003). "New data reveal mature, integrated drainage systems on Mars indicative of past precipitation".
580:
1272:
122:
A drainage system is described as accordant if its pattern correlates to the structure and relief of the landscape over which it flows.
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When the streams converge at a point, which is generally a depression or a basin they form centripetal or inland drainage pattern.
657:
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joints and faults intersect at angles other than rectangular drainage patterns. Angles can be more or less than 90 degrees.
737:(this author defines dendritic, trellis, rectangular, angular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel drainage patterns)
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446:(accumulation of sediments in the basin). The effect of integration of a drainage system is to replace local higher
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with right-angle bends and tributaries join larger streams at right angles. This pattern can be found with the
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Taos
Plateau reduced drainage from the San Luis basin until a spillover event 440,000 years ago that drained
103:, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories, known as drainage patterns. These depend on the
268:
127:
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drainage, a river's vertical incision ability matches that of land uplift due to tectonic forces.
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87:. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins varies and the larger and more detailed the
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StarHydro â software tool that covers concepts of fluvial geomorphology and watershed hydrology
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815:"Early Pliocene paleovalley incision during early Rio Grande evolution in southern New Mesico"
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This sometimes indicates a major fault that cuts across an area of steeply folded bedrock.
555:
8:
100:
896:
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791:
725:
Easterbrook, Don J (1969). Chapter 7, Origins of Stream
Valleys and Drainage Patterns.
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pattern develops when streams flow in many general directions (meaning quite long-term)
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1321:
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1221:
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Rectangular drainage develops on rocks that are of approximately uniform resistance to
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All forms of transitions can occur between parallel, dendritic, and trellis patterns.
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In a radial drainage system, the streams radiate outwards from a central high point.
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usually have archetypal features on which this commonly develops are modest or hard
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The geometry of a trellis drainage system is similar to that of a common garden
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very long, uniform slopes, for instance, high rivers flowing southeast from the
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751:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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Integrated drainages were widespread in western North
America in the
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and fully reintegrated the San Luis basin into the Rio Grande basin.
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27:, Tibet, seen from space: snow cover has melted in the valley system.
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are also thought to be able to cause this kind of drainage pattern.
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Patterns formed by streams, rivers, and lakes in a drainage system
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Koning, Daniel J.; Jochems, Andy P.; Heizler, Matthew T. (2018).
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The
Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography.
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An example of an integrated drainage is the area drained by the
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478:. The upper reach of this river corresponded to the modern
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strata of greatly varying degrees of hardness, as in the
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Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Integrated drainage".
822:
New Mexico
Geological Society Field Conference Series
846:
812:
556:
Pidwirny, M., (2006). "The
Drainage Basin Concept".
546:
399:, which nearly encircles the domal structure of the
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345:A deranged drainage system is a drainage system in
67:often view streams as part of drainage basins (and
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118:Accordant versus discordant drainage patterns
693:Colucci, Sabrina; Fidani, Cristiano (2022).
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1273:List of rivers that have reversed direction
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466:, with no external drainage and a central
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238:in North America and in the north part of
729:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 148-153.
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633:
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674:"11 Water â An Introduction to Geology"
640:Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019).
608:
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850:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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186:; as a result, the rock types must be
139:drainage patterns combine the two. In
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425:Angular drainage patterns form where
91:, the more information is available.
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486:had joined the ancestral Rio Chama.
94:
75:region from which a stream receives
558:Fundamentals of Physical Geography,
262:, but which have two directions of
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391:where erosion has exposed rimming
14:
1353:
915:
164:Dendritic drainage systems (from
43:, are the patterns formed by the
1286:
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450:with a single lower base level.
83:, and its saturated equivalent,
982:Drainage system (geomorphology)
876:
840:
800:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.003
524:Integrated catchment management
291:The radial drainage network of
992:Strahler number (stream order)
740:
719:
686:
666:
1:
539:
713:10.4000/geomorphologie.17007
650:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14
615:. Checkmark Books. pp.
333:Centripetal drainage pattern
254:Rectangular drainage pattern
246:Rectangular drainage pattern
215:in Kenya and many rivers of
7:
727:Principles of Geomorphology
512:
160:Dendritic drainage patterns
10:
1358:
612:The Field Guide to Geology
169:
152:Dendritic drainage pattern
1342:Water and the environment
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353:A classic example is the
341:Deranged drainage pattern
321:are most archetypal; and
206:Parallel drainage pattern
198:Parallel drainage pattern
421:Angular drainage pattern
378:Annular drainage pattern
370:Annular drainage pattern
226:Trellis drainage pattern
23:Dendritic drainage: the
1105:River channel migration
609:Lambert, David (1998).
474:where it deposited the
366:system will stabilize.
283:Radial drainage pattern
275:Radial drainage pattern
1035:Bar (river morphology)
379:
299:
284:
255:
207:
161:
28:
1217:Erosion and tectonics
1212:Degradation (geology)
780:Earth-Science Reviews
581:"Ritter, Michael E.,
377:
290:
282:
253:
236:Appalachian Mountains
205:
159:
25:Yarlung Tsangpo River
22:
1238:Deposition (geology)
965:Large-scale features
897:2003Geo....31..757H
862:2012GSAB..124.1007M
792:2017ESRv..168..113R
749:Glossary of geology
439:integrated drainage
433:Integrated drainage
1268:Sediment transport
1222:River rejuvenation
1195:Regional processes
856:(5â6): 1007â1024.
644:. SpringerNature.
484:San Juan Mountains
476:Popotosa Formation
459:sedimentary basins
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357:. During the last
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213:Aberdare Mountains
208:
162:
29:
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1100:River bifurcation
659:978-3-030-04954-6
529:River bifurcation
472:Albuquerque Basin
95:Drainage patterns
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184:V-shaped valleys
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85:groundwater flow
61:Geomorphologists
55:in a particular
39:, also known as
37:drainage systems
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593:. Retrieved
589:the original
582:
560:2nd Edition.
557:
519:Distributary
496:
492:Lake Alamosa
488:
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145:Superimposed
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65:hydrologists
40:
36:
30:
1202:Aggradation
1153:Plunge pool
1120:Stream pool
1110:River mouth
1002:River delta
786:: 113â164.
448:base levels
444:aggradation
411:Astroblemes
401:Black Hills
393:sedimentary
179:tributaries
148:formation.
81:throughflow
73:topographic
1306:Categories
1253:Hack's law
1207:Base level
1148:Knickpoint
1075:Oxbow lake
1055:Floodplain
891:(9): 757.
758:0922152349
679:2022-09-28
595:2014-07-18
540:References
397:Red Valley
317:range and
315:Amarkantak
271:in Nepal.
269:Arun River
192:non-porous
188:impervious
141:antecedent
128:antecedent
105:topography
69:sub-basins
1327:Hydrology
1322:Limnology
1231:Mechanics
1080:Point bar
1070:Mouth bar
1025:Anabranch
499:Paleocene
480:Rio Chama
175:dendrites
170:δξνδĎÎŻĎΡĎ
1291:Category
1176:Antidune
1163:Bedforms
1050:Cut bank
828:: 93â108
513:See also
413:and mud
327:Ethiopia
304:Volcanos
297:Ethiopia
264:jointing
240:Trinidad
135:, while
101:channels
1125:Thalweg
1060:Meander
987:Estuary
893:Bibcode
885:Geology
858:Bibcode
788:Bibcode
617:130â131
464:bolsons
427:bedrock
415:diapirs
363:topsoil
359:ice age
260:erosion
232:trellis
217:Myanmar
109:geology
45:streams
1332:Rivers
1143:Canyon
1090:Rapids
1085:Riffle
832:20 May
755:
733:
656:
623:
503:Eocene
457:. The
361:, the
77:runoff
51:, and
49:rivers
818:(PDF)
585:2006"
468:playa
389:basin
308:domes
166:Greek
53:lakes
1181:Dune
834:2020
753:ISBN
731:ISBN
654:ISBN
621:ISBN
507:Mars
501:and
190:and
131:and
107:and
63:and
1171:Ait
901:doi
866:doi
854:124
796:doi
784:168
709:doi
646:doi
437:An
403:of
387:or
325:in
295:in
31:In
1308::
899:.
889:31
887:.
864:.
852:.
826:69
824:.
820:.
794:.
782:.
767:^
705:28
703:.
697:.
652:.
619:.
566:^
548:^
509:.
407:.
329:.
242:.
219:.
194:.
173:,
79:,
47:,
35:,
950:e
943:t
936:v
907:.
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