848:
1015:
631:
828:
2650:
939:
868:
452:
672:
343:, but these positions were never formalized in the same manner. From 1711, many former Grand Dragomans or Dragomans of the Fleet were appointed to the positions of princes of the Danubian Principalities. These four offices formed the foundation of Phanariote prominence in the Ottoman Empire. The knowledge of foreign languages also made the Phanariote dragomans crucial intermediaries for the transmission of European concepts and technologies to the Ottoman Empire during the latter's attempts at modernization. Thus the Grand Dragoman
562:
506:
195:
975:
20:
1167:
1077:
903:
768:
1057:
788:
1203:
652:
606:
995:
308:—that were commonly used in the empire's administration, as well as a number of foreign languages (usually French and Italian), but the responsibilities of Dragoman of the Porte went beyond that of an interpreter, and were rather those of a minister in charge of the day-to-day conduct of foreign affairs. The post was the highest public office available to non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.
639:
Second son of
Gregory, he purchased the office at a very young age without experience. For this reason his father gave him the dragoman of the Swedish Embassy, Loukakis, as an aide. Subsequently he succeeded his father as Prince of Wallachia (1752–1753) and then became Prince of Moldavia (1753–1756)
574:, Prince of Wallachia, and maternal grandson of Alexander Mavrocordatos, Gregory began his career as dragoman of the Austrian Embassy, before succeeding his uncle John Mavrocordatos. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1726–1733, 1735–1739, 1739–1741, 1747–1748) and of Wallachia (1733–1735, 1748–1752).
247:
magnate families that made enormous fortunes through trade and tax-farming. Their wealth, and the close contacts they had with the
Ottoman sultan and his court as purveyors, advisors, and middlemen, they acquired enormous political influence, especially over the Patriarchate and the Eastern Orthodox
311:
Nikousios and his successors managed to attach to their office a number of great privileges, such as tax exemption for themselves, their sons, and 20 members of their retinue; exemption from all customs fees for items destined for their personal use; immunity from all courts except from that of the
276:
at the Sultan's court, where, in the words of C. G. Patrinelis, "their task was to sustain their masters’ always precarious position by bribing
Ottoman officials in key positions and, above all, to pre-empt and disrupt, by hook or by crook, the machinations of the rivals who coveted the princes’
614:
1st term. The scion of a native
Moldavian family, he was related to the Ghica clan from his mother, and gained advancement as an expert on Polish affairs with the support of Gregory Ghica. His first term was ended when he was sent to exile in
847:
1014:
1221:
372:
277:
enviable posts". Others had also served in the staffs of the
European embassies in Constantinople. Nikousios, for instance, had previously (and for a time concurrently) served as translator for the Austrian embassy.
436:, he became a confidante of Grand Vizier Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha as the latter's physician, before being appointed as Dragoman of the Porte. He played a leading role in the negotiations that ended the long
3595:
320:
fur; or the permission to ride a horse. These made the position highly coveted, and the object of the
Phanariotes' aspirations and rivalries. The salary of the Dragoman of the Porte amounted to 47,000
1033:
1028:
1338:
In
Ottoman law and practice, the Grand Vizier was not only the head of the Imperial Council and chief military commander, but also the plenipotentiary or "absolute deputy" of the Sultan.
1216:
1118:
367:
514:
Son of
Alexander, he deputized for his father during the latter' final years, when illness incapacitated him. After his tenure as Dragoman of the Porte he became the first Phanariote
335:, in 1701. In practice, the latter often served as a stepping-stone to the office of Grand Dragoman. There were also junior dragomans for specific jurisdictions, for example for the
526:
he remained loyal to the
Ottomans, and was captured by the Austrians and held until 1719, when he was released and resumed his post as ruler of Wallachia until his death in 1730.
1090:
1095:
2394:
690:
1353:
was the highest-denomination silver coinage, worth about five times the daily wage of an unskilled labourer in the capital, Constantinople, during the early 18th century.
1131:
Elder brother of
Panagiotis. In 1812 he took part in the negotiations which ended the war with Russia. The Ottomans became dissatisfied with the peace settlement after
728:
3978:
1144:
3973:
3602:
2958:
1238:
1113:
378:
388:, was dismissed and exiled in 1822. The position of Grand Dragoman was then replaced by a guild-like Translation Bureau, staffed initially by converts like
3532:
745:
707:
3968:
3612:
2586:
952:
916:
723:
3402:
2784:
579:
1135:
began his invasion of Russia in June, and Mourouzis fell under suspicion of having furthered the Russian interest. He was summarily executed at the
3983:
2387:
881:
685:
2921:
2828:
2649:
2629:
472:, he also became physician to Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha before succeeding Nikousios. Briefly imprisoned and relieved of his duties after the
2659:
630:
2706:
2334:
Strauss, Johann (1995). "The Millets and the Ottoman Language: The Contribution of Ottoman Greeks to Ottoman Letters (19th–20th Centuries)".
660:
2nd term. Recalled from exile after Matthew Ghica became Prince of Wallachia. Subsequently he himself became Prince of Moldavia (1758–1761).
3644:
2985:
2571:
1310:
461:
355:
translated into the Ottoman Turkish language from French the first modern Ottoman geographical work, as well as a biographical history of
3731:
3432:
2380:
1003:
Son of Nicholas. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1797–1799). Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1801–1802) and of Wallachia (1819–1821).
3537:
2995:
3835:
3332:
3005:
2696:
2576:
546:
of Moldavia (1711), and then as Prince of Wallachia (1716–1719) during his brother's captivity, until his own death from illness at
248:
communities of the empire more generally. During the 17th century, many Phanariotes gained political experience as representatives (
3800:
3069:
2403:
3141:
2980:
216:
3884:
3676:
3664:
3581:
3263:
3136:
3000:
2602:
2366:
History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation (2nd Edition)
827:
3795:
3089:
2309:
2244:
2208:
3273:
3248:
3217:
2892:
2701:
2622:
2581:
2566:
2541:
2510:
761:
911:
Son of Constantine. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1792, 1802–1806, 1806–1807) and of Wallachia (1793–1796, 1799–1801).
3059:
2880:
2821:
2362:Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′)
227:. These men began a tradition where almost all subsequent Grand Dragomans of the Porte were members of a small circle of
2194:
3929:
3889:
3863:
3817:
3558:
3305:
2953:
2691:
591:
523:
3187:
3104:
3094:
2938:
2475:
2263:
168:
114:
3527:
2591:
2556:
3958:
3825:
3790:
3696:
3654:
2948:
841:
491:
175:
ever learned European languages, from early times the majority of these men were of Christian origin—in the main
3649:
3475:
3416:
3022:
2814:
2711:
240:
3922:
3868:
3718:
3708:
3202:
2990:
2845:
2495:
1008:
3486:
3268:
3017:
2617:
3894:
3858:
3840:
3807:
3778:
3293:
2679:
3553:
2858:
2789:
2718:
680:
Son of Alexander. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1764–1767, 1774–1782) and of Wallachia (1768–1769)
2943:
2185:
126:
1243:
590:
Brother of Gregory, he succeeded him when the latter became Prince of Moldavia. Participated in the
383:
3701:
3460:
3449:
2931:
2274:
2218:
645:
599:
305:
44:
2320:
3936:
3442:
3285:
2671:
445:
265:
224:
542:
Son of Alexander, he succeeded his brother Nicholas as Grand Dragoman. He was also appointed as
23:
The Dragoman of the Porte (left), at the reception of a European ambassador (seated left) and a
3510:
3111:
2897:
2873:
2445:
2357:
968:
836:
Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1783–1786, 1791–1793, 1801–1802) and of Moldavia (1793–1795)
821:
499:
344:
236:
3756:
223:
as Chief Dragoman to the Imperial Council. He was in turn succeeded in 1673 by another Greek,
3517:
3027:
797:
781:
469:
332:
63:
983:
Son of Alexander. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1799–1801) and of Wallachia (1802–1806).
3963:
3741:
3726:
3470:
2372:
1180:
938:
932:
867:
861:
417:
352:
220:
8:
3465:
3227:
2868:
2520:
2336:
896:
519:
477:
465:
451:
433:
356:
348:
152:
125:
deputy foreign minister. From the position's inception in 1661 until the outbreak of the
30:
3850:
2902:
3773:
3032:
2909:
2885:
2232:
2222:
2189:
1050:
988:
671:
531:
515:
24:
3298:
2168:
3904:
3746:
3099:
2561:
2433:
2305:
2286:
2259:
2240:
2204:
665:
481:
776:
Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1774–1782, 1796–1797) and of Moldavia (1786–1788)
3763:
3522:
3320:
2853:
2345:
2177:
805:
555:
363:
301:
3126:
561:
3768:
3622:
3563:
3325:
3084:
2684:
2428:
2299:
2173:
1196:
571:
473:
437:
194:
3830:
3783:
2837:
2407:
2181:
2163:
1136:
188:
142:
54:
505:
362:
The Phanariotes maintained this privileged position until the outbreak of the
251:
3952:
3751:
3691:
3505:
3176:
3163:
3131:
3121:
3116:
2479:
2455:
2349:
2290:
244:
184:
172:
133:, and was one of the main pillars of Phanariote power in the Ottoman Empire.
118:
3388:
2770:
1155:
Younger brother of Demetrios. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1803–1806).
149:
is attested from the early 16th century. They were part of the staff of the
3637:
3607:
3497:
3337:
3315:
3222:
2914:
2863:
2723:
2515:
1160:
1070:
389:
340:
336:
213:
974:
3437:
3146:
3012:
1348:
1287:
624:
485:
331:
The success of the post led to the creation of a similar office, that of
321:
281:
150:
130:
110:
104:
78:
48:
28:
19:
1166:
1076:
3686:
3310:
2110:
Hart, Patrick; Kennedy, Valerie; and Petherbridge, Dora (Eds.) (2020),
1302:
902:
392:, but quickly exclusively by Muslim Turks fluent in foreign languages.
228:
180:
3153:
2450:
1838:
1532:
767:
3681:
3454:
3381:
3364:
3158:
2763:
2746:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1056:
547:
460:
Scion of the wealthy Phanariote Mavrokordatos family, alumnus of the
269:
176:
3037:
2304:. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
1202:
787:
476:, His most notable achievement was as Ottoman representative at the
3480:
3212:
2926:
2505:
2440:
1132:
543:
273:
261:
206:
146:
3632:
3237:
2530:
2301:
Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution
651:
605:
594:, and was executed due to the enmity of the Grand Vizier in 1741.
323:
3627:
3397:
3371:
3052:
3047:
2806:
2779:
2753:
1326:
994:
616:
257:
249:
3617:
2322:Βιογραφίαι τῶν Ἑλλήνων Μεγάλων Διερμηνέων τοῡ Ὀθωμανικοῡ Κράτους
3899:
3376:
3359:
3207:
2758:
2741:
2500:
1802:
1590:
816:
Son of Skarlatos. Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1782–1783)
313:
297:
2042:
1998:
1862:
1551:
1549:
1547:
2327:
Biographies of the Greek Great Dragomans of the Ottoman State
2112:
Henrietta Liston's Travels: The Turkish Journals, 1812 - 1820
2059:
2057:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2015:
2013:
1988:
1986:
1814:
1578:
1322:
429:
317:
232:
2402:
2368:] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.
1792:
1790:
1775:
1751:
1739:
1703:
1418:
3393:
2775:
2141:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1544:
1520:
1396:
1394:
1392:
2117:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2054:
2025:
2010:
1983:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1850:
1826:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1454:
1442:
2069:
1787:
1715:
1691:
1679:
1638:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1471:
1469:
1406:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
800:(1764–1765). Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1777–1782)
1727:
1508:
1430:
1389:
1175:
2nd term. Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1812–1819).
2081:
1874:
1650:
1486:
1484:
2258:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
2129:
1763:
1561:
1496:
1466:
1366:
947:
2nd term. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1795–1799)
231:
families. The Phanariotes, taking their name from the
167:), who was responsible for foreign affairs within the
1481:
1281:
347:
translated French military manuals for the reformed
1023:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1806, 1812–1819).
94:
68:
2167:
395:
243:settled in 1599, were an elite group of Greek or
3950:
2237:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600
1274:The term is derived from the Italian rendering
1108:Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1799–1800).
312:Grand Vizier; permission to dress in the same
3979:Lists of office-holders in the Ottoman Empire
2822:
2388:
1275:
3974:1822 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
2356:
1555:
1526:
1460:
1448:
1211:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1819–1821)
856:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1785–1786)
490:('keeper of secrets') of the Sultan, and of
462:Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius
145:, the existence of official interpreters or
16:Senior interpreter of the Ottoman government
2318:
2114:, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 140 - 141
2075:
2063:
2048:
2036:
2019:
2004:
1992:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1796:
1781:
1757:
1745:
1721:
1709:
1685:
88:
2829:
2815:
2395:
2381:
2272:
2195:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1584:
1436:
1424:
1400:
280:All dragomans had to be proficient in the
3969:1661 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
2203:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 236–238.
366:in 1821: the then Dragoman of the Porte,
2297:
2256:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire
2162:
2147:
2135:
2098:
1977:
1808:
1769:
1733:
1697:
1673:
1644:
1632:
1596:
1475:
1412:
1383:
1191:Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1809)
1065:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1807).
796:Great-grandson of Nikousios. Previously
193:
18:
3984:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
2333:
2329:] (in Greek). Athens: K. Tefarikis.
2231:
2123:
1620:
1608:
1572:
1514:
1502:
3951:
2810:
2376:
2253:
2217:
1538:
1490:
484:, for which he received the title of
129:in 1821, the office was occupied by
522:(1715–1716, 1719–1730). During the
13:
3254:(reform and constitutional period)
2836:
2319:Stamatiadis, Epameinondas (1865).
316:as the Ottoman officials, and use
205:, by an anonymous Greek artist in
14:
3995:
3142:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
3105:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
2587:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
1541:, pp. 160–161, esp. note 10.
377:was beheaded, and his successor,
3137:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
2648:
1201:
1165:
1075:
1055:
1013:
993:
973:
937:
901:
866:
846:
826:
786:
766:
670:
650:
629:
604:
560:
504:
450:
117:—frequently referred to as the "
75:Dragoman of the Imperial Council
3218:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
2511:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
2298:Philliou, Christine M. (2011).
2104:
1341:
1332:
842:Alexander Mavrocordatos Firaris
492:Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
2959:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1295:
1268:
927:Son of Constantine. 1st term.
592:Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739
396:List of Dragomans of the Porte
241:Patriarchate of Constantinople
198:Depiction of a Grand Dragoman
1:
1360:
399:
217:Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
199:
41:Dragoman of the Sublime Porte
2275:"The Phanariots Before 1821"
1349:
1288:
1261:
486:
322:
282:
151:
105:
79:
70:diermineas tis Ypsilis Pylis
49:
29:
27:envoy (seated right) by the
7:
3403:Vassal and tributary states
2785:Vassal and tributary states
2572:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1847:, pp. 99–100, 115–116.
1282:
95:
69:
59:διερμηνέας της Υψηλής Πύλης
10:
4000:
2358:Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E.
2273:Patrinelis, C. G. (2001).
2156:
136:
80:tercümân-ı dîvân-ı hümâyûn
3917:
3877:
3849:
3816:
3717:
3672:
3663:
3580:
3546:
3496:
3424:
3415:
3352:
3284:
3246:
3185:
3174:
3077:
3068:
2976:
2969:
2922:Decline and modernization
2844:
2734:
2670:
2657:
2646:
2600:
2539:
2473:
2466:
2421:
2414:
2239:. London: Phoenix Press.
718:Son of George. 1st term.
570:The paternal grandson of
411:
408:
402:
127:Greek War of Independence
89:
58:
3450:Six Divisions of Cavalry
2986:Foreign Affairs Ministry
2577:Ministry of the Interior
2361:
2350:10.1163/1570060952597860
2227:. London: Edward Arnold.
646:John Theodore Callimachi
619:due to court rivalries.
600:John Theodore Callimachi
405:
3443:Agha of the Janissaries
3090:List of Ottoman sultans
2608:(constitutional period)
1811:, pp. 11, 25, 183.
1599:, pp. 11, 183–185.
446:Alexander Mavrocordatos
266:Danubian Principalities
250:
225:Alexander Mavrocordatos
3959:Dragomans of the Porte
3645:Science and technology
3095:Roman succession claim
2254:Pamuk, Şevket (2000).
1305:family was originally
1276:
969:Constantine Ypsilantis
822:Michael Drakos Soutzos
500:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
345:Constantine Ypsilantis
209:
36:
3518:Dragoman of the Fleet
3233:Dragoman of the Porte
3023:Armenian Constitution
2910:Stagnation and reform
2526:Dragoman of the Porte
1217:Constantine Mourouzis
1029:Alexandros M. Soutzos
798:Dragoman of the Fleet
782:Constantine Mourouzis
470:University of Bologna
368:Constantine Mourouzis
333:Dragoman of the Fleet
197:
22:
3238:Outer Palace Service
3154:Inner Palace Service
1181:Iakovos Argyropoulos
1145:Panagiotis Mourouzis
933:Alexander Callimachi
862:Alexander Callimachi
762:Alexander Ypsilantis
418:Panagiotis Nikousios
353:Iakovos Argyropoulos
221:Panagiotis Nikousios
219:appointed the Greek
50:tercümân-ı bâb-ı âlî
3433:Classic period army
3274:Chamber of Deputies
3249:Imperial Government
2623:Chamber of Deputies
2582:Ministry of Justice
2567:Ministry of Finance
2542:Imperial Government
2337:Die Welt des Islams
2150:, pp. 86, 185.
2126:, pp. 196–197.
2051:, pp. 125–126.
2007:, pp. 122–123.
1871:, pp. 117–118.
1623:, pp. 196–203.
1611:, pp. 192–193.
1587:, pp. 180–181.
1427:, pp. 178–180.
1239:Stavraki Aristarchi
1114:Demetrios Mourouzis
897:Alexander Mourouzis
520:Prince of Wallachia
478:Treaty of Karlowitz
466:University of Padua
434:University of Padua
432:and alumnus of the
379:Stavraki Aristarchi
357:Catherine the Great
349:Nizam-i Djedid Army
264:) of the tributary
3060:Translation Office
2944:2nd Constitutional
2932:1st Constitutional
2886:Sultanate of Women
2702:Armenian Apostolic
2486:(classical period)
2404:State organisation
1823:, pp. 98–100.
1635:, pp. 72, 92.
1415:, pp. 16, 28.
1051:Alexander Hangerli
1009:Scarlat Callimachi
989:Alexandros Soutzos
532:John Mavrocordatos
524:Austro-Turkish War
516:Prince of Moldavia
256:) of the princes (
210:
115:Ottoman government
109:), was the senior
37:
3946:
3945:
3913:
3912:
3905:Star and crescent
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3411:
3410:
3348:
3347:
3100:Ottoman Caliphate
2981:Foreign relations
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2630:political parties
2562:Ministry of Evkaf
2434:Ottoman Caliphate
2311:978-0-520-26633-9
2246:978-1-8421-2442-0
2210:978-90-04-11211-7
1784:, pp. 73–78.
1760:, pp. 70–72.
1748:, pp. 65–69.
1712:, pp. 43–54.
1700:, pp. 8, 10.
1647:, pp. 92ff..
1556:Vakalopoulos 1973
1527:Vakalopoulos 1973
1517:, pp. 94–95.
1461:Vakalopoulos 1973
1449:Vakalopoulos 1973
1321:coast, while the
1301:For example, the
1259:
1258:
746:Skarlatos Caradja
708:Skarlatos Caradja
482:Great Turkish War
67:
3991:
3677:Social structure
3670:
3669:
3523:Imperial Arsenal
3422:
3421:
3256:
3195:
3193:(classic period)
3188:Imperial Council
3183:
3182:
3075:
3074:
2974:
2973:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2697:Eastern Orthodox
2668:
2667:
2652:
2633:
2610:
2603:General Assembly
2549:
2488:
2476:Imperial Council
2471:
2470:
2437:
2419:
2418:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2353:
2330:
2315:
2294:
2269:
2250:
2228:
2224:Turkey in Europe
2214:
2190:Heinrichs, W. P.
2171:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2079:
2076:Stamatiadis 1865
2073:
2067:
2064:Stamatiadis 1865
2061:
2052:
2049:Stamatiadis 1865
2046:
2040:
2037:Stamatiadis 1865
2034:
2023:
2020:Stamatiadis 1865
2017:
2008:
2005:Stamatiadis 1865
2002:
1996:
1993:Stamatiadis 1865
1990:
1981:
1975:
1872:
1869:Stamatiadis 1865
1866:
1860:
1857:Stamatiadis 1865
1854:
1848:
1845:Stamatiadis 1865
1842:
1836:
1833:Stamatiadis 1865
1830:
1824:
1821:Stamatiadis 1865
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1797:Stamatiadis 1865
1794:
1785:
1782:Stamatiadis 1865
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1758:Stamatiadis 1865
1755:
1749:
1746:Stamatiadis 1865
1743:
1737:
1736:, pp. 8–10.
1731:
1725:
1722:Stamatiadis 1865
1719:
1713:
1710:Stamatiadis 1865
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1686:Stamatiadis 1865
1683:
1677:
1671:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1247:
1225:
1205:
1169:
1122:
1099:
1079:
1059:
1037:
1017:
997:
977:
953:George Mourouzis
941:
917:George Mourouzis
905:
870:
850:
830:
806:Nicholas Caradja
790:
770:
732:
724:Nicholas Soutzos
694:
674:
654:
633:
608:
564:
518:(1711–1715) and
508:
489:
454:
400:
387:
376:
364:Greek Revolution
327:
295:
292:
289:
285:
255:
204:
201:
169:Imperial Council
166:
163:
160:
156:
108:
98:
96:megas diermineas
92:
91:
90:μέγας διερμηνέας
82:
72:
62:
60:
52:
34:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3909:
3873:
3845:
3812:
3713:
3702:Ottoman Turkish
3659:
3568:
3542:
3492:
3487:Modernized army
3471:Sekban-i Djedid
3407:
3344:
3299:Shaykh al-Islām
3280:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3242:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3170:
3085:Ottoman dynasty
3064:
2965:
2840:
2835:
2805:
2796:
2730:
2712:Coptic Orthodox
2707:Syriac Orthodox
2685:Sheikh ul-Islam
2664:
2661:
2653:
2636:
2627:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2592:Ministry of War
2557:Cadastre Bureau
2550:
2547:(reform period)
2545:
2544:
2535:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2462:
2431:
2429:Ottoman dynasty
2410:
2401:
2363:
2312:
2266:
2247:
2211:
2182:Bosworth, C. E.
2164:Bosworth, C. E.
2159:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1585:Patrinelis 2001
1583:
1579:
1571:
1562:
1554:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1437:Patrinelis 2001
1435:
1431:
1425:Patrinelis 2001
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1401:Patrinelis 2001
1399:
1390:
1382:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1241:
1219:
1197:Michael Soutzos
1116:
1093:
1091:John N. Caradja
1031:
726:
688:
580:Alexander Ghica
572:Gregory I Chica
480:that ended the
474:Siege of Vienna
438:Siege of Candia
398:
381:
370:
293:
291:three languages
290:
287:
283:elsine-i selase
202:
164:
161:
158:
139:
45:Ottoman Turkish
35:(seated centre)
17:
12:
11:
5:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Nizam-i Djedid
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3391:
3389:Mutasarrifates
3386:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3260:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Reis ül-Küttab
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:Palace Schools
3161:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3112:Imperial Harem
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3078:House of Osman
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2898:Decline thesis
2893:Transformation
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:Constantinople
2871:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2838:Ottoman Empire
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2773:
2771:Mutasarrifates
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2660:Administrative
2658:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Reis ül-Küttab
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:Palace Schools
2448:
2446:Imperial Harem
2443:
2438:
2425:
2423:
2422:House of Osman
2416:
2415:Central system
2412:
2411:
2408:Ottoman Empire
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2354:
2344:(2): 189–249.
2331:
2316:
2310:
2295:
2285:(2): 177–198.
2279:Balkan Studies
2270:
2264:
2251:
2245:
2233:İnalcık, Halil
2229:
2219:Eliot, Charles
2215:
2209:
2186:van Donzel, E.
2174:Bearman, P. J.
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2103:
2101:, p. 185.
2080:
2068:
2066:, p. 127.
2053:
2041:
2039:, p. 125.
2024:
2022:, p. 124.
2009:
1997:
1995:, p. 122.
1982:
1980:, p. 184.
1873:
1861:
1859:, p. 117.
1849:
1837:
1835:, p. 115.
1825:
1813:
1801:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1676:, p. 183.
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1575:, p. 191.
1560:
1558:, p. 243.
1543:
1531:
1529:, p. 242.
1519:
1507:
1505:, p. 190.
1495:
1493:, p. 307.
1480:
1465:
1463:, p. 238.
1453:
1451:, p. 237.
1441:
1439:, p. 179.
1429:
1417:
1405:
1403:, p. 181.
1388:
1386:, p. 237.
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1294:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:Topkapi Palace
1129:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
991:
985:
984:
981:
978:
971:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
942:
935:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909:
906:
899:
893:
892:
890:
887:
884:
882:Manuel Caradja
878:
877:
874:
871:
864:
858:
857:
854:
851:
844:
838:
837:
834:
831:
824:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
802:
801:
794:
791:
784:
778:
777:
774:
771:
764:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
742:
741:
739:
736:
733:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
704:
703:
701:
698:
695:
686:George Caradja
682:
681:
678:
675:
668:
662:
661:
658:
655:
648:
642:
641:
637:
634:
627:
621:
620:
612:
609:
602:
596:
595:
588:
585:
582:
576:
575:
568:
565:
558:
552:
551:
540:
537:
534:
528:
527:
512:
509:
502:
496:
495:
487:mahrem-i esrar
458:
455:
448:
442:
441:
426:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
407:
404:
397:
394:
237:Constantinople
207:Constantinople
162:head secretary
153:reis ül-küttab
143:Ottoman Empire
138:
135:
101:Chief Dragoman
85:Grand Dragoman
31:reis ül-küttab
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3996:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Ottoman court
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Naval battles
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:Kapudan Pasha
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:Reform period
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Haseki sultan
3120:
3118:
3117:Valide sultan
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:United States
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:Classical Age
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Osman's Dream
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2265:0-521-44197-8
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Bianquis, Th.
2175:
2170:
2169:"Tard̲j̲umān"
2165:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2148:Philliou 2011
2144:
2138:, p. 85.
2137:
2136:Philliou 2011
2132:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2099:Philliou 2011
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2078:, p. 56.
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:Philliou 2011
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1809:Philliou 2011
1805:
1799:, p. 94.
1798:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1772:, p. 25.
1771:
1770:Philliou 2011
1766:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1734:Philliou 2011
1730:
1724:, p. 60.
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1698:Philliou 2011
1694:
1688:, p. 29.
1687:
1682:
1675:
1674:Philliou 2011
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:Philliou 2011
1641:
1634:
1633:Philliou 2011
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1597:Philliou 2011
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1478:, p. 11.
1477:
1476:Philliou 2011
1472:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1413:Philliou 2011
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1384:Bosworth 2000
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
976:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
940:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
907:
904:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
795:
792:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
692:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
667:
666:Gregory Ghica
664:
663:
659:
656:
653:
649:
647:
644:
643:
638:
635:
632:
628:
626:
625:Matthew Ghica
623:
622:
618:
613:
610:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
573:
569:
566:
563:
559:
557:
556:Gregory Ghica
554:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
401:
393:
391:
385:
380:
374:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:, or for the
338:
334:
329:
326:
325:
319:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
284:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
253:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:In 1661, the
208:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Ottoman Turks
170:
155:
154:
148:
144:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Sublime Porte
116:
112:
107:
106:tercümân başı
102:
97:
86:
83:), or simply
81:
76:
71:
65:
56:
51:
46:
42:
33:
32:
26:
21:
3935:
3930:Bibliography
3928:
3921:
3890:Coat of arms
3864:Christianity
3818:Demographics
3801:of Armenians
3742:Illumination
3727:Architecture
3608:Central bank
3559:Conscription
3485:
3476:Mansure Army
3459:
3431:
3338:Hakham Bashi
3306:Christianity
3253:
3232:
3203:Grand Vizier
3192:
3044:Civil codes
3018:Constitution
2864:Ghaza thesis
2724:Hakham Bashi
2692:Christianity
2607:
2546:
2525:
2496:Grand Vizier
2485:
2365:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2300:
2282:
2278:
2255:
2236:
2223:
2200:
2193:
2143:
2131:
2124:Strauss 1995
2119:
2111:
2106:
2071:
2044:
2000:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1640:
1628:
1621:Strauss 1995
1616:
1609:Strauss 1995
1604:
1592:
1580:
1573:Strauss 1995
1534:
1522:
1515:İnalcık 2000
1510:
1503:Strauss 1995
1498:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1343:
1334:
1297:
1270:
1161:John Caradja
1071:John Caradja
428:A native of
390:Ishak Efendi
361:
341:Morea Eyalet
337:Ottoman army
330:
310:
279:
214:Grand Vizier
211:
140:
122:
100:
84:
74:
40:
38:
3964:Phanariotes
3757:Shadow play
3603:Agriculture
3596:Reformation
3592:Enlargement
3438:Janissaries
3147:Kizlar Agha
3132:Hanımefendi
3127:Kadınefendi
2939:Dissolution
2869:Interregnum
1242: [
1220: [
1117: [
1094: [
1032: [
727: [
689: [
382: [
371: [
252:kapı kehaya
203: 1809
131:Phanariotes
111:interpreter
3953:Categories
3774:Literature
3687:Ottomanism
3382:Sanjakbeys
3365:Beylerbeys
3353:Provincial
3070:Government
3033:Family law
2764:Sanjakbeys
2747:Beylerbeys
2735:Provincial
2467:Government
1539:Pamuk 2000
1491:Eliot 1900
1361:References
1325:were from
1311:Aristarchi
1303:Callimachi
1286:, Ottoman
1280:of Arabic
1253:1821–1822
1208:1815–1818
1188:1812–1815
1152:1809–1812
1128:1808–1812
1085:1st term.
1082:1807–1808
1062:1806–1807
1043:1802–1807
1020:1801–1806
1000:1799–1801
980:1796–1799
963:2nd term.
960:1795–1796
944:1794–1795
924:1792–1794
908:1790–1792
889:1788–1790
876:1st term.
873:1785–1788
853:1782–1783
833:1782–1783
813:1777–1782
793:1774–1777
753:1770–1774
738:1768–1769
715:1765–1768
700:1764–1765
677:1758–1764
657:1752–1758
636:1751–1752
611:1741–1750
587:1727–1740
567:1717–1727
539:1709–1717
511:1689–1709
457:1673–1709
425:1661–1673
328:annually.
245:Hellenized
239:where the
229:Phanariote
181:Hungarians
3826:Armenians
3791:Education
3747:Miniature
3697:Languages
3682:Devshirme
3655:Transport
3455:Timariots
3321:Bulgarian
3213:Kazaskers
3175:Central (
3159:Kapi Agha
3028:Electoral
2954:Abolition
2949:Partition
2662:divisions
2506:Kazaskers
2360:(1973).
2291:2241-1674
2235:(2000) .
2199:Volume X:
1319:Black Sea
1317:from the
1315:Armenians
1283:tardjumān
1262:Footnotes
756:2nd term
548:Bucharest
440:in 1669.
406:Portrait
270:Wallachia
262:hospodars
177:Austrians
171:. As few
147:dragomans
64:romanized
3937:Category
3851:Religion
3764:Clothing
3650:Taxation
3613:Currency
3554:Aviation
3528:Admirals
3481:Hamidieh
3417:Military
3398:Kadiluks
3372:Vilayets
3326:Armenian
3264:Assembly
3001:Treaties
2970:Politics
2927:Tanzimat
2780:Kadiluks
2754:Vilayets
2441:Seraglio
2221:(1900).
2192:(eds.).
2166:(2000).
1307:Romanian
1289:tercümân
1133:Napoleon
544:Caimacam
468:and the
351:, while
274:Moldavia
258:voivodes
233:district
123:de facto
25:Bukharan
3923:Outline
3878:Symbols
3869:Judaism
3796:Schools
3769:Cuisine
3732:Mosques
3719:Culture
3709:Slavery
3665:Society
3628:Sultani
3589:By era
3582:Economy
3564:Weapons
3377:Sanjaks
3360:Eyalets
3333:Judaism
3286:Millets
3223:Nişancı
3208:Viziers
3053:Halakha
3048:Mecelle
2991:Safavid
2903:Köprülü
2846:History
2759:Sanjaks
2742:Eyalets
2719:Judaism
2672:Millets
2516:Nişancı
2501:Viziers
2451:Enderûn
2406:of the
2157:Sources
1327:Albania
1277:drogman
617:Tenedos
409:Tenure
314:kaftans
306:Turkish
302:Persian
141:In the
137:History
113:of the
66::
3900:Tughra
3885:Anthem
3831:Greeks
3784:Poetry
3269:Senate
3038:Düstur
2618:Senate
2308:
2289:
2262:
2243:
2207:
2188:&
1309:, the
464:, the
412:Notes
318:ermine
304:, and
298:Arabic
286:, the
189:Greeks
187:, and
121:"—and
3859:Islam
3841:Women
3808:Media
3779:Prose
3752:Music
3633:Kuruş
3547:Other
3538:Ships
3394:Kazas
3316:Ullah
3294:Islam
3177:Porte
2915:Tulip
2790:Rayas
2776:Kazas
2680:Islam
2531:Birûn
2480:Porte
2364:[
2325:[
2172:. In
1350:kuruş
1323:Ghica
1313:were
1246:]
1231:1821
1224:]
1172:1812
1121:]
1105:1808
1098:]
1036:]
773:1774
731:]
693:]
430:Chios
403:Name
386:]
375:]
324:kuruş
185:Poles
99:) or
55:Greek
3895:Flag
3836:Jews
3738:Art
3638:Lira
3623:Para
3618:Akçe
3511:List
3498:Navy
3425:Army
3006:Wars
2859:Rise
2306:ISBN
2287:ISSN
2260:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2205:ISBN
1347:The
272:and
39:The
3311:Rūm
3013:Law
2346:doi
2201:T–U
268:of
260:or
235:of
73:),
3955::
3464::
3436::
2342:35
2340:.
2283:42
2281:.
2277:.
2197:.
2184:;
2180:;
2176:;
2083:^
2056:^
2027:^
2012:^
1985:^
1876:^
1789:^
1652:^
1563:^
1546:^
1483:^
1468:^
1391:^
1368:^
1250:–
1244:tr
1228:–
1222:el
1185:–
1149:–
1139:.
1125:–
1119:el
1102:–
1096:el
1040:–
1034:el
957:–
921:–
886:–
810:–
750:–
735:–
729:el
712:–
697:–
691:el
584:–
550:.
536:–
494:.
422:–
384:tr
373:el
359:.
300:,
200:c.
191:.
183:,
179:,
93:,
61:,
57::
53:;
47::
3396:/
3179:)
2830:e
2823:t
2816:v
2778:/
2632:)
2628:(
2482:)
2478:(
2436:)
2432:(
2396:e
2389:t
2382:v
2352:.
2348::
2314:.
2293:.
2268:.
2249:.
2213:.
1329:.
1292:.
296:—
294:'
288:'
165:'
159:'
157:(
103:(
87:(
77:(
43:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
