Hugh Dowding - Knowledge

926:, did not. On 1 September 1940, Dowding realised that the losses taken during the fighting in July-August 1940 was such that there were no more squadrons to rotate into the area of 11 Group of Fighter Command, which always endured the most heavy fighting. That day, Dowding took what he called "a desperate expedient" of breaking the squadrons into A, B and C types. The A type squadrons stationed in 11 Group were to continue to defend south-eastern England; the B type squadrons in 10 and 12 Groups were to relieve the A squadrons and the C type squadrons stationed elsewhere were to serve as training unit, feeding new pilots into the A squadrons as needed. On 3 September 1940, Dowding reported to Churchill that 25% of all Fighter Command's pilots had been lost since the beginning of the Battle of Britain on top of the losses taken in France in the spring, and at current rate of losses Fighter Command would not be able to last much longer. Dowding also noted that about quarter of his pilots were new pilots who had just graduated from the Operational Training Units who had less than two weeks' flying experience. 1002:. Before the war, the leadership of the RAF was committed to winning the next war via strategical bombing, and it was an article of faith amongst the senior Air Marshals that it would be impossible for fighter aircraft to stop a bombing offensive. Deighton wrote that the RAF leadership "acted more vindictively" against Dowding and Park for winning the Battle of Britain than Herman Göring did with the defeated Luftwaffe generals was largely because Dowding and Park had proven the Air Ministry wrong by defeating a strategical bombing offensive. Dowding and Park were summoned to meet what Beaverbrook called a gang of "bloody Air Marshals" who in a quasi-trial accused Dowding and Park of failure in the Battle of Britain. Both Trafford Leigh-Mallory and the fighter ace Douglas Bader argued at the meeting that the Big Wing tactics were superior to those practiced by Dowding and Park, who were effectively treated as if they had lost the Battle of Britain. 935:

15 September 1940, which saw about 300 RAF fighters take on 400 Luftwaffe fighters. The Luftwaffe lost about 50 aircraft which convinced its commanders that Fighter Command possessed deeper reserves of pilots than what the RAF actually possessed. Churchill's speech on the radio that evening claimed: "Aided by Czech and Polish squadrons and using only a small proportion of their total strength, the Royal Air Force cut to rags and tatters separate waves of murderous assault upon the civil population of their native land". Fighter Command did not win command of the sky as the Luftwaffe continued to bomb Britain long after the battle of 15 September 1940, but the mere fact that Fighter Command had prevented the Luftwaffe from gaining command of the sky was sufficient to win the Battle of Britain. On 17 September 1940, Hitler postponed Operation Sealion, the codename for the invasion of Britain, until "further notice".

870:. Beyond the critical importance of the overall system of integrated air defence which he had developed for Fighter Command, his major contribution was to marshal resources behind the scenes (including replacement aircraft and air crew) and to maintain a significant fighter reserve, while leaving his subordinate commanders' hands largely free to run the battle in detail. The first phrase of the Battle of Britain, namely Luftwaffe attacks on British shipping in the English Channel were what Deighton called a classic "heads I win, tails you lose" gambit. If Dowding committed his fighters at the near-range of German aircraft, he risked having the strength of Fighter Command reduced via attrition while he did not the Luftwaffe would sink the merchantmen. Because of a shortage of pilots, Dowding only committed the minimal number of fighters during what the Germans called the 898:"" ("the black Thursday") owning to the heavy losses taken. During the fighting on Eagle Day, Dowding observed that the Luftwaffe bombers were no match for the Spitfires and Hurricanes, and that German bombers could only operate in the day with the escort of Bf-109 fighters. As the Bf-109 fighters could only fly over south-eastern England owing to their fuel ranges, it was possible to move RAF fighters to airfields out of range for the Bf-109s, which provided a respite of sorts for Fighter Command. Dowding noted that the grim irony that the more successful Fighter Command was at shooting down Luftwaffe bombers during the day, the more likely it was that the Luftwaffe would switch over to bombing by night, a course that Fighter Command was not prepared for. It was also during Eagle Day that 751:

was forced to depend upon the Auxiliary Air Force, the RAF Volunteer Reserve and the University Air Squadrons to provide him with a reserve of trained pilots. However despite all the efforts to give Fighter Command a reserve of pilots, Dowding complained in 1939 that he lacked sufficient reserves of properly trained pilots to face the Luftwaffe. On the basis of the First World War experiences, Dowding predicated that many of his pilots would be rapidly killed or seriously injured in the event of war, all the more because the Luftwaffe had many combat-experienced pilots who had served in the Spanish Civil War, and it still took a year to train a pilot, leading him to warn that he almost certainly face a shortage of pilots.

1318: 874:(Channel battle), which led to increased shipping losses in July-August 1940. He was forced to commit more fighter squadrons close to the coast even though he knew it was highly dangerous. The Luftwaffe planes were already flying at the optimal height over the Channel while it took time for the British fighters taking off at coastal airfields to reach the proper flying height, which thereby gave the Luftwaffe the advantage in any dogfights over the Channel. An additional concern for Dowding was that the planes of Fighter Command had no dinghies or sea dye while Britain at this point lacked an air-sea rescue organisation, so that any pilot shot down over the Channel were more likely than not to be lost. As more 831:

voting to send four more squadrons to France. On 16 May 1940, Churchill held a summit In Paris with the French Premier Paul Reynaud, and telephoned London afterwards to ask for six more fighter squadrons to be sent to France. At a cabinet meeting late in the afternoon of the same day, Sinclair mentioned Dowding' argument, which led to the cabinet to agree that the additional six squadrons could operate from French airfields in the day, but had to return to the United Kingdom at night. Churchill was angered by the way that Dowding's arguments had swayed the cabinet into a decision that he did not want and came to feel a grudge against Dowding. In a clear sign of disfavour, Churchill barely mentioned Dowding in

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monoplane fighters, the Hurricane and the Spitfire. He was among the first to appreciate the vital importance of R.D.F. (radar) and an effective command and control system for his squadrons. They were ready when war came. In the preliminary stages of that war, he thoroughly trained his minimal forces and conserved them against strong political pressure to disperse and misuse them. His wise and prudent judgement and leadership helped to ensure victory against overwhelming odds and thus prevented the loss of the Battle of Britain and probably the whole war. To him, the people of Britain and of the Free World owe largely the way of life and the liberties they enjoy today.

902:, the GOC of 12 Group, started to become increasing vocal in expressing criticism of Park for not adopting his favoured "big wing" tactics of forming up a large wing of fighters as Park much preferred to send in fighters in looser, informal small groups. Leigh-Mallory also started to attack Dowding for not imposing the "big wing" tactics upon all of Fighter Command. The requirement that that not all of Fighter Command's planes be all on the ground being fueled and armed led Dowding to commit small groups to attack the Luftwaffe bombers and their fighter escorts in waves. It was during the summer of 1940 that Dowding first learned of the 784: 839:, Churchill wrote: "Air Chief Marshal Dowding, at the head of the metropolitan Fighter Command, had declared to me that with twenty-five squadrons of fighters he could defend the island against the whole of the German Air Force, but that with less he would be overpowered". Deighton wrote that this statement was "nonsense" as Dowding in a letter to Churchill dated 15 May 1940 had expressed grave concerns about the ability of Fighter Command to hold out against the Luftwaffe with only thirty-six squadrons.. When the Allied resistance in France collapsed, he worked closely with Air Vice-Marshal 1304: 931:

fighting on 7 September, the "Big Wing" tactics favoured by Trafford Leigh-Mallory of 12 Group failed as it took too long to form up the "big wing" while Park's tactics proved superior as 11 Group actually met the Luftwaffe. On 9 September 1940, Göring dispatched another huge bombing raid on London, which met with fierce resistance from 11 Group. Deighton wrote: "Park's handling of the fighting of 9 September was as brilliant as any in the war. Virtually none of the German bombers achieved hits on its primary target".

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because the remaining pilots were forced to fly more to replace those killed or wounded. The majority of the 3,000 pilots under Dowding's command, namely 80% were British, but the fighter squadrons sent from the Commonwealth along squadrons of emigres from Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, and Belgium were greatly appreciated to help ease the strain imposed by Fighter Command's losses. In early August 1940, Dowding learned via Ultra intelligence that the Luftwaffe was preparing for

762:. He is also credited with having fought the Air Ministry so that fighters were equipped with bullet-proof wind shields. At a meeting with the Air Ministry when told that bullet-proof windows were too expensive, Dowding replied: "If Chicago gangsters can have bulletproof glass in their cars I can't see any reason why my pilots cannot have the same". Dowding was a quiet, reserved man, but was greatly admired by those who served under him. He was promoted to 939: 734:), who filled crucial gaps in what radar was capable of detecting at the time (the early radar systems, for example, did not provide accurate information on the altitude of incoming German aircraft), (iii) raid plotting, and (iv) radio control of aircraft. The whole network was linked in many cases by dedicated telephone cables buried sufficiently deeply to provide protection against bombing. The network had its centre at 51: 1219: 886:. Dowding had an influential patron in the form of Lord Beaverbrook, who became fond of him, all the more so because the civil servants of the Air Ministry disliked Dowding. On a more personal note, Beaverbrook's son, Maxwell Aitken, was serving in Fighter Command and Beaverbrook decided that Dowding with his concern for the lives of his pilots was the best man to keep his son alive. 894:(Eagle Day) set for 13 August 1940, which was intended to be a series of aerial attacks to win command of the sky. Eagle Day failed to achieve its stated goals as Fighter Command lost 34 planes in aerial combat while another 16 destroyed on the ground while shooting down 75 German planes. Eagle Day came to be known in the Luftwaffe as " 979:(1987) rebuts the claim that Dowding's grasp of the problems of British night fighters was inadequate. He suggests that if Dowding had been left to follow his own path, the ultimately effective British response to night bombing (which depended completely on developments in air-borne radar) would have come somewhat sooner. 822:

better results...Dowding was indifferent to the boardroom politics of higher office, impatient and abrasive to men who failed to understand his reasoning". Just before a cabinet meeting on 15 May 1940, Dowding protested before an informal committee that consisted of Churchill; the minister of aircraft production,

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during the Second World War. During filming in summer 1968, 86 years old and wheelchair-bound by severe arthritis, Dowding visited the set at Hawkinge airfield in Kent. Olivier told Dowding he had sat behind the latter's desk all day "pretending to be you" and was "making an awful mess of it too", to

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Dowding lacked tact when it came to dealing with politicians, and right from the onset he did not get along well with Churchill. The British historian Len Deighton wrote: "But Dowding was no paragon. Too often he resorted to caustic comments when a kind word of advice would have produced the same or

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Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding was commander-in-chief of Fighter Command, Royal Air Force, from its formation in 1936 until November 1940. He was thus responsible for the preparation for and the conduct of the Battle of Britain. With remarkable foresight, he ensured the equipment of his command with

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Dowding received advance notice via Ultra intelligence of another large German raid scheduled for 15 September 1940. Park planned to attack both the Luftwaffe both on its way to London and back, which received his ground crews to work in record to refuel and rearm his fighters. The aerial battles on

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took personal charge of the Luftwaffe forces attacking Britain and on 7 September 1940 dispatched a huge force of 1, 000 bombers to strike London. That day, Dowding was having a meeting with Park, when he learned via reports from radar operators of the bomber force heading towards London. During the

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was finally launched in the autumn of 1939 after Mackenzie King gave his consent, it was far too late for Dowding. On an average, it took about one year to train a pilot plus another year of squadron flying to prepare a pilot for war. In lieu of the Empire Air Training Scheme that he wanted, Dowding

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A major problem for the RAF was the way that the Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King from 1935 onward repeatedly vetoed plans for the Empire Air Training Scheme for training pilots from all the Commonwealth nations in Canada, which prevented Fighter Command from building up a reserve

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Dowding married Clarice Maud Vancourt, the daughter of an officer in the Indian Army, on 16 February 1918. She had one child from a previous marriage, Marjorie Brenda Williams (1911–2003) and they had one child together, Derek Hugh Tremenheere (1919–1992). Clarice died in 1920, and Dowding's sister

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who ardently believed in strategic bombing as a war-winning measure and as a result, the interwar RAF was dominated by a "bomber cult" as Trenchard tended to promote officers who shared his views about strategic bombing. Dowding stood out as one of the few RAF officers not totally englamoured with

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After leaving Fighter Command, Dowding was sent on special duty to the United States for the Ministry of Aircraft Production, but there he made himself unpopular with his outspokenness. On his return he headed a study into economies of RAF manpower before retiring from the Royal Air Force in July

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British aircraft production continued at a brisk rate and it was the loss of pilots that was most concerning to Dowding. It took nearly a year to train a pilot to properly fly an aircraft, and the losses of pilots in the Battle of Britain imposed immense strain on Fighter Command, all the more so

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that the number of fighter squadrons available to Fighter Command had been reduced from 52 to 36, and at present rate of losses in France, he would have no squadrons available within two weeks. Dowding attended the subsequent cabinet meeting, but did not speak. The meeting ended with the cabinet

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Dowding was known for his humility and great sincerity. Fighter Command pilots came to characterise Dowding as one who cared for his men and had their best interests at heart. Dowding often referred to his "dear fighter boys" as his "chicks": indeed his son Derek was one of them. Because of his

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By late August 1940, Dowding was seriously concerned about Fighter Command's losses along with a decline in pilot quality as the RAF was forced to transfer pilots from Bomber Command and Coastal Command to Fighter Command and training was degraded to allow more pilots to graduate on a shorted

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airship shortly before it set off on its ill-fated voyage to India; he later said "I think I was wrong not to insist on much more extensive trials and tests" and that his decision had been based on optimistic technical advice. Dowding's time in this office coincided with a period of rapid

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and spiritualist. Although he was a vegetarian, he believed that "animals will be killed to satisfy human needs for many a long day to come", and he made several appeals in the House of Lords for the humane killing of animals intended for food. He was also a member of the

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on 1 January 1929. Trenchard sent him to Palestine and Transjordan to study security problems caused by Arab–Jewish unrest: his reports, which gained Trenchard's approval, were a cause of further career advancement. Dowding became Air Officer Commanding Fighting Area,

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Dowding himself showed that he had a good grasp of night fighter defence and was planning a defence system against night bombing in a letter he wrote some time after the Battle of Britain. However, there was great political and public pressure during

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Dowding's subsequent downfall has been attributed by some to his single-mindedness and perceived lack of diplomacy and political savoir faire in dealing with intra-RAF challenges and intrigues, most obviously the still, even now, hotly debated

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development in aircraft design and a growing fear that another major war was on the horizon. Although without scientific or technical training, he displayed a great capacity for understanding technical matters. He was promoted to

802:, first until July and finally until November 1940. In 1940, Dowding, nicknamed "Stuffy" by his men for his alleged lack of humour, proved unwilling to sacrifice aircraft and pilots in the attempt to aid Allied troops during the 574:

joined No 16 squadron as a junior pilot. Years later he published an account of his time in the squadron, in which he criticises Dowding as being "too reserved and aloof from his juniors", although efficient. Promoted to

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brilliant detailed preparation of Britain's air defences for the German assault, and his prudent management of his resources during the battle, Dowding is today generally given the credit for Britain's victory in the

507: 1358:, purchased his birthplace, the former St Ninian's School, Moffat; the building was renamed Dowding House and restored to provide sheltered housing for former members of the Royal Air Force or their dependents. 1020:

was suppressed in November 1941. The British Government considered that it contained information which might be of use to the Germans. The book was finally published in 1946, soon after the war ended.

968:. Another reason often cited for his removal, but characterised by some contemporary commentators more as a pretext, was the difficulty of countering German nighttime bombing raids on British cities. 1159:. Although he knew that people considered him a crank for his belief in fairies, Dowding believed that fairies "are essential to the growth of plants and the welfare of the vegetable kingdom". 798:

At the time of his retirement in June 1939, Dowding was asked to stay on until March 1940 because of the tense international situation. He was again permitted to continue serving through the

530:(RFC), Dowding returned to the Isle of Wight to resume his Royal Garrison Artillery duties. However, this arrangement was short lived and in August 1914, he joined the RFC as a pilot on 1269:

which Dowding replied, "Oh, I'm sure you are." The crew and Olivier broke into laughter. Footage of this can be seen in the special features section of the film's Special Edition DVD.

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training course. The great advantage for Fighter Command in August 1940 was that Dowding rotated his fighter squadrons to give his pilots a rest while the opposing German commanders,

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controversy in which a number of senior and active service officers had argued in favour of large set-piece air battles with the Luftwaffe as an alternative to Dowding's successful

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and then with No. 6 Squadron. He became commanding officer of the Wireless Experimental Establishment at Brooklands in March 1915 and went on to be commanding officer of

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for something to be done, and Fighter Command's existing resources without, as yet, airborne radar, proved woefully inadequate. A committee of enquiry chaired by Sir

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Later in life, because of his belief that he was unjustly treated by the RAF, Dowding became increasingly bitter. The RAF passed him over for promotion to

835:, volume 2 of his memoirs/history of the Second World, and in the few times that he did, he gave distorted accounts that cast Dowding in a dark light. In 3543: 2071: 4436: 329: 233: 910:

radio guidance system "headache" and called their electronic jamming countermeasures "aspirins". Owing to the threat posed by bombers guided by the

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and instead urged that more trains be used to move coal from Wales to London. By end of July 1940, Fighter Command had lost 145 aircraft in the

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produced a long list of recommendations to improve night air defence; when Dowding approved only some of them, his erstwhile supporters,

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A green ceramic commemorative plaque was unveiled at his former residence (1951–1967) in Darnley Drive, Southborough on 6 May 2012.

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were sunk in the Channel while Fighter Command losses increased, Dowding stoutly resisted pressure to send more fighters in the

4491: 4070: 3724: 3680: 747: 659: 567: 170: 1969: 446:, Dumfriesshire, the son of Arthur John Caswall Dowding and Maud Caroline Dowding (née Tremenheere). His father had taught at 4421: 3446: 3407: 3343: 3324: 3283: 3264: 3228: 1898: 2759: 4476: 4401: 2514: 2152: 4358: 4169: 3052: 3030: 580: 4416: 3362: 3168: 2788: 719: 684: 373: 2511:"The Command and Leadership Competence of Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Caswell Tremenheere Dowding GCB GCVO CMG ADC RAF" 2149:"The Command and Leadership Competence of Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Caswell Tremenheere Dowding GCB GCVO CMG ADC RAF" 3388: 3209: 3190: 3149: 2664: 1426:

Argent three bars gemel Sable overall a fleur-de-lis Azure on a chief of the second three Doric columns of the first.

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Lord Dowding laying the foundation stone of the RAF chapel, now known as St. George's Chapel of Remembrance, at

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as chief staff officer to the RAF's senior administrative officer in the area in April 1918. He was appointed a

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on 30 December 1915, Dowding was recalled to England in January 1916, and, having been promoted to temporary

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The Dowding Centre at the School of Aerospace Battle Management (formerly the School of Fighter Control) at

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on 23 June 1917 before being given command of the southern training brigade in August 1917. He was sent to

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in September 1930. One of his first responsibilities in this post was the approval of the granting of a

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on 1 January 1917 on appointment as commander of the Southern Group Command and promoted to temporary

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led to his eventual downfall. In November 1940, Dowding was replaced in command against his wishes by

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Dowding also brought modern aircraft into service during the pre-war period, including the eight gun

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and is generally credited with playing a crucial role in Britain's defence, and hence, the defeat of

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Dowding unwillingly relinquished command on 24 November 1940 and was replaced by Big Wing advocate

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in June 1943. Upon retirement, Dowding subsequently became an influential member of the British

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Leader of the Few: the authorised biography of Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding of Bentley Priory

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radio beams, Dowding ordered that electronic jamming of the radio beams be made a priority.

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from February 1920 where he was responsible for organising two of the annual air displays at

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Medal Bar of Air Chief Marshal Baron Dowding of Bentley Priory at the Royal Air Force Museum

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Battle of Britain film starring Harry Andrews, Michael Caine, Trevor Howard, et al. 1969

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Dowding was given a permanent commission in the RAF on 1 August 1919 with the rank of

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in Edinburgh before moving to Moffat. Dowding was educated at St Ninian's School and

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on 1 January 1922, and served as chief staff officer at Inland Area headquarters at

383:, Dowding's Fighter Command successfully defended the UK against the attacks of the 4327: 4276: 4247: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 3663: 3643: 3568: 2885: 1891: 1687: 1329: 1292: 1257: 992: 848: 844: 803: 759: 675: 640: 620: 380: 208: 188: 1706: 4317: 4239: 4174: 4027: 3888: 3851: 3734: 3596: 3486: 2907: 1175:, on 15 February 1970. His body was cremated and his ashes were placed below the 1088: 1050: 965: 715: 624: 361: 334: 204: 183: 134: 1573: 4301: 4296: 4281: 4218: 3606: 1691: 1407: 1333: 1311: 1279: 1200: 875: 723: 523: 447: 388: 277: 117: 3056: 1676: 1045: 4380: 3866: 3784: 3429: 3417: 3055:. The Association of Royal Air Force Fighter Control Officers. Archived from 3003: 1400: 1307: 1265: 1147: 1081: 651: 632: 616: 503: 491: 400: 368:. During the inter-war years he became Air Officer Commanding Fighting Area, 3832: 658:

from 1924 to 1925. The dominant personality within the RAF in the 1920s was

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on 18 August 1913 and being posted with the Royal Garrison Artillery on the

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In July 1936 Dowding was appointed commanding officer of the newly created

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and went on to serve as a fighter pilot and then as commanding officer of

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Honour Restored: The Battle of Britain, Dowding and the Fight for Freedom

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In 1951, Dowding laid the foundation stone of the Chapel of St George at

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Created from part of the remit of the Air Member for Supply and Research

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Upon a catherine wheel Azure a falcon rising Or belled and hooded Gules.

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later that year. After becoming interested in aviation, Dowding gained

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to weaken the home defence by sending precious squadrons to France.

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Dowding retired from the Royal Air Force in July 1942 and was made a

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on 8 May 1902, Dowding served with the Royal Garrison Artillery at

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from February 1922 before being appointed Chief Staff Officer for

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founded the Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research in his honour.

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in June 1916. Returning to England, he was promoted to temporary

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Battle of Britain in the Words of Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding

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in October 1914 and then, after two weeks as a staff officer in

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in 1904. After returning to the United Kingdom, he attended the

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Battle of Britain pacific (4-6-2) locomotive 21C152 was named

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and Churchill, decided that it was time for him to step down.

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In May 1926 Dowding was appointed director of training at the

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Dowding and Churchill: The Dark Side of the Battle of Britain

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Dowding and Churchill: The Dark Side of the Battle of Britain

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later that month. He transferred to the command of 9 Wing at

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The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain

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Dowding of Fighter Command: Victor of the Battle of Britain

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Dowding of Fighter Command: Victor of the Battle of Britain

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Other monuments to Dowding can be found in Station Park in

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before being posted to No. 7 Mountain Artillery Battery in

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In his retirement, Dowding became actively interested in

3223:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Books. 2952:"Battle of Britain hero Hugh Dowding honoured in Moffat" 866:, Dowding's Fighter Command resisted the attacks of the 3336:

War and the Transformation of British Society 1931–1951

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Scottish Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal (1882–1970)

2841:

Hirslanden Notebooks: An Annotated Scholarly Edition

1470:"Battle of Britain and the fall of 'Stuffy' Dowding" 722:". He conceived and oversaw the development of the " 683:

in December 1929 and then joined the Air Council as

4427:

Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George

1622:

European Charter of the Cistercian Abbeys and Sites

1084:, had engineered his sacking from Fighter Command. 663:bombers and who was more interested in fighters. 311:

Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding

1675: 1576:. Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation 1574:"Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding of Bentley Priory" 1196:Hilda helped Dowding look after the two children. 1023: 605:Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 583:on 1 February 1916 was given command of 7 Wing at 234:Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 4432:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 430:movements. He died on 15 February 1970, aged 87. 168:Air Member for Research and Development (1935–36) 4447:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order 4378: 3202:Fighter The True Story of the Battle of Britain 1260:. Olivier had himself served as a pilot in the 768:Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order 230:Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order 3295:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 3237: 1210:) on 25 September 1951; they had no children. 30:"Dowding" redirects here. For other uses, see 4452:People educated at St Ninian's School, Moffat 3818: 3293:Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R (2000). 3292: 2513:. Royal Air Force. p. 17. Archived from 1771: 862:Through the summer and autumn of 1940 in the 526:. Although added to the Reserve List of the 4467:Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II 4442:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 2151:. Royal Air Force. p. 4. Archived from 1686:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 746:of properly trained pilots. By the time the 3333: 2697:"The Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research" 1842:(Supplement). 30 December 1932. p. 16. 1000:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 998:On 8 October 1940, Dowding was advanced to 226:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 3825: 3811: 3693:As Air Member for Research and Development 3276:Hurricane: Victor of the Battle of Britain 2829: 2757: 49: 4437:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley 3707:As Air Member for Supply and Organisation 3273: 2991: 2619:Slee, John (10 November 1941), "Banned", 2529: 942:Dowding (in the Bowler hat) with some of 702:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath 514:biplane at the Vickers School of Flying, 349:, Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Britain. 3199: 3177: 2634: 2597: 2582: 2562: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2457: 2442: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2376: 2359: 2344: 2332: 2317: 2300: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2134: 2115: 2096: 2040: 2020: 2008: 1993: 1953: 1941: 1922: 1852: 1832: 1803: 1783: 1739: 1719: 1541: 1521: 1464: 1462: 1316: 1302: 1217: 1044: 937: 806:. He, along with his immediate superior 782: 550:, became a Flight Commander, first with 4472:Royal Air Force generals of World War I 3725:Air Member for Research and Development 3416: 1964: 1962: 1683:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1669: 1667: 1499:. Moffat Business Index. Archived from 1298: 267: 1918; died 1920) 14: 4379: 3455: 3397: 3352: 3311: 3158: 2776: 2069: 1673: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 748:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 4457:People educated at Winchester College 4412:British Army personnel of World War I 3806: 3458:The man who won the Battle of Britain 3436: 3378: 3254: 3218: 3139: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2665:"Say A Prayer for St George's Chapel" 1610: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1497:"Well Road and the Schools of Moffat" 1459: 1204: 440:St. Ninian's Boys' Preparatory School 3053:"Controllers Training Unit Calcutta" 2835: 2618: 1959: 1072:, which argued that a conspiracy of 778: 650:, winner of the first ever National 379:During the Battle of Britain in the 181:RAF Transjordan and Palestine (1929) 3685:1 September 1930 – 14 January 1935 2730:. Strange History. 13 November 2011 2699:. National Anti-Vivisection Society 2677:from the original on 9 October 2022 2074:. The Spitfire Site. Archived from 1904:from the original on 9 October 2022 1644: 1328:A statue of Dowding stands outside 1230:wrote several novels, memoirs, and 1213: 1126:, was written in 1943, followed by 773: 372:and then joined the Air Council as 24: 3681:Air Member for Supply and Research 3372: 2797: 1555: 1494: 1406: 1399: 814:, resisted repeated requests from 766:on 1 January 1937 and appointed a 720:The bomber will always get through 700:on 1 January 1933 and advanced to 685:Air Member for Supply and Research 674:on 2 January 1928 and promoted to 672:Companion of the Order of the Bath 610: 537: 469: 374:Air Member for Supply and Research 171:Air Member for Supply and Research 25: 4513: 4482:Royal Garrison Artillery officers 3473: 3355:Dowding and the Battle of Britain 2508: 2146: 1177:Battle of Britain Memorial Window 1108:National Anti-Vivisection Society 1070:Dowding and the Battle of Britain 1011:procurement of new aircraft types 558:in July 1915, which was based at 2843:. ELS Editions. pp. xx–xxv. 1190: 456:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 337:. He was Air Officer Commanding 64:Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding 4359:RAF strategic bombing offensive 3729:14 January 1935 – 1 April 1936 3383:. Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount. 3115: 3093: 3071: 3045: 3019: 2970: 2944: 2922: 2900: 2878: 2869: 2847: 2770: 2751: 2742: 2720: 2711: 2689: 2657: 2648: 2628: 2612: 2603: 2572:. 8 October 1940. p. 5893. 2556: 2547: 2538: 2502: 2140: 2063: 2054: 2034: 2014: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1846: 1826: 1817: 1797: 1777: 1753: 1733: 1713: 1531:. 21 August 1900. p. 5174. 1447:List of animal rights advocates 1113: 1035:Baron Dowding of Bentley Priory 1024:Ministry of Aircraft Production 566:, Dowding clashed with General 562:in northern France. After the 458:before being commissioned as a 286: 264: 3242:. London: Aviation Book Club. 3007:. 21 November 1987. p. 35 1635: 1588: 1535: 1515: 1488: 1310:statue, St Clement Danes, the 1095:, in memory of fallen airmen. 1059:Marshal of the Royal Air Force 971:The account of radar pioneer, 847:, in organising cover for the 740:Ground-controlled interception 498:1912 before being promoted to 13: 1: 4492:Scottish anti-vivisectionists 4364:United States Army Air Forces 3772:Peerage of the United Kingdom 3654:RAF Transjordan and Palestine 3334:Waugh, S; Wright, J. (2010). 2758:pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode. 2728:"Fairy Investigation Society" 2622:Daily Herald (United Kingdom) 2553:Bowen 1987, pp. 71, 119, 121. 2050:. 23 July 1937. p. 4733. 2030:. 1 January 1937. p. 17. 1813:. 1 January 1929. p. 71. 1749:. 2 January 1922. p. 11. 1729:. 28 June 1921. p. 5139. 1641:Grinnell-Milne 1933, pp. 42–3 1551:. 22 July 1902. p. 4671. 1452: 1394:Coat of arms of Hugh Dowding 1040: 1029:1942. He was elevated to the 508:Aviator's Certificate no. 711 433: 411:, another Big Wing advocate. 4422:Burials at Westminster Abbey 3834:Air Defence of Great Britain 3520:23 July 1915 – January 1916 3437:Dixon, Jack (J E G) (2008). 3338:. London: Hodder Education. 3297:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. 3278:. John Murray (Publishers). 3144:. Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger. 2812:"Dowding-the Man Exhibition" 2644:. 9 July 1943. p. 3117. 1972:. Yesterday TV. 25 June 2011 1793:. 3 January 1928. p. 5. 1707:UK public library membership 1618:"Beaupré-sur-la-Lys (Abbey)" 1167:Dowding died at his home in 1098:Dowding and his second wife 689:certificate of airworthiness 681:Air Defence of Great Britain 646:Dowding was an accomplished 370:Air Defence of Great Britain 177:Air Defence of Great Britain 7: 4477:Royal Flying Corps officers 4402:Barons created by George VI 4185:Women's Auxiliary Air Force 4170:Battle of Britain airfields 3460:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 3259:. New York: HarperCollins. 3238:Grinnell-Milne, D. (1933). 2760:"Hugh & Muriel Dowding" 1862:. 6 June 1933. p. 468. 1440: 1157:Fairy Investigation Society 853:British Expeditionary Force 623:from October 1919 and then 522:, where he was awarded his 10: 4518: 3185:. London: Michael Joseph. 3133: 2670:. RAF Chapel Biggin Hill. 1881:Deighton 1980, pp. 88, 89. 1146:which advocated belief in 1093:London Biggin Hill Airport 718:'s 1932 declaration that " 29: 4417:British parapsychologists 4346: 4310: 4259: 4197: 4162: 4089: 4061: 4018: 3980: 3973: 3948: 3930: 3887: 3880: 3844: 3791: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3760: 3750: 3741: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3699: 3687: 3678: 3670: 3660: 3648: 3640: 3630: 3621: 3613: 3603: 3593: 3585: 3575: 3565: 3560: 3550: 3538: 3530: 3522: 3512: 3504: 3499: 2609:McKinstry 2010, pp. 222–3 1772:Murray & Millett 2000 1598:. Flight. 14 October 1914 1138:. Rejecting conventional 826:and the Air Minister Sir 656:Ski Club of Great Britain 510:on 19 December 1913 in a 297: 243: 221: 200: 159: 149: 141: 123: 113: 96: 76: 68: 60: 48: 41: 3857:Royal Canadian Air Force 3658:September–December 1929 3398:Bungay, Stephen (2000). 3219:Dixon, J. E. G. (2009). 3204:. Edison: Castle Books. 3159:Carver, Michael (2005). 3101:"34052 – 'Lord Dowding'" 3027:"RAFA Sheltered Housing" 2777:Orange, Vincent (2008). 2535:Korda 2009, pp. 124–125. 1674:Orange, Vincent (2004). 1365:is named after Dowding. 1354:in conjunction with the 1336:. The inscription reads: 1291:, Dowding was played by 1278:, Dowding was played by 1256:, Dowding was played by 1243:, Dowding was played by 1226:In the 1940s and 1950s, 1162: 1106:, and in 1973 Britain's 1018:Twelve Legions of Angels 1016:Publication of his book 896:der schwarzer Donnerstag 464:Royal Garrison Artillery 32:Dowding (disambiguation) 4397:Aerial warfare pioneers 3456:Wright, Robert (1969). 3441:. Pen & Sword, UK. 3402:. London: Aurum Press. 3353:Wright, Robert (1970). 3319:. London: Grub Street. 3274:McKinstry, Leo (2010). 3255:Korda, Michael (2009). 2544:Dixon 2009, pp. 103–120 2060:Waugh and Wright, p. 42 1288:Hurricane: 303 Squadron 654:, and president of the 542:Dowding transferred to 518:. He then attended the 238:Mentioned in Despatches 4497:Scottish spiritualists 3912:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 3651:Air Officer Commanding 3541:Air Officer Commanding 3257:With Wings Like Eagles 3200:Deighton, Len (2000). 3029:. RAFA. Archived from 1692:10.1093/ref:odnb/32884 1411: 1404: 1344: 1325: 1314: 1223: 1181:Royal Air Force chapel 1078:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 1076:proponents, including 1054: 948: 900:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 812:Chief of the Air Staff 795: 713:British Prime Minister 397:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 4502:Scottish Theosophists 4005:Anti-Aircraft Command 3485:28 April 2011 at the 3379:Brown, Peter (2005). 3140:Bowen, E. G. (1987). 1859:The Edinburgh Gazette 1790:The Edinburgh Gazette 1746:The Edinburgh Gazette 1410: 1403: 1375:, the site of former 1339: 1323:Royal Tunbridge Wells 1320: 1306: 1221: 1169:Royal Tunbridge Wells 1048: 941: 786: 670:. He was appointed a 631:. He was promoted to 572:Duncan Grinnell-Milne 520:Central Flying School 395:tactic, most notably 254:Clarice Maud Vancourt 142:Years of service 107:Royal Tunbridge Wells 4354:Air Raid Precautions 4180:Royal Observer Corps 3624:Director of Training 2748:Orange 2008, p. 263. 2717:Orange 2008, p. 262. 2070:Waligorski, Martin. 1503:on 17 September 2014 1379:is named after him. 1299:Honours and tributes 1144:Theosophical Society 794:with Dowding in 1940 770:on 23 January 1937. 732:Royal Observer Corps 454:. He trained at the 438:Dowding was born at 360:at the start of the 4323:Battle of the Beams 4000:RAF Coastal Command 3995:RAF Balloon Command 3990:RAF Fighter Command 3752:Commander-in-Chief 3747:Command established 3595:Officer Commanding 3567:Officer Commanding 3514:Officer Commanding 3357:. Corgi Childrens. 3163:. Pen & Sword. 2958:. 12 September 2010 2855:"Reach for the Sky" 2654:Wright 1970, p. 247 2078:on 24 December 2014 1970:"Fighting The Blue" 1759:Carver 2005, p. 206 1395: 1356:RAF Benevolent Fund 843:, the commander of 709:RAF Fighter Command 652:Slalom Championship 607:on 1 January 1919. 564:Battle of the Somme 466:on 18 August 1900. 339:RAF Fighter Command 164:RAF Fighter Command 4462:People from Moffat 4010:RAF Bomber Command 3961:Robert Watson-Watt 3872:Big Wing formation 3764:Sir Sholto Douglas 3033:on 20 January 2015 2641:The London Gazette 2585:, p. 224-225. 2569:The London Gazette 2487:, p. 218-219. 2406:, p. 211-212. 2274:, p. 233-234. 2250:, p. 145-146. 2047:The London Gazette 2027:The London Gazette 1872:Korda 2009, p. 18. 1839:The London Gazette 1823:Wright 1970, p. 53 1810:The London Gazette 1726:The London Gazette 1548:The London Gazette 1528:The London Gazette 1476:. 8 September 2000 1432:Laborare Est Orare 1412: 1405: 1393: 1326: 1315: 1224: 1222:Memorial in Moffat 1055: 949: 828:Archibald Sinclair 796: 736:RAF Bentley Priory 581:lieutenant colonel 528:Royal Flying Corps 496:Army Staff College 452:Winchester College 358:Royal Flying Corps 347:Operation Sea Lion 4407:Battle of Britain 4372: 4371: 4209:Battle of Britain 4193: 4192: 3969: 3968: 3862:Strategic bombing 3801: 3800: 3792:Succeeded by 3761:Succeeded by 3732:Succeeded by 3708: 3700:Succeeded by 3694: 3688:Succeeded by 3661:Succeeded by 3631:Succeeded by 3604:Succeeded by 3551:Succeeded by 3523:Succeeded by 3500:Military offices 3448:978-1-86227-301-6 3409:978-1-84415-854-6 3345:978-0-340-98435-2 3326:978-1-906502-14-0 3285:978-1-84854-339-3 3266:978-0-06-173603-2 3240:Wind in the Wires 3230:978-1-84415-854-6 3183:Battle of Britain 3081:. BBC. 6 May 2012 2764:Westminster Abbey 1705:(Subscription or 1495:Edkins, Richard. 1438: 1437: 1377:RAF Stanmore Park 1285:In the 2018 film 1272:In the 2017 film 1253:Battle of Britain 1250:In the 1969 film 1240:Reach for the Sky 1237:In the 1956 film 1232:book-length poems 1185:Westminster Abbey 954:Battle of Britain 920:Albert Kesselring 864:Battle of Britain 837:Their Finest Hour 833:Their Finest Hour 816:Winston Churchill 800:Battle of Britain 779:Battle of Britain 764:air chief marshal 597:brigadier-general 460:second lieutenant 343:Battle of Britain 308:Air Chief Marshal 305: 304: 214:Battle of Britain 154:Air Chief Marshal 16:(Redirected from 4509: 4338:German V weapons 4053:No. 14 Group RAF 4048:No. 13 Group RAF 4043:No. 12 Group RAF 4038:No. 11 Group RAF 4033:No. 10 Group RAF 3978: 3977: 3885: 3884: 3838:Second World War 3827: 3820: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3706: 3692: 3674:Sir John Higgins 3671:Preceded by 3664:Patrick Playfair 3644:Patrick Playfair 3641:Preceded by 3634:William Mitchell 3614:Preceded by 3586:Preceded by 3531:Preceded by 3505:Preceded by 3497: 3496: 3469: 3452: 3433: 3413: 3394: 3368: 3349: 3330: 3308: 3289: 3270: 3251: 3234: 3215: 3196: 3174: 3155: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2808: 2795: 2794: 2783:. Grubb Street. 2774: 2768: 2767: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2374: 2363: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2119: 2113: 2100: 2099:, p. 48-49. 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1966: 1957: 1956:, p. 44-45. 1951: 1945: 1939: 1926: 1925:, p. 43-44. 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1903: 1896: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1679: 1671: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1570: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1466: 1396: 1392: 1384:Southern Railway 1330:St Clement Danes 1293:Nicholas Farrell 1258:Laurence Olivier 1214:Media portrayals 1209: 1199:Dowding married 1142:, he joined the 1100:Baroness Dowding 1037:on 2 June 1943. 993:Lord Beaverbrook 845:11 Fighter Group 824:Lord Beaverbrook 808:Sir Cyril Newall 804:Battle of France 774:Second World War 704:on 3 June 1933. 676:air vice-marshal 643:in August 1924. 641:RAF Iraq Command 381:Second World War 332: 327: 320: 290: 288: 268: 266: 209:Second World War 125: 103: 100:15 February 1970 86: 84: 53: 43:The Lord Dowding 39: 38: 21: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4487:Scottish airmen 4377: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4342: 4318:Barrage balloon 4306: 4255: 4202: 4200: 4189: 4175:Eagle Squadrons 4158: 4085: 4057: 4028:No. 9 Group RAF 4014: 3965: 3944: 3926: 3876: 3852:Royal Air Force 3840: 3831: 3797: 3788: 3766: 3757: 3754:Fighter Command 3748: 3745: 3737: 3735:Wilfrid Freeman 3728: 3720: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3666: 3657: 3646: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3581: 3580:Group disbanded 3572: 3556: 3547: 3536: 3526: 3519: 3516:No. 16 Squadron 3510: 3487:Wayback Machine 3476: 3449: 3410: 3391: 3375: 3373:Further reading 3365: 3346: 3327: 3313:Orange, Vincent 3305: 3286: 3267: 3231: 3212: 3193: 3171: 3152: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3123:Burke's Peerage 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3059:on 14 July 2014 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2999:"Dowding House" 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2798: 2791: 2775: 2771: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2517:on 3 March 2016 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2366: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2155:on 3 March 2016 2145: 2141: 2133: 2122: 2114: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2039: 2035: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1851: 1847: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1802: 1798: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1738: 1734: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1672: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1556: 1540: 1536: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1443: 1390:in his honour. 1382:The 1946-built 1371:Dowding Place, 1352:RAF Association 1337: 1301: 1234:about Dowding. 1216: 1193: 1165: 1116: 1104:vivisectionists 1102:were both anti- 1089:RAF Biggin Hill 1051:RAF Biggin Hill 1043: 1026: 966:Fabian strategy 788:Queen Elizabeth 781: 776: 716:Stanley Baldwin 619:. He commanded 613: 611:Inter-war years 556:No. 16 Squadron 540: 538:First World War 472: 470:Military career 436: 366:No. 16 Squadron 362:First World War 335:Royal Air Force 325: 318: 314: 293: 292: 289: 1951) 284: 280: 270: 262: 258: 255: 236: 232: 228: 207: 205:First World War 194:No. 16 Squadron 192: 187: 182: 180: 175:Fighting Area, 174: 169: 167: 135:Royal Air Force 133: 105: 101: 88: 82: 80: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4515: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4347:Related topics 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4237: 4229: 4221: 4219:Baedeker raids 4216: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4154:12 AA Division 4151: 4149:11 AA Division 4146: 4144:10 AA Division 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3940:Frederick Pile 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3922:Sholto Douglas 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902:Charles Portal 3899: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3721: 3718: 3711: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3620: 3617:Thomas Higgins 3615: 3611: 3610: 3607:Eugene Gerrard 3605: 3602: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3475: 3474:External links 3472: 3471: 3470: 3453: 3447: 3434: 3418:Collier, Basil 3414: 3408: 3395: 3389: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3364:978-0552085113 3363: 3350: 3344: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3290: 3284: 3271: 3265: 3252: 3235: 3229: 3216: 3210: 3197: 3191: 3175: 3170:978-1844153084 3169: 3156: 3150: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3114: 3092: 3070: 3044: 3018: 2990: 2969: 2943: 2932:. Open Plaques 2930:"Lord Dowding" 2921: 2899: 2886:"Darkest Hour" 2877: 2868: 2846: 2828: 2796: 2790:978-1906502140 2789: 2769: 2750: 2741: 2719: 2710: 2688: 2656: 2647: 2627: 2611: 2602: 2600:, p. 225. 2587: 2575: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2509:Braun, Simon. 2501: 2499:, p. 219. 2489: 2477: 2475:, p. 218. 2462: 2460:, p. 216. 2447: 2445:, p. 215. 2432: 2430:, p. 213. 2420: 2418:, p. 212. 2408: 2396: 2394:, p. 210. 2381: 2379:, p. 206. 2364: 2362:, p. 204. 2349: 2347:, p. 177. 2337: 2335:, p. 173. 2322: 2320:, p. 192. 2305: 2303:, p. 174. 2288: 2286:, p. 158. 2276: 2264: 2262:, p. 146. 2252: 2240: 2238:, p. 143. 2225: 2223:, p. 145. 2213: 2211:, p. 139. 2201: 2199:, p. 129. 2189: 2187:, p. 124. 2166: 2147:Braun, Simon. 2139: 2120: 2101: 2089: 2062: 2053: 2033: 2013: 1998: 1983: 1958: 1946: 1927: 1915: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1845: 1825: 1816: 1796: 1776: 1761: 1752: 1732: 1712: 1677:"Hugh Dowding" 1643: 1634: 1609: 1587: 1554: 1534: 1514: 1487: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1439: 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4088: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3867:Night fighter 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3796: 3795:Derek Dowding 3787: 3786: 3785:Baron Dowding 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3698: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3544:Northern Area 3542: 3535: 3529: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3490: 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p. 50. 2136: 2135:Deighton 2000 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2118:, p. 49. 2117: 2116:Deighton 2000 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2097:Deighton 2000 2093: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2011:, p. 43. 2010: 2009:Deighton 2000 2005: 2003: 1996:, p. 42. 1995: 1994:Deighton 2000 1990: 1988: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1954:Deighton 2000 1950: 1944:, p. 45. 1943: 1942:Deighton 2000 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1923:Deighton 2000 1919: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1820: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1774:, p. 31. 1773: 1768: 1766: 1756: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1708: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1638: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1597: 1591: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1431: 1428: 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4081:III AA Corps 3974:Organisation 3907:Cyril Newall 3897:Hugh Dowding 3896: 3783: 3779:New creation 3778: 3751: 3742: 3723: 3714: 3703:Cyril Newall 3679: 3649: 3622: 3594: 3576: 3569:No. 16 Group 3566: 3561: 3554:John Higgins 3539: 3534:Vyell Vyvyan 3513: 3457: 3438: 3424:. Jarrolds. 3421: 3399: 3380: 3354: 3335: 3316: 3294: 3275: 3256: 3239: 3220: 3201: 3182: 3161:The Warlords 3160: 3141: 3122: 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3095: 3083:. Retrieved 3073: 3061:. Retrieved 3057:the original 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3031:the original 3021: 3009:. Retrieved 3002: 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2972: 2960:. Retrieved 2946: 2934:. Retrieved 2924: 2912:. Retrieved 2902: 2890:. Retrieved 2880: 2871: 2859:. Retrieved 2849: 2840: 2831: 2819:. Retrieved 2815: 2779: 2772: 2763: 2753: 2744: 2732:. Retrieved 2722: 2713: 2701:. Retrieved 2691: 2679:. Retrieved 2659: 2650: 2639: 2630: 2620: 2614: 2605: 2578: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2519:. Retrieved 2515:the original 2504: 2492: 2480: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2340: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2157:. Retrieved 2153:the original 2142: 2092: 2080:. Retrieved 2076:the original 2065: 2056: 2045: 2036: 2025: 2016: 1974:. Retrieved 1949: 1918: 1906:. 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Nine Elms 2908:"Hurricane" 2636:"No. 36087" 2564:"No. 34964" 2042:"No. 34420" 2022:"No. 34356" 1854:"No. 14971" 1834:"No. 33898" 1805:"No. 33453" 1785:"No. 14405" 1741:"No. 13774" 1721:"No. 32372" 1543:"No. 27456" 1523:"No. 27222" 1363:RAF Boulmer 1152:theosophist 1136:God's Magic 973:E. G. Bowen 912:knickelbein 908:knickelbein 904:knickelbein 880:Kanalkampft 872:Kanalkampft 698:air marshal 625:No. 1 Group 589:Fienvillers 585:Farnborough 341:during the 184:No. 1 Group 69:Nickname(s) 4381:Categories 4332:Chain Home 4311:Technology 4248:Operation 4240:Operation 4232:Operation 4224:Operation 4201:operations 4071:I AA Corps 3949:Scientists 3917:Keith Park 3789:1943–1970 3758:1936–1940 3628:1926–1929 3601:1920–1922 3589:John Becke 3573:1919–1920 3304:0674006801 3142:Radar Days 3037:19 January 3011:26 January 1709:required.) 1474:The Herald 1453:References 1423:Escutcheon 1262:Royal Navy 1041:Later life 977:Radar Days 884:Kanalkampf 849:evacuation 841:Keith Park 516:Brooklands 476:lieutenant 434:Early life 114:Allegiance 92:, Scotland 83:1882-04-24 61:Birth name 4277:Hurricane 4226:Steinbock 4214:The Blitz 3743:New title 3715:New title 3430:123752575 3107:19 August 3085:19 August 3063:19 August 2983:19 August 2962:19 August 2936:19 August 2734:19 August 2703:19 August 2521:19 August 2159:19 August 2082:19 August 1976:19 August 1908:19 August 1697:19 August 1602:19 August 1580:19 August 1507:19 August 1480:19 August 985:the Blitz 868:Luftwaffe 760:Hurricane 560:La Gorgue 488:Hong Kong 480:Gibraltar 405:the Blitz 385:Luftwaffe 244:Spouse(s) 196:(1915–16) 191:(1919–20) 186:(1920–22) 179:(1929–30) 173:(1930–35) 166:(1936–40) 145:1900–1942 137:(1918–42) 132:(1900–18) 109:, England 4292:Spitfire 4287:Mosquito 4260:Aircraft 4234:Crossbow 4063:AA Corps 3982:Commands 3845:Overview 3483:Archived 3420:(1957). 3315:(2008). 3181:(1980). 2956:BBC News 2839:(2015). 2672:Archived 1899:Archived 1441:See also 1373:Stanmore 1130:(1945), 1128:Lychgate 1074:Big Wing 1068:'s book 962:Big Wing 892:Adlertag 876:colliers 756:Spitfire 742:(GCI). 637:Uxbridge 393:Big Wing 352:Born in 298:Children 160:Commands 124:Service/ 4302:Typhoon 4297:Tempest 4272:Defiant 3690:Himself 3562:Unknown 3466:4169149 3248:7955618 3134:Sources 3125:. 1959. 2821:26 June 2681:5 March 1179:in the 1053:in 1951 1031:peerage 945:The Few 857:Dunkirk 851:of the 810:, then 691:to the 593:colonel 512:Vickers 500:captain 486:and in 462:in the 291: 283: 269: 261: 257: 18:Dowding 4282:Meteor 4250:Gisela 4020:Groups 3881:People 3577:Vacant 3464: 3445: 3428: 3406: 3387: 3361: 3342: 3323: 3301: 3282: 3263: 3246: 3227: 3208: 3189: 3167: 3148: 2910:. 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