324:(ACOG) put out a Consensus Statement titled "Safe Prevention of Primary Cesarean Delivery" in which it said, "Increasing access to non-medical interventions during labor, such as continuous labor support, also has been shown to reduce cesarean birth rates." As more research has become available on the positive benefits of trained labor support provided by someone not employed by the hospital, in 2017 ACOG officially announced the need for all birthing individuals to have access to continuous labor support outside hospital staff, and said, "Evidence suggests that, in addition to regular nursing care, continuous one-to-one emotional support provided by support personnel, such as a doula, is associated with improved outcomes." The official committee opinion put out by ACOG also offers other recommendations that allow birthing women more choice and access to more supportive care. Doulas could be utilized to help achieve many of these recommendations as they move towards better collaboration.
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A birth doula might accompany a pregnant woman during labor and birth in place of or in addition to a partner, family member, or friend. Unlike these other birth companions, a doula has formal training in labor support. The kinds of support provided during childbirth might include physical assistance and comfort (massage, maintaining a supporting posture, or providing water), emotional support (providing company, encouragement or simply talking in a soothing tone of voice), acting as an advocate during childbirth (supporting the birthing woman's right to make decisions about their own body and baby to the medical team) and informational support (provide information about the birthing process and non-medication based forms of pain relief, and facilitating communication between their client and health providers).
356:, training generally takes the form of a two- to the three-day seminar, and some experience with childbirth. Trainees might have hands-on practice with various techniques used during childbirth, including maternal positions and movements, relaxation and breathing exercises and other measures that could be used for comfort. Certification can occur through organizations at various levels (local, national, or international) and some require positive evaluations from medical professionals. Certification may also require, in addition to attending a training course, time spent working or learning about maternity care and childbirth classes, and possibly a written exam. Some doulas train through distance education.
671:, human rights, reproductive justice, and birth justice movements in the early 2000s. Prison doula organizations work with those incarcerated to provide prenatal care, childbirth education, birth attendance, and breast feeding support. By providing doula services to jails, prisons, recovery centers, and county hospitals, doulas work to improve birth experiences and bonding as well as to challenge the dehumanizing penal environment. In studies of women who received doula services while incarcerated, the women reported increased happiness around their pregnancy; greater feelings of empowerment; a sense of normalcy around birth; and support during separation from their infant.
383:, Hypnobirthing, International Childbirth Education Association (ICEA), and ProDoula. Because of the lack of standardization, doula organizations provide different courses with varying requirements and anyone can refer to themselves as a doula. Doulamatch.net, an online referral page for doulas, has offered a list of items that students should look for as they begin looking for training. Amy Gilliland, a researcher on doula care and culture, also lists some qualities a training program should have. Some theorists have stated that it might take college-level work or more in-depth online education in order to provide some of the communication skills that might be necessary.
264:"We need to speak the uncomfortable truth that women—and especially Black women—are too often not listened to or taken seriously by the health care system, and therefore they are denied the dignity that they deserve. And we need to speak this truth because today, the United States is 1 of only 13 countries in the world where the rate of maternal mortality is worse than it was 25 years ago. That risk is even higher for Black women, who are three to four times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes. These numbers are simply outrageous."
440:(hospital) births. Due to the social hierarchy and privilege that medical professionals have in medical settings doulas are often subordinate to doctors and physicians. Doulas have to negotiate the power dynamics between the patient and medical provider, while also establishing their legitimacy and role in the process of childbirth. They, therefore, have to be cognizant of the medical environment in which their client chooses to give birth in order to effectively advocate for their client's needs.
312:. Cross-country research on the effects of doulas on childbirth and postnatal care is complicated by the variety of settings, cultures, and medical systems of individual countries and the characteristics of patients. These benefits appear to be contingent on the doula providing continuous rather than intermittent assistance and knowing the specific social and cultural setting within which their services are provided. Doula care can help reduce
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Doulas of color also found motivation in providing care for their racial, ethnic and cultural communities so as to provide culturally competent care. Volunteer doulas often saw doula work as a way to "help others, to establish a practice as an employed doula, and to have a route into nursing or midwifery." From 2021 to present, Canada has specifically focused research on the cultural significance of indigenous practices in doula work.
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586:, and during death. While some doulas work independently or on a volunteer basis, others might work in association with a health care service, such as a palliative care service. The roles of an end-of-life doula include not only physical tasks, such as assisting with posture or making the bed comfortable but also emotional and psychological tasks, such as providing guidance and support.
211:(later DONA International) was co-founded by Klaus, Kennell, Phyllis Klaus, Penny Simkin, and Annie Kennedy, becoming the first organization to train and certify doulas. The organization with the backing of the research of Klaus and Kennell helped lend credibility and professionalize doulas. Due to the lobbying efforts of DONA International, the term
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compared to traditional doulas and consider physical, social spiritual and emotional needs. Services include an increased amount of home visits, preparation for the birthing experience, education, guidance navigating health care systems, language support, screening for mental health, and food security needs.
155:, in the 1970s. Raphael suggested it was a widespread practice that a female of the same species be part of childbirth, and in human societies this was traditionally a role occupied by a family member or friend whose presence contributed to successful long-term breastfeeding. Raphael derived the term from
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has increased nearly 800 percent, of which an estimated 12,000 pregnant women are incarcerated annually. Pregnant prisoners are allowed to be shackled in more than 20 states and are forced to return to jail within 24 hours without their infants. The environmental factors of the penal system are shown
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A 2019 study reviewed perceptions of labor companionship across mostly high income countries and found barriers that prevent the universal implementation of doula care. These challenges are due to a multitude of factors dealing with perception (for example, providers not understanding the benefits or
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Postpartum doulas provide educational support and practical support in the home in the first weeks and months after childbirth or after adding an infant to the family. The same doula often provides both birth and postpartum services. Their services include a mixture of emotional support and practical
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Tensions between doctors, nurses, and doulas have sometimes been described as a "turf battle," though it is also recognized that doulas and nurses can occupy complementary roles that provide opportunities for mutual learning and assistance. Some hospitals have created internal doula training programs
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A doula focused on birth is also known as a birth companion, nonclinical birth worker, birth coach, or post-birth supporter, by providing continuous care before, during, or after in the form of information, advocacy, physical support, and emotional support. A birth doula is also called a labor doula.
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doulas provide care before, during, and after an abortion, with support varying by person and their informational, emotional, physical, and practical needs. Doulas work in a variety of situations, including community collectives and as solo practitioners, and provide abortion support as a service in
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A 2018 study examined women's perceptions of doulas in several different countries, including Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Malawi, Sweden, Nepal, Russia, Canada, and the United States of
America and found that having continuous support from a companion such as a doula was highly appreciated by most women.
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Community-based doulas work with underserved communities of which they are often members to provide a sense of cultural humility that fosters trust and strengthens relationships between the doula and their client. The services provided are often low cost, and expand in the amount of support offered
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In the United States, doulas can be found in hospital, community-based programs as well as private practice or doula agencies. They might also be reimbursed by insurance companies or out-of-pocket by clients. Since insurance companies typically do not cover the cost of hiring a doula, they are more
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Counties. In that same year, New York State passed a bill to certify doulas to lend legitimacy to the profession and to pave the way for
Medicaid reimbursement from the federal government, becoming the first state to do so. Doulas in New York, however, expressed concern about the bill, having not
435:
A 2004 study of North
American doulas identified challenges to doula work such as lack of support from clinicians, balancing doula work with family and other work obligations, and being on call. Volunteer doulas also found challenges in individuals' poor understanding of the doula's role, lack of
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A 2018 study examining news media discourse in China noted that
Chinese doulas needed to register with official departments or organizations and are closely linked with midwifery. The doula profession was introduced in 1996 to mainland China and demand of their services increased since then, with
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of those with the greatest need including those with less education, lower incomes, less preparation for childbirth and those lacking social support. Research also supports the effectiveness of female friends or relatives, after minimal training, as a low-cost alternative to professional doulas.
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In 2010, a survey of professional
Canadian doulas found that the common motivations for doula work include "desire to support women in childbirth, personal interest, and a wish to share their own positive birth experience with others" but did not see the work as a means to create steady income.
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There is a movement to encourage certification and provide documentation of it on consumer websites such as DoulaMatch where an individual can find certified doulas, childbirth educators, yoga instructors, and other birth-related professionals. Doulas not trained by a formal organization can be
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and promotion of midwifery for low-risk pregnancies provide a continuity of care unavailable to North
American pregnant women, but still are seeing an upswing in doulas. This pattern has been suggested to result from the lack of midwives available and a move to provide doulas to individuals at
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Most doula-client relationships begin a few months before the baby is due. Before the labor, the doula and the family can develop a relationship where the pregnant woman and their support person (e.g. the other parent) feel comfortable asking questions, expressing their fears and concerns, and
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Additionally, community-based doula models provide insight in the creation of policies that will support those families and underserved communities. These doulas also actively engage policy makers by recommendations on certification and
Medicaid coverage, integration into medical care, and
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framework. The participants began working as abortion doulas and coined the term "full-spectrum doula" who support all pregnancy experiences and outcomes such as pregnancy termination, miscarriage and fetal loss. Full spectrum doula groups can be found in major cities in the United States.
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been involved with the bill's writing, citing that state certification would make doulas more beholden to the formal medical system, be a hit to business if certification programs are not approved by the state, and might prevent community doulas from working with low-income individuals.
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The concept of having a companion providing support to the birthing woman dates back to prehistoric times, evidenced by archeological findings of stone carvings and statues and anthropological studies. However, the contemporary role of "doula" first emerged from the grassroots
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popular among middle- and upper-class parents than amongst parents with lower incomes. Since doula care has the potential to lower maternity costs and reduce health disparities, there is a push for coverage through
Medicaid reimbursement programs. As of 2022, four states,
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help, such as infant care, breastfeeding support, information, advocacy and referral, partner support, sibling care, and household organization/work as the family adjusts to the addition of a new baby. There is some evidence that postpartum doula support can increase
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was the first state to provide access to midwifery and doula services for incarcerated women for prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum care. However, the bill does not establish means of funding the services, and does not establish guidelines for care.
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There is no law requiring doulas to become certified, however, certification can benefit professional doulas by providing structured education prior to entry into the field, access to a mentor, opportunities for networking, and client confidence. In
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to increase the risks associated with poor perinatal outcomes and have long-term health risks for the women and their children. The implementation of prison doulas rose out of the movement to end shackling for pregnant and laboring women from the
551:, doulas expect to be contacted more frequently about abortion support as access becomes more limited. They are taking precautions to retain online anonymity to better protect patients and themselves and navigate the threat of legal action.
100:, or nurse, a doula cannot administer medication or other medical treatment or give medical advice. An individual might need to complete training to work as a doula, although training and certification processes vary throughout the world.
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Some doulas work as volunteers; others are paid for their services by their client, medical institutions, or other private and public organizations. Doulas receive varying amounts of training, and their professionalism also varies.
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An antepartum doula provides help and support to someone who has been put on bed rest or is experiencing a high-risk pregnancy. Emotional, physical and practical support can be provided by an antepartum doula in this circumstance.
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in the United States in the 1960s when women began desiring unmedicated, low-intervention births and began to have friends and others with formal or practical knowledge about childbirth provide them with support during pregnancy.
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While well-received, prison doula support is not widespread in the United States and most programs are local due to the lack of an established federal standard of medical care for pregnant incarcerated individuals. In 2018,
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individuals. Abortion doulas focus on providing support to clients having an induced abortion. They provide emotional, physical, and informational support virtually or in person. Full-spectrum doulas often identify as
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process for transgender and non-binary individuals. Gender doulas may also serve as patient advocates for their clients against medical practitioners who may misgender or undermine the gender identity of the client.
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The contributions of doulas during reproductive experiences and end-of-life care have been studied and have been shown to benefit their clients. For example, a birth doula providing support during
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The benefits of a doula providing other types of support have been less well studied, but might improve a client's experience with medical care or help an individual cope with health transitions.
73:) is a non-medical professional who provides guidance for the service of others and who supports another person (the doula's client) through a significant health-related experience, such as
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Major doula organizations that offer certification programs include Birth Arts
International, Birth Works, Birthing from Within, Childbirth and Postpartum Professional Association (CAPPA),
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The doula's goal and role is to help the client feel safe and comfortable, complementing the role of the healthcare professionals who provide the client's medical care. Unlike a physician,
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women citing dissatisfaction with medical care. After China's implementation of the Second-Child Policy, doula care was strongly linked to doula support in regard to family planning.
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However, perceptions may vary from country to country due to cultural factors, such as an emphasis on modesty and privacy, which might affect what kind of support a woman prefers.
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which aimed to address the maternal mortality disparity faced by women of color by training providers on recognizing implicit racial bias and its impact on care. Harris stated:
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published a position statement on doulas, which supports the choice of the individual to hire a doula for their birth as long as the doula does not provide medical care.
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Continuous support during labor provided by doulas has been associated with improved outcomes for both birthing women and babies, including shorter delivery, fewer
216:
2781:"'The greatest feeling you get, knowing you have made a big difference': survey findings on the motivation and experiences of trained volunteer doulas in England"
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Fukuzawa RK, Kondo KT (December 2017). "A holistic view from birth to the end of life: end-of-life doulas and new developments in end-of-life care in the West".
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Other workers overlap in some of these services, such as maternity nurses, health visitors, newborn care specialists, lactation consultants, and, historically,
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their full-spectrum practice. There are no certifications specifically for abortion doulas that are administered nationally or through individual states.
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In 2008, activists in New York City began the Doula
Project, to expand the role of the doula to other reproductive experiences beyond birth, grounded in
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roles and other medical aspects being seen as more important) and logistics (chiefly, gaps in policy, difficulty of integration, and lack of training).
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Hwang S (2004-01-19). "As 'Doulas' Enter Delivery Rooms, Conflicts Arise: Hired to Help in Childbirth, They Sometimes Clash With Doctors and Nurses".
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Campbell D, Scott KD, Klaus MH, Falk M (September 2007). "Female relatives or friends trained as labor doulas: outcomes at 6 to 8 weeks postpartum".
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Full-spectrum doulas extend the role of a birth attendant and provide support for all reproductive experiences which connect the role to the larger
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Bohren MA, Berger BO, Munthe-Kaas H, Tunçalp Ö, et al. (Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group) (March 2019).
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clear boundaries, and complex socio-economic issues. Additionally, doulas often are challenged with the task to navigate their role in
2018:"Outcomes of Care for 1,892 Doula-Supported Adolescent Births in the United States: The DONA International Data Project, 2000 to 2013"
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Doenmez, Caroline Fidan Tyler; Cidro, Jaime; Sinclair, Stephanie; Hayward, Ashley; Wodtke, Larissa; Nychuk, Alexandra (2022-01-16).
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1643:"Breast milk and labour support: lactation consultants' and doulas' strategies for navigating the medical context of maternity care"
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in 2004. Alternative names to this role include "childbirth assistant" and "monitrice," but they did not catch on as "doula" had.
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Scott KD, Berkowitz G, Klaus M (May 1999). "A comparison of intermittent and continuous support during labor: a meta-analysis".
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2832:"Heart work: Indigenous doulas responding to challenges of western systems and revitalizing Indigenous birthing care in Canada"
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2067:"Multisite implementation of trained volunteer doula support for disadvantaged childbearing women: a mixed-methods evaluation"
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Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Fukuzawa RK, Cuthbert A, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (July 2017).
706:
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Altshuler AL, Whaley NS (December 2018). "The patient perspective: perceptions of the quality of the abortion experience".
2909:"Putting them on a strong spiritual path: Indigenous doulas responding to the needs of Indigenous mothers and communities"
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on the medical outcomes of doula-attended births, adopted the term to refer to a person providing labor support. In 1992,
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Cidro, Jaime; Doenmez, Caroline; Sinclair, Stephanie; Nychuk, Alexandra; Wodtke, Larissa; Hayward, Ashley (2021-08-26).
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Lantz PM, Low LK, Varkey S, Watson RL (2005). "Doulas as childbirth paraprofessionals: results from a national survey".
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975:"Trained or professional doulas in the support and care of pregnant and birthing women: a critical integrative review"
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Eftekhary S, Klein MC, Xu SY (July 2010). "The life of a Canadian doula: successes, confusion, and conflict".
115:), decrease the need for pain medication during labor, and improve the perception of the birthing experience.
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3109:"Postpartum doula and peer telephone support for postpartum depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial"
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controversial within medical settings due to a lack of formal medical education when a discussion regarding
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Ballen LE, Fulcher AJ (2006). "Nurses and doulas: complementary roles to provide optimal maternity care".
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Ballen LE, Fulcher AJ (2006). "Nurses and doulas: complementary roles to provide optimal maternity care".
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Advancing Birth Justice: Community-Based Doula Models as a Standard of Care for Ending Racial Disparities
3157:"Overdue: Medicaid and Private Insurance Coverage of Doula Care to Strengthen Maternal and Infant Health"
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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (March 2014).
178:), "slave"), as told to her by an elderly Greek woman, Eleni Rassias, and described it as coming from "
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The Doula Book: How A Trained Labor Companion Can Help You Have A Shorter, Easier, And Healthier Birth
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Committee on Obstetric Practice; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (February 2017).
1306:"Women's experiences with doula support during first-trimester surgical abortion: a qualitative study"
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The Doula Book: How A Trained Labor Companion Can Help You Have A Shorter, Easier, And Healthier Birth
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3384:"Impact of Doula Support During Pregnancy, Childbirth and Beyond (A Health Equity Systematic Review)"
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about the popularity of doulas in the Black community. As a senator, in 2019 Harris reintroduced the
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The birth partner : a complete guide to childbirth for dads, doulas, and other labor companions
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2891:"Position Paper: Indigenous Doulas as Intervention for Violence against Indigenous Women and Girls"
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1969:"More Than a "Number": Perspectives of Prenatal Care Quality from Mothers of Color and Providers"
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1920:"How Doula Care Can Advance the Goals of the Affordable Care Act: A Snapshot From New York City"
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The Radical Doula Guide: A Political Primer For Full Spectrum Pregnancy and Childbirth Support
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Schroeder C, Bell J (January 2005). "Doula birth support for incarcerated pregnant women".
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Coley SL, Zapata JY, Schwei RJ, Mihalovic GE, Matabele MN, Jacobs EA, Anderson CK (2018).
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3658:"Doulas' Perspectives about Providing Support to Incarcerated Women: A Feasibility Study"
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1403:"Delirium doulas: an innovative approach to enhance care for critically ill older adults"
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3587:(Report). Ancient Song Doula Services, Village Birth International, Every Mother Counts.
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Birth ambassadors : doulas and the re-emergence of woman-supported birth America
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Science and Service: Doula Work and the Legitimacy of Alternative Knowledge Systems
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69:
3008:
2797:
1984:
1441:"Anthropologist's studies of childbirth bring new focus on women in evolution"
1074:
1027:
904:
5382:
5311:
5001:
4881:
4855:
4757:
4647:
4436:
4411:
4163:
4004:
3918:
3806:
3125:
3108:
3054:
2934:
2857:
2389:
2230:
1935:
1814:
1486:
946:
716:
573:
476:
465:
353:
313:
309:
253:
183:
148:
3656:
Shlafer RJ, Hellerstedt WL, Secor-Turner M, Gerrity E, Baker R (July 2015).
2570:"Childbirth Education and Doula Organizations | Transforming Maternity Care"
1662:
1418:
5227:
5099:
4896:
4793:
4373:
4326:
4274:
4232:
3867:
3756:
3691:
3563:
3336:
3200:
3134:
2952:
2875:
2816:
2760:
2711:
2676:
2471:
2407:
2287:
2248:
2212:
2174:
2127:
2092:
2065:
Spiby H, Green JM, Darwin Z, Willmot H, Knox D, McLeish J, Smith M (2015).
2051:
2002:
1953:
1901:
1679:
1587:
1565:
1426:
1374:
1339:
1287:
1231:
1182:
1147:
1093:
1035:
1000:
837:
521:
156:
144:
140:
3832:
2518:
Simonds, Wendy; Rothman, Barbara Katz; Norman, Bari Meltzer (2013-10-23).
5306:
5296:
5069:
4901:
4783:
4378:
4336:
4254:
1671:
1508:"Dana Raphael, Proponent of Breast-Feeding and Use of Doulas, Dies at 90"
812:"What role do Death Doulas play in end-of-life care? A systematic review"
579:
508:
496:
78:
3175:"Doulas as facilitators: the expanded role of doulas into abortion care"
739:
5222:
4788:
4306:
4228:
4107:
3902:
2742:
500:
411:
108:
86:
74:
3673:
3107:
Gjerdingen DK, McGovern P, Pratt R, Johnson L, Crow S (January 2013).
2658:
2083:
2066:
1112:
Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Fukuzawa RK, Cuthbert A (July 2017).
991:
974:
828:
811:
5278:
5258:
5212:
4991:
4986:
4976:
4921:
3898:
3655:
613:
605:
179:
3480:"A Landmark Bill Will Change the Way Doulas Do Business in New York"
3034:
2215:"Doula care, birth outcomes, and costs among Medicaid beneficiaries"
5064:
4966:
4667:
4383:
809:
609:
538:
517:
504:
492:
369:
82:
1836:
5337:
4951:
4190:
2888:
589:
97:
4824:
3580:
Bey A, Brill A, Porchia-Albert C, Gradilla M, Strauss N (2019).
396:
4996:
4886:
4876:
4696:
4158:
4153:
1793:
Basmajian A (2014). "Abortion Doulas: Changing the Narrative".
601:
3579:
3527:
3431:"Doula services now covered under Virginia Medicaid expansion"
3409:"Doulas, a Mom's Best Friend During Labor, Grow in Popularity"
3106:
1857:"How Doulas Provide the Advocacy and Support Black Women Need"
1251:
810:
Rawlings D, Tieman J, Miller-Lewis L, Swetenham K (May 2019).
4406:
3528:
Bohren MA, Berger BO, Munthe-Kaas H, Tunçalp Ö (March 2019).
2991:
Understanding Doulas and Childbirth Women, Love, and Advocacy
2889:
Cidro, Jaime; Ashley Hayward; Larissa Wodtke (January 2022).
2346:. The Royal College of Midwives. October 2017. Archived from
620:
launched a doula pilot program for Medicaid reimbursement in
507:, and fertility as well as extending services to women, men,
187:
90:
42:
3837:
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
3267:"Serious About Gender Exploration? There's a Doula for That"
3162:. National Partnership for Women and Families. January 2016.
2545:
1304:
Chor J, Lyman P, Tusken M, Patel A, Gilliam M (March 2016).
524:
of their clients in the hopes of ending social stereotypes.
4956:
3628:"Chicago Is Making the Case for Releasing Pregnant Inmates"
3179:
The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care
2968:"Doulas' views on the rewards and challenges of their work"
2829:
1195:
1111:
559:
A gender doula provides care before, during, and after the
48:
3173:
Chor J, Goyal V, Roston A, Keith L, Patel A (April 2012).
2906:
2643:"Defining the doula's role: fostering relational autonomy"
1966:
1917:
151:, with whom she co-founded the Human Lactation Center in
3711:
Birthing Justice: Black Women, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
2779:
Spiby H, Mcleish J, Green J, Darwin Z (September 2016).
258:
Maternal Care Access and Reducing Emergencies (CARE) Act
111:
might increase likelihood of vaginal birth (rather than
3317:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
3243:"Abortion Doulas Prepare for Increased Criminalization"
2778:
2452:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
2366:"Chinese News Media Discourse of Doulas and Doula Care"
2064:
972:
2993:. Palgrave Macmillan US :Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan.
2105:
2015:
545:
In the United States following the landmark decision,
2521:
Laboring On: Birth in Transition in the United States
1724:
Laboring On: Birth in Transition in the United States
1552:
343:
to reduce conflict between doulas and medical staff.
3172:
2517:
1720:
1303:
1013:
616:, have implemented reimbursement programs. In 2019,
45:
39:
2724:
1879:
322:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
89:, as well as non-reproductive experiences such as
36:
2494:"Hospital "Credentialing" For Doulas? Yea or Nay?"
973:Steel A, Frawley J, Adams J, Diezel H (May 2015).
3798:
1561:"Dana Raphael Opened Up the Mysteries of Nursing"
1055:
936:
5380:
2689:
2016:Everson CL, Cheyney M, Bovbjerg ML (June 2018).
1535:"δούλα - Ελληνοαγγλικό Λεξικό WordReference.com"
1498:
1496:
1198:"Continuous support for women during childbirth"
1114:"Continuous support for women during childbirth"
567:
3707:
1750:
1721:Simonds W, Rothman BK, Norman BM (2013-10-23).
1352:
773:
520:as well as service providers and emphasize the
3113:Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
2965:
1400:
1355:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
590:Integration of doulas into formal medical care
4840:
3883:
3734:
3314:
3035:Mitchell, Lauren & Mahoney, Mary (2016).
2972:International Journal of Childbirth Education
2966:Lantz PM, Low LK, Watson RL (December 2004).
2725:Hardeman RR, Kozhimannil KB (November 2016).
2683:
2618:"What Makes the Best Doula Training Program?"
2449:
2255:
2142:
1882:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1493:
1160:
386:
346:
3897:
3388:Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
3067:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3037:The Doulas: Radical Care for Pregnant People
2692:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
2317:"All women should have access to doula care"
2300:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2198:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1918:Strauss N, Giessler K, McAllister E (2015).
1754:The Doulas: Radical Care for Pregnant People
777:The Doulas: Radical Care for Pregnant People
548:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3534:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3381:
1258:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1202:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1163:International Journal of Palliative Nursing
1118:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
291:
160:
4847:
4833:
3890:
3876:
2913:International Journal for Equity in Health
2445:
2443:
2441:
1603:
1601:
1471:. Praeclarus Press, LLC. pp. 51–101.
1401:Balas MC, Gale M, Kagan SH (August 2004).
1396:
1394:
1392:
932:
930:
928:
917:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
884:
3681:
3553:
3190:
3124:
2942:
2924:
2865:
2847:
2806:
2796:
2750:
2731:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
2666:
2397:
2238:
2099:
2082:
2041:
1992:
1943:
1792:
1661:
1329:
1277:
1221:
1137:
1083:
1073:
1056:Lunda P, Minnie CS, Benadé P (May 2018).
990:
979:Health & Social Care in the Community
827:
816:Health & Social Care in the Community
701:. Praeclarus Press, LLC. pp. 33–34.
644:
304:and fetal extraction tools, less time in
3841:
3477:
3428:
1746:
1744:
121:
4872:Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk
3799:Klaus MH, Kennell JH, Klaus PH (2002).
3382:Viswanathan, Meera (February 4, 2024).
3308:
2615:
2438:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2314:
1691:
1689:
1598:
1586:
1502:
1389:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
937:Klaus MH, Kennell JH, Klaus PH (2002).
925:
491:movement. This can include support for
5381:
3708:Oparah JC, Bonaparte AD (2015-12-22).
3651:
3649:
3647:
3625:
3289:
2988:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2640:
1913:
1911:
1640:
1607:
1466:
1299:
1297:
1107:
1105:
1103:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
696:
4932:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
4828:
3871:
3703:
3701:
3621:
3619:
3599:"Community-Based Doulas and Midwives"
3575:
3573:
3359:"Career Choices for Becoming a Doula"
3237:
3235:
2427:
2071:Health Services and Delivery Research
1777:
1741:
1558:
1462:
1460:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
968:
966:
853:
851:
849:
847:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
173:
68:
5168:History and culture of breastfeeding
3455:"New York State Doula Pilot Program"
2588:
2582:
2414:
1751:Mahoney M, Mitchell L (2016-10-17).
1686:
1634:
1042:
774:Mahoney M, Mitchell L (2016-10-17).
554:
390:
300:and complications, the use of fewer
5183:Human milk banking in North America
4882:Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery)
4722:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
3644:
3215:"A Call for "Full Spectrum" Doulas"
2767:
2363:
1908:
1322:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.10.006
1294:
1100:
756:
268:
13:
5188:International Breastfeeding Symbol
5143:Breastfeeding in the United States
3791:
3698:
3616:
3570:
3232:
2370:The Journal of Perinatal Education
2167:10.1097/01.AOG.0000444441.04111.1d
2022:The Journal of Perinatal Education
1924:The Journal of Perinatal Education
1786:
1457:
1238:
963:
889:(5th ed.). Beverly, MA, USA.
844:
794:
723:
654:participating on advisory boards.
582:care for critically ill adults in
14:
5415:
5198:International Breast Milk Project
5163:Diana West (lactation consultant)
4854:
3825:
2219:American Journal of Public Health
1650:Sociology of Health & Illness
4727:Postpartum physiological changes
4427:Postpartum physiological changes
3952:Assisted reproductive technology
3844:"The Evolving Role of the Doula"
3749:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.22108.x
3478:Meyerson, Collier (2019-07-19).
3329:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00041.x
2464:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00041.x
2120:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2007.00174.x
657:
637:greater risk for poor outcomes.
482:
395:
32:
5368:Breastfeeding and mental health
5363:Breastfeeding contraindications
5274:List of breastfeeding activists
5105:Breastfeeding and mental health
4779:Adaptation to extrauterine life
3763:
3728:
3591:
3521:
3496:
3471:
3447:
3429:McIntyre, Meghan (2022-10-10).
3422:
3401:
3375:
3351:
3283:
3259:
3207:
3166:
3149:
3100:
3075:
3028:
3015:
2982:
2959:
2900:
2882:
2823:
2718:
2634:
2609:
2562:
2546:"Doula Training Become A Doula"
2538:
2511:
2486:
2357:
2333:
2308:
2206:
2058:
2009:
1960:
1873:
1849:
1829:
1771:
1714:
1697:"History of DONA International"
1580:
1527:
1433:
1346:
1189:
1154:
885:Simkin P, Rohs K (2018-10-09).
594:
4912:Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
4422:Maternal physiological changes
3771:"Washington State Legislature"
3546:10.1002/14651858.cd012449.pub2
3411:. Missionlocal.org. 2010-02-22
3087:American Pregnancy Association
1807:10.1080/19492901.2014.11728432
1757:. The Feminist Press at CUNY.
1592:The Tender Gift: Breastfeeding
1270:10.1002/14651858.CD012449.pub2
1214:10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6
1130:10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6
1007:
878:
780:. The Feminist Press at CUNY.
690:
362:medical interventions in labor
288:discussing birth preferences.
1:
5358:Breastfeeding and medications
4907:Breastfeeding and medications
3977:partner-assisted reproduction
3504:"NY State Senate Bill S3344B"
2704:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34567-4
2622:New Beginnings Doula Training
2321:New Beginnings Doula Training
1894:10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70594-6
1614:Supportive care and midwifery
1559:Jones M (December 21, 2016).
683:
568:End-of-life and critical care
452:
443:
327:In 2017 the United Kingdom's
306:neonatal intensive care units
5085:Nipple pain in breastfeeding
3603:Center for American Progress
3363:Become a Doula with ProDoula
3039:. New York: Feminist Press.
3025:. The University of Arizona.
2836:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2785:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2498:Become a Doula with ProDoula
2280:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001905
1367:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000492
1175:10.12968/ijpn.2017.23.12.612
1062:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
664:women incarcerated in the US
217:American Heritage Dictionary
7:
5353:Breastfeeding and fertility
5317:Supplemental nursing system
5148:Breastfeeding organizations
4213:Traditional birth attendant
2641:Meadow SL (December 2015).
2364:Dai, Zehui (October 2018).
2341:"Doulas Position Statement"
527:
252:interviewed Vice President
195:Two physician-researchers,
10:
5420:
5173:Human-animal breastfeeding
5158:Child's Right to Nurse Act
5035:Breastfeeding difficulties
4927:Human milk oligosaccharide
4445:Brain health and pollution
3848:The Human Lactation Center
3192:10.1136/jfprhc-2011-100278
2926:10.1186/s12939-021-01521-3
2849:10.1186/s12884-021-04333-z
2591:"And the Doula Makes Four"
2382:10.1891/1058-1243.27.4.243
2034:10.1891/1058-1243.27.3.135
571:
531:
456:
387:Motivations and challenges
347:Training and certification
225:Merriam Webster Dictionary
188:
18:
5325:
5287:
5246:
5113:
5090:Breastfeeding infertility
5020:
4862:
4806:
4771:
4735:
4689:
4680:
4658:Chorionic villus sampling
4640:
4435:
4392:
4361:
4354:
4221:
4146:
4115:
4106:
4040:
4010:Obstetric ultrasonography
3997:
3942:
3934:Pre-conception counseling
3909:
2798:10.1186/s12884-016-1086-6
2268:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2155:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1985:10.1016/j.whi.2017.10.014
1075:10.1186/s12884-018-1755-8
1028:10.1016/j.whi.2005.01.002
503:, queer family planning,
329:Royal College of Midwives
161:
139:was first used in a 1969
5238:World Breastfeeding Week
4548:Intrahepatic cholestasis
3219:Birth Arts International
3126:10.1177/2150131912451598
2616:Leavitt R (2017-06-13).
2315:Leavitt R (2017-06-05).
2231:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301201
1936:10.1891/1058-1243.24.1.8
1837:"Bay Area Doula Project"
292:Benefits and limitations
273:
192:meaning "female slave."
5153:Breastfeeding promotion
5138:Breastfeeding in public
4618:Motor vehicle emissions
4479:Concomitant conditions
4453:environmental toxicants
4196:Auxiliary nurse midwife
3957:artificial insemination
3924:Natural family planning
3626:Conway S (2019-12-20).
3290:Slevin D (2016-04-10).
2431:The Wall Street Journal
1663:10.1111/1467-9566.12010
1641:Torres JM (July 2013).
1419:10.4037/ccn2004.24.4.36
634:National Health Service
278:
250:Christine Michel Carter
209:Doulas of North America
5343:Extended breastfeeding
5133:Breastfeeding in Islam
5123:Breastfeeding advocacy
4712:Postpartum confinement
3972:in vitro fertilisation
3292:"Doulas For The Dying"
3021:Henley, M. M. (2016).
645:Community-based doulas
459:Postpartum confinement
406:is missing information
266:
215:was accepted into the
129:natural birth movement
64: 'female slave';
21:Doula (disambiguation)
5095:Breastfeeding and HIV
5050:Fissure of the nipple
4942:Lactation suppression
4707:Postpartum depression
4588:Pruritic folliculitis
4332:Unassisted childbirth
3737:Public Health Nursing
3662:Public Health Nursing
2589:Paul P (2008-03-02).
1973:Women's Health Issues
1618:John Wiley & Sons
1539:www.wordreference.com
1506:(February 19, 2016).
1016:Women's Health Issues
859:"Evidence on: Doulas"
513:gender non-conforming
470:postpartum depression
262:
240:Black maternal health
223:in 2003, followed by
153:Westport, Connecticut
141:anthropological study
122:History and etymology
16:Non-medical companion
5264:Lactation consultant
5193:Jack Newman (doctor)
5128:Breastfeeding in art
4814:Gravidity and parity
4794:Congenital disorders
4753:Lactation consultant
4623:Pre-existing disease
4302:Childbirth positions
4292:Rupture of membranes
3989:Unintended pregnancy
3967:fertility medication
864:Evidence Based Birth
489:reproductive justice
232:reproductive justice
171:Greek pronunciation:
66:Greek pronunciation:
19:For other uses, see
5269:Lactation counselor
4982:Prolactin modulator
4962:Overactive let-down
4863:Anatomy, physiology
4717:Sex after pregnancy
4524:Endocrine diseases
4470:Prenatal depression
4342:Placental expulsion
4260:Uterine contraction
4243:cervical effacement
3984:Fertility awareness
3854:on January 18, 2017
2647:Health Expectations
1620:. pp. 113–33.
1407:Critical Care Nurse
320:In March 2014, the
5399:Natural childbirth
5290:with breastfeeding
5040:Breast engorgement
4917:Frenulum of tongue
4493:Hypercoagulability
4322:Natural childbirth
4171:Postterm pregnancy
3929:Male contraceptive
3083:"What is a Doula?"
2989:Hunter CA (2016).
2743:10.1111/jmwh.12497
2596:The New York Times
2353:on 27 August 2018.
1701:DONA International
1513:The New York Times
1467:Morton CH (2014).
744:DONA International
697:Morton CH (2014).
408:about description.
381:DONA International
366:natural childbirth
314:health disparities
5376:
5375:
5080:Neonatal jaundice
5030:Blocked milk duct
4822:
4821:
4807:Obstetric history
4802:
4801:
4763:Confinement nanny
4676:
4675:
4543:Acute fatty liver
4350:
4349:
4238:cervical dilation
3721:978-1-317-27720-0
3674:10.1111/phn.12137
3459:www.health.ny.gov
3046:978-1-55861-941-8
3000:978-1-137-48536-6
2659:10.1111/hex.12290
2084:10.3310/hsdr03080
1778:Pérez MZ (2012).
1608:Mander R (2001).
992:10.1111/hsc.12112
829:10.1111/hsc.12660
740:"What is a Doula"
708:978-1-939807-06-9
662:Since the 1980s,
561:gender transition
555:Gender transition
429:
428:
298:cesarean sections
221:Oxford Dictionary
113:Caesarean section
5411:
5348:Nipple confusion
5333:Baby-led weaning
5075:Nipple vasospasm
5023:and difficulties
4972:Passive immunity
4947:Lactiferous duct
4849:
4842:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4687:
4686:
4653:Cardiotocography
4359:
4358:
4265:Vaginal delivery
4138:Nesting instinct
4113:
4112:
4098:Rudimentary horn
4027:Prenatal testing
3892:
3885:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3850:. Archived from
3820:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3653:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3435:Virginia Mercury
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3128:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3032:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2928:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2851:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2177:. Archived from
2146:
2140:
2139:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1795:Anthropology Now
1790:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
970:
961:
960:
934:
923:
922:
916:
908:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
855:
842:
841:
831:
807:
792:
791:
771:
754:
753:
751:
750:
736:
721:
720:
694:
669:prison abolition
424:
421:
415:
399:
391:
374:cesarean section
364:versus pursuing
269:Types of support
203:, who conducted
191:
190:
177:
172:
164:
163:
147:, a protégée of
83:induced abortion
72:
67:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5404:1969 neologisms
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5321:
5289:
5283:
5242:
5233:Mary Rose Tully
5218:Mothers' rights
5203:La Leche League
5178:Human milk bank
5115:
5109:
5055:Inverted nipple
5045:Low milk supply
5022:
5016:
5007:Mammary alveoli
4864:
4858:
4853:
4823:
4818:
4798:
4767:
4731:
4702:Postpartum care
4672:
4636:
4539:Liver diseases
4533:Thyroid disease
4431:
4417:Gestational age
4388:
4346:
4312:Labor induction
4217:
4208:Perinatal nurse
4181:Birth attendant
4142:
4102:
4036:
4032:Medical imaging
3993:
3962:fertility fraud
3938:
3905:
3896:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3833:Video on doulas
3828:
3823:
3817:
3794:
3792:Further reading
3789:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3706:
3699:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3605:. 14 April 2020
3597:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3540:(7): CD012449.
3526:
3522:
3513:
3511:
3508:NY State Senate
3502:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3296:Huffington Post
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3105:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3001:
2987:
2983:
2964:
2960:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2828:
2824:
2777:
2768:
2723:
2719:
2688:
2684:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2448:
2439:
2426:
2415:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2309:
2293:
2292:
2260:
2256:
2211:
2207:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2147:
2143:
2104:
2100:
2063:
2059:
2014:
2010:
1965:
1961:
1916:
1909:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1703:. 7 August 2014
1695:
1694:
1687:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1606:
1599:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1494:
1479:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1399:
1390:
1351:
1347:
1302:
1295:
1264:(7): CD012449.
1250:
1239:
1208:(8): CD003766.
1194:
1190:
1169:(12): 612–619.
1159:
1155:
1124:(7): CD003766.
1110:
1101:
1054:
1043:
1012:
1008:
971:
964:
957:
939:"Chapters 1, 2"
935:
926:
910:
909:
897:
883:
879:
870:
868:
857:
856:
845:
808:
795:
788:
772:
757:
748:
746:
738:
737:
724:
709:
695:
691:
686:
660:
647:
632:In the UK, the
597:
592:
578:End-of-life or
576:
570:
557:
536:
530:
485:
461:
455:
446:
425:
419:
416:
409:
400:
389:
349:
294:
281:
276:
271:
205:clinical trials
175:[ˈðula]
170:
124:
70:[ˈðula]
65:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5417:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5288:Equipment used
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:Lactation room
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:Cracked nipple
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5012:Mammary lobule
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:Breast anatomy
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4865:and immunology
4860:
4859:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4748:Health visitor
4745:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4663:Nonstress test
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:Skin diseases
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:Amniotic fluid
4365:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:Multiple birth
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Bradley method
4119:
4117:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4015:Pregnancy test
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3842:Dana Raphael.
3839:
3829:
3827:
3826:External links
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:978-0738206097
3815:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3775:app.leg.wa.gov
3762:
3727:
3720:
3697:
3643:
3615:
3590:
3569:
3520:
3495:
3470:
3446:
3421:
3400:
3374:
3350:
3307:
3282:
3258:
3231:
3206:
3165:
3148:
3099:
3074:
3045:
3027:
3014:
2999:
2981:
2958:
2899:
2881:
2822:
2766:
2737:(6): 773–780.
2717:
2682:
2653:(6): 3057–68.
2633:
2608:
2581:
2561:
2537:
2530:
2510:
2485:
2437:
2413:
2376:(4): 243–252.
2356:
2332:
2307:
2274:(2): e20–e28.
2254:
2225:(4): e113-21.
2205:
2161:(3): 693–711.
2141:
2098:
2057:
2028:(3): 135–147.
2008:
1979:(2): 158–164.
1959:
1907:
1872:
1848:
1828:
1785:
1770:
1763:
1740:
1733:
1713:
1685:
1633:
1627:978-0632054251
1626:
1597:
1579:
1551:
1526:
1492:
1477:
1456:
1432:
1388:
1361:(6): 407–413.
1345:
1293:
1237:
1188:
1153:
1099:
1041:
1006:
962:
956:978-0738206097
955:
924:
896:978-1558329102
895:
877:
843:
822:(3): e82–e94.
793:
786:
755:
722:
707:
688:
687:
685:
682:
659:
656:
646:
643:
618:New York State
596:
593:
591:
588:
584:geriatric care
572:Main article:
569:
566:
556:
553:
534:Abortion doula
532:Main article:
529:
526:
484:
481:
477:monthly nurses
454:
451:
445:
442:
427:
426:
403:
401:
394:
388:
385:
348:
345:
293:
290:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
197:Marshall Klaus
123:
120:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5416:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Nursing chair
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:Nipple shield
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Mammary gland
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4856:Breastfeeding
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Monthly nurse
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Amniocentesis
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Vaginal flora
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:Substance use
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Fundal height
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:Preterm birth
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Hypnobirthing
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:3D ultrasound
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Birth control
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3807:Da Capo Press
3804:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3714:. Routledge.
3713:
3712:
3704:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:(4): 316–26.
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3485:
3484:Intelligencer
3481:
3474:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3410:
3404:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:(2): 304–11.
3322:
3318:
3311:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3272:
3271:YES! Magazine
3268:
3262:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2531:9781135939984
2527:
2524:. Routledge.
2523:
2522:
2514:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:(2): 304–11.
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2181:on 2014-03-02
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:(5): 1054–9.
1887:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1764:9781558619494
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1734:9781135939984
1730:
1727:. Routledge.
1726:
1725:
1717:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:2027.42/99048
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:(6): 924–38.
1655:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:9781939807069
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1446:
1445:www1.udel.edu
1442:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Contraception
1307:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:(3): 109–16.
1021:
1017:
1010:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
985:(3): 225–41.
984:
980:
976:
969:
967:
958:
952:
948:
947:Da Capo Press
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
920:
914:
906:
902:
898:
892:
888:
881:
866:
865:
860:
854:
852:
850:
848:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
789:
787:9781558619494
783:
779:
778:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
745:
741:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
718:
714:
710:
704:
700:
693:
689:
681:
678:
672:
670:
665:
658:Prison doulas
655:
651:
642:
638:
635:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
587:
585:
581:
575:
574:Death midwife
565:
562:
552:
550:
549:
543:
540:
535:
525:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:Full-spectrum
480:
478:
473:
471:
468:and decrease
467:
466:breastfeeding
460:
450:
441:
439:
433:
423:
413:
407:
404:This section
402:
398:
393:
392:
384:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
355:
354:North America
344:
340:
336:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
315:
311:
310:breastfeeding
307:
303:
299:
289:
285:
265:
261:
259:
255:
254:Kamala Harris
251:
247:
246:
242:advocate and
241:
236:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
185:
184:Ancient Greek
182:'s time," an
181:
176:
168:
158:
154:
150:
149:Margaret Mead
146:
143:conducted by
142:
138:
133:
130:
119:
116:
114:
110:
105:
101:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
63:
59:
58:Ancient Greek
53:
29:
22:
5326:Other topics
5253:
5228:Amy Spangler
5100:Prolactinoma
4897:Breast crawl
4742:
4488:Hypertension
4475:Immunization
4458:in pregnancy
4374:Amniotic sac
4327:Silent birth
4270:Presentation
4233:Bishop score
4203:Obstetrician
4175:
4093:Interstitial
4020:home testing
3856:. Retrieved
3852:the original
3847:
3801:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:
3765:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3710:
3665:
3661:
3635:. Retrieved
3632:The Atlantic
3631:
3607:. Retrieved
3602:
3593:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3512:. Retrieved
3510:. 2019-06-05
3507:
3498:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:
3449:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:
3424:
3413:. Retrieved
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3387:
3377:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:
3353:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:
3285:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3247:nextcity.org
3246:
3223:. Retrieved
3221:. 2015-08-19
3218:
3209:
3185:(2): 123–4.
3182:
3178:
3168:
3151:
3119:(1): 36–43.
3116:
3112:
3102:
3091:. Retrieved
3089:. 2019-04-26
3086:
3077:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3017:
2990:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2884:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2788:
2784:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2698:(7): 642–9.
2695:
2691:
2685:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2625:. Retrieved
2621:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2594:
2584:
2573:. Retrieved
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2520:
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2500:. 2015-10-24
2497:
2488:
2455:
2451:
2429:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2348:the original
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:
2310:
2296:cite journal
2271:
2267:
2257:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2194:cite journal
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2158:
2154:
2144:
2114:(3): 220–7.
2111:
2107:
2101:
2077:(8): 1–332.
2074:
2070:
2060:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1927:
1923:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1831:
1801:(2): 44–51.
1798:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1753:
1723:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1700:
1653:
1649:
1636:
1613:
1591:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:NYT Magazine
1564:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1511:
1468:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1413:(4): 36–46.
1410:
1406:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1316:(3): 244–8.
1313:
1309:
1261:
1257:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1121:
1117:
1065:
1061:
1019:
1015:
1009:
982:
978:
942:
886:
880:
869:. Retrieved
867:. 2017-08-14
862:
819:
815:
776:
747:. Retrieved
743:
698:
692:
673:
661:
652:
648:
639:
631:
598:
595:Birth doulas
580:death doulas
577:
558:
546:
544:
537:
522:human rights
486:
474:
462:
447:
434:
430:
417:
405:
378:
358:
350:
341:
337:
333:
326:
319:
295:
286:
282:
263:
243:
237:
229:
212:
201:John Kennell
194:
157:modern Greek
145:Dana Raphael
136:
134:
125:
117:
106:
102:
95:
61:
27:
25:
5307:Nursing bra
5297:Breast pump
5114:Culture and
5070:Nipple bleb
4937:Latching on
4902:Breast milk
4784:Apgar score
4568:Hepatitis C
4554:Infections
4394:Development
4379:Endometrium
4337:Water birth
4255:Bloody show
4186:Men's roles
4116:Preparation
4068:Heterotopic
3858:January 17,
3743:(1): 53–8.
3393:February 4,
1930:(1): 8–15.
1610:"The doula"
1572:January 17,
1519:January 17,
509:transgender
497:miscarriage
438:medicalized
420:August 2019
368:without an
302:medications
79:miscarriage
56:; from
5389:Childbirth
5383:Categories
5223:Pat Shelly
4789:Child care
4682:Postpartum
4641:Procedures
4593:Dermatoses
4449:Nutrition
4307:Home birth
4229:Pelvimetry
4108:Childbirth
4088:Unintended
3944:Conception
3903:childbirth
3780:2019-12-20
3637:2019-12-24
3609:2021-12-17
3514:2019-07-31
3489:2019-07-31
3464:2019-03-30
3440:2023-11-30
3415:2014-02-02
3368:2016-04-18
3301:2016-04-11
3276:2024-04-20
3252:2022-06-29
3225:2019-03-30
3093:2021-02-24
3009:1049995336
2919:(1): 189.
2791:(1): 289.
2627:2018-07-08
2602:2012-03-22
2575:2019-04-01
2555:2016-04-18
2504:2016-04-18
2326:2018-07-08
2185:2015-12-21
1866:2023-06-21
1842:2019-08-21
1707:2019-04-09
1545:2022-02-16
1541:(in Greek)
1450:2020-10-23
1068:(1): 167.
905:1000126985
871:2019-03-30
749:2019-08-13
684:References
677:Washington
501:stillbirth
457:See also:
453:Postpartum
444:Antepartum
109:childbirth
87:stillbirth
75:childbirth
5279:Wet nurse
5259:Midwifery
5213:Lactivism
5021:Disorders
4992:Lactation
4987:Colostrum
4977:Prolactin
4922:Galactose
4297:Caesarean
4063:Abdominal
3899:Pregnancy
3835:from the
3143:206826557
3063:cite book
3055:945948862
2935:1475-9276
2858:1471-2393
2842:(1): 41.
2390:1058-1243
1815:1942-8200
1588:Raphael D
1504:Roberts S
1487:876741292
913:cite book
717:876741292
614:Wisconsin
606:Minnesota
518:activists
412:talk page
238:In 2019,
180:Aristotle
135:The term
5394:Midwives
5065:Mastitis
4967:Oxytocin
4690:Maternal
4668:Abortion
4613:Bleeding
4563:COVID-19
4528:Diabetes
4513:Cannabis
4463:prenatal
4384:Placenta
4355:Prenatal
4285:shoulder
4280:cephalic
4248:position
4222:Delivery
4083:Postterm
4048:Cervical
3911:Planning
3757:15670325
3692:24980835
3564:30883666
3345:23409222
3337:16620259
3201:22454010
3135:23799688
2978:(4): 31.
2953:34446010
2876:35034612
2817:27680500
2761:27862907
2712:20707952
2677:25327532
2550:ProDoula
2480:23409222
2472:16620259
2408:31073270
2288:28121831
2249:23409910
2175:24553167
2128:17718872
2093:25834865
2052:30364259
2003:29208354
1954:26937157
1902:10329855
1823:80163473
1680:23398567
1590:(1973).
1427:15341233
1383:52937963
1375:30299320
1340:26480890
1288:30883666
1232:28681500
1183:29272199
1148:28681500
1094:29764406
1036:15894196
1001:24942339
838:30255588
610:Virginia
539:Abortion
528:Abortion
505:adoption
493:abortion
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