56:
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the other and the relationship. A consistently elevated betrayal metric served as an indicator that the couple was at risk for infidelity or another serious disloyalty. Some types of betrayal in romantic relationships include sexual infidelity, conditional commitment, a nonsexual affair, lying, forming a coalition against the partner, absenteeism, disrespect, unfairness, selfishness, and breaking promises.
228:
been described as a "second assault," which can exacerbate the effects of the initial trauma incurred. Accepting the betrayal and going no contact is the best route forward. The alternative is to stay in connection and realize the trespass can happen again, and may choose to avoid doing certain things to decrease severity. For example, if a person gossips, do not tell them your secrets.
284:
describes betrayal as "a noxious invader, arriving with great stealth" that undermines seemingly stable romances and lies at the heart of every failing relationship, even if the couple is unaware of it. Gottman computed a betrayal metric by calculating how unwilling each partner was to sacrifice for
227:
If no true apology, atonement, real remorse and plan to change one's behaviors are present, then the one who was betrayed can accept that it happened, and that the perpetrator is unwilling or unable to change. No real change means they can do it again. Lack of validation from the perpetrator can be
163:
Betrayal is both a "people" problem and a philosopher's problem. Philosophers should be able to clarify the concept of betrayal, compare and contrast it with other moral concepts, and critically assess betrayal situations. At the practical level people should be able to make honest sense of betrayal
368:
Theory. This betrayal blindness may extend to betrayals that are not considered traditional traumas, such as adultery, and inequities. Betrayal blindness is not exclusive to victims. Perpetrators, and witnesses may also display betrayal blindness in order to preserve personal relationships, their
164:
and also to temper its consequences: to handle it, not be assaulted by it. What we need is a conceptually clear account of betrayal that differentiates between genuine and merely perceived betrayal, and which also provides systematic guidance for the assessment of alleged betrayal in real life.
372:
The term "Institutional
Betrayal" refers to wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individuals dependent on that institution. This includes failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals (e.g. sexual assault) committed within the context of the institution.
103:
and psychological conflict within a relationship amongst individuals, between organizations or between individuals and organizations. Often betrayal is the act of supporting a rival group, or it is a complete break from previously decided upon or presumed
269:. Another key difference is that betrayal trauma involves an individual experiencing a violation of trust between a trusted individual or institution, whereas posttraumatic stress disorder does not involve a violation from a trusted source.
224:; but is only demonstrated if the victims do not continue to demand apologies, repeatedly remind the perpetrator or perpetrators of the original act, or ceaselessly review the incident over and over again.
330:
A competitor participating in the fix who has agreed to throw their game instead competes as usual, against the original intention of their collaborators – one "cross" against another.
192:
An act of betrayal creates a constellation of negative behaviours, thoughts, and feelings in both its victims and its perpetrators. The interactions are complex. The victims exhibit
333:
Two opposing parties are approached, urging them to throw the game and back the other. Both parties lose out, and the perpetrators benefit by backing a third, winning party.
136:
664:
Freyd, J. J ., Klest, B., & Allard, C. B. (2005) Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention.
706:
Hensley, A. L. (2009a). Gender, personality, and coping: Unraveling gender in military post-deployment wellbeing (preliminary results). In G. Dougherty (Ed.).
216:. If, after the perpetrator has exhibited remorse or apologized, the victim continues to express anger, this may in turn cause the perpetrator to become
364:
The term "betrayal blindness" was introduced in 1996 by Freyd, and expanded in 1999 by Freyd and then again in 2013 by Freyd and
Birrell through the
952:
Warren H. Jones; Laurie Couch & Susan Scott (1997). "Trust and
Betrayal". In Robert Hogan; John A. Johnson & Stephen R. Briggs (eds.).
319:, who kept a ledger of his transactions and is said to have placed two crosses by the names of persons who had cheated him in some way. This
168:
Ben-Yehuda's 2001 work ("Betrayals and
Treason Violations of Trust and Loyalty" Westview Press) framed all forms of betrayals and
654:
147:, respectively, contend that while no clear definition of betrayal is available, betrayal is more effectively understood through
17:
961:
942:
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904:
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811:
995:
675:
An unpublished courts-martial defense strategy presented to the Area
Defense Counsel in Washington DC on December 10, 2004.
484:
647:
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
315:
It has also been suggested that the term was inspired by the practice of 18th-century
British thief taker and criminal
857:
681:"Contracts don't always begin on the dotted line: Psychological contracts and PTSD in female service members in Iraq"
735:
699:
Hensley, A. L. (2007). Why good people go bad: A case study of the Abu Ghraib Courts-Martials. In G. W. Dougherty,
680:
673:
Why good people go bad: A psychoanalytic and behavioral assessment of the Abu Ghraib
Detention Facility staff.
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is almost certainly incorrect, but there is documentary evidence that the term did exist in the 19th century.
258:
243:
38:
630:
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
985:
715:
Gender, personality and coping: Unraveling gender in military post-deployment physical and mental wellness.
220:, and angry in turn. Acceptance of betrayal can be exhibited if victims forgo the demands of atonement and
916:
Return to
Equilibrium: The Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference
701:
Proceedings of the 5th annual proceedings of the Rocky
Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference.
361:
Betrayal blindness is the unawareness, not-knowing, and forgetting exhibited by people towards betrayal.
829:
Robin Marie Kowalski (2009). "Betrayal". In Harry T. Reis; Susan Sprecher; Susan K. Sprecher (eds.).
722:
Return to equilibrium: Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference
708:
Return to equilibrium: Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference
251:
49:
31:
640:
Freyd, J. J. (1994). Betrayal-trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse.
990:
914:
Alan L. Hensley (2009). "Betrayal Trauma: Insidious Purveyor of PTSD". In George W. Doherty (ed.).
736:"The Sense and Sensibility of Betrayal: Discovering the Meaning of Treachery through Jane Austen"
433:
637:
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
261:(PTSD) and betrayal trauma is that the former is historically seen as being caused primarily by
777:
Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge
509:
Kelley, Lance P.; Weathers, Frank W.; Mason, Elizabeth A.; Pruneau, Genevieve M. (2012-07-20).
428:
511:"Association of life threat and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity"
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Hensley, A. L. (2009c). Betrayal trauma: Insidious purveyor of PTSD. In G. Dougherty (Ed.).
55:
8:
571:
423:
346:
221:
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Freyd, Jennifer J. (2008). "Betrayal trauma". In G. Reyes; J.D. Elhai; J.D.Ford (eds.).
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More recently, the phrase was used to refer to either of two possible situations:
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237:
205:
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92:
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by one party from the others. Someone who betrays others is commonly known as a
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320:
69:
217:
84:
974:
727:
Hersey, B. & Buhl, M.(January/February 1990). The Betrayal of Date Rape.
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342:
316:
132:
60:
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Gilbert Reyes; Jon D. Elhai & Julian D. Ford (2008). "Betrayal trauma".
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relationships with institutions, and social systems upon which they depend.
542:
338:
277:
119:
Betrayal is a commonly used story element in fiction, sometimes used as a
848:
James Allen Grady (2008). "Betrayal". In Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (ed.).
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McNulty, F. (1980). The burning bed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
413:
758:
312:: deliberate collusion to cause someone to lose a contest of some kind.
37:"Backstabbing" redirects here. For the concept in group psychology, see
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Breaking or violation of a presumptive contract, trust, or confidence
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Videorecording. Stanford, CA: Psychology Dept., Stanford University.
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418:
383:
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This use has passed into common parlance, so that, for example, in
100:
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Blind to Betrayal: Why we fool ourselves we aren't being fooled
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181:
65:
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266:
209:
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Rodger L. Jackson explains why a clear definition is needed:
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485:"What is a Betrayal Trauma? What is Betrayal Trauma Theory?"
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262:
508:
724:(pp. 105–148). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
710:(pp. 105–148). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
878:
Betrayal and treason: violations of trust and loyalty
353:
and have them transmit to Germany false information.
828:
265:, whereas betrayal trauma is a response to extreme
935:Betrayal and betrayers: the sociology of treachery
875:
296:is a phrase meaning to deceive by double-dealing.
154:
847:
204:from the perpetrator, who in turn may experience
972:
932:
913:
304:The phrase originates from the use of the word
48:"Betrayer" redirects here. For other uses, see
39:Workplace deviance § Coworker backstabbing
871:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 76.
623:
464:
555:
187:
650:Freyd, J. J., & Birrell, P. J. (2013).
476:
272:
172:under a unifying analytical framework using
799:
749:(2). National Humanities Institute: 72–89.
470:
452:
852:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 74–76.
897:The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma
792:Musen, K. & Zimbardo, P. G. (1991).
242:Betrayal trauma has symptoms similar to
54:
880:. Crime & society. Westview Press.
850:Encyclopedia of love in world religions
833:. Vol. 1. SAGE. pp. 174–176.
733:
678:
666:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6
458:
257:The key difference between traditional
14:
973:
794:Quiet rage: The Stanford prison study.
603:"Definition of Betrayal Trauma Theory"
487:. University of Oregon. Archived from
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356:
869:Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma
800:Reis, H. T.; Rusbult, C. E. (2004).
703:Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
831:Encyclopedia of Human Relationships
24:
954:Handbook of personality psychology
822:
564:
231:
25:
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803:Close relationships: key readings
482:
184:boundaries as explanatory tools.
956:. Gulf Professional Publishing.
345:Military Intelligence used the
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155:Theoretical and practical needs
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502:
41:. For the religious term, see
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779:: Cambridge University Press.
775:Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983).
445:
259:posttraumatic stress disorder
244:posttraumatic stress disorder
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717:Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest UMI.
7:
996:Interpersonal relationships
876:Nachman Ben-Yehuda (2001).
784:Motivation and personality.
624:Bibliography for references
515:Journal of Traumatic Stress
376:
141:The Ambiguities of Betrayal
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937:. Transaction Publishers.
755:10.5840/humanitas200013211
632:American Psychologist, 55,
246:, although the element of
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188:Signature and consequences
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36:
29:
642:Ethics & Behavior, 4,
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273:In romantic relationships
254:is likely to be greater.
50:Betrayer (disambiguation)
32:Betrayal (disambiguation)
933:Malin Åkerström (1991).
918:. Loving Healing Press.
713:Hensley, A. L. (2009b).
899:. John Wiley and Sons.
734:Jackson, R. L. (2000).
679:Hensley, A. L. (2006).
671:Hensley, A. L. (2004).
661:. Somerset, NJ: Wiley.
471:Reis & Rusbult 2004
434:Stab-in-the-back legend
18:Double cross (betrayal)
556:Gottman, John (2012).
429:Splitting (psychology)
166:
77:
282:What Makes Love Last?
161:
58:
806:. Psychology Press.
687:on November 24, 2010
560:. pp. xvii, 14.
558:What Makes Love Last
349:to release captured
30:For other uses, see
986:Psychological abuse
782:Maslow, A. (1954).
483:Freyd, Jennifer J.
424:Psychological abuse
347:Double Cross System
83:is the breaking or
657:2015-05-07 at the
357:Betrayal blindness
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963:978-0-12-134646-1
944:978-0-88738-358-8
925:978-1-932690-86-6
906:978-0-470-44748-2
887:978-0-8133-9776-4
840:978-1-4129-5846-2
813:978-0-86377-596-3
786:New York: Harper.
607:pages.uoregon.edu
527:10.1002/jts.21727
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768:2005-12-02
612:2016-12-02
581:2010-07-18
495:2010-09-26
446:References
404:Infidelity
236:See also:
149:literature
127:Definition
121:plot twist
97:confidence
72:betraying
43:Backbiting
981:Deception
743:Humanitas
535:0894-9867
399:Defection
310:foul play
218:defensive
202:atonement
198:confusion
85:violation
655:Archived
644:307–329.
543:22821682
419:Psalm 54
384:Adultery
377:See also
114:betrayer
89:contract
81:Betrayal
729:InView.
439:Treason
394:Creonte
343:British
248:amnesia
214:remorse
174:loyalty
170:treason
110:traitor
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306:cross
267:anger
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206:guilt
194:anger
182:moral
178:trust
106:norms
101:moral
95:, or
93:trust
74:Jesus
70:Judas
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747:XIII
693:2010
539:PMID
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