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the other and the relationship. A consistently elevated betrayal metric served as an indicator that the couple was at risk for infidelity or another serious disloyalty. Some types of betrayal in romantic relationships include sexual infidelity, conditional commitment, a nonsexual affair, lying, forming a coalition against the partner, absenteeism, disrespect, unfairness, selfishness, and breaking promises.
217:
been described as a "second assault," which can exacerbate the effects of the initial trauma incurred. Accepting the betrayal and going no contact is the best route forward. The alternative is to stay in connection and realize the trespass can happen again, and may choose to avoid doing certain things to decrease severity. For example, if a person gossips, do not tell them your secrets.
273:
describes betrayal as "a noxious invader, arriving with great stealth" that undermines seemingly stable romances and lies at the heart of every failing relationship, even if the couple is unaware of it. Gottman computed a betrayal metric by calculating how unwilling each partner was to sacrifice for
216:
If no true apology, atonement, real remorse and plan to change one's behaviors are present, then the one who was betrayed can accept that it happened, and that the perpetrator is unwilling or unable to change. No real change means they can do it again. Lack of validation from the perpetrator can be
152:
Betrayal is both a "people" problem and a philosopher's problem. Philosophers should be able to clarify the concept of betrayal, compare and contrast it with other moral concepts, and critically assess betrayal situations. At the practical level people should be able to make honest sense of betrayal
357:
Theory. This betrayal blindness may extend to betrayals that are not considered traditional traumas, such as adultery, and inequities. Betrayal blindness is not exclusive to victims. Perpetrators, and witnesses may also display betrayal blindness in order to preserve personal relationships, their
153:
and also to temper its consequences: to handle it, not be assaulted by it. What we need is a conceptually clear account of betrayal that differentiates between genuine and merely perceived betrayal, and which also provides systematic guidance for the assessment of alleged betrayal in real life.
361:
The term "Institutional
Betrayal" refers to wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individuals dependent on that institution. This includes failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals (e.g. sexual assault) committed within the context of the institution.
92:
and psychological conflict within a relationship amongst individuals, between organizations or between individuals and organizations. Often betrayal is the act of supporting a rival group, or it is a complete break from previously decided upon or presumed
258:. Another key difference is that betrayal trauma involves an individual experiencing a violation of trust between a trusted individual or institution, whereas posttraumatic stress disorder does not involve a violation from a trusted source.
213:; but is only demonstrated if the victims do not continue to demand apologies, repeatedly remind the perpetrator or perpetrators of the original act, or ceaselessly review the incident over and over again.
319:
A competitor participating in the fix who has agreed to throw their game instead competes as usual, against the original intention of their collaborators – one "cross" against another.
181:
An act of betrayal creates a constellation of negative behaviours, thoughts, and feelings in both its victims and its perpetrators. The interactions are complex. The victims exhibit
322:
Two opposing parties are approached, urging them to throw the game and back the other. Both parties lose out, and the perpetrators benefit by backing a third, winning party.
125:
653:
Freyd, J. J ., Klest, B., & Allard, C. B. (2005) Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention.
695:
Hensley, A. L. (2009a). Gender, personality, and coping: Unraveling gender in military post-deployment wellbeing (preliminary results). In G. Dougherty (Ed.).
205:. If, after the perpetrator has exhibited remorse or apologized, the victim continues to express anger, this may in turn cause the perpetrator to become
353:
The term "betrayal blindness" was introduced in 1996 by Freyd, and expanded in 1999 by Freyd and then again in 2013 by Freyd and
Birrell through the
941:
Warren H. Jones; Laurie Couch & Susan Scott (1997). "Trust and
Betrayal". In Robert Hogan; John A. Johnson & Stephen R. Briggs (eds.).
308:, who kept a ledger of his transactions and is said to have placed two crosses by the names of persons who had cheated him in some way. This
157:
Ben-Yehuda's 2001 work ("Betrayals and
Treason Violations of Trust and Loyalty" Westview Press) framed all forms of betrayals and
643:
136:, respectively, contend that while no clear definition of betrayal is available, betrayal is more effectively understood through
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931:
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893:
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An unpublished courts-martial defense strategy presented to the Area
Defense Counsel in Washington DC on December 10, 2004.
473:
636:
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
304:
It has also been suggested that the term was inspired by the practice of 18th-century
British thief taker and criminal
846:
670:"Contracts don't always begin on the dotted line: Psychological contracts and PTSD in female service members in Iraq"
724:
688:
Hensley, A. L. (2007). Why good people go bad: A case study of the Abu Ghraib Courts-Martials. In G. W. Dougherty,
669:
662:
Why good people go bad: A psychoanalytic and behavioral assessment of the Abu Ghraib
Detention Facility staff.
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is almost certainly incorrect, but there is documentary evidence that the term did exist in the 19th century.
247:
232:
27:
619:
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
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704:
Gender, personality and coping: Unraveling gender in military post-deployment physical and mental wellness.
209:, and angry in turn. Acceptance of betrayal can be exhibited if victims forgo the demands of atonement and
905:
Return to
Equilibrium: The Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference
690:
Proceedings of the 5th annual proceedings of the Rocky
Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference.
350:
Betrayal blindness is the unawareness, not-knowing, and forgetting exhibited by people towards betrayal.
818:
Robin Marie Kowalski (2009). "Betrayal". In Harry T. Reis; Susan Sprecher; Susan K. Sprecher (eds.).
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Return to equilibrium: Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference
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Return to equilibrium: Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference
240:
38:
20:
629:
Freyd, J. J. (1994). Betrayal-trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse.
979:
903:
Alan L. Hensley (2009). "Betrayal Trauma: Insidious Purveyor of PTSD". In George W. Doherty (ed.).
725:"The Sense and Sensibility of Betrayal: Discovering the Meaning of Treachery through Jane Austen"
422:
626:
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
250:(PTSD) and betrayal trauma is that the former is historically seen as being caused primarily by
766:
Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge
498:
Kelley, Lance P.; Weathers, Frank W.; Mason, Elizabeth A.; Pruneau, Genevieve M. (2012-07-20).
417:
500:"Association of life threat and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity"
709:
Hensley, A. L. (2009c). Betrayal trauma: Insidious purveyor of PTSD. In G. Dougherty (Ed.).
44:
8:
560:
412:
335:
210:
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Freyd, Jennifer J. (2008). "Betrayal trauma". In G. Reyes; J.D. Elhai; J.D.Ford (eds.).
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More recently, the phrase was used to refer to either of two possible situations:
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by one party from the others. Someone who betrays others is commonly known as a
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309:
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206:
73:
963:
716:
Hersey, B. & Buhl, M.(January/February 1990). The Betrayal of Date Rape.
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331:
305:
121:
49:
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Gilbert Reyes; Jon D. Elhai & Julian D. Ford (2008). "Betrayal trauma".
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relationships with institutions, and social systems upon which they depend.
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327:
266:
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Betrayal is a commonly used story element in fiction, sometimes used as a
837:
James Allen Grady (2008). "Betrayal". In Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (ed.).
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McNulty, F. (1980). The burning bed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
402:
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301:: deliberate collusion to cause someone to lose a contest of some kind.
26:"Backstabbing" redirects here. For the concept in group psychology, see
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Breaking or violation of a presumptive contract, trust, or confidence
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Videorecording. Stanford, CA: Psychology Dept., Stanford University.
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This use has passed into common parlance, so that, for example, in
89:
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Blind to Betrayal: Why we fool ourselves we aren't being fooled
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Rodger L. Jackson explains why a clear definition is needed:
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474:"What is a Betrayal Trauma? What is Betrayal Trauma Theory?"
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251:
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713:(pp. 105–148). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
699:(pp. 105–148). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
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Betrayal and treason: violations of trust and loyalty
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and have them transmit to Germany false information.
817:
254:, whereas betrayal trauma is a response to extreme
924:Betrayal and betrayers: the sociology of treachery
864:
285:is a phrase meaning to deceive by double-dealing.
143:
836:
193:from the perpetrator, who in turn may experience
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921:
902:
293:The phrase originates from the use of the word
37:"Betrayer" redirects here. For other uses, see
28:Workplace deviance § Coworker backstabbing
860:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 76.
612:
453:
544:
176:
639:Freyd, J. J., & Birrell, P. J. (2013).
465:
261:
161:under a unifying analytical framework using
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738:(2). National Humanities Institute: 72–89.
459:
441:
841:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 74–76.
886:The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma
781:Musen, K. & Zimbardo, P. G. (1991).
231:Betrayal trauma has symptoms similar to
43:
869:. Crime & society. Westview Press.
839:Encyclopedia of love in world religions
822:. Vol. 1. SAGE. pp. 174–176.
722:
667:
655:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6
447:
246:The key difference between traditional
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783:Quiet rage: The Stanford prison study.
592:"Definition of Betrayal Trauma Theory"
476:. University of Oregon. Archived from
855:
345:
858:Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma
789:Reis, H. T.; Rusbult, C. E. (2004).
692:Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
820:Encyclopedia of Human Relationships
13:
943:Handbook of personality psychology
811:
553:
220:
14:
996:
792:Close relationships: key readings
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173:boundaries as explanatory tools.
945:. Gulf Professional Publishing.
334:Military Intelligence used the
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144:Theoretical and practical needs
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30:. For the religious term, see
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768:: Cambridge University Press.
764:Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983).
434:
248:posttraumatic stress disorder
233:posttraumatic stress disorder
115:
706:Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest UMI.
7:
985:Interpersonal relationships
865:Nachman Ben-Yehuda (2001).
773:Motivation and personality.
613:Bibliography for references
504:Journal of Traumatic Stress
365:
130:The Ambiguities of Betrayal
10:
1001:
926:. Transaction Publishers.
744:10.5840/humanitas200013211
621:American Psychologist, 55,
235:, although the element of
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177:Signature and consequences
36:
25:
18:
631:Ethics & Behavior, 4,
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262:In romantic relationships
243:is likely to be greater.
39:Betrayer (disambiguation)
21:Betrayal (disambiguation)
922:Malin Åkerström (1991).
907:. Loving Healing Press.
702:Hensley, A. L. (2009b).
888:. John Wiley and Sons.
723:Jackson, R. L. (2000).
668:Hensley, A. L. (2006).
660:Hensley, A. L. (2004).
650:. Somerset, NJ: Wiley.
460:Reis & Rusbult 2004
423:Stab-in-the-back legend
545:Gottman, John (2012).
418:Splitting (psychology)
155:
66:
271:What Makes Love Last?
150:
47:
795:. Psychology Press.
676:on November 24, 2010
549:. pp. xvii, 14.
547:What Makes Love Last
338:to release captured
19:For other uses, see
975:Psychological abuse
771:Maslow, A. (1954).
472:Freyd, Jennifer J.
413:Psychological abuse
336:Double Cross System
72:is the breaking or
646:2015-05-07 at the
346:Betrayal blindness
67:
952:978-0-12-134646-1
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914:978-1-932690-86-6
895:978-0-470-44748-2
876:978-0-8133-9776-4
829:978-1-4129-5846-2
802:978-0-86377-596-3
775:New York: Harper.
596:pages.uoregon.edu
516:10.1002/jts.21727
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403:Opportunism
211:retribution
964:Categories
757:2005-12-02
601:2016-12-02
570:2010-07-18
484:2010-09-26
435:References
393:Infidelity
225:See also:
138:literature
116:Definition
110:plot twist
86:confidence
61:betraying
32:Backbiting
970:Deception
732:Humanitas
524:0894-9867
388:Defection
299:foul play
207:defensive
191:atonement
187:confusion
74:violation
644:Archived
633:307–329.
532:22821682
408:Psalm 54
373:Adultery
366:See also
103:betrayer
78:contract
70:Betrayal
718:InView.
428:Treason
383:Creonte
332:British
237:amnesia
203:remorse
163:loyalty
159:treason
99:traitor
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289:Origin
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340:Nazis
295:cross
256:anger
199:shame
195:guilt
183:anger
171:moral
167:trust
95:norms
90:moral
84:, or
82:trust
63:Jesus
59:Judas
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682:2010
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520:ISSN
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