Dou Jiande - Knowledge

604:), near Dou's holdings, Dou's army became fearful and fled. Xue thus took no further precautions, believing Dou to pose no further threat. Dou instead planned a surprise attack, leading 280 of his best soldiers personally as the forward assault force at night while having the rest of his men trail. He made an agreement with them—that if they reached Xue's camp at night, they would make a surprise attack, but if it was already the day by the time that they arrived, they would surrender. The sun rose when Dou was almost at Xue's camp, and Dou, fearful that he would be crushed by Xue, discussed with his men whether to surrender. Suddenly, a thick fog descended over the scene, and Dou gladly stated, "The Heavens are helping us!" He then made a surprise attack on Xue's camp, causing Xue's army to panic and collapse. Xue fled back to Zhuo Commandery with fewer than 100 men, and died in anger there. Meanwhile, Dou continued to expand but, knowing that Li, then occupying modern central and eastern 110: 535:

happen soon. After the Sui victory, they will attack here as well, and I am afraid we will not be spared." Several days later, Yang defeated Gao and killed him on the battlefield. He then attacked Dou, whose army collapsed. Dou fled, and Yang, not believing that he would be able to accomplish much, withdrew. Dou returned and gathered the remnants of Gao's army, and he publicly observed a mourning period for Gao. After his army had recovered somewhat, he claimed the title of general, and he began to capture territory around him. It was said that the rebels had hated Sui officials so much that they largely slaughtered Sui officials whenever they could find those officials. However, Dou did not do so, and treated Sui officials and scholars kindly, and therefore at times Sui officials would even surrender their cities to him. He soon had more than 100,000 soldiers under his command.

655:), who had held out against Dou at Hejian, observed a mourning period for Emperor Yang, and Dou, in response, sent a messenger to Wang to express condolences. Wang then surrendered to Dou. As Wang had previously had several victories over Dou's soldiers, Dou's soldiers wanted Wang put to death, but Dou pointed out that Wang's faithfulness to Sui should be rewarded, and therefore made Wang a prefectural prefect. A number of other Sui commanderies also surrendered to him. He then began to organize his staff into a governmental structure, and he set his capital at Leshou (樂壽, in modern Cangzhou). In winter 618, after five large birds appeared at Leshou, with an assortment of over 10,000 small birds, and later left, Dou, believing them to be 442:. It was said that in his youth, his honesty and willingness to help others made him well known in his home territory. In particular, once, when a man from his county lost his parents but was too poor to give his parents a proper burial, Dou was tilling in the fields, but he dropped his tilling and immediately went to help the man bury his parents, and after this incident he became particularly praised among the people. For a while, he served as the leader of the neighborhood, but after he was accused of crimes, he fled, returning home only after a general pardon. When his father died, more than a thousand people attended the funeral, and Dou refused all gifts given him for the funeral. 501:). The bandits knew Dou's reputation and were not pillaging his home. The county magistrates of Dou's and nearby counties thus suspected Dou of conspiring with the bandits, and once, when Dou happened to be away from home, they ambushed Dou's house and slaughtered his family. Dou took 200 men and fled to Gao, who claimed the title Duke of Donghai and made Dou a general. Soon, Zhang killed Sun, and Sun's men largely fled to Dou. Dou become the commander of an army of more than 10,000 men. It was said at this time that Dou was open to other opinions, and he shared both the spoils and the labors with his soldiers, and therefore his soldiers were willing to fight and die for him. 871:), but was not able to kill Cao. Li Shiji, hearing the news, fled to Tang territory. When the Xia officials requested that Li Gai be executed, however, Dou stated, "Li Shiji was a Tang subject whom we captured, and he did not forget his former lord. He is a faithful man. What crime has his father committed?" He thus spared Li Gai. He soon defeated and killed Li Shanghu. It was described that by this point, Dou was encouraging his people to farm, and that his realm was peaceful, without banditry, and that merchants and travelers were comfortable enough to spend the night in the wilderness. 27: 544: 518:) led a Sui army against Gao. Gao realized that he was not as capable as Dou, so he promoted Dou to the leader of his army. Dou asked Gao to safeguard their homebase, and then led 7,000 men against Guo, pretending to be betraying Gao and surrendering, particularly having Gao publicly execute a woman that Gao claimed to be Dou's wife. Guo, not suspecting Dou, proceeded at once to join Dou, planning to attack Gao together. Dou ambushed and killed him, seizing his army and horses. Thereafter, Dou became even more famous. 471:, the empire was prosperous and wealthy, and he collected a million men to attack Goguryeo but was nevertheless defeated. Now we are facing floods and poverty, and people were not returning from repeated conscriptions and not recovering. The emperor does not care about these things, but instead personally leads the army against Goguryeo. The empire will surely be in great disturbance soon. A man who escapes death should do great things. How can you stay here and be a fleeing felon? 415: 1115:

he released Li Shentong. He was careful and dexterous, understanding and decisive, and his regime appeared to be on the rise. However, later on Song Zhengben and Wang Fubao were executed for false accusations, and the grand strategy submitted by Ling Jing and Lady Cao were not accepted. He finally fell and did not have a good result. That is because Heaven already showed its favor elsewhere, but also because his own strategies were not perfect.

817:, and Emperor Gaozu's sister Princess Tong'an. Li Shiji was able to escape, but several days later returned and surrendered to Dou, because Dou had captured Li Gai. Dou made Wei Zheng a staff member, while still letting Li Shiji guard Liyang, but holding Li Gai as hostage, as well as Li Shentong and Princess Tong'an, but treating them with respect and care. He moved his capital from Leshou to Ming Prefecture (洺州, roughly modern 918: 463:), whose house had recently been destroyed in the flood and whose wife had starved to death, was also conscripted. Sun tried to obtain an exemption from conscription, but the county magistrate, in anger, whipped him. Sun assassinated the county magistrate and fled to Dou's home, where Dou hid him. As the region was afflicted with a famine in the aftermaths of the floods, Dou told Sun: 715:). In spring 619, Dou proclaimed, "I was a Sui subject, and the Sui emperor was my lord. Yuwen Huaji killed my lord, and is therefore my enemy, and I must attack him." He therefore marched on to Liaocheng. Yuwen engaged him outside the city, and Dou defeated him repeatedly, forcing him back into Liaocheng to defend it. Dou put Liaocheng under siege, and the rebel leader Wang Bo ( 1065:), who were chasing him, captured him and took him back to Li Shimin. Li Shimin rebuked him, "I was only attacking Wang Shichong. What have I done to you that you come out of your own realm and to interfere with me?" Dou responded sarcastically, "If I did not come, I would have required you to extend your campaign." Empress Cao and the Xia official Qi Shanshing ( 752:, the grandson of Emperor Yang who claimed Sui's imperial title at Luoyang after Emperor Yang's death (and whose court was then controlled by Wang Shichong). Yang Tong, in accordance with Dou's own title, created him the Prince of Xia. Meanwhile, Dou incorporated many key Sui officials into his government, particularly entrusting 900:, Shanxi) Prefectures, but Ashina Qilifu soon died and did not carry out the campaign. At the same time, Dou also executed Song, who often gave Dou honest and valid criticism, after false accusations, and it was said that thereafter no one dared to criticise Dou further, and that Dou's governance began to suffer because of it. 1114:

Dou Jiande's faithfulness and righteousness made the people respect him. He used his might to occupy the area north of the Yellow River. He trained and commanded soldiers and gathered talented and intelligent men. He cut off relations with Wang Shichong and executed Yuwen Huaji. He spared Xu Gai, and

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In summer 619, Wang Shichong had Yang Tong yield the throne to him, ending Sui and establishing a new state of Zheng. In response, Dou cut off relations with Wang, and began to take on imperial style in his edicts and ceremonies, although he was still using the title of Prince of Xia and not emperor.

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Gao disagreed, and, leaving Dou in charge of the base, engaged Yang. Gao achieved initial success against Yang, and became arrogant, feasting on the battlefield. When Dou heard this, he, in surprise, stated, "The Duke of Donghai has not yet defeated the enemy but has become arrogant. A disaster will

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to present to his father Emperor Gaozu. Emperor Gaozu spared Wang Shichong, but publicly executed Dou. When Dou's generals, who had already previously surrendered or hid themselves in the countryside, heard about Dou's death, they rebelled under the leadership of Liu Heita, who publicly mourned Dou

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Among Sui generals, none is more capable than Yang Yichen. He had just defeated Zhang Jincheng and is now attacking us, and he is difficult to resist right now. Please avoid him and let him wait and be unable to engage us. Once his soldiers are tired, we will ambush him and achieve a great victory.

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Every time that Dou Jiande was successful in battle or in capturing a city, the treasures he received were all divided for the soldiers, and he did not personally take anything. His daily life was frugal and simple. He did not feast on meat, instead eating vegetables and unrefined grain. His wife

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On one day in summer 621, Dou launched an all-out attack on Hulao, but Li Shimin, wanting to wear him out, declined his challenge, and later during the day, after the Xia soldiers had become tired, Li Shimin launched his counterattack. The Xia forces panicked and collapsed. Dou was wounded by a

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In fall 620, Tang's Emperor Gaozu sought peace with Xia. Dou agreed to the peace proposal, and sent Princess Tong'an back to Tang, although he continued to hold Li Shentong. In winter 620, he made another attack on Li Yi but again failed to capture You Prefecture. Also around this time, Ashina

986:'s forces quickly engaged some of Dou's forward forces, and Tang forces initially prevailed. Li Shimin then wrote to Dou, trying to persuade him to end his attempt to save Wang, but Dou persisted and proceeded to Hulao himself. The armies then stalemated at Hulao. Dou's strategist Ling Jing ( 935:) suggested that he aid Zheng, reasoning that if Tang destroyed Zheng, Xia would be under Tang's threat thereafter—and that if he were victorious, he could then consider seizing Zheng territory. Dou agreed and sent messengers to Wang, promising support, while sending his official 833:, whom Dou was impressed with and created the Duke of Handong. Liu became a trusted general of Dou's, and was often in charge of making surprise attacks and conducting surveillance missions. Around the new year 620, Li Shiji further suggested to Dou that they should attack Cao ( 825:). By this point, the territory north of the Yellow River and east of the Taihang Mountains were largely his, save for those under the control of Luo Yi (who had now taken the name Li Yi, having been granted the imperial surname of Li by Tang's Emperor Gaozu) and Gao Kaidao. 725:, referring to himself as "your subject." He then carried out a mourning period for Emperor Yang while comforting the Sui officials that had been forced to follow Yuwen. He then executed Yuwen and several of his key associates. He disbanded the large group of Emperor Yang's 956:. He notified Wang that the Xia forces were on the way, and also wrote Li Shimin to again request Li Shimin to withdraw and return the seized land to Zheng. When Li Shimin discussed this proposal with his generals, most believed that they should avoid Dou, but Guo Xiaoke ( 790:

having submitted to either Tang or Zheng, he carried out a campaign to capture them over the next several months, and was largely successful. By fall 619, Li Shentong, responsible for the Tang operations in the area, had been forced to withdraw to Liyang (黎陽, in modern

1082:), but his generals pointed out that they needed Dou's support, and now that Dou was captured, there was little else to do. Wang Shichong therefore surrendered Luoyang to Li Shimin. The cities in both Zheng and Xia territory largely surrendered to Tang. 929:(Emperor Gaozu's son) was leading a major attack on Zheng's capital Luoyang. Wang Shichong, unable to fend off the attack by himself, sought aid from Dou Jiande, even though Xia and Zheng had previously had a poor relationship. Dou's official Liu Bin ( 1026:

The strategy of the Secretary General must be accepted, and I do not understand why Your Royal Highness would not accept it. Your Royal Highness should enter through Fukou into Tang's weak spot. Connect your camps and capture the area north of the

1039:, will force Tang forces to withdraw to save themselves. Why worry that you cannot lift the siege on Luoyang? If you remain here, the officers and the soldiers will all be tired, and you will spend much material, and you will not be successful. 828:

In winter 619, Li Shiji considered fleeing to Tang territory, but was fearful that Dou would execute his father Li Gai, and therefore attacked Zheng to gain Dou's trust. In one of the battles against Zheng, Li captured the Zheng army officer

1047:

You women will not understand this. We came to save Luoyang, which is in dire straits and about to fall. If we abandon it and leave, we show that we are fearful of the enemy and turning our back on faith and righteousness. I cannot do

693:(who also tried to get him to submit) to be simply bandits, instead submitted to Tang. Dou led his forces against Luo, but could not capture Luo's base at You Prefecture (幽州, converted from Zhuo Commandery) and had to withdraw. 785:

Ashina Duojishi, and at the request of Ashina Duojishi's wife, Sui's Princess Yicheng, he delivered Empress Xiao and Yang Zhengdao, as well as the head of Yuwen Huaji, to her. Meanwhile, with certain prefectures north of the

880:), one of his most capable generals, was despised by other generals jealous of his talent. They therefore falsely accused him of treason, and Dou executed him. Thereafter, Dou began to suffer more and more military defeats. 706:

emperor and then poisoned Yang Hao and been several times defeated by Li Mi and then the Tang general Li Shentong (李神通, Emperor Gaozu's cousin), declared himself Emperor of Xu and settled in at Liaocheng (聊城, in modern

624:, Dou, along with several other rebel leaders, sent a submission to Li, then carrying the self-declared title of Duke of Wei, urging him to take imperial title. Li declined. Meanwhile, Li's subordinate Fang Yanzao ( 1267:

Li Gai was originally known as Xu Gai, but both he and his son Li Shiji were granted the imperial surname of Li by Emperor Gaozu as a reward of their faithfulness to Li Mi, and therefore Liu referred to him as Xu

859:) and nominally submitting to Zheng. Li Shiji was planning to ambush Dou as soon as he crossed the Yellow River, but Dou was delayed by Empress Cao's giving birth. Meanwhile, Li Shiji's ally Li Shanghu ( 1022:) persuaded Dou that Luoyang was about to fall and needed his aid immediately, and so Dou headed for Luoyang. When Empress Cao heard this, she tried to persuade Dou to accept Ling's plan, stating: 1074:

Li Shimin took Dou, Wang Wan, and Zhangsun to Luoyang and displayed them to Wang Shichong. Wang Shichong considered fighting his way out of the siege and fleeing to Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern

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region, Dou believed that if Tang were able to destroy Zheng, his own Xia state would suffer the same fate, and therefore went to Wang's aid, against the advice of his strategist Ling Jing (

946:(whom he had defeated earlier as well) and headed from Meng's headquarters at Cao Prefecture (in modern Heze as well) toward Luoyang, joining forces with the Zheng general Guo Shiheng ( 980:) at Luoyang, continuing the siege, while proceeding to Hulao himself. Wang saw Li Shimin's troop movement, but not sure what Li Shimin was intending to do, took no action. 1891: 630:) wrote Dou, inviting Dou to meet Li to show his loyalty. Dou wrote back in humble and polite terms, but declined with the excuse that he needed to defend an attack from 721:), whom Yuwen had enticed with treasure to help defend the city, opened the city gates and welcomed Dou in. Dou captured Yuwen and formally greeted Emperor Yang's wife 525:, defeated Zhang and slaughtered his troops. The survivors fled to Dou. Yang then followed up by attacking Gao. Dou, advising Gao not to engage Yang directly, stated: 689:), who had claimed the title of Emperor of Wei, seizing Wei's forces. He also sent messengers to Luo, trying to persuade Luo to submit. Luo, believing both Dou and 888:

Ashina Qilifu planned a major assault on Tang, and as part of the plan, he requested Dou to cross the Taihang Mountains and meet him at Jin (晉州, roughly modern

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Map of the situation in northern China during the transition from the Sui to the Tang, with the main contenders for the throne and the main military operations

634:(a former Sui official who had seized Zhuo Commandery himself) from the north. (Later that year, Wang defeated Li, causing Li to flee west and surrender to 1921: 418:

Map showing major uprisings and rebellions in the last years of Sui dynasty. The region controlled by Dou Jiande and Gao Shida is shown in pink shade.

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spear, but still fled, but when he reached the Yellow River, intending to cross, he suddenly fell off his horse. The Tang generals Bai Shirang (

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and was initially able to take back all of Xia territory, but eventually was defeated first by Li Shimin and then by Li Shimin's older brother

1503: 1403: 1646: 453:, Dou was conscripted and selected to be the commander of 200 men. During those times, there were floods afflicting the region east of the 807:, Henan), he was ambushed by Li Shiji, and, in anger, he attacked Liyang, capturing it as well as Li Shentong, Li Shiji's father Li Gai ( 364:. Generally considered the kindest and most able of the agrarian rebel leaders of the time, he was eventually able to capture the modern 608:, had the stronger army, he sent messengers to nominally submit to Li. In spring 618, after Li had a major victory over the Sui general 475:

He therefore gathered several hundred men of the region and gave them to Sun to lead, to become bandits at the nearby Gaoji Pond (

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In summer 620, Dou made another attack on Li Yi, but again could not capture You Prefecture. Meanwhile, his general Wang Fubao (

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to Li Shimin, requesting that he end his campaign against Luoyang. Li Shimin, however, detained Li Dashi and did not respond.

683:), he changed his title to Prince of Xia. Also at this time, Dou surprised and killed another major rebel leader, Wei Dao'er ( 1911: 1946: 962:) disagreed, believing that this was a good chance to destroy both Wang and Dou. He suggested for Li Shimin to proceed to 1926: 1664: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1188: 1165: 741: 391: 1396: 70: 48: 1295: 1283: 41: 1916: 642:

in spring 618, although he was eventually killed by Tang forces after attempting to reestablish his independence.)

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in order to seize Tang territory as well as force Li to give up the siege on Luoyang. However, Wang's emissaries

1145: 1242: 346: 288: 192: 1936: 1886: 206: 1941: 1389: 353:; 573 – 3 August 621) was a Chinese rebel leader who led the agrarian rebels who rose against the rule of 1931: 1412: 368:

region and declare himself initially the Prince of Changle, and then the Prince of Xia. In 621, when the

803:(a former follower of Li Mi). In winter 619, while proceeding toward Wei Prefecture (衛州, roughly modern 773:

the Duke of Xun, and gave Emperor Yang the posthumous name of Min. He entered into an alliance with the

1951: 1434: 1107: 722: 1679: 522: 1896: 1032: 774: 481:). Meanwhile, there were other bands of bandits in the same commandery, Qinghe (清河, roughly modern 35: 1473: 983: 735:, while written from Tang's standpoint, praised Dou in this way in the aftermaths of the battle: 696:

Meanwhile, Yuwen, after killing Emperor Yang, had advanced north with Sui's elite Xiaoguo Army (

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subsequently put Dou to death. Xia territory was briefly seized by Tang, but soon Dou's general

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Soon, news arrived from Jiangdu that Emperor Yang had been killed in a coup led by the general

52: 1734: 1468: 635: 399: 1258:, referred to Hulao as Wulao (武牢), because Emperor Gaozu's grandfather was named Li Hu (李虎). 406:

rose against Tang rule, recapturing Dou's territory, and held out against Tang until 623.

8: 1906: 1901: 1636: 1429: 1353: 589: 446: 354: 468: 324: 316: 1493: 1028: 970:, and defend it against the coming Dou attack. Li Shimin agreed. He left his brother 903:

In spring 621, Dou defeated Meng Haigong and captured him, keeping him as a general.

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After this victory, Dou made peace with Wang Shichong and nominally submitted to

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If you fight him now, I am afraid that you, Duke, will not be able to defeat him.

511: 395: 88: 1229:); Dou, as well as many other rebel generals, reversed the process and restored 422:

Dou Jiande was born in 573, when his birth area Zhangnan County (漳南縣, in modern

1302: 1183: 551:

In spring 617, Dou claimed the title of Prince of Changle and also changed the

250: 1381: 592:—then generally recognized as the strongest rebel leader. As Xue went through 1880: 1804: 1764: 1714: 1576: 770: 765:(It might have been at this time that his wife Lady Cao assumed the title of 609: 435: 377: 93: 1784: 1699: 1616: 1478: 1459: 1255: 1091: 953: 787: 639: 369: 236: 84: 729:

that Yuwen had brought along, and disbanded the Xiaoguo Army as well. The

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with reorganizing his government in the form of an imperial one.

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In fall 617, at Emperor Yang's orders, the general Xue Shixiong (

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wore only cloth, not silk, and had fewer than 10 servant girls.

631: 423: 409: 865:) could not wait, and ambushed Empress Cao's brother Cao Dan ( 671:). Further, at the suggestion of his officials Song Zhengben ( 1361: 1110:

was writing from a Tang perspective, nevertheless commented:

1079: 822: 796: 605: 601: 486: 427: 381: 365: 538: 846: 792: 702:), and he had, after first declaring Emperor Yang's nephew 1085:

Li Shimin took Dou and Wang Shichong back to the capital

612:, whom Emperor Yang had sent from Jiangdu (江都, in modern 321: 307: 293: 853:), then controlled by the agrarian leader Meng Haigong ( 992:) suggested that instead of heading to Zheng's capital 521:

Later that year, one of the most capable Sui generals,

575:), thus subtly signifying an official break from Sui. 759: 269: 255: 241: 1212:, although traditional historians treated it as one. 1892:

People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation

1208:, and thus might properly not be considered a true 457:. One of the men from Dou's home county, Sun Anzu ( 1221:Emperor Yang had, in 607, abolished provinces (州, 925:Meanwhile, around the same time, the Tang general 434:, although subsequently it came under the rule of 1237:, although English sources generally referred to 1016:(王琬, Wang Shichong's nephew) and Zhangsun Anshi ( 942:Dou then merged the troops from Meng Haigong and 1878: 588:, led his 30,000 men south, intending to attack 1411: 845:) Prefectures (together making up about modern 1204:happened to be the designation for 617 in the 449:was conscripting men for his campaign against 1397: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1017: 987: 975: 957: 947: 930: 875: 866: 860: 854: 840: 834: 808: 799:), to join forces with another Tang general, 769:.) He created Emperor Yang's infant grandson 716: 697: 684: 678: 672: 666: 650: 625: 579: 570: 560: 555:that his followers used, from Emperor Yang's 505: 496: 490: 476: 458: 385: 211: 197: 410:Initial uprising and service under Gao Shida 380:the Emperor of Zheng, who ruled the modern 1922:7th-century executions by the Tang dynasty 1404: 1390: 952:), and he defeated several cities held by 108: 1241:as "prefectures" from this point on. See 1178: 1176: 1174: 1106:who, despite his writing the work during 539:Nominal submission to Li Mi and Yang Tong 71:Learn how and when to remove this message 1225:) and turned them into commanderies (郡, 916: 542: 413: 34:This article includes a list of general 1119: 1879: 1171: 1155: 884:Duojishi's brother and successor, the 323: 271: 1385: 661:(phoenixes), changed his era name to 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 20: 1200:It might be notable, however, that 906: 584:), who was in charged of defending 13: 1143:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter 760:Independent reign as Prince of Xia 40:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 1963: 1126: 376:(later Emperor Taizong) attacked 1071:) fled back to Ming Prefecture. 896:) and Jiang (絳州, roughly modern 25: 322: 308: 294: 1261: 1248: 1243:Zhou (administrative division) 1215: 1194: 1067: 1061: 1018: 1004:) and Jin (晉州, roughly modern 931: 649:. The Sui official Wang Cong ( 491: 459: 350: 270: 256: 242: 212: 198: 1: 620:) to aid the eastern capital 398:, capturing him. Li's father 1912:7th-century Chinese monarchs 120:15 February 617 – 28 May 621 7: 1947:Transition from Sui to Tang 1413:Transition from Sui to Tang 974:and the general Qutu Tong ( 10: 1968: 1927:Executed people from Hebei 1031:. This, combined with the 910: 489:), led by Zhang Jincheng ( 82: 1843: 1655: 1517: 1458: 1419: 1369: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1100:, the lead editor of the 1055: 1043:Dou, however, responded: 988: 976: 958: 948: 876: 867: 861: 855: 841: 835: 809: 717: 698: 685: 679: 673: 667: 651: 626: 580: 571: 561: 506: 497: 477: 394:. Li defeated him at the 386: 336: 315: 301: 287: 280: 263: 249: 235: 228: 223: 219: 205: 191: 187: 182: 168: 157: 152: 148: 140: 132: 124: 116: 107: 102: 1254:Tang forces, because of 430:) was under the rule of 193:Traditional Chinese 1917:Politicians from Handan 207:Simplified Chinese 55:more precise citations. 16:Chinese rebel (573–621) 1117: 1050: 1041: 922: 746: 548: 532: 473: 419: 1245:for more information. 1112: 1045: 1024: 920: 737: 636:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 546: 527: 467:During the reign of 465: 417: 400:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 158:Dīngchǒu (丁丑) 617–618 1937:Northern Zhou people 1887:Sui dynasty generals 1120:Notes and references 596:(河間, roughly modern 514:(涿郡, roughly modern 357:near the end of the 1942:Generals from Hebei 1375:(Prince of Handong) 1354:Emperor Yang of Sui 1148:22 May 2010 at the 1094:and killed in 623. 1035:' pillages against 677:) and Kong Deshao ( 447:Emperor Yang of Sui 355:Emperor Yang of Sui 160:Wǔfèng (五鳳) 618–621 1932:Northern Qi people 1059:) and Yang Wuwei ( 923: 549: 510:) the governor of 504:In 616, Guo Xuan ( 420: 1952:Founding monarchs 1874: 1873: 1494:Princess Pingyang 1380: 1379: 1370:Succeeded by 1029:Taihang Mountains 727:ladies-in-waiting 594:Hejian Commandery 495:) and Gao Shida ( 455:Taihang Mountains 340: 339: 332: 331: 289:Yale Romanization 230:Standard Mandarin 178: 177: 164: 163: 81: 80: 73: 1959: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1383: 1382: 1360:Ruler of China ( 1351:Preceded by 1343: 1342: 1291:New Book of Tang 1279:Old Book of Tang 1269: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1246: 1219: 1213: 1206:sexagenary cycle 1198: 1192: 1180: 1169: 1159: 1153: 1137: 1103:Old Book of Tang 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1021: 1020: 991: 990: 979: 978: 961: 960: 951: 950: 934: 933: 907:Defeat and death 879: 878: 870: 869: 864: 863: 858: 857: 844: 843: 838: 837: 812: 811: 732:Old Book of Tang 720: 719: 701: 700: 688: 687: 682: 681: 676: 675: 670: 669: 654: 653: 629: 628: 583: 582: 574: 573: 564: 563: 509: 508: 500: 499: 494: 493: 480: 479: 462: 461: 389: 388: 352: 328: 327: 326: 311: 310: 297: 296: 276: 275: 274: 259: 258: 245: 244: 221: 220: 215: 214: 201: 200: 180: 179: 150: 149: 112: 100: 99: 76: 69: 65: 62: 56: 51:this article by 42:inline citations 29: 28: 21: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1897:Chinese princes 1877: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1839: 1657: 1651: 1519: 1513: 1454: 1415: 1410: 1376: 1366: 1356: 1341: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1220: 1216: 1199: 1195: 1181: 1172: 1160: 1156: 1150:Wayback Machine 1140:Academia Sinica 1138: 1127: 1122: 921:Battle of Hulao 915: 913:Battle of Hulao 909: 762: 586:Zhuo Commandery 541: 512:Zhuo Commandery 412: 396:Battle of Hulao 390:) and his wife 159: 98: 77: 66: 60: 57: 47:Please help to 46: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1346:Regnal titles 1340: 1339: 1303:Zizhi Tongjian 1299: 1287: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1260: 1247: 1214: 1193: 1184:Zizhi Tongjian 1170: 1162:Zizhi Tongjian 1154: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1118: 908: 905: 761: 758: 540: 537: 411: 408: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 319: 313: 312: 309:Dau6 Gin3-dak1 305: 299: 298: 291: 285: 284: 282:Yue: Cantonese 278: 277: 267: 261: 260: 253: 247: 246: 239: 233: 232: 226: 225: 224:Transcriptions 217: 216: 209: 203: 202: 195: 189: 188: 185: 184: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 162: 161: 155: 154: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 105: 104: 79: 78: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1964: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805:Shan Xiongxin 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765:Zhangsun Wuji 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1715:Fang Xuanling 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577:Wang Shichong 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1469:Emperor Gaozu 1467: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1374: 1365: 1363: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233:, abolishing 1232: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1033:Eastern Turks 1030: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 985: 981: 973: 969: 965: 955: 945: 940: 938: 928: 919: 914: 904: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 881: 872: 852: 848: 832: 826: 824: 820: 816: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 784: 780: 776: 775:Eastern Turks 772: 771:Yang Zhengdao 768: 757: 755: 751: 745: 743: 736: 734: 733: 728: 724: 714: 710: 705: 694: 692: 664: 660: 659: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:Wang Shichong 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 576: 568: 558: 554: 545: 536: 531: 526: 524: 519: 517: 513: 502: 488: 484: 472: 470: 464: 456: 452: 448: 445:In 611, when 443: 441: 437: 436:Northern Zhou 433: 429: 425: 416: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 383: 379: 378:Wang Shichong 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 356: 348: 344: 335: 325: 320: 318: 314: 306: 304: 300: 292: 290: 286: 283: 279: 273: 268: 266: 262: 254: 252: 248: 240: 238: 234: 231: 227: 222: 218: 210: 208: 204: 196: 194: 190: 186: 181: 173: 171: 167: 156: 151: 147: 144:Lady Cao (曹氏) 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 101: 96: 95: 90: 86: 75: 72: 64: 54: 50: 44: 43: 37: 32: 23: 22: 19: 1861:Qianshuiyuan 1780:Wei Wensheng 1700:Cheng Yaojin 1617:Yang Xuangan 1526: 1479:Li Jiancheng 1435:Empress Xiao 1430:Emperor Yang 1359: 1301: 1289: 1277: 1263: 1256:naming taboo 1250: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1201: 1196: 1182: 1161: 1157: 1113: 1101: 1096: 1092:Li Jiancheng 1084: 1073: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1025: 982: 941: 924: 902: 882: 873: 827: 788:Yellow River 778: 763: 747: 738: 730: 723:Empress Xiao 695: 662: 656: 644: 640:Tang dynasty 577: 566: 556: 550: 533: 528: 520: 503: 474: 466: 444: 421: 370:Tang dynasty 342: 341: 295:Dauh Gin-dāk 257:Tou Chien-tê 237:Hanyu Pinyin 136:3 August 621 92: 85:Chinese name 67: 58: 39: 18: 1820:Yin Kaishan 1810:Pei Xingyan 1800:Wang Bodang 1790:Zhang Xutuo 1770:Gao Shilian 1740:Yuwen Shiji 1730:Liu Wenjing 1680:Yang Yichen 1675:Li Xiaogong 1665:Empress Cao 1658:key figures 1632:Wagang Army 1597:Yuwen Huaji 1582:Xu Yuanlang 1572:Shen Faxing 1557:Lin Shihong 1552:Liang Shidu 1518:Independent 1504:Li Shentong 1499:Li Xiaogong 944:Xu Yuanlang 886:Chuluo Khan 839:) and Dai ( 647:Yuwen Huaji 523:Yang Yichen 469:Emperor Wen 440:Sui dynasty 432:Northern Qi 392:Empress Cao 362:Sui dynasty 89:family name 53:introducing 1907:621 deaths 1902:573 births 1881:Categories 1830:Luo Shixin 1825:Chen Shuda 1815:Liu Hongji 1745:Chen Shuda 1695:Yuchi Gong 1690:Qin Shubao 1647:Lu Mingyue 1612:Fu Gongshi 1592:Xue Rengao 1567:Liu Wuzhou 1537:Gao Kaidao 1532:Fu Gongshi 1527:Dou Jiande 1520:contenders 1509:Li Daozong 966:, east of 964:Hulao Pass 911:See also: 783:Shibi Khan 691:Gao Kaidao 343:Dou Jiande 251:Wade–Giles 243:Dòu Jiàndé 183:Dou Jiande 103:Dou Jiande 36:references 1835:Yu Shinan 1795:Qutu Tong 1785:Lai Hu'er 1775:Tang Jian 1755:Hou Junji 1750:Feng Deyi 1725:Wei Zheng 1710:Chai Shao 1685:Yuwen Shu 1642:Zhai Rang 1627:Xiao Xian 1562:Liu Heita 1547:Li Zitong 1489:Li Yuanji 1484:Li Xuanba 1474:Li Shimin 1445:Yang Tong 1373:Liu Heita 1108:Later Jin 1037:Guanzhong 984:Li Shimin 972:Li Yuanji 927:Li Shimin 831:Liu Heita 815:Wei Zheng 779:Dongtujue 750:Yang Tong 709:Liaocheng 658:fenghuang 438:and then 404:Liu Heita 374:Li Shimin 153:Era dates 61:July 2015 1720:Du Ruhui 1705:Xu Shiji 1607:Du Fuwei 1450:Yang Hao 1440:Yang You 1367:617–621 1306:, vols. 1210:era name 1202:Dingchou 1189:vol. 189 1166:vol. 183 1146:Archived 1087:Chang'an 1076:Xiangfan 1014:Wang Wan 1010:Chang'an 937:Li Dashi 898:Yuncheng 851:Shandong 805:Xinxiang 801:Li Shiji 742:Lady Cao 713:Shandong 704:Yang Hao 614:Yangzhou 598:Cangzhou 567:Dingchou 553:era name 451:Goguryeo 372:general 303:Jyutping 83:In this 1844:Battles 1760:Xiao Yu 1670:Li Jing 1602:Zhu Can 1462:royalty 1423:royalty 1296:vol. 85 1284:vol. 54 998:Lüliang 994:Luoyang 968:Luoyang 767:empress 622:Luoyang 618:Jiangsu 516:Beijing 483:Xingtai 359:Chinese 347:Chinese 174:Xìa (夏) 170:Dynasty 49:improve 1856:Yanshi 1735:Pei Ji 1622:Luo Yi 1587:Xue Ju 1542:Li Gui 1098:Liu Xu 1006:Linfen 1002:Shanxi 894:Shanxi 890:Linfen 819:Handan 754:Pei Ju 663:Wufeng 632:Luo Yi 424:Handan 349:: 141:Spouse 87:, the 38:, but 1866:Hulao 1851:Huoyi 1656:Other 1637:Li Mi 1362:Hebei 1080:Hubei 1048:this. 823:Hebei 797:Henan 606:Henan 602:Hebei 590:Li Mi 565:) to 487:Hebei 428:Hebei 382:Henan 366:Hebei 117:Reign 1460:Tang 1268:Gai. 1239:zhou 1231:zhou 1223:zhou 1019:長孫安世 954:Tang 847:Heze 793:Hebi 781:)'s 557:Daye 133:Died 125:Born 1421:Sui 1336:189 1332:188 1328:187 1324:186 1320:185 1316:184 1312:183 1308:181 1235:jun 1227:jun 1068:齊善行 1062:楊武威 1056:白士讓 977:屈突通 959:郭孝恪 949:郭士衡 877:王伏寶 862:李商胡 856:孟海公 813:), 686:魏刀兒 680:孔德紹 674:宋正本 627:房彥藻 581:薛世雄 498:高士達 492:張金稱 478:高雞泊 460:孫安祖 351:竇建德 317:IPA 265:IPA 213:窦建德 199:竇建德 128:573 94:Dou 91:is 1883:: 1364:) 1334:, 1330:, 1326:, 1322:, 1318:, 1314:, 1310:, 1294:, 1282:, 1187:, 1173:^ 1164:, 1128:^ 1078:, 1000:, 989:凌敬 932:劉彬 892:, 868:曹旦 849:, 842:戴州 836:曹州 821:, 810:李蓋 795:, 718:王薄 711:, 699:驍果 668:五鳳 652:王琮 616:, 600:, 572:丁丑 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