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overthrow the economic and political corruption then prevailing in the state at the time. They hoped to create new institutions infused with public morality and purpose. However, in the early years of
California's modern development the population had remained largely mobile, moving from opportunity to opportunity, making it almost impossible for the state to create permanent public schools that could effectively educate children from start to finish. Furthermore, California progressives encountered obstacles in the form of people who thought that education should remain the work of local and religious groups, as well as being opposed to paying taxes for social purposes. Another barrier that they needed to circumvent was the issue of appropriating land and money for universities. The 1st and 2nd Organic Acts (of 1866 and 1868, respectively) helped by first introducing the possibility of a state secular higher education institution and second, actually authorizing the creation of a state university controlled by a Board of Regents (which would become the University of California).
1544:
272:." Faculty members at state colleges regarded them as "graveyards of disappointed expectations" and wished they were located at the research universities from which they had obtained their doctoral degrees. Therefore, the Plan was intended to concentrate state resources at the top, rather than spreading them too thin among far too many would-be research universities. Most other states were unable to restrain the ambitions of their various colleges and universities to become research universities and suffered from "a proliferation of doctoral and costly [
162:
upper-division transfer students at the state colleges or UC campuses by virtue of their prior coursework. Finally, the Plan established that the
University of California would be the sole portion of the system charged with performing research, and would award master's and doctoral degrees in support of that mission. The Cal State system, in addition to awarding master's degrees, would be able to award joint doctorates with the UC.
180:
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California State
Universities could offer PhD degrees as "joint" degrees in combination with the University of California or an accredited private university. Under the provisions of SB 724, signed into law September 22, 2005, the campuses of the California State University were then able to directly offer a
282:
to the most advanced
American research universities. It was only in 2009 that Texas belatedly enacted House Bill 51 to specifically promote the development of nationally competitive research universities by creating the National Research University Fund and the Texas Research Incentive Program. By
165:
The "California Idea"—California's tripartite system of public research universities, comprehensive 4-year undergraduate campuses, and open-access community colleges—has been highly influential, and many other states and even nations have imitated this structure. However, California higher education
145:
According to the Plan, the top one-eighth (12.5%) of graduating high school seniors would be guaranteed a place at a campus of the
University of California tuition-free. The top one-third (33.3%) would be able to enter the California State University system. Junior colleges (later renamed "community
84:
Prior to the Master Plan's development in the 1960s, California struggled for many years to reform and improve its social institutions. In response to the powerful railroad monopolies' stranglehold on state business and politics at the turn of the 20th century, new
Progressive reformers attempted to
348:
In 2005, the demand for high school and community college administrators brought about a widely debated exception to the existing differentiation of function between the CSU and UC systems. The awarding of doctoral degrees had originally been exclusive to the UC system, with the provision that the
320:
The Plan has contributed to the massive economic contributions that the UC, CSU, and CCC systems have had to the state and its growth. According to a study by the
Regents of California, the UC system is directly responsible for adding about $ 32.8 billion to the gross state product, which is about
300:
public community colleges under federal standards, after Nevada allowed its purported community colleges to create too many four-year programs during the 2010s and thereby allowed them to deviate too far from the traditional community college role. The result was that as of 2021, Nevada could not
371:
When the Master Plan was first founded in 1960, post-secondary education enrollments were equally divided among 2-year and 4-year institutions. However, in 2010, due to a lack of funding, the framers of the Master Plan limited eligibility admission to UC and CSU. The cost-cutting move diverted a
344:
The 1987 revision specifically recognized the contributions of the independent sector (i.e., private and nonprofit institutions) and made explicit provision to include the independent sector in the planning functions of the state's higher education system. It also established a policy to set the
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In 1972, a review of the Plan found that the basic structure was good, but that it should be changed slightly to accommodate the ideas of the time. For example, the review board suggested that weekend and evening programs should be expanded to serve “non-traditional” students, and that the Plan
240:
The Plan increased overall efficiency in the higher education system, as well as produced greater number of graduates at a lower per-student cost by removing redundancies. This was accomplished by clearly specifying the missions of each system segment, in addition to clarifying what "territory"
304:
The Plan was the basis for a substantial surge in development in
California higher education. Today, many credit the California universities for the place the state holds in the world economy, as well as bolstering its own economic makeup with great investment in high technology areas, such as
103:
The original Master Plan was approved by the
Regents and the State Board of Education and submitted to the Legislature in February 1960. In April of that year, the California Legislature passed the Donahoe Higher Education Act, which implemented several components of the Plan as statutory law.
161:
Graduates of the junior colleges would be guaranteed the right to transfer to the UC or CSU systems in order to complete bachelor's degrees. This practice was carried over from previous years before the Plan was enacted; graduates from the junior colleges had traditionally been accepted as
278:] research programs". For example, Texas promoted too many colleges to university status during the 20th century, with the result that by 2009, only three of the state's universities had achieved the prestigious R1 classification assigned by the
244:
The Plan established a "rational" planning process for the growth of the university systems. This displaced the state legislature's past tendency to introduce bills to establish new four-year universities in members' home districts, a kind of
236:
The Master Plan meant that essentially, "anyone from anywhere in
California could, if they worked hard enough, get a bachelor’s degree from one of the best universities in the country (and, therefore, in the world), almost free of charge."
301:
provide its workforce with enough technicians who traditionally earn two-year associate degrees at community colleges, and needed to import them from adjacent states like Arizona and California which still have actual community colleges.
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has had a poor record of college completion and four-year baccalaureate degree attainment. Subgroups such as Latinos and African Americans (whose demographics are large and growing) show even worsening statistics of degree attainment.
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By setting "rigid" boundaries for each segment of public higher education, the Plan ensured the continued availability of a wide range of educational options for the types of students to be served by each segment. In contrast,
140:
And it acknowledged the vital role of the independent colleges and universities, envisioning higher education in California as a single continuum of educational opportunity, from small private colleges to large public
341:, the People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation, was enacted, causing free public education to be eliminated. (Since tuition was still banned by the Donahoe Act, per-unit enrollment fees were charged instead.)
291:
continues to be a serious problem in several other states which failed to impose and effectively enforce such boundaries. For example, as of January 2021, the U.S. Department of Education no longer recognized the
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It established a broad framework for higher education that encourages each of the three public higher education segments to concentrate on creating its own kind of excellence within its own particular set of
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938:"The University of California's Economic Contribution to the State of California."Regents.universityofcalifornia.edu. Economic and Planning Systems Inc., 12 Sept. 2011. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <
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That some form of higher education ought to be available to all regardless of their economic means, and that academic progress should be limited only by individual proficiency; and
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Atkinson, Richard; Geiser, Saul. "Beyond the Master Plan: The Case for Restructuring Baccalaureate Education in California." Center for Studies in Higher Education, 2012, p. 2.
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degree (Ed.D) "focused on preparing administrative leaders". It was argued that this fulfilled the original purpose of many of the CSU campuses, which had been founded as
951:
Boilard, Steve. "The Master Plan at 50: Assessing California’s Vision for Higher Education."Lao.ca.gov.Legislative Analyst's Office, 12 Nov. 2009. Web. 01 Mar. 2014. <
968:
Atkinson, Richard; Geiser, Saul. "Beyond the Master Plan:The Case for Restructuring Baccalaureate Education in California." Center for Studies in Higher Education, 2010.
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1015:"The History of the California Master Plan for Higher Education," Center for Studies in Higher Education at UC Berkeley with links to relevant documents and legislation
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differentiation of function so that each of the three systems would strive for excellence in different areas, so as to not waste public resources on duplicate efforts.
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children coming of age. They needed a plan to be able to maintain educational quality in the face of growing demand. The underlying principles that they sought were:
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was a key figure in its development. The Plan set up a coherent system for public postsecondary education which defined specific roles for the already-existing
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large number of students to 2-year institutions, which would still allow them to finish their lower division work and then transfer to a 4-year institution.
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Kerr stated that the goal of the Master Plan was to balance the "competing demands of fostering excellence and guaranteeing educational access for all."
1043:— encompasses photographic material from the late 19th century to the early 1990s and collection finding aid provides history of CSU within Master Plan.
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colleges" in 1967) would accept any students "capable of benefiting from instruction." These percentages are now enforced by sliding scales equating
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A constitutional amendment which established the Trustees of the California State Colleges (renamed the California State University in 1974).
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260:. As Kerr explained in his memoirs: "The state did not need a higher education system where every component was intent on being another
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In the 1950s, the state's legislators and academic administrators foresaw an approaching surge in university enrollment, due to the
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57:(UC), the state colleges which were joined together by the Plan into the State College System of California and later renamed the
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The Plan was inspired in part by Kerr's pragmatic realization that not all institutions of higher education can or should become
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158:, which are recalculated every year. No actual ranking of students in high schools is used as many schools do not rank students.
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However, California's Master Plan is more than a single statute. The 1960 Master Plan is embodied in several documents:
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A study completed by the Master Plan Survey Team approved by the State Board of Education and the UC Board of Regents
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John Douglass, "The California Idea and American Higher Education" (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000).
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This source incorrectly states that the Donahoe Higher Education Act was signed into state law on April 26, 1960.
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473:"Guide to the California and San José State University Master Plan for Higher Education Records MSS.2009.03.01"
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http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/from-master-plan-to-no-plan-the-slow-death-of-public-higher-education
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It transformed a collection of uncoordinated and competing colleges and universities into a coherent system.
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http://cshe.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/publications/docs/Geiser_S-Beyond_the_Master_Plan.pdf
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17:
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Aaron Bady and Mike Konczal, "From Master Plan to No Plan: The Slow Death of Public Higher Education,"
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In 2010, the CSU was also given the authority to exclusively offer two more doctoral degrees: the
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Higher Education for All: Racial Inequality, Cold War Liberalism, and the California Master Plan
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Clark Kerr's University of California: Leadership, Diversity, and Planning in Higher Education
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The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1
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The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1
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The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1
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875:"Texas boosted 6 more universities to national research status and we cannot slow down now"
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states that "his part shall be known and may be cited as the Donahoe Higher Education Act."
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The Donahoe Higher Education Act giving legal force to several key components of the plan
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It created a system that combined exceptional quality with broad access for students.
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University of California Master Plan website with copies of many relevant documents
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The Dream is Over: The Crisis of Clark Kerr’s California Idea of Higher Education
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The Dream Is Over: The Crisis of Clark Kerr's California Idea of Higher Education
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The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan
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The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan
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The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan
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306:
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http://www.lao.ca.gov/2009/edu/master_plan_intro/master_plan_intro_111209.aspx
638:. Chapter IV - Students: The Problem of Numbers, p. 46. Retrieved: 2014-04-19.
1954:
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The CSU Public Affairs Photo Collection on the Online Archive of California
61:(CSU), and the junior colleges which were later organized in 1967 into the
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The History and Future of the California Master Plan for Higher Education
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The statutory framework implementing the plan was signed into law as the
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1.8 percent of the total GSP, a key indicator of economic performance.
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http://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/regmeet/sept11/f7attach.pdf
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2019, six more Texas universities had reached the R1 classification.
89:
76:, one of the plan's foremost advocates) by Brown on April 27, 1960.
46:
208:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Clark Kerr's legacy: 1960 Master Plan transformed higher education
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Damore, David; Lang, Robert; Brown, William (January 31, 2021).
687:. Center for Studies in Higher Education. Retrieved: 2014-04-19.
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Major Features and a Brief Guide to the California Master Plan
498:"EDC Title 3 Division 5 Part 40: Donahoe Higher Education Act"
723:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 51–55.
658:
California Master Plan for Higher Education - Major Features
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A Master Plan for Higher Education in California: 1960-1975
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Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
827:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 178.
797:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 174.
528:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 182.
274:
249:. In his memoirs, Kerr highlighted the 1957 creation of
1002:
The Life and Times of Pat Brown — California Rising
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of 1960 was developed by a survey team appointed by the
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should take advantage of then-new technologies such as
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as a particularly egregious example of this tendency.
816:
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461:. Vol. 7–8. Democratic National Committee. 1960.
1004:(Ch. 7) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
896:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 316.
852:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 314.
1028:, by Robert Berdahl, former Chancellor, UC Berkeley
605:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 81.
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Cal. Stats., 1960 extra. sess., ch. 49, § 1, p. 392
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974:The California Idea and American Higher Education
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667:. Office of the President. Retrieved: 2014-04-19.
634:California State Department of Education (1960).
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699:"UC, where are your native sons and daughters?"
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405:List of colleges and universities in California
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385:California Postsecondary Education Commission
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994:. University of North Carolina Press, 2023.
345:maximum award for Cal Grants in state law.
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224:Learn how and when to remove this message
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922:"If only Nevada had community colleges"
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1026:The Future of Flagship Universities
40:California State Board of Education
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563:"The legacy of Dorothy M. Donahoe"
502:California Legislative Information
423:Various sources spell her name as
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873:Branch, Dan (February 20, 2019).
656:University of California (2009).
294:Nevada System of Higher Education
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1319:Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
978:Stanford University press, 2000.
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32:Master Plan for Higher Education
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985:. Transaction Publishers, 2011.
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1052:Brief Guide to the Master Plan
892:Douglass, John Aubrey (2000).
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601:Douglass, John Aubrey (2000).
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70:Donahoe Higher Education Act
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1067:SB 724 as chaptered in 2005
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204:the claims made and adding
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705:. Hearst Communications.
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72:(honoring Assemblywoman
55:University of California
1971:Education in California
988:Higgins, Andrew Stone.
971:Douglass, John Aubrey.
879:The Dallas Morning News
1682:Natural Reserve System
332:educational television
1828:Jacobs Medical Center
1314:Desert Studies Center
258:research universities
981:González, Cristina.
821:Kerr, Clark (2001).
791:Kerr, Clark (2001).
676:UC Berkeley (2010).
522:Kerr, Clark (2001).
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1798:Children's Hospital
1576:Student Association
1274:Student Association
1269:Faculty Association
357:to train teachers.
351:Doctor of Education
148:grade point average
1940:Student newspapers
1604:Lawrence Livermore
1062:by Simon Marginson
758:2016-03-04 at the
729:10.1525/luminos.17
683:2013-09-22 at the
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141:universities.
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1748:Los Alamitos
1666:Oceanography
1592:National Lab
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1656:NanoSystems
1504:Los Angeles
1385:Golden Bear
1361:Engineering
1166:Los Angeles
1121:Bakersfield
569:. TBC Media
18:Donahoe Act
1955:Categories
1930:Television
1788:Olive View
1639:Institutes
1630:W. M. Keck
1609:Los Alamos
1552:Governance
1534:Santa Cruz
1254:Chancellor
1241:Governance
1231:Stanislaus
1221:San Marcos
1191:Sacramento
1181:Northridge
1161:Long Beach
443:References
364:(DNP) and
296:as having
198:improve it
51:Clark Kerr
1935:Libraries
1753:Placentia
1519:San Diego
1514:Riverside
1416:San Diego
1201:San Diego
1151:Fullerton
337:In 1978,
202:verifying
90:baby boom
47:Pat Brown
1923:journals
1743:Lakewood
1585:Research
1489:Berkeley
1482:Campuses
1354:Programs
1294:Research
1211:San Jose
1171:Maritime
1156:Humboldt
1141:East Bay
1113:Campuses
756:Archived
719:(2016).
681:Archived
661:Archived
507:24 April
482:24 April
379:See also
270:Stanford
266:Berkeley
44:Governor
38:and the
1559:Regents
1396:History
1000:(2005)
772:Dissent
573:1 April
433:Donahoe
429:Donahue
425:Donohue
368:(DPT).
262:Harvard
196:Please
170:Effects
119:Purpose
80:History
1783:Harbor
1695:Health
1571:Police
1509:Merced
1499:Irvine
1259:Police
1226:Sonoma
1186:Pomona
1146:Fresno
900:
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703:SFGate
609:
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431:, and
313:, and
1918:Press
1906:Media
1675:Other
1494:Davis
1383:T.S.
1131:Chico
955:>.
942:>.
411:Notes
1849:UCSF
1814:UCSD
1764:UCLA
1625:Lick
898:ISBN
854:ISBN
829:ISBN
799:ISBN
733:ISBN
607:ISBN
575:2019
530:ISBN
509:2024
484:2024
1724:UCI
1704:UCD
725:doi
298:any
275:sic
268:or
264:or
200:by
156:ACT
154:or
152:SAT
1957::
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