36:
22:
55:
3282:
3292:
325:
3271:
562:
shows a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the
Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the United
563:
States and Canada. In 2024, the US has the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 114, followed by China with 103, the UK with 35 and
Germany with 35. The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 59 followed by China with 37 and the UK with 20.
1042:
553:(2015) identifies 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013.
481:
use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties
549:. By individual country, the US has the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51, and Germany with 45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the
311:. The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront the urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities."
248:)." The American research university first emerged in the late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model.
961:
1712:
1034:
1955:
1802:
1002:
1753:
1296:
602:
Best Global
Universities Ranking 2021 gives numbers by country for the 1500 universities ranked from 86 countries: the U.S. is again top, with 255, followed by China with 176 and the UK with 87. The 2024
887:
1205:
1335:
1125:
446:
report defined research universities, in the
American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as:
1257:
2294:
1481:
794:
260:
by the end of the 20th century. Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and
Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first
35:
135:, instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, whereas research university faculty members, in contrast, are under more pressure to
2097:
166:(the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and
1948:
1020:
550:
443:
21:
488:), or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (
180:, "the leading historian of the American research university," has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine
2127:
2067:
846:
2157:
665:
457:
Emphasizing the undergraduate residential experience (flagged specifically as distinguishing
American research universities from those in continental Europe)
2434:
2286:
2007:
628:
299:, have served as models for research universities around the world. Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of
802:
537:
with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from
726:
1083:
568:
490:
609:
includes 1,506 universities in the rankings from 65 countries: China tops the list, with 313, followed by the U.S. with 206, and the UK with 63.
112:
and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental
221:
2028:
623:
405:
Philip
Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful:
1595:
1522:
1439:
2260:
1698:
The
American Research University from World War II to World Wide Web: Governments, the Private Sector, and the Emerging Meta-University
1670:
1400:
2179:
2089:
3189:
2829:
2741:
768:
751:
Altbach, Philip G. (2011). "The Past, Present, and Future of the
Research University". In Altbach, Philip G.; Salmi, Jamil (eds.).
3316:
478:
558:
1925:
2777:
2001:
1886:
1634:
1329:
762:
229:
170:, rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and
29:
3140:
285:
1035:"Between 'Bildung' and 'Wissenschaft': The 19th-Century German Ideal of Scientific Education German Education and Science"
50:
and as of fiscal year 2020 had been the national leader in annual research and development spending for over four decades.
2782:
1892:
213:
59:
572:
only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again has the U.S. at the top with 56, followed by the
225:
418:
Little competition from non-university research institutions, unless these have strong connections to the universities
2360:
2119:
2059:
1796:
1747:
1706:
1664:
1589:
1555:
1516:
1475:
1433:
1394:
1290:
1251:
1199:
1164:
1119:
1077:
996:
955:
921:
881:
829:
798:
54:
2149:
3295:
3204:
618:
1282:
Brotherhood of the Bomb: The
Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller
649:
409:
At the top of the academic hierarchy in a differentiated higher education system and receiving appropriate support
131:
Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as
273:
868:
Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Crist, John T.; Dusdal, Jennifer; Zhang, Liang; Baker, David P. (2017).
2787:
421:
More funding than other universities to attract the best staff and students and support research infrastructure
3199:
2546:
688:
505:
484:
1231:
718:
598:
269:
3080:
2475:
300:
197:
86:
2485:
2388:
2807:
2723:
2495:
296:
237:
39:
3255:
2875:
2842:
2621:
585:
371:
291:
Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research
277:
217:
2036:
3085:
2663:
2616:
1425:
The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford
461:
209:
1776:
1735:
1579:
1465:
1319:
1109:
984:
945:
911:
3285:
2922:
2759:
2668:
2656:
2353:
1581:
The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1
1545:
1504:
1423:
1280:
1235:
1154:
1016:
392:
346:
245:
109:
1696:
1654:
1384:
1189:
1065:
869:
3095:
3090:
2949:
2934:
2902:
2887:
2870:
2749:
2736:
2631:
2490:
2480:
2187:
1981:
201:
157:
132:
125:
94:
25:
1982:"No Organizations for Today's Einsteins: Organizational Impacts on Scientific Discoveries"
913:
The College Solution: A Guide for Everyone Looking for the Right School at the Right Price
830:"Managing the Unmanageable: The Management of Research in Research-Intensive Universities"
228:); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities (
8:
3167:
3110:
2641:
2573:
2457:
1915:
1357:
605:
385:
241:
205:
185:
121:
870:"Introduction: The Worldwide Triumph of the Research University and Globalizing Science"
752:
268:). Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the
3180:
3150:
3115:
3049:
2865:
2797:
2688:
2561:
2536:
2505:
1849:
233:
189:
102:
90:
63:
3120:
3100:
2954:
2944:
2907:
2802:
2611:
2583:
2465:
2416:
2379:
1997:
1882:
1853:
1792:
1743:
1702:
1660:
1656:
The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era
1650:
1630:
1585:
1551:
1512:
1471:
1461:
1429:
1390:
1325:
1286:
1247:
1236:"'El central volumen de la fuerza': Global Hegemony in Higher Education and Research"
1195:
1160:
1115:
1073:
992:
951:
917:
877:
758:
657:
509:
for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was
413:
292:
284:. The "most prestigious group of research universities" in the United States is the
265:
181:
136:
117:
98:
2235:
1503:
Scott, W. Richard; Lara, Bernardo; Biag, Manuelito; Ris, Ethan; Liang, Judy (2017).
3230:
3162:
3145:
3105:
3059:
3005:
2990:
2968:
2939:
2814:
2593:
2578:
2530:
2401:
2346:
1993:
1989:
1988:, Handbooks in Philosophy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–23,
1920:
1874:
1841:
1833:
1784:
1783:(2018 softcover reprint ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 109–125.
1622:
1105:
436:
108:
Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than
3157:
3039:
2995:
2985:
2819:
2698:
2317:
1837:
1824:
Philip G. Altbach (2013). "Advancing the national and global knowledge economy".
1692:
1619:
The Dream Is Over: The Crisis of Clark Kerr's California Idea of Higher Education
1227:
1150:
546:
193:
177:
2209:
1788:
754:
The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities
3275:
3194:
3064:
2880:
2772:
2754:
2731:
2626:
2525:
2500:
2446:
1845:
1194:(2004 ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3.
573:
542:
281:
261:
97:, and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be
1868:
1777:"The Legacy of Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Future of the European University"
1015:
This source refers to research universities as R1, a common shorthand for the
3310:
3225:
3054:
2980:
2892:
2693:
2541:
2470:
2441:
2429:
2210:"ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024 Press Release"
1239:
1191:
To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940
790:
661:
593:
526:
518:
124:, while some countries like the United States and Japan also have well-known
47:
1738:. In Hyvönen, Mats; Peters, Michael A.; Rider, Sharon; Besley, Tina (eds.).
3220:
2912:
2897:
2837:
2703:
2551:
2520:
2424:
2406:
589:
427:
Potential for income generation from student fees and intellectual property
350:
308:
1178:
The quoted sentence is Crow and Dabars' paraphrasing of Geiger's analysis.
374:, defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as:
2824:
2510:
530:
152:
The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century
113:
280:, and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of
3044:
2651:
1626:
916:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 132–136.
451:
167:
78:
987:. In Davis, Stephen F.; Giordano, Peter J.; Licht, Carolyn A. (eds.).
795:"The Research University of the 21st Century: What Will it Look Like?"
256:
Research universities were essential to the establishment of American
46:, founded in 1876, is considered the first research university in the
2767:
2396:
1980:
Agafonow, Alejandro; Perez, Marybel (2021), Neesham, Cristina (ed.),
874:
The Century of Science: The Global Triumph of the Research University
872:. In Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Baker, David P. (eds.).
538:
339:
304:
43:
272:(Hollywood), MIT and Stanford were leaders in building the American
3250:
3000:
2646:
1878:
947:
Navigating the Research University: A Guide for First-Year Students
335:
257:
82:
3015:
3010:
2606:
2601:
577:
153:
16:
University committed to research as a central part of its mission
1244:
Knowledge Matters: The Public Mission of the Research University
93:
and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of
2515:
2369:
2338:
1386:
Hollywood and the Culture Elite: How the Movies Became American
989:
Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work
534:
522:
510:
584:
with 13. The top 200 features one university from Africa, the
1509:
Higher Education and Silicon Valley: Connected But Conflicted
1159:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 17–18.
985:"Chapter 9: Preparing for a Career at a Teaching Institution"
581:
370:
John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the
85:
as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of
1621:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 51–55.
1111:
The Poor Relation: A History of Social Sciences in Australia
2154:
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
1781:
The European Research University: A Historical Parenthesis?
1021:
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
842:
719:"The role of research universities in developing countries"
551:
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
514:
171:
2287:"U.S. News Unveils 2021 Best Global Universities Rankings"
2236:"ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities"
1779:. In BlĂĽckert, Kjell; Neave, Guy; Nybom, Thorsten (eds.).
1742:. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 123–137.
867:
1584:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 413.
1511:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 65.
1467:
Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Volume 2
444:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
1659:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9.
1246:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 67–129.
1701:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 7.
1428:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12.
2060:"This is why we publish the World University Rankings"
1389:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6–11.
1114:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 333.
1072:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–3.
1949:"International university rankings: For good or ill?"
650:"Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves"
120:. Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly
1505:"The Regional Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area"
1064:
Menand, Louis; Reitter, Paul; Wellmon, Chad (2017).
1063:
757:. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. pp. 11–32.
2316:Studies (CWTS), Centre for Science and Technology.
1507:. In Scott, W. Richard; Kirst, Michael W. (eds.).
1324:. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 122.
1098:
828:
629:List of research universities in the United States
467:Having faculty engaged in research and scholarship
1946:
1913:
1823:
1226:
1220:
1070:The Rise of the Research University: A Sourcebook
991:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 117–132.
909:
3308:
2261:"World University Rankings 2024 digital edition"
1727:
1502:
1285:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 48.
950:(3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. p. 136.
491:Times Higher Education World University Rankings
1870:Research Universities and the Future of America
1550:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78.
1017:highest level of American research universities
2090:"QS World University Rankings 2021 Supplement"
1873:. National Academies Press. 2012. p. 40.
1454:
1272:
903:
876:. Bingley: Emerald Publishing. pp. 1–36.
2354:
2186:. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Archived from
1979:
1740:World Class Universities: A Contested Concept
1733:
1649:
1571:
1537:
1470:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 734–736.
1311:
1181:
789:
1734:Stevens, Mitchell L.; Giebel, Sonia (2020).
983:Irons, Jessica G.; Buskist, William (2009).
982:
624:List of research universities in South Korea
161:
2184:Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020
1685:
1321:Manhattan Project: The Story of the Century
826:
2361:
2347:
2315:
1149:
647:
2057:
1616:
1610:
1382:
1376:
1104:
943:
937:
746:
744:
687:June, Audrey Williams (11 January 2022).
619:History of European research universities
498:
105:, and often have well-known brand names.
1907:
1774:
1768:
822:
820:
689:"Where Research Spending Keeps Going Up"
648:Schuessler, Jennifer (9 December 2020).
53:
34:
20:
1145:
1143:
750:
378:"Presence of pure and applied research"
3309:
2100:from the original on 22 September 2020
1947:Bahram Bekhradnia (15 December 2016).
1914:Philip G. Altbach (11 November 2010).
1736:"The Paradox of the Global University"
1643:
1421:
1278:
1187:
1057:
1032:
835:Higher Education Management and Policy
741:
713:
711:
709:
559:Academic Ranking of World Universities
473:Having enlightened and bold leadership
2342:
1961:from the original on 15 February 2017
1954:. Higher Education Policy Institute.
1895:from the original on 20 February 2022
1543:
1460:
1156:Designing the New American University
1086:from the original on 15 February 2017
1005:from the original on 13 November 2020
976:
861:
817:
729:from the original on 5 September 2017
668:from the original on 14 December 2020
303:) is a badge of "social progress and
30:Humboldtian model of higher education
3291:
3141:Ancient higher-learning institutions
2297:from the original on 20 October 2020
1986:Handbook of Philosophy of Management
1940:
1928:from the original on 26 January 2013
1691:
1577:
1317:
1140:
1033:Bommel, Bas van (14 December 2015).
771:from the original on 15 October 2022
686:
318:
286:Association of American Universities
2120:"QS World University Rankings 2021"
2070:from the original on 10 August 2018
1045:from the original on 10 August 2018
706:
680:
381:"Delivery of research-led teaching"
13:
2010:from the original on 14 March 2023
1805:from the original on 14 March 2023
1756:from the original on 14 March 2023
1715:from the original on 14 March 2023
1673:from the original on 14 March 2023
1598:from the original on 14 March 2023
1525:from the original on 14 March 2023
1484:from the original on 14 March 2023
1442:from the original on 14 March 2023
1403:from the original on 14 March 2023
1338:from the original on 14 March 2023
1299:from the original on 14 March 2023
1260:from the original on 14 March 2023
1208:from the original on 14 March 2023
1128:from the original on 14 March 2023
964:from the original on 14 March 2023
890:from the original on 14 March 2023
849:from the original on 23 March 2021
470:Conducting research at high levels
314:
14:
3328:
2160:from the original on 30 July 2018
799:University of Southern California
693:The Chronicle of Higher Education
89:", along with "intergenerational
3290:
3281:
3280:
3269:
2368:
2130:from the original on 9 June 2020
1547:Managing the Research University
450:Being large and comprehensive –
398:"High levels of external income"
323:
2309:
2279:
2253:
2228:
2202:
2172:
2142:
2112:
2082:
2051:
2021:
1973:
1860:
1817:
1496:
1415:
1362:Voices of the Manhattan Project
1350:
1026:
251:
163:Einheit von Lehre und Forschung
147:
60:University of Wisconsin–Madison
3317:Types of university or college
1994:10.1007/978-3-319-48352-8_69-2
783:
641:
424:Adequate and sustained budgets
401:"An international perspective"
338:format but may read better as
1:
2058:Phil Baty (16 January 2018).
1153:; Dabars, William B. (2015).
1039:Europäische Geschichte Online
634:
75:research-intensive university
2547:University technical college
2291:U.S. News & World Report
1838:10.1080/03075079.2013.773222
1364:. Atomic Heritage Foundation
1318:Reed, Bruce Cameron (2020).
910:O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (2012).
827:John Taylor (21 June 2006).
599:U.S. News & World Report
485:QS World University Rankings
208:); five state universities (
62:, a research university, in
7:
1916:"The State of the Rankings"
1826:Studies in Higher Education
1789:10.1007/978-1-137-10079-5_9
612:
506:QS World University Ranking
274:military–industrial complex
10:
3333:
2476:College-preparatory school
1422:Leslie, Stuart W. (1993).
513:, with 39.8%, followed by
301:English as a lingua franca
142:
3264:
3243:
3213:
3176:
3136:
3129:
3073:
3032:
2976:
2967:
2930:
2921:
2861:
2854:
2716:
2681:
2592:
2569:
2560:
2486:Comprehensive high school
2456:
2415:
2387:
2377:
2156:. University of Indiana.
1653:; Diamond, Nancy (1997).
1617:Marginson, Simon (2016).
1383:Decherney, Peter (2017).
1188:Geiger, Roger L. (1986).
944:Andreatta, Britt (2011).
517:/Pacific with 26.7%, the
160:championed his vision of
2843:State-integrated school
2717:By funding / eligibility
2496:Continuation high school
2096:. Quacquarelli Symonds.
1775:Wittrock, Björn (2006).
1242:; Rhoten, Diana (eds.).
297:University of California
58:Nuclear research at the
40:Johns Hopkins University
3256:Educational institution
2876:Anarchistic free school
2622:Institute of technology
2240:www.shanghairanking.com
2214:www.shanghairanking.com
2029:"Inclusion in Rankings"
1544:Smith, Dean O. (2011).
586:University of Cape Town
372:University of Liverpool
347:converting this article
307:" for the contemporary
278:artificial intelligence
128:research institutions.
3086:Compensatory education
2838:State or public school
2664:Upper division college
2265:Times Higher Education
2064:Times Higher Education
1279:Herken, Gregg (2003).
1066:"General Introduction"
569:Times Higher Education
499:Worldwide distribution
270:American film industry
162:
66:
51:
32:
28:, responsible for the
2742:Comprehensive school
2669:Vocational university
2318:"CWTS Leiden Ranking"
723:University World News
393:postgraduate research
184:chartered before the
133:liberal arts colleges
81:that is committed to
57:
38:
24:
3205:in the United States
3096:Continuing education
3091:Compulsory education
2935:Free school movement
2903:Single-sex education
2888:International school
2871:Democratic education
2750:For-profit education
2737:Community day school
2632:Liberal arts college
2491:Comprehensive school
2481:Collegiate institute
2033:QS Intelligence Unit
1578:Kerr, Clark (2001).
391:"High proportion of
386:academic disciplines
158:Wilhelm von Humboldt
87:knowledge production
26:Wilhelm von Humboldt
3214:Informal or illegal
3168:Medieval university
3111:Inclusive education
3081:College preparatory
2642:Residential college
2637:Research university
2574:Professional school
2449:/ Elementary school
2322:CWTS Leiden Ranking
2293:. 20 October 2020.
2267:. 27 September 2023
2150:"Standard Listings"
805:on 23 February 2021
793:(2 December 2002).
606:CWTS Leiden Ranking
529:with 10.8% and the
479:university rankings
430:Suitable facilities
414:public institutions
186:American Revolution
122:public institutions
71:research university
44:Baltimore, Maryland
3276:Schools portal
3181:indigenous peoples
3178:Schools imposed on
3116:Remedial education
3050:Distance education
2866:Alternative school
2855:By style / purpose
2830:Specialist school
2689:All-through school
2537:Sixth form college
1651:Graham, Hugh Davis
1627:10.1525/luminos.17
1462:Boden, Margaret A.
1019:recognized by the
725:. 11 August 2013.
654:The New York Times
462:graduate education
349:, if appropriate.
156:in Germany, where
91:knowledge transfer
67:
64:Madison, Wisconsin
52:
33:
3304:
3303:
3239:
3238:
3121:Special education
3101:Further education
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
2963:
2962:
2950:Montessori school
2945:Laboratory school
2908:Specialist school
2846:
2833:
2778:UK private school
2763:
2745:
2727:
2712:
2711:
2677:
2676:
2612:Community college
2584:Vocational school
2466:Adult high school
2380:educational stage
2003:978-3-319-48352-8
1888:978-0-309-25639-1
1846:2345/bc-ir:103804
1636:978-0-520-29284-0
1331:978-3-030-45733-4
1240:Calhoun, Craig J.
1106:Macintyre, Stuart
764:978-0-8213-8806-8
454:'s "multiversity"
368:
367:
293:university system
266:Manhattan Project
182:colonial colleges
137:publish or perish
118:critical thinking
3324:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3163:Cathedral school
3146:Platonic Academy
3134:
3133:
3106:Gifted education
3060:Prison education
3006:Parochial school
2991:Christian school
2974:
2973:
2940:Folk high school
2928:
2927:
2859:
2858:
2844:
2832:(United Kingdom)
2831:
2815:Selective school
2761:
2743:
2725:
2579:Technical school
2567:
2566:
2531:Secondary school
2435:Global influence
2402:Pre-kindergarten
2385:
2384:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:. 15 August 2024
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:on 16 April 2021
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2124:Top Universities
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2094:Top Universities
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2039:on 7 August 2018
2035:. Archived from
2025:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1921:Inside Higher Ed
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1693:Vest, Charles M.
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1232:Ordorika, Imanol
1228:Marginson, Simon
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1151:Crow, Michael M.
1147:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1010:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
907:
901:
899:
897:
895:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
832:
824:
815:
814:
812:
810:
801:. Archived from
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
748:
739:
738:
736:
734:
715:
704:
703:
701:
699:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
645:
592:, but none from
437:Academic freedom
363:
360:
354:
345:You can help by
327:
326:
319:
165:
95:doctoral degrees
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3235:
3209:
3200:in South Africa
3183:
3179:
3172:
3158:Monastic school
3125:
3069:
3040:Boarding school
3020:
2996:Female seminary
2986:Catholic school
2959:
2917:
2850:
2820:Separate school
2708:
2699:One-room school
2673:
2617:Graduate school
2588:
2556:
2452:
2411:
2389:Early childhood
2373:
2367:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2126:. 28 May 2020.
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2004:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1148:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1008:
1006:
999:
981:
977:
967:
965:
958:
942:
938:
928:
926:
924:
908:
904:
893:
891:
884:
866:
862:
852:
850:
825:
818:
808:
806:
788:
784:
774:
772:
765:
749:
742:
732:
730:
717:
716:
707:
697:
695:
685:
681:
671:
669:
646:
642:
637:
615:
547:Southern Europe
501:
412:Overwhelmingly
364:
358:
355:
344:
328:
324:
317:
315:Characteristics
276:and developing
262:nuclear weapons
254:
178:Roger L. Geiger
150:
145:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3244:Related topics
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3231:in South Tyrol
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:in New Zealand
3192:
3186:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3065:Virtual school
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2955:Waldorf school
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:Sudbury school
2878:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2773:Private school
2770:
2765:
2757:
2755:Free education
2752:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2732:Charter school
2729:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Junior college
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:Minor seminary
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Grammar school
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2447:Primary school
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2308:
2278:
2252:
2227:
2201:
2171:
2141:
2111:
2081:
2050:
2020:
2002:
1972:
1939:
1906:
1887:
1879:10.17226/13396
1859:
1832:(3): 316–330.
1816:
1797:
1767:
1748:
1726:
1707:
1684:
1665:
1642:
1635:
1609:
1590:
1570:
1556:
1536:
1517:
1495:
1476:
1453:
1434:
1414:
1395:
1375:
1349:
1330:
1310:
1291:
1271:
1252:
1219:
1200:
1180:
1165:
1139:
1120:
1097:
1078:
1056:
1025:
997:
975:
956:
936:
922:
902:
882:
860:
816:
782:
763:
740:
705:
679:
639:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
614:
611:
545:, followed by
543:Eastern Europe
500:
497:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
458:
455:
440:
439:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
410:
403:
402:
399:
396:
389:
382:
379:
366:
365:
331:
329:
322:
316:
313:
282:Silicon Valley
253:
250:
149:
146:
144:
141:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3329:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Homeschooling
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Bible college
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Magnet school
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2845:(New Zealand)
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:international
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Middle school
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Studio school
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:/ High school
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Cadet college
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Junior school
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:Infant school
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1798:9781403970145
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1749:9789811575983
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1714:
1710:
1708:9780520934047
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1666:9780801880636
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1591:9780520223677
1587:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1559:
1557:9780199793259
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1518:9781421423081
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1483:
1479:
1477:9780199292387
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1435:9780231079587
1431:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1396:9780231133760
1392:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1298:
1294:
1292:0-8050-6589-X
1288:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1259:
1255:
1253:9780231151146
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1201:9781412840088
1197:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1168:
1166:9781421417233
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1121:9780522857757
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1079:9780226414850
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1004:
1000:
998:9781405179423
994:
990:
986:
979:
963:
959:
957:9780495913788
953:
949:
948:
940:
925:
923:9780132944694
919:
915:
914:
906:
889:
885:
883:9781787144699
879:
875:
871:
864:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
823:
821:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:Steven Sample
786:
770:
766:
760:
756:
755:
747:
745:
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