1020:. Students from the School of Engineering were largely responsible for the renovation of the underground workings that were made safe for tourists. The mine was extensively used as a training mine for Mining Engineering and Exploration Geology students under the supervision of Alun Isaac, Alwyn Annels and Peter Brabham. Students from the School of Earth Sciences carried out an active gold exploration programme using surface and underground diamond drilling techniques, geochemical soil sampling and geophysics. Geological exploration was carried out by students using both surface and underground drilling methods. The ore processing waste tailings dam was also sampled, mapped geophysically and assessed for its Gold potential. The mine was extensively mapped and a library of Dolaucothi data is still held at the School of Earth & Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University. Cardiff University finally gave up the lease to the underground workings in 2000 due to the closure of its BSc Mining Engineering degree course. Photographs of surface and underground activities from the Cardiff University archives can be found from the links below.
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must have been modified later to feed a washing table built to the left-hand side (near the figure in the picture), probably to wash the crushed ore from the same opencast working. It is labelled Tank C in the schematic diagram. Similar tanks occur below as the Romans followed the large vein down to the road and the main opencast. Most of the opencast workings must therefore be Roman in origin, since one of the aqueducts has been confirmed by
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locate new seams. Falling into disrepair and unsafe due to flooding at its lower levels, the mine finally closed in 1938. It was during this period that ancient underground workings were found, and the fragment of the dewatering mill discovered within. The extensive surface remains, especially the traces of hydraulic mining, were to be discovered only in the 1970s by intensive fieldwork and surveying.
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excavating the vein vertically down while keeping the top open. However, ventilation becomes a problem when fire-setting is used, so three long adits were driven in from the hillside to the north. They are much wider than normal galleries, suggesting that their primary purpose was to allow circulation of air through the trench and permit safe
515:, the Annell and Gwenlais, were used initially to provide water for prospecting, and there are several large tanks for holding the water still visible above an isolated opencast pit carved in the side of the hill north of the main site. The larger aqueduct from the Cothi crosses this opencast, proving the opencast to be earlier.
672:, where no less than 16 mills (in two lines of 8 each) were built into the side of a hill and supplied with water from a single aqueduct. There were two lines of parallel overshot mills, the outflow from one feeding the next below. The mill supplied flour to the region. Moreover, Roman engineers used sequences of
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is the only example so far discovered at the site, but is not unique, and
Burnham refers to others of similar shape from Spain. As one side of the stone became worn, it was simply turned to reveal another side, so the block could be re-used several times. When found years after the Romans had left, in the
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in the 5th century, the mine lay abandoned for centuries. There was a revival in the 19th century and attempts to make successful ventures at the site in the early 20th century, but they were abandoned before the First World War. In the 1930s a shaft was sunk to 430 feet (130 m) in an attempt to
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and tanks can be found below the line of the main aqueduct, some of which are shown on the map of the site. They surround the lip of the very large opencast and the tank shown at right is one which was built on the main aqueduct. It was successful in finding a vein, judging by the opencast below, but
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and coarse ware from over 100 separate pots, and must have fallen into the reservoir when the mines were in full operation. Analysis of the pottery fragments showed a distribution of ages from the late 1st century AD through to the end of the 4th century. Since the fort and fortlet under the present
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or a "water lever". Such a water-powered hammer would have been moved regularly as each hollow became too deep, so producing the series of overlapping oval hollows in its surfaces. The hammer head must have been of substantial size judging by the width of the hollows shown in the drawing. The stone
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The tank at the head of the small road from
Pumsaint to Caio was thought to be modern since it still holds water. However, when the level of the water was low in 1970, it yielded large quantities of Roman pottery which show that it is of Roman origin and built early during their exploitation of the
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By contrast, several tanks found on the site did not show a vein, so were abandoned. The tank shown at right occurs not far from the north opencast and was probably intended to find the limits of the deposit located in the adjacent opencast (Tank A in the schematic diagram below). It clearly didn't
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tanks and aqueducts found there in the 1970s both from fieldwork and aerial photographs. They occur at the top of the mountain called
Pencerrig-mwyn, and the veins were followed underground by several tunnels leading to the workings. Inside, the veins have been removed and debris carefully stacked
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At another part of the mine, on Penlan-wen, water would have been in short supply; a siphon could have transferred water from the main aqueduct or one of its tanks, but remains unproven. The vein carries along the hill for some considerable distance, and has been trenched out. This method involved
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The exact function of the cascade is related to the methods of extracting the final traces of gold from the crushed ore. There were probably washing tables between the two tanks so that a gentle stream of water could be used to wash the ore on the rough surface of the tables, the finer gold being
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and tapped a small stream about 2 miles (3 km) away. There is a large tank at its end, where it sweeps around the brow of the hill onto the west side of the ridge. A gold vein must have been discovered here, because there is a large opencast below the tank. Yet the larger and longer aqueduct
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next to the river Cothi itself, judging by a large aqueduct which tapped the river a mile or so upstream, and enters the site at a low level compared with the other known aqueducts on the site. The water supply of the aqueducts was also used for washing crushed gold ore, and also possibly driving
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to crush ore (Burnham 1997). The ore was probably crushed on the famous Carreg
Pumsaint, a block of stone erected many years ago before the Romans had left the site. There are parallels with similar stones at other ancient Roman mines in Europe, and the hollows in the block were formed by a trip
1028:. Physical remains like tanks and aqueducts are often recognised by the shadows cast by the structures in oblique lighting conditions. Thus Tank A was first seen in early morning light when the sun's rays cast an oblique light across the hill (Allt Cwmhenog) on which the structure is situated.
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has also been found in the vicinity. Such activities would have needed skilled, not slave labour. No workshops or furnaces have yet been found, but it is likely that both existed on site. Ingots of gold would have been easier to transport than dust or nuggets, although a high-temperature
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pottery recovered from a reservoir (Melin-y-Milwyr) within the mine complex show that activity at the mines continued until the late 3rd century at least. Since
Ptolemy's map dates to about 150, it is likely that it continued being worked until the end of the 3rd century if not beyond.
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Prospecting was successful and several opencasts are visible below the large tanks built along its length. The only exception is the final and very large tank, below which are two reservoirs. It is likely that this complex was used for washing powdered ore to collect the gold dust.
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to dewater mines, and the deep workings at
Dolaucothi produced a fragment of such a wheel during the 1930s when deep mining operations were resumed. Sequences of such wheels increased the lift, and one extensive sequence of 16 wheels was found in old Roman mine workings on the
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Although there is nothing directly comparable with
Dolaucothi in Britain in terms of the extensive hydraulic systems, there are many other known Roman mines in Britain, some of which seem to show traces of hydraulic activity. They include the extensive remains of
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823:, from the side rather than at the top, but it would have been a hard and lonely activity for the miners working these wheels lifting water from the mine bottom. Since the fragment of a reverse overshot water wheel was found 160 feet below any known
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caught in the rougher parts of the tables, and removed at the end of the process. The cascade would probably have been built towards the end of the 1st century when underground mining commenced following opencast development.
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of gold ornaments in the 18th century. Objects found included a wheel brooch and snake bracelets, so named because they were soft enough to be coiled around the arm for display. All the objects are now held in the
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Although there is yet no comparable site in
Britain, it is likely that field work will locate other mines, simply by tracing the remains of aqueducts and reservoirs, and often, if not usually, aided by
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as to predate all modern workings. Just by the road itself the Carreg
Pumsaint has been erected in the space beside a large mound, now thought to be a dump of waste material from mining activities.
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507:, the longest of which is about 7 miles (11 km) from its source in a gorge of the river, to prospect for the gold veins hidden beneath the soil on the hillsides above the modern village of
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mines. The section shows that it was connected to a smaller tank just below the modern road by a drystone culvert in a cascade. The lower tank also holds water but is in an advanced state of
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They followed the veins with shafts and tunnels, some of which still exist on the site. The remains of Roman dewatering machines were found during the 1880s and the 1920s when the
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may have been used here during the Roman period. Alternatively, it may have been a sequence of washing tables for the crushed gold ore. A large-scale mill complex is known from
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taken from the local area to work the mine, although the army itself was probably most directly involved, especially for their engineering skills in surveying and building
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within the stope. The workings lie far above the later modern mines and processing plant (now derelict). The later mine was once the largest lead mine in Wales.
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The water was stored in the tanks and then released suddenly, the wave of water sweeping away the soil to reveal the bedrock and any gold-bearing veins beneath.
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to at least 300 (Lewis, 1977; Burnham 2004). The upper pool is known as Melin-y-Milwyr, or the soldiers' mill, an intriguing name that implies that
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was used to help break up the hard quartz in which the gold was trapped. A similar but larger wheel was rediscovered during mine operations at
1383:
An interactive quiz relating to
Dolaucothi Gold Mine. Includes an animation of a water wheel used to empty the Dolaucothi Gold Mine of water.
752:, it gave rise to the legend of the five saints, who left the impression of their heads in the stone after being found asleep by the devil.
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village of Pumsaint ends in the middle of the 2nd century, it shows that mining continued for a long time after the military evacuation.
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in the 1920s. The wheels were arranged in pairs and could lift water about 80 feet (24 m) from the bottom of the mine there.
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was worked at the site, judging by the finished brooch shown above, as well as other finished gold products. A part engraved
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itself pioneered exploitation at the site. The construction of such dewatering machines is described by the Roman engineer
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It implies that there is a large mining settlement in the vicinity of the village of Pumsaint which has yet to be found.
653:, were probably part of a cascade for washing ore, the upper tank having yielded large quantities of Roman pottery from
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Burnham, Barry C. "Roman Mining at Dolaucothi: the Implications of the 1991-3 Excavations near the Carreg Pumsaint",
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of the site. The National Trust organises guided tours for visitors, showing them the mine and the Roman archaeology.
815:, where it is displayed prominently in the Roman gallery. The Spanish example included a sequence of no fewer than 16
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for washing tables, shuttering for aqueducts, crushing equipment and pit-props. Official mints would have produced
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civilian contractors some time after 125, although the final history of the site has yet to be determined.
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village some 8 miles (13 km) to the north may also have been first worked by the Romans, judging by
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At Dolaucothi, a similar discovery was made in 1935 during mining operations, and it included part of a
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about 7 miles (11 km) to the north-east and traverses the same opencast, so must be later in date.
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Early leats and hushing remains: suggestions and disputes for roman mining and prospection for lead
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will have been vital for building and maintaining mining equipment such as the drainage wheels,
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run from a stream up the main Cothi valley before the much larger aqueduct was constructed.
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find the vein, and was thus abandoned. The water supply may have been obtained from a small
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This site yields some of the earliest evidence anywhere for the Roman use of water-powered
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and survived in use until the 19th century in Britain, and into the 20th century in the
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or stope, it must have been part of a similar sequence at Dolaucothi to that in Spain.
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Between 1975 and 2000 the lease to the underground workings at Dolaucothi was held by
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of the method, possibly derived from his experiences in Spain. The method is known as
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Dolaucothi-Pumsaint: Survey and Excavation at a Roman Gold-mining complex (1987-1999)
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who had owned the mine and large surrounding estate since the late 16th century. The
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was sophisticated and technologically advanced at Dolaucothi, suggesting that the
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A set of Dolaucothi photographic images by Dr Peter Brabham of Cardiff University
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and wrote the definitive treatise on 1st century Roman aqueducts, the two-volume
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of 1,064 °C (1,947 °F). Pliny mentions such special furnaces in his
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Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines
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were active in exploring the extensive remains in the 1960s and 1970s and
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are still open to the trench, but the lowest one is currently blocked.
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Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna
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988:. After the military occupation the mine may have been taken over by
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in west Wales, largely to exploit the gold deposits at Dolaucothi.
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Mining operations at Dolaucothi shortly before its closure in 1938
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Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Carmarthen & Dinefwr
903:. Dolaucothi is most directly comparable with gold mines in the
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1388:
Cultural jewels of Wales (under metal mining and manufacturing)
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730:
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548:. A not dissimilar method is used today in exploiting alluvial
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units. During his tenure, he probably established the fort at
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Romano-British jewellery from Dolaucothi in the British Museum
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1358:, Bulletin of the Peak District mines Historical Society,
923:, such as the very much larger site of alluvial mining at
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The Romans made extensive use of water carried by several
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and elsewhere. The site is important for showing advanced
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extraction on this site may have started sometime in the
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since 1941 when it was bequeathed by descendants of the
1378:
Dolaucothi Gold Mines information at the National Trust
1272:
Jones G. D. B., I. J. Blakey, and E. C. F. MacPherson,
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The existing ponds above and below the minor road from
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That gold occurred here is shown by the discovery of a
226:
http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/dolaucothi-gold-mines
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will have been needed to melt the gold, which has a
799:. It was found with burnt timbers, suggesting that
1285:The Dolaucothi gold mines, I: the surface evidence
1776:
1413:Roman lead mines and later mines near Dolaucothi
556:. A smaller scale version of the same method is
464:show that the Roman army occupied the fort from
1089:has owned and run the Dolaucothi gold mine and
772:in Spain were being mined by opencast methods.
584:was built at a high level on the east slope of
560:, and both may have been used to work alluvial
1327:, University of Wales, Cardiff, 3rd Ed (1995).
1320:, The National Trust Year Book 1976-77 (1977).
919:, and with the Roman gold mines in north-west
1433:
118:
1408:Las Médulas (Spain). Largest Roman gold mine
927:and Montefurado. The Romans may have used
405:fifteen to twenty kilometres apart for his
381:as governor of that island. He subdued the
1440:
1426:
1276:, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
446:Evidence from the fortification (known as
443:in 1844, confirming the presence of gold.
89:
1318:The Ogofau Roman gold mines at Dolaucothi
839:writing in 25 BC, and their use for
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
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946:There is some evidence that some of the
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291:. The gold mines are located within the
34:This article includes a list of general
1785:Archaeological sites in Carmarthenshire
702:. The collection of fragments included
341:
1845:Tourist attractions in Carmarthenshire
1777:
714:Pottery distribution in Melin-y-Milwyr
1421:
1296:Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain
779:Sequence of wheels found at Rio Tinto
241:
1233:"The 1930s at Dolaucothi Gold Mines"
1056:
1031:
569:of the ore (Lewis and Jones, 1969).
20:
1447:
1178:Mining archaeology in British Isles
871:Rock-cut aqueduct feeding water to
787:Drainage wheel from Rio Tinto mines
764:Miners working the gold mine c.1938
486:
13:
1800:National Trust properties in Wales
1342:Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply
725:
608:
576:Small tank (A) near north opencast
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1866:
1366:
1305:Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G.,
1294:Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones,
1283:Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones,
1269:, Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1935.
1109:is now closely involved with the
1080:
693:Section of Melin-y-Milwyr cascade
684:
316:known Roman gold mines in Britain
95:Roman workings at Dolaucothi mine
1855:Museums of ancient Rome in Wales
1471:
1073:near Llanio, and as of 2003, in
995:
862:
530:gives a dramatic account in his
117:
110:
25:
1403:Roman gold mine at Bessa, Italy
1280:(1960): 71-84 and plates III-V.
1274:Dolaucothi: the Roman aqueduct
1225:
755:
1:
1256:The Dolaucothi Drainage Wheel
1254:Boon, G. C. and Williams, C.
1219:
817:reverse overshot water wheels
674:reverse overshot water-wheels
654:
472:
465:
393:, establishing a new base at
275:located in the valley of the
1830:Roman aqueducts outside Rome
1810:Scheduled monuments in Wales
1344:, 2nd ed. London: Duckworth.
1258:, Journal of Roman Studies,
1010:Roman departure from Britain
793:reverse overshot water wheel
743:hammer probably worked by a
389:and other hostile tribes of
302:They are the only mines for
16:Historic gold mines in Wales
7:
1323:Annels, A and Burnham, BC,
1309:, Journal of Roman Studies
1298:, Journal of Roman Studies
1287:, The Antiquaries Journal,
1116:
522:The aqueducts at Dolaucothi
478:. However, coarse ware and
10:
1871:
1850:Museums in Carmarthenshire
1835:Underground mines in Wales
1805:Prehistoric sites in Wales
1469:
629:Tank C above main opencast
552:deposits, and is known as
379:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
312:Scheduled Ancient Monument
1759:
1743:
1712:
1696:
1688:San Lázaro Roman aqueduct
1683:Roman aqueducts of Toledo
1668:Acueducto de los Milagros
1650:
1634:
1618:
1527:
1511:
1480:
1455:
1325:The Dolaucothi Gold Mines
401:and a network of smaller
377:in AD 74 to succeed
314:. They are also the only
221:
211:
206:
198:
193:
156:
146:
136:
105:
100:
88:
1663:Aqüeducte de s'Argamassa
1099:University of Manchester
899:, and many areas in the
797:National Museum of Wales
295:, which is owned by the
271:surface and underground
252:Mwynfeydd Aur Dolaucothi
1840:Mining museums in Wales
1764:List of Roman aqueducts
1291:, no. 2 (1969): 244–72.
1183:Mining in Roman Britain
371:Sextus Julius Frontinus
55:more precise citations.
1795:History of gold mining
1463:Aqueduct of Diocletian
1005:
875:
788:
780:
765:
735:
715:
694:
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593:of 1 in 800) taps the
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496:
450:from details given in
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251:
1751:Dolaucothi Gold Mines
1678:Les Ferreres Aqueduct
1560:Aqua Augusta (Naples)
1351:, Oxbow Books (2004).
1267:Roman Mines in Europe
1103:University of Cardiff
1003:
984:, a key component of
870:
843:and lifting water in
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778:
763:
733:
713:
692:
628:
616:
575:
521:
494:
460:) and its associated
349:
310:gold-belt, and are a
306:outside those of the
263:), also known as the
243:[ˌdɔlaiˈkɔθɪ]
235:Dolaucothi Gold Mines
125:Dolaucothi gold mines
84:Dolaucothi gold mines
1488:Aqueduct of the Gier
1340:Hodge, A.T. (2001).
905:Carpathian Mountains
811:, and is now in the
795:which is now in the
495:Map of the gold mine
342:Roman mining methods
1790:Gold mines in Wales
1658:Aqueduct of Segovia
1605:Caldaccoli Aqueduct
1565:Aqua Augusta (Rome)
1347:Burnham, BC and H,
1107:Lampeter University
939:and water tanks or
617:Development of mine
565:stamping mills for
511:. Small streams on
417:later restored the
174: /
85:
1820:Aqueducts in Wales
1720:Aqueduct of Valens
1493:Aqueduct of Luynes
1124:Aerial archaeology
1026:aerial photography
1018:Cardiff University
1006:
969:Naturalis historia
876:
789:
781:
766:
736:
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695:
631:
619:
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533:Naturalis historia
524:
497:
352:
178:52.0446°N 3.9498°W
83:
1772:
1771:
1704:Zaghouan Aqueduct
1642:Raschpëtzer Qanat
1498:Barbegal aqueduct
1198:Roman engineering
1143:Dolaucothi Estate
1091:Dolaucothi Estate
1057:Other local sites
1032:Other local mines
580:One of the first
441:Henry De la Beche
419:aqueducts of Rome
293:Dolaucothi Estate
231:
230:
81:
80:
73:
1862:
1673:Caños de Carmona
1535:Aqua Alexandrina
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1418:
1262:(1966), 122–127.
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
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1208:Roman technology
1168:Gold prospecting
855:. The upper two
847:was widespread.
659:
656:
640:carbon 14 dating
554:hydraulic mining
487:Hydraulic mining
477:
474:
470:
467:
399:Legio II Augusta
367:gold prospecting
336:Roman technology
265:Ogofau Gold Mine
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183:52.0446; -3.9498
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1575:Aqua Claudia
1503:Pont du Gard
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885:Charterhouse
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668:in southern
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1825:Gold rushes
1590:Aqua Tepula
1585:Aqua Marcia
1570:Aqua Crabra
1265:Davies O.,
1242:8 September
1188:River Cothi
1158:Gold mining
1111:archaeology
1063:Roman forts
1046:Rhandirmwyn
925:Las Médulas
873:Las Médulas
829:Gold mining
756:Deep mining
745:water wheel
704:Samian ware
595:River Cothi
567:comminution
480:Samian ware
403:Roman forts
391:Roman Wales
355:Archaeology
328:north Wales
277:River Cothi
181: /
157:Coordinates
53:introducing
1779:Categories
1725:Ballıgerme
1635:Luxembourg
1610:Pont d'Aël
1600:Aqua Virgo
1580:Aqua Julia
1555:Aqua Appia
1220:References
1213:Welsh gold
1067:Llandovery
1061:There are
982:gold coins
957:refractory
937:reservoirs
911:in modern
897:Flintshire
883:mining at
841:irrigation
833:Roman army
821:treadwheel
662:watermills
542:goldfields
476: 125
462:settlement
457:Geographia
363:Bronze Age
304:Welsh gold
239:pronounced
194:Production
166:52°02′41″N
61:April 2009
36:references
1332:Britannia
1075:Llandeilo
1042:Nantymwyn
1040:mines of
933:aqueducts
837:Vitruvius
805:Rio Tinto
750:Dark Ages
582:aqueducts
501:aqueducts
448:Luentinum
415:Frontinus
308:Dolgellau
169:3°56′59″W
1117:See also
974:workshop
941:cisterns
901:Pennines
666:Barbegal
647:Pumsaint
591:gradient
589:(with a
509:Pumsaint
411:Pumsaint
395:Caerleon
332:Scotland
281:Pumsaint
260:SN662403
101:Location
1697:Tunisia
1512:Germany
1456:Croatia
1173:Hushing
1050:hushing
960:furnace
913:Romania
889:Mendips
887:in the
845:thermae
538:hushing
452:Ptolemy
387:Demetae
383:Silures
324:England
279:, near
222:Website
212:Company
147:Country
49:improve
1713:Turkey
1619:Jordan
1481:France
1071:Bremia
978:flumes
893:Halkyn
670:France
546:Africa
137:County
38:, but
1651:Spain
1528:Italy
1044:near
952:jewel
921:Spain
915:, at
857:adits
809:Spain
635:leats
633:More
505:leats
432:hoard
320:Devon
289:Wales
273:mines
269:Roman
248:Welsh
207:Owner
151:Wales
1244:2018
1101:and
1085:The
1069:and
1038:lead
1036:The
972:. A
948:gold
881:lead
825:adit
651:Caeo
603:leat
503:and
397:for
359:gold
233:The
202:gold
199:Type
1065:at
907:of
895:in
807:in
649:to
550:tin
544:of
471:to
454:'s
254:) (
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