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101:, which produces fragmented populations, and when that fragmentation becomes so divergent that species movement between one suitable habitat to the next is disrupted, isolated population can be produced. Extinctions can cause disjunct distribution, especially in areas where only scattered areas are habitable by a species; for instance, island chains or specific elevations along a mountain range or areas along a coast or between bodies of water like streams, lakes and ponds.
81:, or other animals transporting an organism to a new location (plant seeds consumed by birds and animals can be moved to new locations during bird or animal migrations, and those seeds can be deposited in new locations in fecal matter). Other conditions that can produce disjunct distributions include: flooding, or changes in wind, stream, and current flows, plus others such as anthropogenic introduction of alien
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It seems increasingly likely that much of
Ireland's Lusitanian fauna is in reality an artefact of this era of human expansion in the early part of the Postglacial era. In other words, it seems likely that these species were introduced accidentally with trade items or goods brought by boat from
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Recently a better explanation of the occurrence of the Kerry slug and similar faunal elements in southwestern
Ireland has been developed. This new theory is supported by two recent discoveries: the genetic similarity of much of
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is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically. The causes are varied and might demonstrate either the expansion or contraction of a species' range.
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similarity in make-up between populations in western
Ireland and in northern Spain. This would be explained by a human migration from Spain to Ireland in the late Paleolithic or early
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or other places in Europe. The genetic structure of the population further showed that the entire Irish population of the
Eurasian pygmy shrew had originated from a single
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period. Although the theory is no longer accepted, the term
Lusitanian is still used as a descriptive term for faunal elements such as the Kerry slug.
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The theory behind the name "Lusitanian" is now discredited; it posited that there was an ice-free land mass that served as a
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to that of northern Spain, and the genetic similarity of much of
Ireland's human population to that of northern Spain.
236:, a small mammal, across its range in Europe. The Irish population showed close genetic affinity to a population from
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How did pygmy shrews colonize
Ireland? Clues from a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences
260:, by boat, probably from south-west Europe. This coincides with work on human populations, which found a strong
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Also called range fragmentation, disjunct distributions may be caused by changes in the environment, such as
217:. In this refugium, relic fauna and flora from a previous ice-free period survived until the present warmer
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159:, without any intermediate localities, is usually called "Lusitanian" (named after the Roman Province
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Masheretti S., Rogatcheva M. B., Gündüz I., Fredga K. & Searle J. B. 2003.
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Examples of animal species with a
Lusitanian distribution are: the Kerry slug
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The birds of northern
Melanesia : speciation, ecology & biogeography
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This kind of disjunct distribution of a species, such that it occurs in
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Ernst Mayr, Jared
Diamond; Douglas Pratt, Color Plates by H. (2001),
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either accidentally or deliberately (agriculture and horticulture).
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248:. The authors concluded that it had been introduced in the early (
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There are many patterns of disjunct distributions at many scales:
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186:. Plant species with this kind of distribution include several
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McEvoy B., Richards M., Forster P. & Bradley D. G. 2004.
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systems and Celtic origins on the Atlantic facade of Europe
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Large geographic separation between members of a taxon
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expanding its range into new areas, by such means as
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Hill E. W., Jobling M. A. & Bradley D. G. 2000.
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Mascheretti et al. (2003) examined the genotypes of
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412:The longue durée of genetic ancestry: multiple
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399:Y chromosome variation and Irish origins
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40:, an example of a disjunct distribution
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388:. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 270: 1593-1599.
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361:The ecology of the Indonesian seas
147:shows a 'Lusitanian' distribution.
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418:. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75: 693-702.
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73:; it may also be due to an
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111:Irano-Turanian disjunction
359:Tomascik, Tomas (1997),
313:Plant community history
133:Lusitanian distribution
311:Tallis, J. H. (1991),
282:Geographical isolation
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292:Habitat fragmentation
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89:Habitat fragmentation
50:disjunct distribution
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234:Eurasian pygmy shrew
183:Semilimax pyrenaicus
173:Geomalacus maculosus
144:Geomalacus maculosus
445:Ecology terminology
240:but not to that of
57:Range fragmentation
34:Range of the snail
18:Disjunct population
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83:introduced species
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141:The range map of
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63:mountain building
37:Elona quimperiana
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250:Paleolithic
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298:References
266:Mesolithic
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215:glaciation
211:Quaternary
99:fragmented
71:sea levels
69:or rising
258:Stone Age
190:species (
161:Lusitania
276:See also
272:Iberia.
207:refugium
178:Pyrenean
176:and the
165:Portugal
129:), etc.
105:Examples
75:organism
440:Habitat
287:Habitat
262:genetic
242:Britain
238:Andorra
213:(last)
192:Calluna
188:heather
157:Ireland
155:and in
123:(genus
95:habitat
79:rafting
48:with a
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153:Iberia
116:Erica
46:taxon
365:ISBN
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126:Olea
65:and
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