Discovery Expedition

925: 1004:, was carrying a secret letter to Scott authorising another year in the ice. This now being inevitable, the relief ship provided an opportunity for some of the party to return home. Among these, against his will, was the convalescent Shackleton, who Scott decided "ought not to risk further hardships in his present state of health". Stories of a Scott-Shackleton rift date from this point, or from a supposed falling-out during the southern journey which had provoked an angry exchange of words. Some of these details were supplied by Armitage, whose relationship with Scott had broken down and who, after Scott, Wilson and Shackleton were all dead, chose to reveal details which tended to show Scott in a poor light. Other evidence indicates that Scott and Shackleton remained on generally good terms for some while; Shackleton met the expedition on its return home in 1904, and later wrote a very cordial letter to Scott. 933: 464:, as the expedition's scientific director. Gregory's view, endorsed by the Royal Society faction of the Joint Committee, was that the organisation and command of the land party should be in his hands: "...The Captain would be instructed to give such assistance as required in dredging, tow-netting etc., to place boats where required at the disposal of the scientific staff." In the dispute that followed, Markham argued that Scott's command of the whole expedition must be total and unambiguous, and Scott himself was insistent on this to the point of resignation. Markham's and Scott's view prevailed, and Gregory resigned, saying that the scientific work should not be "subordinated to naval adventure". 745: 1025: 477: 370: 1130: 959:

reached their Furthest South at 82°17′S. Troubles multiplied on the home journey, as the remaining dogs died and Shackleton collapsed with scurvy. Wilson's diary entry for 14 January 1903 acknowledged that "we all have slight, though definite symptoms of scurvy". Scott and Wilson struggled on, with Shackleton, who was unable to pull, walking alongside and occasionally carried on the sledge. The party eventually reached the ship on 3 February 1903 after covering 960 miles (1,540 km) including relays, in 93 days' travel at a daily average of just over 10 miles (16 km).

855: 1261:. He had by this time become a national hero, despite his aversion to the limelight, and the expedition was being presented to the public as a triumph. This euphoria was not conducive to objective analysis, or to thoughtful appraisal of the expedition's strengths and weaknesses. In particular, the glorification by Scott of man-hauling as something intrinsically more noble than other ice travel techniques led to a general distrust of methods involving ski and dogs, a mindset that was carried forward into later expeditions. This mystified seasoned ice travellers such as 220: 38: 1036: 722:

were summarised in the joint committee's "Instructions to the Commander" as: "to determine, as far as possible, the nature, condition and extent of that portion of the south polar lands which is included in the scope of your expedition", and "to make a magnetic survey in the southern regions to the south of the fortieth parallel and to carry out meteorological, oceanographic, geological, biological and physical investigations and researches". The instructions stipulated that "neither of these objectives was to be sacrificed to the other".

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their navigational tables in a gale during the glacier ascent, they did not know exactly where they were, and had no landmarks to help them fix a position. The return journey to the Ferrar Glacier was undertaken in conditions which limited them to no more than a mile an hour, with supplies running low and dependent on Scott's rule of thumb navigation. On the descent of the glacier Scott and Evans survived a potentially fatal fall into a crevasse, before the discovery of a snow-free area or

587: 1232: 410:. A joint committee of the two societies was established to decide the form in which the expedition should take. Markham's vision of a full-blown naval affair after the style of Ross or Franklin was opposed by sections of the joint committee, but his tenacity was such that the expedition was eventually moulded largely to his wishes. His cousin and biographer later wrote that the expedition was "the creation of his brain, the product of his persistent energy". 900:, was edited by Shackleton. Outside pursuits did not cease altogether; there was football on the ice, and the schedule of magnetic and meteorological observations was maintained. As winter ended, trial sledge runs resumed, to test equipment and rations in advance of the planned southern journey which Scott, Wilson and Shackleton were to undertake. Meanwhile, a party under Royds travelled to Cape Crozier to leave a message at the post there, and discovered an 2747:" there lies the most invaluable safeguard for the welfare of future Antarctic expeditions; it seems evident that the whole circle of the Antarctic seas is abundantly provided with animal life. It is not conceivable, therefore, that any party wintering in the Antarctic Regions will have great difficulty in providing themselves with fresh food; and, as we have proved, where such conditions exist there need be no fear of the dreaded word 'scurvy.'" RF Scott 439:, was looking for a path to career advancement, and a chance meeting with Sir Clements in London led him to apply for the leadership of the expedition. Scott had long been in Markham's mind, though by no means always his first choice, but other favoured candidates had either become in his view too old, or were no longer available. With Markham's determined backing, Scott's appointment was secured by 25 May 1900, followed swiftly by his promotion to 3417: 1243:; this was published in 1905, and sold well. However, Scott's account in the book of Shackleton's breakdown during the southern journey led to disagreement between the two men, particularly over Scott's version of the extent to which his companion had been carried on the sledge. The implication was that Shackleton's breakdown had caused the relatively unimpressive southern record. 908:. Armitage later blamed the outbreak on Scott's "sentimental objection" to the slaughter of animals for fresh meat. The entire expedition's diet was quickly revised, and the trouble was thereafter contained. Nevertheless, the scurvy outbreak did cause concern about the expedition's safety when news of it reached Britain, leading to demands for a relief expedition. For instance, 295:, on condition that the venture be called the "British Antarctic Expedition". Borchgrevink landed at Cape Adare in February 1899, erected a small hut, and spent the 1899 winter there. The following summer he sailed south, landing at Ross's inlet on the Barrier. A party of three then sledged southward on the Barrier surface, and reached a new Furthest South at 78°50′. 2658:"We thus discarded all tinned meats, and every symptom of scurvy rapidly disappeared... n my own case marked scurvy symptoms were dismissed and the disease completely cured without recourse to lime juice. The main thing undoubtedly was, that fresh meat alone was eaten" cited from Wilson EA (1905) The medical aspect of the Discovery's voyage to the Antarctic. 869:. Wilson wrote: "We all realized our extreme good fortune in being led to such a winter quarter as this, safe for the ship, with perfect shelter from all ice pressure." Stoker Lashly, however, thought it looked "a dreary place." Work began ashore with the erection of the expedition's huts on a rocky peninsula designated 1289:

was highly successful, its southern march ending at 88°23′, less than 100 geographical miles from the South Pole, while its northern party reached the location of the South Magnetic Pole. However, Shackleton's breach of his undertaking caused a significant break in relations between the two men, with

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in Oslo, whom he trusted more than his own "quarrelling" committee in London, and followed his advice on equipment. Subsequently, Armitage ordered 25 Siberian sledge-dogs via a Scots dog and ski expert based in Archangel, Russia. According to Huntford, however, this expert was not invited to join the

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on 24 December, after a round trip of seven hundred miles covered in 59 days. Their daily average of over 14 miles on this man-hauling journey was significantly better than that achieved with dogs on the previous season's southern journey, a fact which further strengthened Scott's prejudices against

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Scott, Wilson and Shackleton left on 2 November 1902 with dogs and supporting parties. Their goal was "to get as far south in a straight line on the Barrier ice as we can, reach the Pole if possible, or find some new land". The first significant milestone was passed on 11 November, when a supporting

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was a former naval man who had served on one of the Franklin relief expeditions in 1851. He had accompanied Nares for part of the 1874–76 expedition, and remained a firm advocate for the navy's resuming its historic role in polar exploration. An opportunity to further this ambition arose in November

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On its return to Britain, the expedition's reception was initially muted. Some press reporters were surprised at the good physical condition of the men when they arrived in Portsmouth, as they had read previous reports about the expedition's problems with scurvy and bad food. Markham was present to

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record of 78°50′. However, the lack of skill with dogs was soon evident, and progress was slow. After the support parties had returned, on 15 November, Scott's group began relaying their loads (taking half loads forward, then returning for the other half), thus travelling three miles for every mile

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as a specialist research vessel designed for work in Antarctic waters, and was one of the last three-masted wooden sailing ships built in Britain. The construction cost was £34,050 (2009 = £2.7 million), plus £10,322 (£830,000) for the engines, and the final cost after all modifications was £51,000

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The command structure of the expedition had still to be settled. Markham had been determined from the beginning that its overall leader should be a naval officer, not a scientist. Scott, writing to Markham after his appointment, reiterated that he "must have complete command of the ship and landing

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and symptoms of early scurvy, but they continued southwards in line with the mountains to the west. Christmas Day was celebrated with double rations, and a Christmas pudding that Shackleton had kept for the occasion, hidden with his socks. On 30 December 1902, without having left the Barrier, they

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super-continent. Thousands of geological and biological specimens had been collected and new marine species identified. The location of the South Magnetic Pole had been calculated with reasonable accuracy. On the medical side, Wilson discovered the anti-scorbutic effects of fresh seal meat, which

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The main geographical results of the expedition were the discovery of King Edward VII Land; the ascent of the western mountains and the discovery of the Polar Plateau; the first sledge journey on the plateau; the Barrier journey to a Furthest South of 82°17′S. The island nature of Ross Island was

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On 4 February, Scott landed on the Barrier and unpacked an observation balloon which he had acquired for aerial surveys. Scott climbed aboard and rapidly ascended to above 600 feet (180 m) in the firmly tethered balloon. Shackleton followed with a second flight. All either could see was

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The instructions concerning the geographical objective became more specific: "The chief points of geographical interest are to explore the ice barrier of Sir James Ross to its eastern extremity; to discover the land which was believed by Ross to flank the barrier to the eastward, or to ascertain

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Expedition, like those of Ross and Borchgrevink before it, was to work in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica. Other areas of the continent had been considered, but the principle followed was that "in going for the unknown they should start from the known". The two main objectives of the expedition

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could not be freed by a certain date she was to be abandoned and her complement brought home on the two relief ships. This ultimatum resulted from Markham's dependence on the Treasury for meeting the costs of this second relief expedition, since the expedition's coffers were empty. The Admiralty

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and became the first party to travel on it. After the return of geological and supporting parties, Scott, Evans and Lashly continued westward across the featureless plain for another eight days, covering a distance of about 150 miles to reach their most westerly point on 30 November. Having lost

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After the 1903 winter had passed, Scott prepared for the second main journey of the expedition: an ascent of the western mountains and exploration of the interior of Victoria Land. Armitage's reconnaissance party of the previous year had pioneered a route up to altitude 8,900 feet (2,700 m)

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This controversy soured relations between the Societies, which lingered after the conclusion of the expedition and was reflected in criticism of the extent and quality of some of the published results. Markham claimed that his insistence on a naval command was primarily a matter of tradition and

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Expedition launched the Antarctic careers of several who became stalwarts or leaders of expeditions in the following fifteen years. Apart from Scott and Shackleton, Frank Wild and Ernest Joyce from the lower deck returned repeatedly to the ice, apparently unable to settle back into normal life.

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There were also discoveries of major scientific importance. These included the snow-free Dry Valleys in the western mountains, the emperor penguin colony at Cape Crozier, scientific evidence that the Ice Barrier was a floating ice shelf, and a leaf fossil discovered by Ferrar which helped to

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Soon after resuming his naval duties, Scott revealed to the Royal Geographical Society his intention to return to Antarctica, but the information was not at that stage made public. Scott was forestalled by Shackleton, who early in 1907 announced his plans to lead an expedition with the twin

1047:, which they named after the party's geologist, they reached a height of 7,000 feet (2,100 m) before being held in camp for a week by blizzards. This prevented them from reaching the glacier summit until 13 November. They then marched on beyond Armitage's furthest point, discovered the 1198:

diet, and Scott recommended it for future polar expeditions. This was despite the medical profession being ignorant of the causes of the disease. At that time it was known that a fresh meat diet could provide a cure, but not that lack of fresh meat or other fresh food containing the as yet

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During the winter months of May–August the scientists were busy in their laboratories, while elsewhere equipment and stores were prepared for the next season's work. For relaxation there were amateur theatricals, and educational activities in the form of lectures. A newspaper, the

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objectives of reaching the geographic and magnetic South Poles. Under duress, Shackleton agreed not to work from McMurdo Sound, which Scott was claiming as his own sphere of work. In the event, unable to find a safe landing elsewhere, Shackleton was forced to break this promise.

1101:, still held fast at Hut Point. As a precaution Scott began the transfer of his scientific specimens to the other ships. Explosives were used to break up the ice, and the sawing parties resumed work, but although the relief ships were able to edge closer, by the end of January 405:

in the 1870s, addressed the RGS. Murray presented a paper entitled "The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration", and called for a full-scale expedition for the benefit of British science. This was strongly supported, both by Markham and by the country's premier scientific body, the

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free from the ice, but she remained held fast. Work had begun with ice saws, but after 12 days' labour only two short parallel cuts of 450 feet (140 m) had been carved, with the ship still 20 miles (32 km) from open water. On 5 January 1904 the relief ship

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established, the Transantarctic Mountains were charted to 83°S, and the positions and heights of more than 200 individual mountains were calculated. Many other features and landmarks were also identified and named, and there was extensive coastal survey work.

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docked there on 10 September 1904, but no dignitaries greeted the party when it arrived in London a few days later. However, there was considerable public enthusiasm for the expedition, and official recognition followed. Scott was quickly promoted to

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Several other journeys were completed during Scott's absence. Royds and Bernacchi travelled for 31 days on the Barrier in a SE direction, observing its uniformly flat character and making further magnetic readings. Another party had explored the

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Of the entire party, none were skilled skiers and only Bernacchi and Armitage had any experience with dog-sledges. The results of the men's early efforts to master these techniques were not encouraging, and tended to reinforce Scott's preference for

885:. The dangers of the unfamiliar conditions were confirmed when, on 11 March, a party returning from an attempted journey to Cape Crozier became stranded on an icy slope during a blizzard. In their attempts to find safer ground, one of the group, 726:

that it does not exist If you should decide to winter in the ice...your efforts as regards geographical exploration should be directed to an advance to the western mountains, an advance to the south, and an exploration of the volcanic region".

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Scott's plans gradually came to fruition – a large-scale scientific and geographical expedition with the conquest of the South Pole as its principal objective. Scott was anxious to avoid the amateurism that had been associated with the

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William Lashly and Edgar Evans, Scott's companions on the 1903 western journey, aligned themselves with their leader's future plans and became his regular sledging partners. Tom Crean followed both Scott and Shackleton on later expeditions.

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After Ross there were no recorded voyages into this sector of the Antarctic for fifty years. Then, in January 1895, a Norwegian whaling trip made a brief landing at Cape Adare, the northernmost tip of Victoria Land. Four years later

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where a pre-arranged message point was set up so that relief ships would be able to locate the expedition. She then followed the Barrier to its eastern extremity where, on 30 January, the land predicted by Ross was confirmed, and named

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Markham had hoped for a fully-fledged Royal Naval expedition, but was warned by the Admiralty that "the present exigencies of the Naval Service prevent them from lending officers..." However, the Admiralty agreed to release Scott and

1310:'s Norwegian expedition. Amundsen's party reached the South Pole on 14 December 1911 and returned safely. Scott and four companions, including Wilson, arrived at the Pole on 17 January 1912; all five perished on the return journey. 619:, later Lord Northcliffe, who had earlier financed the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition to the Arctic, 1894–97. The rest was raised from smaller donations. The expedition also benefited from significant commercial sponsorship: 88:(RGS), the new expedition carried out scientific research and geographical exploration in what was then largely an untouched continent. It launched the Antarctic careers of many who would become leading figures in the 1938:

Scott, cited from Huntford p138: "Whilst I have been trying to carry out the equipment on the precepts you taught me in Norway, a committee of 32 scientific men have been quarrelling as to where the expedition is to

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The total cost of the expedition was estimated at £90,000 (2009 equivalent about £7.25 million), of which £45,000 was offered by the British Government provided that the two Societies could raise a matching sum.

677:(the Royal Research Ship designation was acquired in the 1920s). The ship was fitted with special ventilating equipment, which reflected the importance of clean air within medical theories in this period. 889:

George Vince, slid over the edge of a cliff and was killed. His body was never recovered; a cross with a simple inscription, erected in his memory, still stands at the summit of the Hut Point promontory.

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of southward progress. Mistakes had been made with the dogs' food, and as the dogs grew weaker, Wilson was forced to kill the weakest as food for the others. The men, too, were struggling, afflicted by

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was encouraging. However, when the meteorological data were published their accuracy was disputed within the scientific establishment, including by the President of the Physical Society of London, Dr

924: 543:. Although the expedition was not a formal Navy project, Scott proposed to run the expedition on naval lines, and secured the crew's voluntary agreement to work under the Naval Discipline Act. 1105:

remained icebound, two miles (approx. 3 km) from the rescuers. On 10 February Scott accepted that he would have to abandon her, but on 14 February most of the ice suddenly broke up, and

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then proceeded westward in search of permanent quarters. On 8 February she entered McMurdo Sound and later that day anchored in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened

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It had long been Markham's practice to take note of promising young naval officers who might later be suitable for polar responsibilities, should the opportunity arise. He had first observed

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style, rather than indicating disrespect for science. He had made clear his belief that, on its own, the mere attainment of higher latitude than someone else was "unworthy of support."

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was used as the quarantine station for the expedition's dogs. After three weeks of final preparation she was ready for the journey south. On 21 December, as the ship was leaving

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and seamen, the rest of the crew being from the merchant service, or from civilian employment. Among the lower deck complement were some who became Antarctic veterans, including

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would foot the bill only on their own terms. The deadline agreed between the three captains was 25 February, and it became a race against time for the relief vessels to reach

3430: 558:), using the voyage to train the scientists, but with no part to play in the detailed work of the expedition. The only scientist with previous Antarctic experience was 2674:"Nourishing food, clean air and exercise: medical debates over environment and polar hygiene on Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904" 1892:"Nourishing food, clean air and exercise: medical debates over environment and polar hygiene on Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904" 673:

expedition, and certain features of this older vessel were incorporated into the design of the new ship. She was launched by Lady Markham on 21 March 1901 as S.Y.

519:, designated Third Officer in charge of holds, stores and provisions, and responsible for arranging the entertainments. The Admiralty also released around twenty 452:

parties", and insisted on being consulted over all future appointments. However, the Joint Committee had, with Markham's acquiescence, secured the appointment of

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Expedition's scientific work. He appointed Edward Wilson as his chief scientist, and Wilson selected an experienced team. The expedition set off in June 1910 in

366:, and Nares's own declaration that the North Pole was "impracticable", the Admiralty decided that further polar quests would be dangerous, expensive and futile. 1117:. A final explosive charge removed the remaining ice on 16 February, and the following day, after a last scare when she became temporarily grounded on a shoal, 607:

and Edward Somers Cocks, Treasurer of the society played important roles in the finance of the expedition. Thanks largely to a donation of £25,000 from wealthy

574:, who, at 39, was the oldest member of the expedition. He, like Armitage, had been with the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition. The junior doctor and zoologist was 302:

Expedition was planned during a surge of international interest in the Antarctic regions at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. A German expedition under

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would be free from the ice in early 1903, enabling Scott to carry out further seaborne exploration and survey work before winter set in. It was intended that

216:. During this time he discovered and explored a new sector of the Antarctic that would provide the field of work for many later British expeditions. 1988: 604: 904:

colony. Another group, under Armitage, reconnoitred in the mountains to the west, returning in October with the expedition's first symptoms of

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in a small Barrier inlet at 78°10′, in February 1842. Ross suspected that land lay to the east of the Barrier, but was unable to confirm this.

808:, Charles Bonner, fell to his death from the top of the mainmast, which he had climbed so as to return the crowd's applause. He was buried at 1207:

expedition Shackleton also avoided the disease through careful dietary provision, including extra penguin and seal meat. However, Lieutenant

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on 9 January 1902. After a brief landing and examination of the remains of Borchgrevink's camp, the ship continued southwards along the

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bone china plate from the expedition, marked ""DISCOVERY" ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1901" around a penguin. Brought back by C Reginald Ford.

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Armston-Sheret, Edward. “Tainted Bodies: Scurvy, Bad Food and the Reputation of the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904.”

6621: 1191:. Scott defended his team's work, while privately acknowledging that Royds's paperwork in this field had been "dreadfully slipshod". 1246:

Scott eventually resumed his naval career, first as an assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence and then, in August 1906, as

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was a cause. Thus, fresh seal meat was taken on the southern journey "in case we find ourselves attacked by scurvy", On his 1907–09

6535: 3750: 3758: 3442: 6641: 6110: 5116: 3529: 578:, who became close to Scott and provided the qualities of calmness, patience and detachment that the captain reportedly lacked. 5707: 5305: 4893: 6499: 3421: 3038: 362:, and the many fruitless searches that followed. After the problems encountered by the 1874–76 North Pole expedition led by 4445: 17: 5310: 1056:, a rare Antarctic phenomenon. Lashly described the dry valley as "a splendid place for growing spuds". The party reached 6586: 6393: 6074: 5896: 5786: 5555: 4144: 4093: 1319: 1251: 89: 5844: 5425: 5364: 1274: 1208: 1180:

to this and subsequent expeditions. But the explorers were still left confused as to the exact causes of the outbreak.

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to the south-west, and Wilson had travelled to Cape Crozier to observe the emperor penguin colony at close quarters.

615:. The RGS itself contributed £8,000, its largest single contribution to any expedition to date, and £5,000 came from 5945: 6176: 6162: 6136: 5973: 3944: 3470: 28: 4867: 1352:

Expedition, required him to "discover the land which as believed by Ross to flank the barrier to the eastward".

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Modern calculations of the position, based on photographs, suggest that the latitude reached was 82° 11′.

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A general endorsement of the scientific results from the navy's Chief Hydrographer (and former Scott opponent)

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The Dry Valleys in the western mountains of Victoria Land, discovered during the expedition's western journey.

5772: 5282: 4415: 2515:"Tainted bodies: scurvy, bad food and the reputation of the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904" 2215:"Tainted bodies: scurvy, bad food and the reputation of the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904" 1324: 1219:

during 1915–16. It remained a danger until its causes were finally established, some 25 years after the

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dogs. Polar historian David Crane calls the western journey "one of the great journeys of polar history".

1017:. After a false start due to faulty sledges, a party including Scott, Lashly and Edgar Evans set out from 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6129: 5751: 5585: 5526: 5480: 3709: 3598: 1996: 928:

Shackleton, Scott and Wilson on 3 February 1903, on their return from the attempt to reach the South Pole

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old anchorage in Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Sound, alongside the Hut Point hut in the right background

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before returning, but Scott wished to march west from this point, if possible to the location of the

873:. Scott had decided that the expedition should continue to live and work aboard ship, and he allowed 284: 268: 6462: 6053: 6047: 5965: 5839: 5624: 5350: 5226: 5076: 4964: 4748: 2714: 1640: 1638: 1001: 512: 500: 159: 3764: 3450:

Information about a visitor attraction in Dundee, Scotland, where The Discovery has been restored.

1465: 1031:. The colony at Cape Crozier had been discovered by a party led by Charles Royds, in October 1902. 669:(£4.1 m). The name had historic naval associations, most recently as one of the ships used in the 6529: 6192: 5345: 5219: 5139: 4648: 4475: 3677: 3232:

Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition

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relief ships. Its programme was complicated by the simultaneous arrival in the Antarctic of

291:. This expedition was financed by a donation of £35,000 from British publishing magnate Sir 6318: 6261: 5849: 5713: 5631: 5431: 5371: 5330: 4943: 4934: 4805: 4800: 4704: 4568: 4325: 4287: 3894: 3664: 3632: 3576: 3556: 1155:(CVO). He also received a cluster of medals and awards from overseas, including the French 877:

to be frozen into the sea ice, leaving the main hut to be used as a storeroom and shelter.

839: 688:. She eventually sailed under the Merchant Shipping Act, flying the RGS house flag and the 631:

donated baking and custard powders, Evans, Lescher & Webb provided all the lime juice.

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Ross established the general geography of this region, and named many of its features; the

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sixty years earlier (1839–1843). Organized on a large scale under a joint committee of the

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arrived, bringing fresh supplies. The expedition's organisers had assumed that the

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unending Barrier surface. Wilson privately thought the flights "perfect madness".

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Provides extensive Antarctic information, with comprehensive list of expeditions.

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Discovery Illustrated: Pictures from Captain Scott's First Antarctic Expedition

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The Antarctic Journals of Reginald Skelton: 'Another Little Job for the Tinker'

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Scott was given leave from the Navy to write the official expedition account,

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via Cape Town on 29 November after a detour below 40°S for a magnetic survey.

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Expedition, and scurvy was particularly devastating to Shackleton's marooned

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claimed that ‘the lives of the gallant explorers and scientific staff of the

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would return to New Zealand in March or April, then home to Britain via the

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Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South

2695: 1913: 1247: 1024: 834: 773: 685: 670: 550:, Gregory's successor as chief scientist, was due to travel only as far as 540: 363: 264: 260: 144: 3352: 989:

would provide any assistance that Scott might require during this period.

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Could Captain Scott have been saved? Revisiting Scott's last expedition

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The expedition succeeded in combating incipient scurvy through a fresh

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may actually be in peril if they have to stay out for another winter.’

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remained firmly icebound. Markham had privately anticipated this, and

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Expedition was a landmark in British Antarctic exploration history.

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almost died of presumably self-inflicted scurvy during the 1910–13

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in the Antarctic alongside the Great Ice Barrier, now known as the

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Drawing of two emperor penguins with chicks by Wilson (Sept. 1903)

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As she was not a Royal Naval vessel the Admiralty would not allow

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supplied beef extract, and others made significant contributions.

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Robert Falcon Scott in 1887, while the latter was serving with

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and promotions were given to other officers and crew members.

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Scott dismissing his former companion as a liar and a rogue.

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The Vince memorial cross, erected on the Hut Point promontory

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to join the expedition. The remaining officers were from the

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A First Rate Tragedy: Captain Scott's Antarctic Expeditions

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The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, from Frobisher to Ross

398:, who had visited Antarctic waters as a biologist with the 2932: 2920: 2905: 2778: 2122: 1745: 1743: 1516: 34:

British scientific expedition to Antarctica (1901 to 1904)

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Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure

3353:"Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present" 3152:

The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott's Antarctic Sacrifice

1871: 1404: 1402: 5269: 2971: 2881: 2558: 2556: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2294: 2292: 1989:"Quail Island, Lyttelton used by Antarctic expeditions" 1740: 1342: 139:. The expedition discovered the existence of the only 2959: 1586: 1584: 1582: 3234:(paperback ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2470: 1772: 1770: 1601: 1599: 1533: 1531: 1399: 511:, the second-in-command, who had experience with the 2893: 2553: 2396: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2289: 2158: 2146: 2112: 2110: 2071: 2059: 1835: 1811: 1713: 1701: 1555: 1348:

Captain Scott's instructions, as leader of the 1901

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During the southern party's absence the relief ship

68:, was the first official British exploration of the 2628: 2494: 2448: 2446: 2333: 2331: 2304: 2194: 2035: 1579: 1426: 1414: 119:Its scientific results covered extensive ground in 3149: 3060: 2754: 2419: 2372: 1767: 1596: 1543: 1528: 1372: 3433:Additional images and brief account of expedition 3259:The Voyages of the Discovery: Illustrated History 2845: 2818: 2616: 2592: 2580: 2355: 2316: 2182: 2170: 2134: 2107: 2047: 1969: 1859: 1847: 1823: 1755: 1689: 1677: 1504: 627:gave 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) of chocolate, 6578: 3120: 2950: 2869: 2857: 2836: 2751:Vol I, Smith Elder & Co, London 1905, p. 556 2729: 2702: 2640: 2568: 2458: 2443: 2384: 2343: 2328: 2277: 2023: 1920: 1653: 1438: 337: 3007:. Stroud (Gloucestershire): Tempus Publishing. 2482: 2431: 2011: 1799: 1665: 1623: 1611: 1567: 1151:to meet King Edward VII, who invested him as a 184: 2671: 2613:, p. 230 (diary entry, 30 December 1902). 2512: 2274:, p. 214 (diary entry, 11 November 1902). 2212: 1889: 1492: 1480: 581: 166:is located. The expedition tried to reach the 3471: 3309:An Unsung Hero: Tom Crean, Antarctic Survivor 2775:, p. 202 (diary entry, 15 October 1902). 2104:, p. 112 (diary entry, 8 February 1902). 2092:, p. 111 (diary entry, 4 February 1902). 513:Jackson–Harmsworth Arctic expedition, 1894–97 283:, who had participated in that landing, took 3431:Expedition information at CoolAntarctica.com 1086:returned, this time with a second ship, the 3351: 3326:Wilson, Edward (1966). Savours, Ann (ed.). 3185:The Life of Sir Clements R. Markham KCB FRS 2998:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2019.05.006 . 1749: 1072: 985:, continuing its magnetic survey en route. 446: 330:was leading a scientific expedition to the 3478: 3464: 2262:, p. 150 (diary entry, 12 June 1902). 194:Between 1839 and 1843 Royal Naval Captain 177:As a trailbreaker for later ventures, the 3204:(paperback ed.). London: Constable. 2685: 1903: 1359: 1124: 1121:began the return journey to New Zealand. 962: 635:gave a 40% discount on special clothing, 6536:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 1230: 1128: 1034: 1023: 931: 923: 853: 833:turned eastward, touching land again at 743: 652: 585: 475: 368: 218: 214:three voyages to the Antarctic continent 36: 6111:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 3287: 3226: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2887: 2784: 1963: 1330: 1171:establish Antarctica's relation to the 804:to the cheers of large crowds, a young 776:, October 1902; September–October 1903. 664:The expedition's ship was built by the 546:The scientific team was inexperienced. 14: 6579: 3067:. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. 1153:Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1077:Scott had hoped on his return to find 849: 460:and former assistant geologist at the 306:was leaving at about the same time as 64:of 1901–1904, known officially as the 5255: 3497: 3485: 3459: 2513:Armston-Sheret, Edward (2019-07-01). 2213:Armston-Sheret, Edward (2019-07-01). 66:British National Antarctic Expedition 3311:. London: Headline Book Publishing. 1792:, vol. 62, no. 6, 1923, pp. 474–75. 1113:were at last able to sail alongside 6632:Expeditions from the United Kingdom 6617:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 5897:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4094:Norse colonization of North America 3256: 3199: 3182: 3082:Fisher, Marjorie and James (1957). 3055: 3002: 2977: 2965: 2760: 2622: 2598: 2586: 2562: 2476: 2425: 2413: 2378: 2366: 2298: 2188: 2176: 2152: 2140: 2116: 2077: 2065: 2053: 1995:. 19 September 2014. Archived from 1975: 1877: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1761: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1683: 1561: 1522: 1510: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1383: 1366: 1365:The complete crew list is given in 1353: 1320:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 1277:, first officer on the relief ship 919: 394:1893, when the prominent biologist 389:'s secretary (and later president) 90:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 24: 5426:United States Exploring Expedition 3367: 3325: 3125:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 3081: 2772: 2610: 2322: 2271: 2259: 2101: 2089: 1659: 739: 25: 6653: 6500:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 5868:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 3409: 3328:Diary of the Discovery Expedition 3306: 3275: 3147: 3021: 2899: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2824: 2735: 2708: 2646: 2634: 2574: 2500: 2488: 2464: 2452: 2437: 2390: 2349: 2337: 2310: 2283: 2200: 2164: 2128: 2041: 2029: 2017: 1993:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 1926: 1805: 1776: 1671: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1590: 1573: 1549: 1537: 1498: 1486: 1379: 1138:meet the ship in Portsmouth when 788:on 6 August 1901, and arrived in 696:of the Royal Harwich Yacht Club. 326:. Finally, the British scientist 6622:United Kingdom and the Antarctic 6394:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5787:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 3415: 3394:Skelton, J V & Wilson, D W: 3283:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 3281:Voyage of the Discovery (2 vols) 2790: 2766: 318:, and a French expedition under 2994:Journal of Historical Geography 2741: 2672:Armston-Sheret, Edward (2024). 2665: 2652: 2604: 2519:Journal of Historical Geography 2506: 2265: 2253: 2219:Journal of Historical Geography 2206: 2095: 2083: 1981: 1932: 1890:Armston-Sheret, Edward (2024). 1883: 1782: 818:then sailed south, arriving at 756:, November 1902 – February 1903 29:Discovery Expedition (clothing) 6642:History of the Ross Dependency 3437:Scott Polar Research Institute 3389:Edward Wilson of the Antarctic 3261:. London: Chatham Publishing. 1176:resolved the lethal threat of 1007: 734: 456:, Professor of Geology at the 189: 13: 1: 5773:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 5708:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 5256: 3086:. London: James Barrie Books. 1325:List of Antarctic expeditions 992:This plan was frustrated, as 729: 712: 554:(in fact he left the ship at 338:Royal Navy, Markham and Scott 314:was leading an expedition to 6130:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 5946:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 5752:French Antarctic Expeditions 5682:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 5568:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 3686:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 3377:. Chicago Review Press 2003 1226: 945:party passed Borchgrevink's 623:provided mustard and flour, 471: 185:Background to the expedition 174:mark at a reported 82°17′S. 7: 5215:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 4894:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 3759:Andrée's balloon expedition 3330:. London: Blandford Press. 3288:Skelton, Judy, ed. (2004). 3183:Markham, Albert H. (1917). 2749:The Voyage of the Discovery 1313: 1241:The Voyage of the Discovery 936:A modern photograph of the 666:Dundee Shipbuilders Company 582:Organisation and objectives 198:, commanding his two ships 141:snow-free Antarctic valleys 10: 6658: 6587:1901 in the United Kingdom 4416:Franklin's lost expedition 4116:Christian IV's expeditions 3498: 2996:65 (July 1, 2019): 19–28. 2986: 910:The Yorkshire Evening Post 646: 597: 387:Royal Geographical Society 377:, appointed leader of the 346:, Second Secretary to the 86:Royal Geographical Society 26: 6233: 5964: 5551: 5291: 5268: 5264: 5251: 4770:Great Northern Expedition 4664: 4446:Rae–Richardson expedition 4195: 4040: 3646:British Arctic Expedition 3538: 3510: 3506: 3493: 3121:Huntford, Roland (1985). 2531:10.1016/j.jhg.2019.05.006 2231:10.1016/j.jhg.2019.05.006 170:travelling as far as the 6054:British Antarctic Survey 6048:Captain Arturo Prat Base 5293:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 3398:Reardon Publishing 2001 2800:, Polar Record, pp. 1–19 1790:The Geographical Journal 1275:Lieutenant "Teddy" Evans 1073:Second relief expedition 858:General view of the huts 657:The ship's bell of S.S. 447:Science versus adventure 96:who led the expedition, 6530:Pole of inaccessibility 6193:Antarctic Treaty System 4534:2nd Grinnell expedition 3307:Smith, Michael (2000). 3292:. Cheltenham: Reardon. 3200:Preston, Diana (1999). 3187:. London: John Murray. 3158:Oxford University Press 3096:The Last Place on Earth 3003:Coleman, E. C. (2006). 2812:The Last Place on Earth 2723:The Last Place on Earth 2660:British Medical Journal 1951:The Last Place on Earth 1796:Retrieved 30 Oct. 2023. 1734:The Last Place on Earth 1647:The Last Place on Earth 1525:, pp. 228, 232–37. 1474:The Last Place on Earth 1459:The Last Place on Earth 766:, October–December 1903 699: 642: 483:, Third Officer on the 458:University of Melbourne 342:Under the influence of 263:and the twin volcanoes 2662:8 July 1905, pp. 77–80 1880:, pp. 11–15, 110. 1382:, pp. 214–15 and 1236: 1134: 1125:Homecoming and results 1040: 1032: 963:Arrival of relief ship 941: 929: 859: 778: 661: 613:Llewellyn W. Longstaff 594: 487: 382: 287:to the region, in the 228: 52: 6612:Antarctic expeditions 6200:Transglobe Expedition 6099:Operation Deep Freeze 5508:Challenger expedition 4374:Coppermine expedition 3895:Drifting ice stations 3257:Savours, Ann (2001). 3098:. London: Pan Books. 1234: 1132: 1038: 1027: 935: 927: 857: 747: 656: 647:Further information: 589: 479: 372: 320:Jean-Baptiste Charcot 222: 40: 3443:A biography of Scott 3427:at Wikimedia Commons 3277:Scott, Robert Falcon 1331:Notes and references 1021:on 26 October 1903. 840:King Edward VII Land 495:, and later allowed 391:Sir Clements Markham 328:William Speirs Bruce 281:Carsten Borchgrevink 162:route) on which the 152:King Edward VII Land 41:The expedition ship 18:Discovery expedition 6627:Robert Falcon Scott 6370:South magnetic pole 5036:Brusilov expedition 4145:Danish colonization 3583:North magnetic pole 3148:Jones, Max (2003). 2980:, pp. 197–205. 2167:, pp. 175–185. 1411:, pp. 329–335. 1185:Sir William Wharton 1015:South Magnetic Pole 867:Winter Quarters Bay 850:Winter Quarters Bay 568:Thomas Vere Hodgson 454:John Walter Gregory 375:Robert Falcon Scott 360:Franklin expedition 324:Antarctic Peninsula 304:Erich von Drygalski 239:(later renamed the 94:Robert Falcon Scott 27:For the brand, see 6607:1904 in Antarctica 6602:1903 in Antarctica 6597:1902 in Antarctica 6592:1901 in Antarctica 6061:Operation Windmill 6042:Operation Highjump 5017:Rusanov expedition 4922:A. E. Nordenskiöld 4666:North East Passage 4470:McClure expedition 2968:, pp. 111–12. 2941:, pp. 221–44. 2929:, pp. 153–55. 2917:, pp. 108–16. 2902:, pp. 401–02. 2842:, pp. 143–44. 2787:, pp. 190–91. 2726:, pp. 229–30. 2687:10.1017/mdh.2024.3 2637:, pp. 272–73. 2503:, pp. 277–87. 2479:, pp. 129–30. 2313:, pp. 226–27. 2203:, pp. 194–96. 2044:, pp. 145–46. 1905:10.1017/mdh.2024.3 1593:, pp. 91–101. 1477:, pp. 141–44. 1237: 1135: 1041: 1033: 942: 930: 860: 812:, two days later. 779: 662: 595: 572:Reginald Koettlitz 488: 383: 285:his own expedition 229: 53: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6028:Operation Tabarin 5890:Far Eastern Party 5736:Nimrod Expedition 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 4806:M. Pronchishcheva 4728:Siberian Cossacks 4197:Northwest Passage 3530:Research stations 3487:Polar exploration 3420:Media related to 3228:Riffenburgh, Beau 3040:978-0-00-715068-7 2565:, pp. 80–84. 2416:, pp. 70–76. 2301:, pp. 61–67. 2155:, pp. 70–72. 2080:, pp. 45–46. 2068:, pp. 55–57. 1844:, pp. 11–18. 1820:, pp. 36–37. 1779:, pp. 78–79. 1722:, pp. 36–37. 1710:, pp. 43–44. 1608:, pp. 62–63. 1564:, pp. 28–29. 1552:, pp. 82–83. 1540:, pp. 56–58. 1435:, pp. 11–12. 1423:, pp. 12–14. 1356:, pp. 16–17. 1147:, and invited to 1067:Koettlitz Glacier 897:South Polar Times 798:Lyttelton Harbour 617:Alfred Harmsworth 517:Ernest Shackleton 481:Ernest Shackleton 322:was going to the 312:Otto Nordenskiöld 237:Great Ice Barrier 160:western mountains 98:Ernest Shackleton 16:(Redirected from 6649: 6075:Ronne Expedition 5560: 5554: 5418:Dumont d'Urville 5266: 5265: 5253: 5252: 4801:V. Pronchishchev 3508: 3507: 3495: 3494: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3419: 3391:John Murray 1933 3387:Seaver, George: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3355:. MeasuringWorth 3341: 3322: 3303: 3284: 3272: 3253: 3223: 3196: 3179: 3155: 3144: 3117: 3092:Huntford, Roland 3087: 3078: 3066: 3057:Fiennes, Ranulph 3052: 3018: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2796:Karen May 2012, 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2689: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2131:, Vol 1, p. 467. 2126: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1594: 1588: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1469: 1463: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1387: 1376: 1370: 1363: 1357: 1346: 1250:to Rear-Admiral 1157:Légion d'honneur 1029:Emperor penguins 920:Southern journey 771: 761: 751: 704:Scott contacted 548:Dr George Murray 501:Reginald Skelton 225:James Clark Ross 196:James Clark Ross 78:James Clark Ross 21: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6562: 6237: 6229: 6105:McMurdo Station 5974:Modern research 5972: 5960: 5695:O. Nordenskjöld 5558: 5552: 5547: 5463:Ross expedition 5287: 5260: 5239: 4668: 4660: 4201:Northern Canada 4199: 4191: 4044: 4036: 3542: 3534: 3502: 3489: 3484: 3448:Discovery Point 3412: 3370: 3368:Further reading 3358: 3356: 3338: 3319: 3300: 3269: 3242: 3212: 3168: 3156:. Oxford (UK): 3133: 3106: 3075: 3041: 3015: 2989: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2678:Medical History 2670: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2554: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1999:on 16 June 2016 1987: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1896:Medical History 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1750:Measuring Worth 1748: 1741: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1643: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1597: 1589: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1470: 1466: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1400: 1391: 1390: 1377: 1373: 1364: 1360: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1316: 1263:Fridtjof Nansen 1229: 1149:Balmoral Castle 1127: 1075: 1010: 1002:William Colbeck 965: 922: 902:emperor penguin 852: 777: 769: 767: 759: 757: 749: 742: 740:Outward journey 737: 732: 715: 706:Fridtjof Nansen 702: 651: 645: 600: 584: 560:Louis Bernacchi 509:Albert Armitage 505:Merchant Marine 474: 449: 396:Sir John Murray 340: 192: 187: 148:emperor penguin 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6655: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6522:Vostok Station 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6473:Cherry-Garrard 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6313:Southern Cross 6309: 6308: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6243: 6241: 6235:Farthest South 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6196: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5932:Ross Sea party 5928: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5893: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5732: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5626:Southern Cross 5619:Southern Cross 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5563: 5561: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5484: 5478: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5365:Bellingshausen 5355: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5262: 5261: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5224: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4674: 4672: 4670:Russian Arctic 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4486: 4481: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4112: 4107: 4105:Snæbjörn galti 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4007: 4000: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3972: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3898: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3540:Farthest North 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3491: 3490: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3411: 3410:External links 3408: 3407: 3406: 3392: 3385: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3346:Online sources 3343: 3342: 3336: 3323: 3317: 3304: 3298: 3285: 3273: 3267: 3254: 3240: 3224: 3210: 3197: 3180: 3166: 3145: 3131: 3118: 3104: 3088: 3079: 3073: 3053: 3039: 3019: 3013: 3000: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 304. 2943: 2931: 2919: 2904: 2892: 2890:, p. 126. 2880: 2868: 2856: 2854:, p. 325. 2844: 2829: 2827:, p. 322. 2817: 2815:, p. 163. 2802: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2763:, p. 219. 2753: 2740: 2738:, p. 392. 2728: 2713: 2711:, p. 302. 2701: 2664: 2651: 2649:, p. 272. 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2577:, p. 309. 2567: 2552: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2467:, p. 275. 2457: 2455:, p. 270. 2442: 2430: 2428:, p. 120. 2418: 2395: 2393:, p. 310. 2383: 2381:, p. 100. 2371: 2354: 2352:, p. 273. 2342: 2340:, p. 233. 2327: 2325:, p. 238. 2315: 2303: 2288: 2286:, p. 205. 2276: 2264: 2252: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2032:, p. 142. 2022: 2010: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1954:, p. 139. 1941: 1931: 1929:, p. 113. 1919: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1781: 1766: 1754: 1739: 1737:, p. 160. 1724: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1650:, p. 144. 1634: 1622: 1610: 1595: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1527: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1464: 1462:, p. 140. 1449: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1371: 1358: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1308:Roald Amundsen 1287:His expedition 1252:George Egerton 1228: 1225: 1217:Ross Sea party 1126: 1123: 1074: 1071: 1045:Ferrar Glacier 1043:Ascending the 1009: 1006: 964: 961: 952:snow blindness 947:Farthest South 921: 918: 851: 848: 768: 758: 754:Farthest South 748: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 714: 711: 701: 698: 644: 641: 599: 596: 583: 580: 564:Hartley Ferrar 529:William Lashly 521:petty officers 473: 470: 462:British Museum 448: 445: 356:Napoleonic War 339: 336: 289:Southern Cross 273:Farthest South 241:Ross Ice Shelf 191: 188: 186: 183: 172:Farthest South 114:William Lashly 72:regions since 50:Ross Ice Shelf 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6654: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5653:Discovery Hut 5651: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5183:A. Sibiryakov 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5155:Glavsevmorput 5152: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457:J. Richardson 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219:M. Corte-Real 4217: 4215: 4214:G. Corte-Real 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4137:C. Richardson 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3946:Georgiy Sedov 3942: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3833:Riiser-Larsen 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3752: 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3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3268:1-86176-149-X 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3241:0-7475-7253-4 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3211:0-09-479530-4 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3167:0-19-280483-9 3163: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3132:0-340-25007-0 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3105:0-330-28816-4 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3074:0-340-82697-5 3070: 3065: 3064: 3063:Captain Scott 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3031:HarperCollins 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3014:0-7524-3660-0 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2878:, p. 83. 2877: 2872: 2866:, p. 71. 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2625:, p. 77. 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2601:, p. 47. 2600: 2595: 2589:, p. 82. 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2491:, p. 66. 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2440:, p. 70. 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2369:, p. 68. 2368: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2191:, p. 59. 2190: 2185: 2179:, p. 87. 2178: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2143:, p. 48. 2142: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2119:, p. 46. 2118: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2067: 2062: 2056:, p. 45. 2055: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2020:, p. 37. 2019: 2014: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1978:, p. 24. 1977: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1874: 1868:, p. 18. 1867: 1862: 1856:, p. 15. 1855: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1832:, p. 39. 1831: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1808:, p. 60. 1807: 1802: 1795: 1794:JSTOR website 1791: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1764:, p. 28. 1763: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1698:, p. 35. 1697: 1692: 1686:, p. 19. 1685: 1680: 1674:, p. 31. 1673: 1668: 1662:, p. 23. 1661: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1632:, p. 78. 1631: 1626: 1620:, p. 70. 1619: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1576:, p. 80. 1575: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1513:, p. 15. 1512: 1507: 1501:, p. 50. 1500: 1495: 1489:, p. 67. 1488: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1447:, p. 14. 1446: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1386:, p. 98. 1385: 1381: 1375: 1369:, p. 19. 1368: 1362: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1233: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199:undiscovered 1197: 1192: 1190: 1189:Charles Chree 1186: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1049:Polar Plateau 1046: 1037: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971: 960: 957: 953: 948: 939: 934: 926: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 898: 891: 888: 884: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 856: 847: 843: 841: 836: 832: 829: 828:McMurdo Sound 825: 824:Victoria Land 821: 817: 813: 811: 810:Port Chalmers 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:Isle of Wight 783: 775: 765: 764:Polar Plateau 755: 746: 727: 723: 720: 710: 707: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 667: 660: 655: 650: 649:RRS Discovery 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 592: 591:Royal Doulton 588: 579: 577: 576:Edward Wilson 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 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A. Larsen 5688: 5680: 5666: 5659: 5646: 5639: 5638: 5632:Borchgrevink 5625: 5617: 5574: 5566: 5541:C. A. Larsen 5534: 5515: 5506: 5488: 5470: 5461: 5448: 5433: 5424: 5411: 5372: 5358: 5351: 5332: 5317: 5227: 5220: 5203: 5196: 5182: 5167: 5153: 5140: 5115: 5101: 5099: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5041: 5034: 5015: 4981: 4979: 4965: 4963: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4913: 4911: 4892: 4768: 4726: 4709: 4677: 4641: 4639: 4619: 4618: 4598: 4597: 4583: 4570: 4555: 4541: 4532: 4519: 4490: 4478:Investigator 4477: 4468: 4444: 4431: 4423: 4414: 4401: 4372: 4349: 4334: 4319: 4289: 4274: 4244: 4163: 4143: 4114: 4110:Erik the Red 4092: 4070: 4063: 4020:submersibles 4017: 4011:Arktika 2007 4009: 4002: 3995: 3992: 3976: 3967: 3964: 3945: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3900: 3893: 3869: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3844: 3810: 3808: 3779: 3776: 3765:S. A. Andrée 3757: 3744: 3719: 3711: 3708: 3684: 3666: 3653: 3644: 3626: 3617: 3615: 3581: 3453: 3422: 3395: 3388: 3374: 3357:. 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R. Evans 5611:Dobrowolski 5581:de Gerlache 5283:Expeditions 5169:Aviaarktika 5123:Samoylovich 4994:Kolomeitsev 4888:Middendorff 4848:Gedenshtrom 4268:I. Fyodorov 4030:Chilingarov 3918:E. Fyodorov 3525:Expeditions 3373:Landis, M: 2939:Riffenburgh 2927:Riffenburgh 2915:Riffenburgh 2888:Riffenburgh 2785:Riffenburgh 2003:24 November 1966:, p. . 1304:Discovery's 1008:Second year 1000:s captain, 938:Discovery's 887:Able Seaman 883:man-hauling 806:able seaman 790:New Zealand 735:First years 690:Blue Ensign 684:to fly the 605:Lord Curzon 537:Edgar Evans 344:John Barrow 332:Weddell Sea 316:Graham Land 245:Ross Island 190:Forerunners 133:meteorology 6637:South Pole 6581:Categories 6442:Terra Nova 6347:Shackleton 6290:J. C. Ross 6249:Resolution 6239:South Pole 6014:New Swabia 5938:Mackintosh 5910:Shackleton 5829:Terra Nova 5822:Terra Nova 5556:Heroic Age 5516:Challenger 5476:J. C. Ross 5386:Bransfield 5318:Resolution 5233:icebreaker 5197:Chelyuskin 4938:expedition 4916:Expedition 4858:Matyushkin 4816:Kh. Laptev 4811:Chelyuskin 4705:Heemskerck 4695:Chancellor 4690:Willoughby 4685:Koch boats 4628:Stefansson 4562:McClintock 4526:Inglefield 4368:J. C. Ross 4275:Resolution 4127:Cunningham 4025:Sagalevich 3714:expedition 3673:Stephenson 3633:C. F. Hall 3620:expedition 3594:J. C. Ross 3557:Heemskerck 3544:North Pole 3425:Expedition 3359:2011-10-12 3123:Shackleton 3084:Shackleton 3029:. London: 2953:Shackleton 2951:Huntford, 2839:Shackleton 2837:Huntford, 2810:Huntford, 2721:Huntford, 1949:Huntford, 1732:Huntford, 1645:Huntford, 1472:Huntford, 1457:Huntford, 1394:References 1300:Terra Nova 1258:Victorious 1213:Terra Nova 1111:Terra Nova 1089:Terra Nova 1054:dry valley 826:coast. At 820:Cape Adare 730:Expedition 713:Objectives 525:Frank Wild 430:lieutenant 415:Midshipman 403:Expedition 401:Challenger 381:Expedition 354:after the 352:Royal Navy 249:Cape Adare 168:South Pole 164:South Pole 154:, and the 106:Frank Wild 74:the voyage 62:Expedition 6541:Tolstikov 6327:Discovery 6297:HMS 6282:HMS 6264:Adventure 6262:HMS 6247:HMS 6183:Tolstikov 5904:Endurance 5689:Antarctic 5674:Drygalski 5647:Discovery 5640:Discovery 5601:Arctowski 5514:HMS 5487:HMS 5481:Abernethy 5469:HMS 5447:USS 5434:Vincennes 5432:USS 5412:Astrolabe 5352:San Telmo 5333:Adventure 5331:HMS 5316:HMS 5311:Kerguelen 5273:Continent 5258:Antarctic 5135:Urvantsev 5093:Vilkitsky 4946:Jeannette 4944:USS 4936:Jeannette 4900:Weyprecht 4878:Pakhtusov 4828:Chichagov 4821:D. Laptev 4764:Permyakov 4739:Stadukhin 4734:Perfilyev 4711:Mangazeya 4649:H. Larsen 4614:Rasmussen 4569:HMS 4540:USS 4489:HMS 4476:HMS 4440:Collinson 4430:HMS 4422:HMS 4400:HMS 4348:HMS 4333:HMS 4318:HMS 4303:Mackenzie 4290:Discovery 4288:HMS 4273:HMS 4245:Discovery 4224:Frobisher 4187:Rasmussen 4100:Gunnbjörn 4046:Greenland 3975:USS 3966:USS 3838:Ellsworth 3780:Roosevelt 3710:Nansen's 3667:Discovery 3665:HMS 3652:HMS 3599:Abernethy 3567:Marmaduke 3423:Discovery 2547:202357562 2539:0305-7488 2525:: 19–28. 2247:202357562 2239:0305-7488 2225:: 19–28. 1350:Discovery 1302:, one of 1296:Discovery 1270:Discovery 1227:Aftermath 1221:Discovery 1201:vitamin C 1196:seal meat 1140:Discovery 1119:Discovery 1115:Discovery 1103:Discovery 1099:Discovery 1094:Discovery 1079:Discovery 1058:Discovery 1019:Discovery 994:Discovery 979:Discovery 975:Discovery 956:frostbite 914:Discovery 875:Discovery 871:Hut Point 863:Discovery 831:Discovery 816:Discovery 802:Lyttelton 782:Discovery 719:Discovery 682:Discovery 675:Discovery 659:Discovery 625:Cadbury's 556:Cape Town 552:Australia 485:Discovery 472:Personnel 441:commander 434:HMS 379:Discovery 348:Admiralty 308:Discovery 300:Discovery 179:Discovery 158:(via the 137:magnetism 110:Tom Crean 70:Antarctic 58:Discovery 45:Discovery 6553:A. Fuchs 6510:V. Fuchs 6490:McKinley 6453:E. Evans 6412:Bjaaland 6407:Amundsen 6357:Marshall 6270:Furneaux 6122:V. Fuchs 6086:E. Ronne 6081:F. Ronne 6020:Ritscher 5874:SY 5862:Filchner 5806:Framheim 5800:Amundsen 5606:Racoviță 5591:Amundsen 5586:Lecointe 5455:Ringgold 5449:Porpoise 5339:Furneaux 5175:Shevelev 5130:Begichev 5109:Amundsen 5071:Nagórski 5049:Brusilov 5043:Sv. Anna 4957:Melville 4927:Palander 4883:Tsivolko 4843:Sannikov 4838:Billings 4781:Chirikov 4700:Barentsz 4642:St. Roch 4633:Bartlett 4607:Amundsen 4591:Sverdrup 4491:Resolute 4380:Franklin 4308:Kotzebue 4175:Sverdrup 4158:Scoresby 4132:Lindenov 3983:Plaisted 3968:Nautilus 3913:Shirshov 3887:Belyakov 3882:Baydukov 3856:Nautilus 3818:Amundsen 3778:SS 3737:Sverdrup 3732:Johansen 3702:Brainard 3697:Lockwood 3552:Barentsz 3279:(1905). 3250:56659120 3230:(2005). 3220:59395617 3176:59303598 3141:13108800 3114:12976972 3094:(1985). 3059:(2003). 3049:60793758 3025:(2005). 2696:38497456 2680:: 1–17. 1914:38497456 1898:: 1–17. 1314:See also 1173:Gondwana 998:Morning' 621:Colman's 436:Majestic 426:St Kitts 373:Captain 233:Ross Sea 150:colony, 84:and the 6558:Messner 6505:Hillary 6485:Balchen 6433:Polheim 6427:Wisting 6305:Crozier 6277:Weddell 6255:J. Cook 6225:Kapitsa 6206:Fiennes 6148:Klenova 6117:Hillary 6067:Ketchum 5993:BANZARE 5968:· 5813:Polheim 5779:Shirase 5765:Charcot 5575:Belgica 5494:Crozier 5406:Morrell 5401:Weddell 5379:Lazarev 5324:J. Cook 5278:History 5228:Arktika 5204:Krassin 5189:Voronin 5161:Schmidt 5147:Ushakov 5086:Vaygach 5054:Albanov 5023:Rusanov 5004:Kolchak 4999:Matisen 4973:Makarov 4952:De Long 4853:Wrangel 4833:Lyakhov 4786:Malygin 4744:Dezhnev 4571:Pandora 4542:Advance 4509:Kennedy 4504:Belcher 4497:Kellett 4484:McClure 4408:Beechey 4402:Blossom 4395:Simpson 4363:Crozier 4356:Hoppner 4313:J. Ross 4281:J. Cook 4229:Gilbert 4122:J. Hall 4088:Ingólfr 4078:Naddodd 4072:Vikings 4059:Brendan 4054:Pytheas 4042:Iceland 3996:Arktika 3988:Herbert 3953:Badygin 3923:Krenkel 3908:Papanin 3877:Chkalov 3863:Wilkins 3828:Wisting 3772:F. Cook 3678:Markham 3638:Bessels 3627:Polaris 3618:Polaris 3589:J. Ross 3572:Carolus 3520:History 3193:3096468 2987:Sources 2978:Preston 2966:Preston 2761:Preston 2623:Preston 2599:Preston 2587:Preston 2563:Preston 2477:Fiennes 2426:Fiennes 2414:Preston 2379:Fiennes 2367:Preston 2299:Preston 2189:Preston 2177:Fiennes 2153:Fiennes 2141:Preston 2117:Preston 2078:Preston 2066:Fiennes 2054:Preston 1976:Savours 1878:Savours 1866:Savours 1854:Savours 1842:Savours 1830:Preston 1818:Fiennes 1762:Fiennes 1720:Preston 1708:Fiennes 1696:Fiennes 1684:Savours 1562:Preston 1523:Markham 1511:Preston 1445:Preston 1433:Preston 1421:Preston 1409:Coleman 1384:Fiennes 1367:Savours 1354:Savours 1279:Morning 1145:captain 1107:Morning 1084:Morning 987:Morning 983:Pacific 970:Morning 611:member 598:Finance 129:geology 125:zoology 121:biology 6468:Bowers 6463:Wilson 6422:Hassel 6417:Helmer 6386:Mackay 6376:Mawson 6341:Nimrod 6299:Terror 6284:Erebus 6211:Burton 6006:Rymill 5882:Mawson 5876:Aurora 5855:Lashly 5840:Wilson 5743:Nimrod 5720:Scotia 5527:Murray 5502:Cooper 5489:Terror 5471:Erebus 5440:Wilkes 5391:Palmer 5359:Vostok 5306:Bouvet 5230:-class 5210:Gakkel 5078:Taymyr 5059:Konrad 5028:Kuchin 4966:Yermak 4873:Lavrov 4791:Ovtsyn 4776:Bering 4754:Ivanov 4717:Hudson 4679:Pomors 4656:Cowper 4621:Karluk 4520:Isabel 4514:Bellot 4464:Austin 4432:Terror 4424:Erebus 4320:Griper 4296:Clerke 4256:Baffin 4239:Hudson 4170:Nansen 4083:Garðar 4004:Barneo 3871:ANT-25 3847:Italia 3823:Nobile 3792:Henson 3751:Amedeo 3727:Nansen 3692:Greely 3562:Hudson 3500:Arctic 3402: 3381: 3334: 3315: 3296: 3265: 3248: 3238: 3218: 3208: 3191: 3174: 3164: 3139: 3129: 3112: 3102: 3071: 3047: 3037: 3011: 2773:Wilson 2694: 2611:Wilson 2545: 2537: 2323:Wilson 2272:Wilson 2260:Wilson 2245: 2237: 2102:Wilson 2090:Wilson 1912: 1660:Fisher 1205:Nimrod 1178:scurvy 906:scurvy 772: 770: 762: 760: 752: 750: 694:burgee 637:Bovril 633:Jaeger 629:Bird's 515:, and 235:, the 209:Terror 202:Erebus 6548:Crary 6495:Dufek 6458:Oates 6448:Scott 6381:David 6362:Adams 6333:Barne 6154:Mirny 6143:Somov 5953:Quest 5850:Crean 5835:Scott 5714:Bruce 5668:Gauss 5661:Gauss 5535:Jason 5522:Nares 5396:Davis 5373:Mirny 5346:Smith 5301:Roché 5221:Lenin 5141:Sadko 5066:Wiese 5011:Sedov 4982:Zarya 4905:Payer 4868:Litke 4863:Anjou 4796:Minin 4759:Vagin 4749:Popov 4722:Poole 4577:Young 4390:Dease 4335:Hecla 4326:Parry 4251:Bylot 4234:Davis 4209:Cabot 4182:Peary 4164:Jason 4151:Egede 4065:Papar 3977:Skate 3958:Wiese 3938:NP-37 3931:NP-36 3811:Norge 3799:Sedov 3787:Peary 3745:Jason 3660:Nares 3654:Alert 3609:Hayes 3577:Parry 3515:Ocean 2900:Crane 2876:Jones 2864:Jones 2852:Crane 2825:Crane 2736:Crane 2709:Crane 2647:Crane 2635:Crane 2575:Crane 2543:S2CID 2501:Crane 2489:Smith 2465:Crane 2453:Crane 2438:Crane 2391:Crane 2350:Crane 2338:Crane 2311:Crane 2284:Crane 2243:S2CID 2201:Crane 2165:Crane 2129:Scott 2042:Crane 2030:Crane 2018:Smith 1927:Crane 1806:Jones 1777:Crane 1672:Smith 1630:Crane 1618:Jones 1606:Jones 1591:Crane 1574:Crane 1550:Crane 1538:Jones 1499:Jones 1487:Crane 1380:Crane 1336:Notes 784:left 671:Nares 421:Rover 6480:Byrd 6401:Fram 6352:Wild 6034:Marr 6000:BGLE 5987:Byrd 5915:Wild 5794:Fram 5596:Cook 5117:AARI 5102:Maud 4989:Toll 4914:Vega 4600:Gjøa 4585:Fram 4548:Kane 4385:Back 4350:Fury 4341:Lyon 4263:Munk 3902:NP-1 3804:Byrd 3721:Fram 3712:Fram 3604:Kane 3400:ISBN 3379:ISBN 3332:ISBN 3313:ISBN 3294:ISBN 3263:ISBN 3246:OCLC 3236:ISBN 3216:OCLC 3206:ISBN 3189:OCLC 3172:OCLC 3162:ISBN 3137:OCLC 3127:ISBN 3110:OCLC 3100:ISBN 3069:ISBN 3045:OCLC 3035:ISBN 3009:ISBN 2692:PMID 2535:ISSN 2235:ISSN 2005:2015 1939:go!" 1910:PMID 1268:The 1256:HMS 1109:and 717:The 700:Dogs 692:and 643:Ship 539:and 499:and 419:HMS 298:The 267:and 223:Sir 207:HMS 205:and 200:HMS 135:and 112:and 55:The 43:RRS 6177:3rd 6163:2nd 6137:1st 5970:IGY 5966:IPY 4556:Fox 4452:Rae 4018:Mir 3994:NS 2682:doi 2527:doi 2227:doi 1900:doi 1254:on 796:in 609:RGS 432:on 424:in 243:), 76:of 6583:: 5082:/ 3244:. 3214:. 3170:. 3160:. 3135:. 3108:. 3043:. 3033:. 2907:^ 2690:. 2676:. 2555:^ 2541:. 2533:. 2523:65 2521:. 2517:. 2445:^ 2398:^ 2357:^ 2330:^ 2291:^ 2241:. 2233:. 2223:65 2221:. 2217:. 2109:^ 1991:. 1908:. 1894:. 1769:^ 1742:^ 1637:^ 1598:^ 1581:^ 1530:^ 1401:^ 1159:. 954:, 842:. 531:, 527:, 443:. 334:. 259:, 255:, 251:, 247:, 131:, 127:, 123:, 116:. 108:, 104:, 100:, 5559:" 5553:" 5496:) 5492:( 5483:) 5474:( 3479:e 3472:t 3465:v 3362:. 3340:. 3321:. 3302:. 3271:. 3252:. 3222:. 3195:. 3178:. 3143:. 3116:. 3077:. 3051:. 3017:. 2698:. 2684:: 2549:. 2529:: 2249:. 2229:: 2007:. 1916:. 1902:: 1752:. 31:. 20:)

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