22:
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450:...a low white line extending from its eastern extreme point as far as the eye could discern... It presented an extraordinary appearance, gradually increasing in height, as we got nearer to it, and proving at length to be a perpendicular cliff of ice, between one hundred and fifty and two hundred feet above the level of the sea, perfectly flat and level at the top, and without any fissures or promontories on its even seaward face.
142:
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wrote of the Ross expedition that "Few people of the present day are capable of rightly appreciating this heroic deed, this brilliant proof of human courage and energy. With two ponderous craft – regular "tubs" according to our ideas – these men sailed right into the heart of the pack , which all
343:
bombs at a high angle over defences, and were accordingly heavily built to withstand the substantial recoil of these three-ton weapons. Their solid construction ideally suited them for use in dangerous sea ice that might crush other ships. The 372-ton
799:
describes it as "a major reference to this day", encompassing as it does "all the plants he found both in the
Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic islands", surviving better than Ross's deep-sea soundings which were made with "inadequate equipment".
458:, which they were unable to penetrate, although they followed it eastward until the lateness of the season compelled them to return to Tasmania. The following summer, 1841–42, Ross continued to follow the ice shelf eastward. Both ships stayed at
661:(1843–1859). It totalled six volumes (parts III and IV each being in two volumes), covered about 3000 species, and contained 530 plates figuring in all 1095 of the species described. It was throughout "splendidly" illustrated by
485:
The expedition arrived back in
England on 4 September 1843, having confirmed the existence of the southern continent and charted a large part of its coastline. It was the last major voyage of exploration made wholly under
4086:
1078:
Memoirs of hydrography, including brief biographies of the principal officers who have served in H.M. Naval
Surveying Service between the years 1750 and 1885. Part 2. - 1830-1885
174:
was chosen to lead the expedition after previous experience working on the
British Magnetic Survey from 1834 onwards, working with prominent physicists and geologists such as
1421:
The
Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus & Terror Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, R.N., F.R.S., During the Years 1839 to 1843 Vol. 1: Mammalia, Birds
671:
896:
680:
163:
1405:
The
Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus & Terror Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, R.N., F.R.S., During the Years 1839 to 1843
1539:
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who was responsible for much of the surveying and chart production, as well as producing many illustrations of the voyage. He had been on the
1403:
1135:
770:
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of the region, resulting in a monograph on the zoology and a series of four detailed monographs by Hooker on the botany, collectively called
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416:
981:
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2209:
1375:
Antarctic Treaty System:: An
Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica, January 7–13, 1985
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848:"Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation"
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previous explorers had regarded as certain death ... These men were heroes – heroes in the highest sense of the word."
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of 1845–1848, in which both ships (and all crew) would ultimately be lost; their ship-wrecks have now been found.
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Polar
Research Board; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; National Research Council (1 January 1986).
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569:. Ross did not reach the Pole, but did infer its position. The expedition made the first "definitive" charts of
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had been armed with two mortars – one 13 in (330 mm) and one 10 in (250 mm) – and ten guns.
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1980:
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The expedition's zoological discoveries included a collection of birds. They were described and illustrated by
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2011:
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411:) in August 1840. On 21 November 1840 they departed for Antarctica. In January 1841, the ships landed on
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The expedition confirmed the existence of the continent of
Antarctica, inferred the position of the
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1379:
1179:
A Voyage of
Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions During the Years 1839–1843
544:
85:
1858:
1161:
A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, During the Years 1839–43
1119:
121:, published in parts between 1843 and 1859. Among the expedition's biological discoveries was the
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Ross discovered the "enormous" Ross Ice Shelf, correctly observing that it was the source of the
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39:
1491:"Letter from Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D. on [5 or 12 Nov 1845] (MS DAR 114: 45, 45b)"
1439:
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and magnetic intensity, in place of the less accurate charts made by the earlier expeditions of
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of Antarctica. The expedition was also the last major voyage of exploration made wholly under
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specimens. Hooker later became one of England's greatest botanists; he was a close friend of
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1988:
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The expedition's botanical discoveries were documented in Joseph Dalton Hooker's four-part
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190:. Ross had made many previous expeditions to the Arctic, including experience as captain.
8:
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335:, the ships servicing the Ross expedition, were two unusually strong warships. Both were
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227:, then aged 23 and the youngest person on the expedition, was assistant-surgeon to
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2016:
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surveying the coasts of Bolivia, Peru and Chile. Another Arctic veteran was
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3303:
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2001:
1995:
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1043:
901:
881:
863:
711:
574:
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420:
365:
89:
1516:"Erebus and Terror – The Antarctic Expedition 1839–1843, James Clark Ross"
4646:
4546:
4494:
4312:
4099:
3887:
3262:
3194:
2956:
2815:
2778:
2678:
2670:
2478:
1814:
424:
51:
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The main purpose of the Ross expedition was to find the position of the
4445:
4348:
4332:
4174:
4107:
4008:
3417:
3366:
3326:
2648:
2374:
2302:
2244:
1637:
1605:
540:
336:
236:
232:
199:
150:
852:
Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
3967:
2804:
2356:
2139:
624:
556:
475:
122:
55:
1549:
446:
Reaching latitude 76° south on 28 January 1841, the explorers spied
3899:
1131:
766:
628:
404:
167:
141:
126:
77:
817:"National Archives- Sir James Clark Ross notes and correspondence"
4526:
3906:
2171:
2147:
2135:
1226:
108:
2693:
383:
2772:
2097:
1545:
Encyclopedia of Earth: Three National Expeditions to Antarctica
999:. Antique Collectors' Club and The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
650:
379:, who produced numerous charts and illustrations of the voyage
112:
897:"The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36"
2158:
714:
would be "the key which will unlock the mystery of species".
277:, another friend of Ross, who joined the new expedition as a
547:
and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror, named after his ships.
247:
for twenty years. McCormick had been ship's surgeon for the
1314:
The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, from Frobisher to Ross
1227:
710:; Darwin thanked him, and agreed in November 1845 that the
706:
Hooker gave Charles Darwin a copy of the first part of the
600:, from the Ross Expedition to the Antarctic of 1839–1843.
487:
470:, where they conducted studies in magnetism, and gathered
466:
for the winter, returning in September 1842 to explore the
454:
Ross called this the "Great Ice Barrier", now known as the
130:
1031:
Joseph Dalton Hooker: botanist, explorer and administrator
565:, by making observations of the Earth's magnetism in the
618:
The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus & HMS Terror
602:
The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror Vol 1
3363:
1418:
Richardson, John; Gray, John Edward, eds. (1844–1875).
1202:
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector
997:
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector
681:
Botany of Fuegia, the Falklands, Kerguelen's Land, Etc.
672:
Botany of Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island
1018:
Life and letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI
522:
from observation, starting with Ross, and prediction
1417:
1101:, a Bombing Vessel From a Failed Arctic Expedition"
415:and proceeded to name areas of the landscape after
1440:"Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911) (Volume 4)"
1262:Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent
797:Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent
164:British Association for the Advancement of Science
1365:
1216:Antarctic expedition, 1839–1843, James Clark Ross
4672:
149:by John R. Wildman. The object lower right is a
795:remains important; in 2013 W. H. Walton in his
216:, was commanded by Ross' close friend, Captain
1081:. Eastbourne: Henry W. Keay. pp. 157–158.
1565:
1433:
1431:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1117:
1090:
1088:
623:The expedition was the first to describe the
258:, along with Darwin as gentleman naturalist.
16:1839–43 British Antarctic exploration mission
1330:
1199:
985:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
96:, named after each ship. The young botanist
1154:
1152:
431:after the other. McMurdo Bay (now known as
419:politicians, scientists and acquaintances.
1572:
1558:
1448:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1428:
1245:
1085:
871:
387:Map of Ross' 1839-43 Antarctic expedition
166:(BA) proposed an expedition to carry out
107:and made substantial observations of the
84:. On the expedition, Ross discovered the
4630:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1149:
1120:"Franklin expedition: New photos of HMS
969:
592:
513:
382:
355:
288:
140:
20:
4205:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1311:
1305:
1283:
1068:
845:
360:Painting of the expedition in front of
4673:
1437:
1258:
1204:. Antique Collectors Club. p. 85.
1094:
1074:
1042:
846:Goodman, Matthew (20 September 2016).
712:geographical distribution of organisms
539:, and helping to found the science of
293:One of the expedition's ships, either
62:, with two unusually strong warships,
3349:
1591:
1579:
1553:
935:
894:
839:
76:. It explored what is now called the
1232:"Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles"
1220:
1158:
1124:artifacts, but still no sign of HMS
965:
963:
631:, to which the species is confined.
3991:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2188:Norse colonization of North America
1118:Janet Davison (27 September 2015).
339:, named and equipped to fire heavy
170:measurements in the Antarctic. Sir
13:
3520:United States Exploring Expedition
1540:Cool Antarctica: Erebus and Terror
1488:
1445:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1259:Walton, D. W. H. (28 March 2013).
1230:National Geophysical Data Center.
939:Ships of Discovery and Exploration
14:
4742:
4726:Botanists active in South America
4594:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3962:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1533:
1097:"Recent Discovery of Wrecked HMS
1075:Dawson, Llewellyn Styles (1885).
976:"Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton"
960:
821:discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk
231:, and responsible for collecting
100:made his name on the expedition.
4488:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3881:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1181:, Vol I, J. Murray, 1847, p. 245
783:In 1912, the Norwegian explorer
758:
737:
719:
4721:Botanists active in New Zealand
1508:
1482:
1411:
1396:
1208:
1193:
1184:
1171:
1138:from the original on 2015-11-26
1111:
1048:Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging
427:, was named after one ship and
4731:History of the Ross Dependency
4686:Expeditions from Great Britain
1450:Australian National University
1291:"James Clark Ross (1800–1862)"
1095:Godbey, Holly (23 June 2017).
1036:
1023:
1010:
989:
929:
888:
809:
509:
1:
3867:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3802:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3350:
803:
157:
136:
4224:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4040:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3846:French Antarctic Expeditions
3776:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3662:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1780:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1438:Curtis, Winifred M. (1972).
1424:. Vol. 1. E. W. Janson.
1316:. Tempus. pp. 329–335.
778:
550:
526:
245:Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew
125:, a species confined to the
7:
3309:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2988:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1853:Andrée's balloon expedition
604:, 1875. Drawn by C. Hillman
498:would later be fitted with
243:and became director of the
50:was a voyage of scientific
10:
4747:
2510:Franklin's lost expedition
2210:Christian IV's expeditions
1592:
1267:Cambridge University Press
1159:Ross, James Clark (1847).
936:Paine, Lincoln P. (2000).
644:
638:
588:
554:
504:Franklin's lost expedition
316:
4327:
4058:
3645:
3385:
3362:
3358:
3345:
2864:Great Northern Expedition
2758:
2540:Rae–Richardson expedition
2289:
2134:
1740:British Arctic Expedition
1632:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1293:. Glasgow Digital Library
915:10.1017/S0032247400045150
634:
351:
193:
4148:British Antarctic Survey
4142:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3387:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1380:National Academies Press
895:Jones, A. G. E. (1950).
627:, which it found in the
545:Transantarctic Mountains
474:data and collections of
284:
86:Transantarctic Mountains
58:in 1839 to 1843, led by
4624:Pole of inaccessibility
4287:Antarctic Treaty System
2628:2nd Grinnell expedition
1495:University of Cambridge
1312:Coleman, E. C. (2006).
1163:. Vol. 2. London:
982:Encyclopædia Britannica
702:(1853–1859) (2 volumes)
693:(1851–1853) (2 volumes)
439:, senior lieutenant of
310:Illustrated London News
198:Ross, a captain of the
40:James Wilson Carmichael
4716:Scientific expeditions
4701:Flora of the Antarctic
1353:Cite journal requires
1016:Huxley, Leonard 1918.
864:10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023
614:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
605:
523:
452:
388:
380:
314:
154:
43:
4681:Antarctic expeditions
4294:Transglobe Expedition
4193:Operation Deep Freeze
3602:Challenger expedition
2468:Coppermine expedition
1989:Drifting ice stations
1408:, E. W. Janson, 1875.
1340:. 7 October 1982: 53.
1200:Desmond, Ray (2006).
690:Flora Novae-Zelandiae
645:Further information:
596:
555:Further information:
517:
448:
403:in Kent, arriving at
386:
359:
292:
261:The second master on
249:second voyage of HMS
144:
38:in the Antarctic, by
24:
1190:Ross Volume I p. 218
946:. pp. 139–140.
647:Joseph Dalton Hooker
571:magnetic declination
543:. He identified the
225:Joseph Dalton Hooker
98:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4696:1840s in Antarctica
4691:1830s in Antarctica
4464:South magnetic pole
3130:Brusilov expedition
2239:Danish colonization
1677:North magnetic pole
1402:Gray, John Edward.
1029:Turrill W.B. 1963.
567:Southern hemisphere
563:South Magnetic Pole
520:South Magnetic Pole
468:Antarctic Peninsula
391:In September 1839,
209:. Its sister ship,
105:South Magnetic Pole
80:and discovered the
4155:Operation Windmill
4136:Operation Highjump
3111:Rusanov expedition
3016:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2760:North East Passage
2564:McClure expedition
1177:James Clark Ross,
1105:War History Online
995:Desmond, R. 1999.
771:Nitophyllum smithi
665:. The parts were:
610:George Robert Gray
606:
524:
435:) was named after
389:
381:
315:
155:
88:and the volcanoes
44:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4122:Operation Tabarin
3984:Far Eastern Party
3830:Nimrod Expedition
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
2900:M. Pronchishcheva
2822:Siberian Cossacks
2291:Northwest Passage
1624:Research stations
1581:Polar exploration
1518:. Cool Antarctica
1489:Darwin, Charles.
1459:978-0-522-84459-7
1389:978-0-309-03640-5
1276:978-1-107-00392-7
1033:. Nelson, London.
1020:. London, Murray.
825:National Archives
663:Walter Hood Fitch
437:Archibald McMurdo
409:Van Diemen's Land
375:s second master,
323:HMS Terror (1813)
319:HMS Erebus (1826)
180:Sir Edward Sabine
4738:
4711:1840s in science
4706:1830s in science
4169:Ronne Expedition
3654:
3648:
3512:Dumont d'Urville
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
2895:V. Pronchishchev
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1044:Browne, E. Janet
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
993:
987:
986:
978:
967:
958:
957:
944:Houghton Mifflin
933:
927:
926:
892:
886:
885:
875:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
813:
793:Flora Antarctica
762:
751:Flora Antarctica
746:Fagus betuloides
741:
729:Flora Antarctica
723:
658:Flora Antarctica
641:Flora Antarctica
583:Dumont d'Urville
533:tabular icebergs
464:Falkland Islands
374:
275:Thomas Abernethy
229:Robert McCormick
172:James Clark Ross
147:James Clark Ross
145:Portrait of Sir
118:Flora Antarctica
60:James Clark Ross
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4656:
4331:
4323:
4199:McMurdo Station
4068:Modern research
4066:
4054:
3789:O. Nordenskjöld
3652:
3646:
3641:
3557:Ross expedition
3381:
3354:
3333:
2762:
2754:
2295:Northern Canada
2293:
2285:
2138:
2130:
1636:
1628:
1596:
1583:
1578:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1460:
1436:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:"New Scientist"
1336:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1257:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1214:Ward, p. 2001.
1213:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1116:
1112:
1093:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:. p. 205.
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1011:
994:
990:
968:
961:
954:
934:
930:
909:(40): 543–556.
893:
889:
844:
840:
830:
828:
815:
814:
810:
806:
781:
774:
763:
754:
742:
733:
724:
699:Flora Tasmaniae
653:
643:
637:
591:
559:
553:
529:
512:
407:(then known as
372:
362:Beaufort Island
354:
325:
317:Main articles:
287:
218:Francis Crozier
196:
188:Robert Were Fox
160:
139:
48:Ross expedition
17:
12:
11:
5:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4616:Vostok Station
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4567:Cherry-Garrard
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4407:Southern Cross
4403:
4402:
4401:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4337:
4335:
4329:Farthest South
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4026:Ross Sea party
4022:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3720:Southern Cross
3713:Southern Cross
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3657:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3578:
3572:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:Bellingshausen
3449:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3318:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2766:
2764:Russian Arctic
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2206:
2201:
2199:Snæbjörn galti
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2101:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:Farthest North
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1534:External links
1532:
1530:
1529:
1507:
1481:
1458:
1427:
1410:
1395:
1388:
1382:. p. 90.
1364:
1355:|journal=
1329:
1322:
1304:
1282:
1275:
1244:
1219:
1207:
1192:
1183:
1170:
1148:
1110:
1084:
1067:
1060:
1035:
1022:
1009:
988:
973:, ed. (1911).
971:Chisholm, Hugh
959:
952:
928:
887:
858:(3): 251–268.
838:
807:
805:
802:
785:Roald Amundsen
780:
777:
776:
775:
764:
757:
755:
753:, Plate CXXIV)
743:
736:
734:
726:Title page of
725:
718:
704:
703:
694:
685:
676:
639:Main article:
636:
633:
598:Adélie penguin
590:
587:
579:Charles Wilkes
552:
549:
537:Southern Ocean
528:
525:
511:
508:
480:ornithological
456:Ross Ice Shelf
353:
350:
286:
283:
256:Robert FitzRoy
254:under Captain
241:Charles Darwin
195:
192:
176:Humphrey Lloyd
159:
156:
138:
135:
82:Ross Ice Shelf
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4743:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
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3920:
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3918:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:Discovery Hut
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
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3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
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3589:
3585:
3584:
3579:
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3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
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3544:
3539:
3535:
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3530:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
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3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
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3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
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3469:
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3456:
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3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
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3423:
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3416:
3415:
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3413:
3408:
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3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
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3277:A. Sibiryakov
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2551:J. Richardson
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2041:
2040:Georgiy Sedov
2036:
2034:
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2029:
2027:
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2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
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2005:
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1927:Riiser-Larsen
1925:
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1333:
1325:
1323:0-7524-3660-0
1319:
1315:
1308:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1269:. p. 7.
1268:
1264:
1263:
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1123:
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1100:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1061:1-84413-314-1
1057:
1053:
1052:Jonathan Cape
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1005:1-85149-305-0
1002:
998:
992:
984:
983:
977:
972:
966:
964:
955:
953:0-395-98415-7
949:
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920:
916:
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586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
521:
518:Wandering of
516:
507:
505:
502:and used for
501:
500:steam engines
497:
493:
489:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:oceanographic
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
447:
444:
442:
438:
434:
433:McMurdo Sound
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Victoria Land
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
385:
378:
377:John E. Davis
371:
367:
363:
358:
349:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
320:
312:
311:
306:
305:
299:
298:
291:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:John E. Davis
264:
259:
257:
253:
252:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:The botanist
221:
219:
215:
214:
208:
207:
201:
191:
189:
185:
184:John Phillips
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:In 1838, the
152:
148:
143:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
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79:
75:
74:
68:
67:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
36:
30:
29:
23:
19:
4622:
4610:Pole of Cold
4608:
4534:
4525:
4493:
4486:
4462:
4433:
4419:
4413:Borchgrevink
4405:
4392:
4377:
4357:
4342:
4311:
4292:
4285:
4269:
4255:
4246:
4229:
4222:
4203:
4191:
4167:
4153:
4146:
4134:
4120:
4106:
4092:
4085:
4046:
4038:
4024:
4017:
4015:
3997:
3989:
3982:
3969:
3960:
3922:
3914:
3905:
3898:
3886:
3879:
3865:
3853:Pourquoi-Pas
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3823:Orcadas Base
3821:
3813:
3800:
3794:C. A. Larsen
3782:
3774:
3760:
3753:
3740:
3732:
3726:Borchgrevink
3719:
3711:
3668:
3660:
3635:C. A. Larsen
3628:
3609:
3600:
3582:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3542:
3527:
3518:
3505:
3466:
3452:
3445:
3426:
3411:
3321:
3314:
3297:
3290:
3276:
3261:
3247:
3234:
3209:
3195:
3193:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3135:
3128:
3109:
3075:
3073:
3059:
3057:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3007:
3005:
2986:
2862:
2820:
2803:
2771:
2735:
2733:
2713:
2712:
2692:
2691:
2677:
2664:
2649:
2635:
2626:
2613:
2584:
2572:Investigator
2571:
2562:
2538:
2525:
2517:
2508:
2495:
2466:
2443:
2428:
2413:
2383:
2368:
2338:
2257:
2237:
2208:
2204:Erik the Red
2186:
2164:
2157:
2114:submersibles
2111:
2105:Arktika 2007
2103:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2070:
2061:
2058:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2023:
1994:
1987:
1963:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1904:
1902:
1873:
1870:
1859:S. A. Andrée
1851:
1838:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1778:
1760:
1747:
1738:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1675:
1520:. Retrieved
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1484:
1443:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1374:
1367:
1346:cite journal
1332:
1313:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1285:
1261:
1235:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1160:
1140:. Retrieved
1125:
1121:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1077:
1070:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
996:
991:
980:
938:
931:
906:
902:Polar Record
900:
890:
855:
851:
841:
829:. Retrieved
820:
811:
796:
792:
790:
782:
769:
750:
744:
727:
707:
705:
697:
688:
679:
670:
656:
654:
622:
617:
607:
601:
575:magnetic dip
560:
535:seen in the
530:
495:
491:
484:
453:
449:
445:
440:
429:Mount Terror
421:Mount Erebus
396:
392:
390:
369:
366:Mount Erebus
345:
332:
328:
326:
308:
303:
296:
270:
262:
260:
250:
222:
212:
205:
202:, commanded
197:
161:
116:
102:
94:Mount Terror
90:Mount Erebus
72:
65:
47:
45:
34:
27:
18:
4313:Lake Vostok
4263:Tryoshnikov
4185:Schlossbach
4076:Christensen
4018:James Caird
3939:E. R. Evans
3705:Dobrowolski
3675:de Gerlache
3377:Expeditions
3263:Aviaarktika
3217:Samoylovich
3088:Kolomeitsev
2982:Middendorff
2942:Gedenshtrom
2362:I. Fyodorov
2124:Chilingarov
2012:E. Fyodorov
1619:Expeditions
1522:26 February
1500:25 February
1297:26 February
1165:John Murray
732:, 1844–1846
684:(1845–1847)
675:(1844–1845)
510:Discoveries
482:specimens.
425:Ross Island
364:(left) and
307:, from the
52:exploration
4675:Categories
4536:Terra Nova
4441:Shackleton
4384:J. C. Ross
4343:Resolution
4333:South Pole
4108:New Swabia
4032:Mackintosh
4004:Shackleton
3923:Terra Nova
3916:Terra Nova
3650:Heroic Age
3610:Challenger
3570:J. C. Ross
3480:Bransfield
3412:Resolution
3327:icebreaker
3291:Chelyuskin
3032:expedition
3010:Expedition
2952:Matyushkin
2910:Kh. Laptev
2905:Chelyuskin
2799:Heemskerck
2789:Chancellor
2784:Willoughby
2779:Koch boats
2722:Stefansson
2656:McClintock
2620:Inglefield
2462:J. C. Ross
2369:Resolution
2221:Cunningham
2119:Sagalevich
1808:expedition
1767:Stephenson
1727:C. F. Hall
1714:expedition
1688:J. C. Ross
1651:Heemskerck
1638:North Pole
1142:2015-12-19
804:References
541:glaciology
460:Port Louis
337:bomb ships
237:geological
233:zoological
200:Royal Navy
158:Background
151:dip circle
137:Expedition
4635:Tolstikov
4421:Discovery
4391:HMS
4376:HMS
4358:Adventure
4356:HMS
4341:HMS
4277:Tolstikov
3998:Endurance
3783:Antarctic
3768:Drygalski
3741:Discovery
3734:Discovery
3695:Arctowski
3608:HMS
3581:HMS
3575:Abernethy
3563:HMS
3541:USS
3528:Vincennes
3526:USS
3506:Astrolabe
3446:San Telmo
3427:Adventure
3425:HMS
3410:HMS
3405:Kerguelen
3367:Continent
3352:Antarctic
3229:Urvantsev
3187:Vilkitsky
3040:Jeannette
3038:USS
3030:Jeannette
2994:Weyprecht
2972:Pakhtusov
2922:Chichagov
2915:D. Laptev
2858:Permyakov
2833:Stadukhin
2828:Perfilyev
2805:Mangazeya
2743:H. Larsen
2708:Rasmussen
2663:HMS
2634:USS
2583:HMS
2570:HMS
2534:Collinson
2524:HMS
2516:HMS
2494:HMS
2442:HMS
2427:HMS
2412:HMS
2397:Mackenzie
2384:Discovery
2382:HMS
2367:HMS
2339:Discovery
2318:Frobisher
2281:Rasmussen
2194:Gunnbjörn
2140:Greenland
2069:USS
2060:USS
1932:Ellsworth
1874:Roosevelt
1804:Nansen's
1761:Discovery
1759:HMS
1746:HMS
1693:Abernethy
1661:Marmaduke
1468:1833-7538
923:128912203
791:Hooker's
779:Influence
687:Part III
625:Ross seal
557:Magnetism
551:Magnetism
527:Geography
476:botanical
399:departed
123:Ross seal
56:Antarctic
4647:A. Fuchs
4604:V. Fuchs
4584:McKinley
4547:E. Evans
4506:Bjaaland
4501:Amundsen
4451:Marshall
4364:Furneaux
4216:V. Fuchs
4180:E. Ronne
4175:F. Ronne
4114:Ritscher
3968:SY
3956:Filchner
3900:Framheim
3894:Amundsen
3700:Racoviță
3685:Amundsen
3680:Lecointe
3549:Ringgold
3543:Porpoise
3433:Furneaux
3269:Shevelev
3224:Begichev
3203:Amundsen
3165:Nagórski
3143:Brusilov
3137:Sv. Anna
3051:Melville
3021:Palander
2977:Tsivolko
2937:Sannikov
2932:Billings
2875:Chirikov
2794:Barentsz
2736:St. Roch
2727:Bartlett
2701:Amundsen
2685:Sverdrup
2585:Resolute
2474:Franklin
2402:Kotzebue
2269:Sverdrup
2252:Scoresby
2226:Lindenov
2077:Plaisted
2062:Nautilus
2007:Shirshov
1981:Belyakov
1976:Baydukov
1950:Nautilus
1912:Amundsen
1872:SS
1831:Sverdrup
1826:Johansen
1796:Brainard
1791:Lockwood
1646:Barentsz
1476:70677943
1136:Archived
1132:CBC News
1046:(1995).
882:31390418
767:red alga
696:Part IV
678:Part II
629:pack ice
405:Tasmania
331:and HMS
168:magnetic
127:pack ice
78:Ross Sea
4652:Messner
4599:Hillary
4579:Balchen
4527:Polheim
4521:Wisting
4399:Crozier
4371:Weddell
4349:J. Cook
4319:Kapitsa
4300:Fiennes
4242:Klenova
4211:Hillary
4161:Ketchum
4087:BANZARE
4062:·
3907:Polheim
3873:Shirase
3859:Charcot
3669:Belgica
3588:Crozier
3500:Morrell
3495:Weddell
3473:Lazarev
3418:J. Cook
3372:History
3322:Arktika
3298:Krassin
3283:Voronin
3255:Schmidt
3241:Ushakov
3180:Vaygach
3148:Albanov
3117:Rusanov
3098:Kolchak
3093:Matisen
3067:Makarov
3046:De Long
2947:Wrangel
2927:Lyakhov
2880:Malygin
2838:Dezhnev
2665:Pandora
2636:Advance
2603:Kennedy
2598:Belcher
2591:Kellett
2578:McClure
2502:Beechey
2496:Blossom
2489:Simpson
2457:Crozier
2450:Hoppner
2407:J. Ross
2375:J. Cook
2323:Gilbert
2216:J. Hall
2182:Ingólfr
2172:Naddodd
2166:Vikings
2153:Brendan
2148:Pytheas
2136:Iceland
2090:Arktika
2082:Herbert
2047:Badygin
2017:Krenkel
2002:Papanin
1971:Chkalov
1957:Wilkins
1922:Wisting
1866:F. Cook
1772:Markham
1732:Bessels
1721:Polaris
1712:Polaris
1683:J. Ross
1666:Carolus
1614:History
1237:8 March
873:4978730
831:1 April
669:Part I
589:Zoology
490:. Both
462:in the
417:British
401:Chatham
109:zoology
54:of the
42:, 1847.
4562:Bowers
4557:Wilson
4516:Hassel
4511:Helmer
4480:Mackay
4470:Mawson
4435:Nimrod
4393:Terror
4378:Erebus
4305:Burton
4100:Rymill
3976:Mawson
3970:Aurora
3949:Lashly
3934:Wilson
3837:Nimrod
3814:Scotia
3621:Murray
3596:Cooper
3583:Terror
3565:Erebus
3534:Wilkes
3485:Palmer
3453:Vostok
3400:Bouvet
3324:-class
3304:Gakkel
3172:Taymyr
3153:Konrad
3122:Kuchin
3060:Yermak
2967:Lavrov
2885:Ovtsyn
2870:Bering
2848:Ivanov
2811:Hudson
2773:Pomors
2750:Cowper
2715:Karluk
2614:Isabel
2608:Bellot
2558:Austin
2526:Terror
2518:Erebus
2414:Griper
2390:Clerke
2350:Baffin
2333:Hudson
2264:Nansen
2177:Garðar
2098:Barneo
1965:ANT-25
1941:Italia
1917:Nobile
1886:Henson
1845:Amedeo
1821:Nansen
1786:Greely
1656:Hudson
1594:Arctic
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1122:Erebus
1099:Terror
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651:Botany
635:Botany
496:Terror
492:Erebus
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397:Terror
393:Erebus
370:Terror
352:Voyage
346:Erebus
341:mortar
333:Terror
329:Erebus
313:, 1845
304:Terror
297:Erebus
279:gunner
271:Beagle
263:Terror
251:Beagle
213:Terror
206:Erebus
194:People
113:botany
73:Terror
66:Erebus
35:Terror
28:Erebus
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4589:Dufek
4552:Oates
4542:Scott
4475:David
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3755:Gauss
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3616:Nares
3490:Davis
3467:Mirny
3440:Smith
3395:Roché
3315:Lenin
3235:Sadko
3160:Wiese
3105:Sedov
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2999:Payer
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2957:Anjou
2890:Minin
2853:Vagin
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2816:Poole
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2484:Dease
2429:Hecla
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2345:Bylot
2328:Davis
2303:Cabot
2276:Peary
2258:Jason
2245:Egede
2159:Papar
2071:Skate
2052:Wiese
2032:NP-37
2025:NP-36
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1881:Peary
1839:Jason
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368:, by
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4009:Wild
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3690:Cook
3211:AARI
3196:Maud
3083:Toll
3008:Vega
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2642:Kane
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1502:2016
1472:OCLC
1464:ISSN
1454:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1359:help
1318:ISBN
1299:2016
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