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1590:
1700:
before
Parliament, and it contained an attack on both the Hookers, and suggested (amongst much else) that they had mismanaged the care of their trees, and that their systematic approach to botany was nothing more than "attaching barbarous binomials to foreign weeds". The discovery of this report no doubt helped to sway opinion in favour of Hooker and Kew (there was debate in the press as well as Parliament). Hooker replied to the Owen report in a point by point factual manner, and his reply was placed with the other papers on the case. When Ayrton was questioned about it in the debate led by Lubbock, he replied that "Hooker was too low an official to raise questions of matter with a Minister of the Crown".
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1133:. As probable causes they considered the Glacial periods and an earlier land connection with an Arctic continent. "A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern-Asiatic afinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types."
958:
in Tibet. A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to
Darjeeling, where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last
1699:
One extraordinary fact emerged. There had been an official report on Kew, which had not previously been seen in public, which Ayrton had caused to be written by
Richard Owen. Hooker had not seen the report, and so had not been given right of reply. Nonetheless, the report was amongst the papers laid
2182:
An important
Treasury Minute, dated 24 July, admits the justice of Dr. Hooker's remonstrance. It was very plain speaking to say that "the Lords of the Treasury are not surprised that in various cases Dr. Hooker should have thought that he had just cause of complaint", and "they direct so decidedly
508:
the
Defence minister. Mrs Hector treated him like a younger brother. After eight months and in better health Hector sent him home to England, saying he had greatly improved. His father was grateful, and surprised when Willy passed the civil service examination. He got an administrative job in the
1645:
Ayrton behaved in an extraordinary way, interfering in matters and approaching Hooker's colleagues behind his back, apparently with the aim of getting Hooker to resign, when the expenditure on Kew could be curtailed and diverted. Ayrton actually took staff appointments out of Hooker's hands. He
1584:
There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the
British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Joseph Hooker and Owen. ... At the root was Owen's feeling that Kew should be
1630:
with the prophecy that it would prove "another instance of Mr. Ayrton's unfortunate tendency to carry out what he thinks right in as unpleasant a manner as possible". This was relevant because Kew was funded by the Board of Works, and the
Director of Kew reported to the First Commissioner. The
512:
However, his third son, Brian, was a "great worry" to him. He qualified as a geologist and mining engineer at the Royal School of Mines but unable to get a job in
Britain emigrated to Australia, where he married. He resigned a Queensland lectureship to invest (with his brother Willy) in an
707:, the Governor of the Falkland Islands. Moody granted Hooker full use of his personal library, which Hooker described as 'excellent', and Hooker described Moody as 'a very active and intelligent young man, most anxious to improve the colony and gain every information [
2183:
that in all matters connected with the scientific branch of the
Gardens Dr. Hooker's opinion should be followed, subject only to the consideration of expense, and lay down so distinctly his right to be consulted in all matters relating to the management of the establishment".
1325:
and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. They had met once, before the
Antarctic voyage embarked. After Hooker's return to England, he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the
500:. He sent his son Willy (aged 15) to stay in New Zealand with the recently married Hector in 1869, Willy was sickly and coughing up blood, and a warmer climate was recommended. Though well-behaved he was indolent. Hector sent him on a cruise on a Government steamer the
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1460:, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full Director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanic gardens of Kew rose to world renown. At the age of thirty, Hooker was elected a fellow of the
1707:, just before his government fell. Ayrton failed to get re-elected to Parliament. From that moment to this, the value of the Botanic Gardens has never been seriously questioned. In the midst of this crisis, Hooker was elected as President of the
1129:, the leading American botanist of the day. They wished to investigate the connection between the floras of eastern United States and those of eastern continental Asia and Japan; and the line of demarcation between Arctic floras of America and
1612:
should be moved from the British Museum to Kew, a reasonable idea, but a threat to Owen's plans for a museum in South Kensington to house the natural history collections. Hooker cited mismanagement at the British Museum as a justification.
1348:
wrote "Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant". Certainly they had extensive correspondence, and they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when
1101:; no full-length report was published, but a number of papers were written. Hooker recognised three phytogeographical divisions: Western Syria and Palestine; Eastern Syria and Palestine; Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria.
990:
and travelled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra, where they stayed until 9 December, when they began their trip back to England. With Thomson he distributed the
5784:
752:, now public, makes clear Darwin's sense of shock at this unexpected outcome. Hooker declined a chair at Glasgow University which became vacant on Balfour's appointment. Instead, he took a position as botanist to the
520:, and saw Brian in 1892 and 1893, after he left his family in Australia. Hector ceased to be involved with mining in New Zealand under the new Liberal government. Brian returned to his family in Australia in 1894.
1044:, and an annual stipend of ÂŁ200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hooker's flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collections made on the
513:
impressively named but cash-strapped gold-mining company which collapsed, the Queensland Minerals Exploration Company. Joseph was appalled; Brian could not support his wife and children or find employment.
1338:, and Hooker showed interest. In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin's "Essay" explaining the theory, and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback. Their correspondence continued throughout the
1476:
in 1892. He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting. His journeys to Palestine, Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew.
886:, which was finally approved in 1849 (He was later briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim). Meanwhile, Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in
3927:
728:. The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline.
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1203:, whom he described as respectable and well-spoken: "All the school children are brought up to believe in him , and in a lot of scripture history as useless and idle as that taught in our schools."
1537:. His collaboration with George Bentham was especially important. Bentham, an amateur botanist who worked at Kew for many years, was perhaps the leading botanical systematist of the 19th century.
600:, who in addition to being the ship's Surgeon was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens. The ships sailed on 30 September 1839. Before journeying to Antarctica they visited
6158:
3050:, pp. 208–211:Ch 3 is an excellent survey, and its notes gives references to all the eyewitness accounts except Newton: see notes 61, 66, 67, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95
703:, back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic. When Hooker arrived on the Falkland Islands with the expedition of Ross, he developed a close friendship with
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1580:, reporting only to the Head of the British Museum. Hooker, appointed in 1855 as Assistant Director of Kew, was the man most responsible for bringing foreign specimens to Kew.
1937:
Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles : for the Use of Beginners and Amateurs
2169:, p. 90 This rivalry between the two institutions is even more important than the characters of the two men. Owen's character was widely traduced after his treatment of
1210:: the "finger-tip of civilisation" where "the people sleep without locks to their doors, the fire-engines are well-manned and in capital order, and there is no end of food".
1585:
subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden.
683:, and onward to Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the
1357:, enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to
2195:, p. 90 Richard Owen was Ayrton's main supporter, and "attacked Hooker right and left". No doubt he remembered Hooker's 1868 proposal to seize the Banks herbarium.
744:, and so the appointment was influenced by local politicians. An unusually protracted struggle ensued, resulting in the election of the locally born and bred botanist,
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are most like us in language, speech and habits... The Americans are great and promiscuous eaters... beds are remarkably clean and good, but the pillows are too soft."
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in 1841, was now a prominent man of science. William Hooker, through his connections, secured an Admiralty grant of ÂŁ1000 to defray the cost of plates for his son's
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and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772. The expedition spent some time in
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36:
1382:), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.
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My life has become utterly detestable and I do long to throw up the Directorship. What can be more humiliating than two years of wrangling with such a creature!
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in New Zealand from 18 August to 23 November 1841. They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica. After spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the
1842:
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The outcome was not a vote in the Commons, but a kind of truce until, in August 1874, Gladstone transferred Ayrton from the Board of Works to the office of
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After Joseph had succeeded his father as Director, in 1865, the independence of Kew was seriously threatened by the machinations of a member of parliament,
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1378:, the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's
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Capelotti, Peter Joseph; Forsberg, Magnus (2015). "The place names of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa: Leigh Smith's Eira expeditions, 1880 and 1881–1882".
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He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard
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His widow, Hyacinth, declined the proposal and eventually Hooker's body was buried, as he wished to be, alongside his father in the churchyard of
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expedition. This was just 10 days after being granted two and a half years' leave from the Geological Survey to study fossil plants in India and
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in Nottinghamshire, and they shed light on the international breadth of English scientific research in the first half of the nineteenth century.
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in 1873. This showed publicly the high regard which Hooker's fellow scientists had for him, and the great importance they attached to his work.
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Hooker and a sizeable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848. They travelled to Zongri, west over the spurs of
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By his travels and his publications, Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed Assistant-Director of the
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Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by the Minerva Library of Famous Books published by Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. in 1891.
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defended it. According to Hooker's own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments.
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on behalf of Kew and the Admiralty. He would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya, but abandoned the projected visit to
1514:, published in seven volumes starting in 1872. On the publication of the last part in 1897, he was promoted Knight Grand Commander of the
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1608:, who set out to get their way with the Royal Society. In 1868 Hooker had proposed that the whole of the huge herbarium collection of
1541:, begun by Bentham and completed by Hooker, was the standard text for a hundred years. It was always known as 'Bentham & Hooker'.
592:; it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail. Hooker was the youngest of the 128-man crew. He sailed on the
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The relationship between the two men continued to deteriorate after Hooker became a supporter of Darwin's views and a member of the
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conflict between the two men lasted from 1870 to 1872, and there is a voluminous correspondence on the Ayrton Episode held at Kew.
1518:(being made a Knight Commander of that Order in 1877). Ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the
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1968:. Vol. Primum, Sistens Dicotyledonum Polypetalarum Ordines LXXXIII: Ranunculareas—Cornaceas. London: Reeve & Co. 1867.
1556:(Illustrations of Plants), producing volumes eleven through nineteen, with most of the illustrations being prepared for him by
1330:. Hooker agreed and the pair began a lifelong friendship. On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the
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and others, which had been lost following Hooker's brief tenure with the Survey, were rediscovered in the Survey vaults in
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Hooker visited a number of cities and botanical institutions before moving west and climbing to 9,000 ft to camp at
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1365:. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. In 1859 the author of
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meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. He was a close friend of
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flora derived from the eastward; 2. a so-called desert and saline flora derived from the west; 3. a sub-alpine; 4. an
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1073:: the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant geographer. His works on the voyage were completed with
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776:, but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the
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Frances Harriet Henslow's contribution to his work included translating French botanical texts which Hooker edited.
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called for all the correspondence on the matter. The Treasury supported Hooker and criticised Ayrton's behaviour.
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I cannot get over my surprise at the result, so confident did I feel about it, knowing who your competitors were.
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Hooker's collections from the Antarctic voyage were described eventually in one of two volumes published as the
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and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy".
1113:, George Maw and a young gardener from Kew, called Crump. They published an account of their travels entitled
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Himalayan Journals, or notes of a naturalist, in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, Khasia Mountains ...
1052:(trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker), who would go on to become the most prolific Victorian
648:
528:
On 10 December 1911, after a short and apparently minor illness, Hooker died in his sleep at home, the Camp,
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seemed not to value the scientific work, and to believe Kew should be just an amusement park. Hooker wrote:
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After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Lady Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of
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2920:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 714 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (13 or 20 November 1843)"
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1237:, the two latter of widely different origin, and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges.
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986:, a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on 1 May 1850, then sailed to the
784:. In 2011, a collection of glass plate slides of paleontological fossils, some prepared by Darwin,
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His degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service. He joined the polar explorer
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1911:
636:. Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of
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3028:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2345 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 20 (October 1858)"
3002:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1066 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (c. 4 March 1847)"
2976:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1058 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 8 (February 1847)"
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555:. His memorial tablet in the church, with a motif of five plants, was designed by Matilda Smith.
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2934:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 729 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)"
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1192:, and ended up in San Francisco. Hooker was back in Kew with 1,000 dried specimens by October.
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334:, Suffolk, England. He was the second son of Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker
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2955:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 734 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 29 January 1844"
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on 12 January 1848, leaving on 28th to begin his travels with a geological survey party under
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1980:
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis kewensibus servata definita Vol. Secundi
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in the 1870s and early 1880s), and the first of the three X-Clubbers in succession to become
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Life of Alfred Newton: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907
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1464:, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the
400:. Hooker described the library as 'excellent', and developed a close friendship with Moody.
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954:. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim as they travelled towards the
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found in English gardens of the time were grown from seeds collected by Hooker in Sikkim.
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2133:. Apparently, they met in Trafalgar Square, but without quoting source). The voyages of
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An 1854 illustration showing Hooker with his Lepcha collectors in Sikkim (Mezzotint by
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3990:– Correspondence to Joseph Dalton Hooker as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
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Hooker regularly corresponded with the chief government scientist in New Zealand, Sir
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Pioneer Plant Geography: The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
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Finally, Hooker asked to be put in communication with Gladstone's private secretary,
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3725:(2 ed.). Lower Hutt: Geoscience Society of New Zealand. pp. 101–103, 210.
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Hooker's letters from the Royal Horticultural Society's Digital Collections website
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When Hooker returned to England his father, who had been appointed director of the
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at Kew was founded in 1853, and quickly grew in size and importance. At the time,
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British North American flora, south of the Arctic flora, in five meridional belts.
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The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: with original omissions restored
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Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita
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Letter 8176 in the Darwin Correspondence Project (full text not yet available).
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where they would spend several days. Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35
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392:. On this expedition, Hooker was granted full access to the private library of
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1533:(1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of
1361:(showing his prior realisation of natural selection) in a presentation to the
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and went on to study medicine at the University of Glasgow graduating with an
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and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and
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3124:
2695:
1888:. 3 vols, 1844 (general), 1853 (New Zealand), 1859 (Tasmania). Reeve, London.
1795:
1708:
1673:
1665:
1557:
1461:
1429:
1322:
1234:
1200:
1165:
987:
935:
780:. In 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for
335:
184:
3834:
1371:
recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.
1285:
959:
year in India. According to an 1887 journal written by Indian administrator
54:
5991:
5964:
5414:
5387:
5371:
5355:
5315:
5256:
4761:
4748:
4603:
4335:
4325:
4271:
4266:
4113:
3112:
2610:
2543:"Joseph Dalton Hooker in the Bay of Islands: 18 August to 23 November 1841"
1681:
1609:
1594:
1573:
1493:
1473:
1469:
1448:
1169:
1141:
964:
947:
895:
890:. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, then travelled along the
757:
497:
190:
178:
172:
2500:"Erebus and Terror – The Antarctic Expedition 1839–1843, James Clark Ross"
1503:
and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by
5937:
5885:
5837:
5518:
5323:
5248:
5025:
5017:
4508:
4293:
4243:
4164:
1465:
1262:
1214:
979:
552:
529:
233:
97:
3957:
1962:
1935:
942:. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim. Leaving on 3
643:
From the Cape they entered the Southern Ocean. Their first stop was the
5740:
5705:
4030:
3610:
Horticulture – Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning
2889:
2134:
1787:
1354:
871:
864:
809:
617:
359:
331:
78:
3938:
1229:: There are two temperate, and two cold or mountain floras, viz: 1. a
970:
Reluctant to return to Sikkim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in
724:, and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and
350:. From the age of seven, Hooker attended his father's lectures at the
4101:
3541:
Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science
2861:
1822:
Many of them are named in honour of Joseph Dalton Hooker. Including;
1626:
1569:
1249:
1130:
1020:
992:
821:
777:
765:
629:
541:
378:
3559:
Endersby, J (24 May 2008). "Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)".
2876:
Hooker J.D. (1879). "The distribution of the North American flora".
2836:
2029:]. trans. Frances Harriet Hooker. London: Longmans Green. 1873 .
516:
In 1891, Hector sent a pessimistic report on a proposed tin mine on
5911:
4528:
4340:
2421:
England and Wales Death Index, December Quarter of 1955 as seen on
2022:
A General System of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical in two parts
1500:
1358:
1222:
1185:
1126:
1011:
878:. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative
860:
856:
800:
789:
605:
290:
4043:
2153:) coincided at several points; for example, they both visited the
1109:
Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871, in the company of
6119:
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
3258:
1576:
was the Superintendent of the natural history departments of the
1417:
1261:
The Great Eastern Forest region, from the Atlantic to beyond the
1230:
1137:
848:
601:
1148:
at 14,500 ft. After returning to La Veta, they went beyond
820:
On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long
3071:
Huxley to Dr FD Dyster, 9 September 1860, Huxley Papers 15.117.
2409:
England 1901 census Piece RG13/886 Folio 52 Page 22 as seen on
2397:
England 1891 census Piece RG12/554 Folio 99 Page 14 as seen on
2129:
Hooker had met Darwin for the first time before leaving on the
2002:
The Flora of British India: Volume V, Chenopodiaceæ to Orchideæ
1605:
1497:
1425:
1240:
His overview of North American flora contained these elements:
1157:
975:
971:
887:
883:
855:, who he left on 3 March to continue travelling by elephant to
829:
825:
668:
664:
223:
2439:
795:
6159:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2173:, and Hooker was "impulsive and somewhat peppery in temper".
1766:
1897 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
1094:
939:
907:
761:
637:
297:'s closest friend. For 20 years he served as director of the
3053:
2669:
Desmond, Ray (January 1993). "Sir Joseph Hooker and India".
2427:
5799:
3772:
Joseph Dalton Hooker: Botanist, Explorer, and Administrator
3660:
Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I.
3642:
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton; Ball, John; Maw, George (1878).
3462:
3182:
2750:"Herbarium Indiae orientalis: IndExs ExsiccataID=121645696"
2611:"Letter of Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 October 1845"
1226:
844:
840:
768:
in 1855. He became engaged to Frances Henslow, daughter of
656:
537:
485:
2816:
2780:
2422:
2410:
2398:
1488:. Their botanical observations and the publication of the
305:, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.
6149:
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
3897:"Correspondence between Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin"
3158:
3041:
2792:
2573:
Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia
2560:
2377:
Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia
2347:
Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia
1999:
709:
2522:
1692:, and additional papers laid before the House of Lords.
3520:
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector
2101:
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
1120:
736:
In 1845, Hooker applied for the Chair of Botany at the
6144:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
3758:
Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal
3420:
3264:
3239:
2804:
2319:
2317:
1638:
Owen was supported in parliament by Acton Smee Ayrton
1620:, whose appointment as First Commissioner of Works by
1492:(1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the
1271:
The Sink region, confined to gullies of the mountains.
1195:
His comments on his encounters include the following:
3276:
3227:
3194:
2768:
2730:
2587:
2510:
2055:
An epitome to the British Indian species of Impatiens
731:
385:
after receiving a commission as Assistant-Surgeon on
289:(30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British
3444:
3432:
3170:
2718:
1886:
Flora Antarctica: the botany of the Antarctic voyage
1002:
Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the
974:, he chose to make his last Himalayan expedition to
716:
Subsequently, the Ross expedition made a landing at
651:
to deliver coffee to sealers. They departed for the
563:
5196:
2314:
2218:"Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785–1865), botanist"
2077:is used to indicate this person as the author when
3499:Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People and Places
3346:. No. 36783. London. 2 June 1902. p. 11.
2706:Letter number 1558: To J.D. Hooker. 10 March 1854.
2451:
2302:
2227:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
2216:
1802:was named after him following its 1880 discovery.
1668:. A statement was drawn up over the signatures of
1436:. In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the
760:, searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of
4747:
3382:
2290:
1548:. He continued the compilation of his father Sir
6164:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
6025:
3827:The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Past and Present
3645:Journal of a Tour in Marocco and the Great Atlas
3323:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2433:
2366:
2364:
2157:, Australia (Sydney, at least), and New Zealand.
2039:Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas
2019:
1115:Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas
1089:This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860, with
847:where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in
5912:Awards and achievements of Joseph Dalton Hooker
3089:"Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter"
2605:
2463:
2060:
1597:opposed Hooker in his planned expansion of Kew
1563:
1546:A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire
446:Maria Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6.
6204:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (civil class)
3891:Hooker's letters from the Kew Gardens' archive
3692:Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science
2491:
1983:(in Latin). London: Reeve & Company. 1876.
1811:There are number (at least 30) of plants with
1762:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1659:, p. 165, Chapter XXXV The Ayrton Episode
1405:spoke against Darwin's theory, and Hooker and
6174:People educated at the High School of Glasgow
6134:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London
5785:
5182:
4733:
4059:
3641:
3164:
3155:, May–June 2000. Retrieved on 7 January 2009.
2798:
2361:
1977:
1688:and others. It was laid before Parliament by
1443:
816:. Hooker reached the pass on 7 November 1849.
3713:A Bibliography of Australian Economic Botany
3565:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3486:
3188:
2837:"Notes on the Botany of the Rocky Mountains"
2336:
2334:
2332:
1957:Introductory Essay to the Flora of Australia
1714:
1544:In 1904, at the age of 87, Hooker published
1452:Hooker in the 1860s during his period at Kew
4597:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
3215:, p. 161, Ch. XXXV The Ayrton Episode.
2875:
2834:
2106:Category:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker
1868:Sea Lion: New Zealand or Hooker's Sea Lion
1084:
938:, and north west along Nepal's passes into
796:Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847–1851
640:and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets.
427:. They had three daughters and four sons:
5792:
5778:
5189:
5175:
4740:
4726:
4066:
4052:
3980:
3883:
3020:
2994:
2968:
2715:The Darwin Correspondence Online Database.
423:(1825–1874), daughter of Darwin's mentor,
358:and the voyages of explorers like Captain
53:
3779:
3723:James Hector: explorer, scientist, leader
3537:
3200:
3147:Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum
3059:
2912:
2860:
2329:
1376:Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae
1104:
1069:he wrote about islands and their role in
403:
16:British botanist and explorer (1817–1911)
4248:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
4035:
3695:. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
3558:
3495:
3426:
3079:
3077:
2323:
1993:The student's flora of the British Isles
1878:
1850:, orchid species in Southern Taiwan.and
1633:
1588:
1447:
1284:
1019:
950:to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the
912:
799:
484:Lady Hooker was elected a Fellow of the
407:
312:
3997:Professional and academic associations
3821:
3797:
3765:
3585:
3562:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3516:
3358:"Sycamore is largest tree for hardwood"
3270:
3245:
3139:
2902:
2822:
2810:
2786:
2774:
2668:
2593:
2528:
2516:
2340:
2308:
2224:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2192:
2166:
1934:
1805:
1655:Hooker to Bentham, 2 February 1872, in
1374:In December 1859, Hooker published the
1345:
1280:
740:. This position included duties at the
491:
449:Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932)
139: 1851; died 1874)
6026:
5034:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
3965:Works by or about Joseph Dalton Hooker
3754:
3739:
3720:
3709:
3688:
3656:
3606:
3487:Barlow, Nora; Darwin, Charles (1958).
3450:
3438:
3282:
3233:
3212:
3047:
2736:
2724:
2699:
2566:
2540:
2445:
2370:
2296:
1656:
5910:
5773:
5170:
4721:
4047:
4034:
3841:
3667:
3176:
3083:
3074:
1168:. A journey of 29 hours took them to
882:who negotiated Hooker's admission to
536:offered a grave near Darwin's in the
532:, Berkshire. The Dean and Chapter of
3939:"Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)"
3627:
2878:Proceedings of the Royal Institution
2497:
2457:
1905:The Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya
1510:His greatest botanical work was the
1125:This was undertaken with his friend
1121:Voyage to Western United States 1877
946:May, he travelled north west up the
6214:Victoria Medal of Honour recipients
6114:Companions of the Order of the Bath
6059:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
4475:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
4073:
3755:Temple, Sir Richard Carnac (1887).
3502:. David & Charles. p. 96.
2756:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
2534:
2005:. London: L. Reeve & Co. 1890.
1527:Students Flora of the British Isles
812:, looking North West from Hooker's
764:, eventually discovering the first
523:
509:India Office, and lived to age 89.
480:Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950).
13:
3790:
3663:Vol. II. London: John Murray.
754:Geological Survey of Great Britain
732:Geological Survey of Great Britain
574:Hooker's first expedition, led by
431:William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942)
14:
6235:
6224:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
6104:Burials at St. Anne's Church, Kew
3988:Directors' Correspondence Project
3944:Missouri Botanical Garden Library
3881:National Portrait Gallery, London
3877:Portraits of Joseph Dalton Hooker
3870:
3855:"Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton"
3775:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
3648:. Macmillan and Company. p.
1919:Illustrations of Himalayan plants
1893:Handbook of the New Zealand flora
1539:The Handbook of the British flora
1438:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1412:Hooker acted as president of the
1180:and ten days by wagon across the
1048:. The floras were illustrated by
870:Hooker's expedition was based in
742:Royal Botanic Gardens of Scotland
564:Voyage to the Antarctic 1839–1843
477:Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940)
4665:
3924:at the Cambridge Digital Library
3145:Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000). "
1599:Photograph: Ernest Edwards, 1867
1490:Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya
1093:. They visited and collected in
982:in Assam. He was accompanied by
928:Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya
874:where he stayed with naturalist
713:] respecting its products'.
504:with a son (also 15) of Colonel
443:Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933)
398:Governor of the Falkland Islands
259:
6194:Presidents of the Royal Society
6129:British evolutionary biologists
6079:Botanists active in New Zealand
6074:Botanists active in Kew Gardens
6044:19th-century English scientists
4707:List of natural history dealers
4375:The Natural History of Selborne
3746:. S. K. Lahiri and Co. p.
3586:Freeman, Richard Broke (1978).
3544:. University of Chicago Press.
3464:International Plant Names Index
3456:
3376:
3350:
3335:
3313:
3288:
3257:In the Commons, 8 August 1872 (
3251:
3218:
3065:
2947:
2926:
2869:
2828:
2742:
2681:
2662:
2637:
2599:
2415:
2186:
2176:
2160:
2123:
1777:, awarded by the German Emperor
1258:United States flora, in belts:
1042:Botany of the Antarctic Voyages
843:and then travelled overland to
152:
136:
6199:Recipients of the Copley Medal
6039:19th-century British explorers
6034:19th-century British botanists
4609:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
4013:President of the Royal Society
2403:
2391:
2264:
2209:
1746:President of the Royal Society
1734:American Philosophical Society
1434:President of the Royal Society
1340:development of Darwin's theory
832:. He received free passage on
458:Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1955)
354:, taking an early interest in
342:, and the famous botanist Sir
325:
1:
6154:Members of the Order of Merit
6064:Botanists active in Australia
3978:Biodiversity Heritage Library
3974:Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker
3948:Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker
3902:Darwin Correspondence Project
3845:The Hookers of Kew, 1785–1911
3710:Maiden, Joseph Henry (1892).
3671:One Hundred and One Botanists
3657:Huxley, Leonard, ed. (1918).
2645:"J D Hooker slide collection"
2616:Darwin Correspondence Project
2541:Hooker, J.D. (3 March 2018).
2276:Darwin Correspondence Project
2111:
1738:1877 Knight Commander of the
1640:Caracature, Vanity Fair, 1869
1199:After meeting and talking to
867:, arriving on 16 April 1848.
439:William Turner Thiselton-Dyer
6139:Fellows of the Royal Society
6003:Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck
3922:Darwin–Hooker Correspondence
3689:Jensen, John Vernon (1991).
3579:UK public library membership
3523:. Antique Collectors' Club.
3364:. 24 January 1916. p. 3
2754:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
2550:Colenso Society (Supplement)
2434:Le Maout & Decaisne 1873
2258:UK public library membership
2202:
2061:Standard author abbreviation
2049:Handbook to the Ceylon flora
1564:Attacks on Hooker and on Kew
1387:historic debate on evolution
1353:'s famous letter arrived at
1311:, Hooker had read proofs of
1303:1860 Oxford evolution debate
540:but insisted that Hooker be
412:Frances Harriet Henslow, by
308:
299:Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew
241:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
5985:Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn
5891:Professor Stephen D. Hopper
4365:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
3958:Hooker's Himalayan Journals
3829:. London: Herbert Jenkins.
3740:Sanyal, Ram Bramha (1896).
3674:. Purdue University Press.
3589:Charles Darwin, a companion
2799:Hooker, Ball & Maw 1878
2343:"HOOKER, Sir JOSEPH DALTON"
2096:Bentham & Hooker system
2089:
2027:Traité général de botanique
1951:A century of Indian orchids
1760:1885 Foreign member of the
1722:Fellow of the Royal Society
1529:and a monumental work, the
1299:Reaction to Darwin's theory
997:Herbarium Indiae orientalis
859:, up the Ganges by boat to
675:, and then moved on to the
317:Daguerreotype of Hooker by
100:, Berkshire, United Kingdom
10:
6240:
5833:Sir William Thiselton-Dyer
5823:Sir William Jackson Hooker
5802:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4978:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
4954:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
4387:A History of British Birds
3780:Wollaston, A.F.R. (1921).
3716:. C. Potter, Govt Printer.
3479:
2041:. Macmillan, London. with
1756:Royal Geographical Society
1740:Order of the Star of India
1516:Order of the Star of India
1458:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1444:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1296:
1221:His views on the flora of
1164:for an excursion into the
1038:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
756:in 1846. He began work on
578:, consisted of two ships,
567:
348:Regius Professor of Botany
6084:British Geological Survey
6069:Botanists active in India
5998:
5989:
5981:
5971:
5962:
5954:
5944:
5935:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5808:
5716:
5602:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
5586:Charles Scott Sherrington
5537:
5398:
5307:
5208:
4756:
4702:Natural History Societies
4674:
4663:
4579:
4570:The Royal Natural History
4422:Ornithological Dictionary
4409:
4331:Johan Christian Fabricius
4257:
4163:
4090:
4081:
4041:
4019:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3607:Gordon, Sue, ed. (2005).
3405:10.1017/S0032247413000429
3321:"J.D. Hooker (1817–1911)"
3165:Bentham & Hooker 1876
3105:10.1017/S0018246X00016848
2649:British Geological Survey
1715:Honours and commemoration
894:to its junction with the
362:. He was educated at the
301:, succeeding his father,
258:
253:
249:
239:
229:
219:
212:
165:
115:
105:
86:
81:, Suffolk, United Kingdom
64:
52:
23:
5923:Awards and achievements
5871:Professor Patrick Brenan
5828:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
5642:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
4548:The Naturalist's Library
4451:On the Origin of Species
3767:Turrill, William Bertram
3637:. R. & R. Nicholson.
3496:Brittain, Julia (2006).
3189:Barlow & Darwin 1958
2569:"MOODY, RICHARD CLEMENT"
2448:, pp. 101–103, 210.
2116:
1393:on 30 June 1860, Bishop
1391:Oxford University Museum
1380:On the Origin of Species
1332:transmutation of species
1184:. Thus they came to the
1085:Voyage to Palestine 1860
863:and overland by pony to
551:, a short distance from
455:(1867–1944) statistician
453:Reginald Hawthorn Hooker
375:Captain James Clark Ross
270:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
5463:Benjamin Collins Brodie
5439:Marquess of Northampton
4922:Julius Robert von Mayer
4682:Natural history museums
4284:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
3907:University of Cambridge
3861:Encyclopædia Britannica
3721:Nathan, Simon (2016) .
3613:. David & Charles.
3538:Endersby, Jim (2008a).
2711:15 October 2006 at the
2621:University of Cambridge
2478:Kew Guild Annual Report
2373:"ROSS, Sir JAMES CLARK"
1794:, was named after him.
1624:in 1869 was greeted in
1484:in 1855, together with
1289:Engraving of Hooker by
1010:, was published by the
808:from the summit of the
738:University of Edinburgh
647:where they set down on
558:
421:Frances Harriet Henslow
125:Frances Harriet Henslow
6179:People from Halesworth
6094:British pteridologists
5818:William Townsend Aiton
5407:William Hyde Wollaston
4994:James Joseph Sylvester
4810:Michel Eugène Chevreul
4770:Alexander von Humboldt
4534:William Jackson Hooker
4482:Alexander von Humboldt
4399:Philosophie zoologique
4182:Pinax theatri botanici
3864:(11th ed.). 1911.
3571:10.1093/ref:odnb/33970
3093:The Historical Journal
2567:Tatham, David (n.d.).
2480:. 1915. Archived from
2423:http://ancestry.com.au
2411:http://ancestry.com.au
2399:http://ancestry.com.au
2272:"Joseph Dalton Hooker"
2233:10.1093/ref:odnb/13699
1726:1869 Companion of the
1705:Judge Advocate-General
1662:
1642:
1601:
1587:
1550:William Jackson Hooker
1512:Flora of British India
1480:He started the series
1453:
1294:
1105:Voyage to Morocco 1871
1033:
1015:Trigonometrical Survey
931:
919:Rhododendron argenteum
876:Brian Houghton Hodgson
817:
467:William Samuel Symonds
416:
414:William Edward Kilburn
404:Marriages and children
344:William Jackson Hooker
322:
319:William Edward Kilburn
303:William Jackson Hooker
5958:Alfred Russel Wallace
5948:John Obadiah Westwood
5931:Charles Robert Darwin
5876:Professor Arthur Bell
5511:George Gabriel Stokes
5098:George Gabriel Stokes
5002:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
4938:Hermann von Helmholtz
4906:Henri Victor Regnault
4786:Johannes Peter MĂĽller
4778:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
4620:The Study of Instinct
4559:Kunstformen der Natur
4463:The Malay Archipelago
4458:Alfred Russel Wallace
4394:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
3668:Isely, Duane (2002).
3517:Desmond, Ray (1999).
2371:Gurney, Alan (n.d.).
2341:Desmond, Ray (n.d.).
1879:Selected publications
1853:Sarcococca hookeriana
1732:1869 Election to the
1648:
1637:
1592:
1582:
1451:
1428:(which dominated the
1368:The Origin of Species
1351:Alfred Russel Wallace
1288:
1244:Polar area, from the
1075:Flora Novae-Zelandiae
1023:
916:
803:
750:Darwin correspondence
705:Richard Clement Moody
596:and was assistant to
549:St Anne's Church, Kew
473:. They had two sons:
469:and the widow of Sir
411:
394:Richard Clement Moody
352:University of Glasgow
338:and sister-in-law of
316:
110:University of Glasgow
6184:British phycologists
5866:Jack Heslop-Harrison
5856:Sir Edward Salisbury
5495:William Spottiswoode
5487:Joseph Dalton Hooker
5340:Earl of Macclesfield
5082:Stanislao Cannizzaro
5050:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4914:James Prescott Joule
4826:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
4539:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4492:The Birds of America
4036:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4023:William Spottiswoode
3956:Gutenberg e-text of
3933:Joseph Dalton Hooker
3784:. London: J. Murray.
3634:The Abbey Scientists
3491:. London: J. Murray.
3362:The Pittsburgh Press
3300:search.amphilsoc.org
3296:"APS Member History"
3008:on 15 September 2007
2907:Hooker and Darwinism
2905:, p. 74, Ch. 5
2835:Hooker J.D. (1877).
2471:"Miss Matilda Smith"
1995:. Macmillan, London.
1831:Grevillea hookeriana
1806:Taxa named in honour
1318:Voyage of the Beagle
1281:Darwin and evolution
1028:after a painting by
774:John Stevens Henslow
492:Sons Willy and Brian
437:(1854–1945) married
425:John Stevens Henslow
419:In 1851, he married
203:Darwin–Wallace Medal
28:Joseph Dalton Hooker
6209:Royal Medal winners
6099:British bryologists
6089:British mycologists
5975:Thomas Henry Huxley
5881:Sir Ghillean Prance
5610:William Henry Bragg
5503:Thomas Henry Huxley
5479:George Biddell Airy
5154:Marcellin Berthelot
5146:John William Strutt
5130:Albert von Kölliker
5058:Thomas Henry Huxley
5042:Franz Ernst Neumann
4890:Karl Ernst von Baer
4802:Henri Milne-Edwards
4587:Martinus Beijerinck
4130:De Natura Animalium
4005:George Biddell Airy
3842:Allan, Mea (1967).
3629:Hall, Alfred Rupert
3397:2015PoRec..51...16C
2982:on 23 December 2012
2853:1877Natur..16..539H
2825:, pp. 167–168.
2789:, pp. 110–113.
2694:, 1 November 1847,
2609:(28 October 1845).
2498:Ward, Paul (2001).
2068:author abbreviation
1843:Polygonatum hookeri
1422:Thomas Henry Huxley
1414:British Association
1407:Thomas Henry Huxley
1291:Charles Henry Jeens
1268:The Prairie region.
906:on the border with
892:Great Runjeet river
746:John Hutton Balfour
722:Antarctic Peninsula
695:they sailed to the
435:Harriet Anne Hooker
383:South Magnetic Pole
364:Glasgow High School
330:Hooker was born in
5848:Sir Geoffrey Evans
5749:Venki Ramakrishnan
5698:Sir Michael Atiyah
5666:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
5618:Henry Hallett Dale
5217:Viscount Brouncker
4898:Charles Wheatstone
4692:Parson-naturalists
4524:Philip Henry Gosse
4487:John James Audubon
4470:Henry Walter Bates
4358:Histoire Naturelle
4346:Historia Plantarum
4234:Avium Praecipuarum
4218:Historia animalium
4119:Historia Plantarum
4107:History of Animals
3935:'s work on orchids
3342:"Court Circular".
3152:American Scientist
3062:, p. 118–120.
1871:Phocarctos hookeri
1862:Notodiscus hookeri
1825:Banksia hookeriana
1775:Kingdom of Prussia
1643:
1602:
1454:
1424:, a member of the
1395:Samuel Wilberforce
1295:
1274:The Sierra Nevada.
1065:(1844–47). In the
1034:
1004:Himalayan Journals
932:
880:Archibald Campbell
818:
814:Himalayan Journals
417:
381:expedition to the
356:plant distribution
323:
6219:Himalayan studies
6124:English botanists
6021:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
5999:Succeeded by
5972:Succeeded by
5945:Succeeded by
5904:
5903:
5861:Sir George Taylor
5767:
5766:
5594:Ernest Rutherford
5225:Joseph Williamson
5164:
5163:
4970:James Dwight Dana
4749:Copley Medallists
4715:
4714:
4661:
4660:
4279:Marcello Malpighi
4173:Ulisse Aldrovandi
4153:De Materia Medica
4029:
4028:
4020:Succeeded by
3952:Project Gutenberg
3814:978-94-017-6758-3
3743:Hours with Nature
3732:978-1-877480-46-1
3702:978-0-87413-379-0
3681:978-1-55753-283-1
3599:978-0-208-01739-0
3577:(Subscription or
3551:978-0-226-20791-9
3530:978-1-85149-305-0
2688:Henry de la Beche
2531:, pp. 36–42.
2256:(Subscription or
2242:978-0-19-861412-8
2033:Emmanuel Le Maout
1940:. L. Reeve. 1858.
1848:Tainia hookeriana
1792:Chico, California
1728:Order of the Bath
1618:Acton Smee Ayrton
1505:Walter Hood Fitch
1336:natural selection
1328:Galápagos Islands
1144:they climbed the
1050:Walter Hood Fitch
924:Walter Hood Fitch
673:Van Diemen's Land
653:Kerguelen Islands
649:Possession Island
634:Cape of Good Hope
534:Westminster Abbey
267:
266:
214:Scientific career
6231:
6189:Plant collectors
6005:
5982:Preceded by
5955:Preceded by
5928:Preceded by
5920:
5919:
5908:
5907:
5896:Richard Deverell
5794:
5787:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5760:
5752:
5744:
5736:
5728:
5709:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5677:
5669:
5661:
5658:Patrick Blackett
5653:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5621:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5589:
5581:
5573:
5565:
5562:Archibald Geikie
5557:
5549:
5530:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5482:
5474:
5466:
5458:
5450:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5281:Robert Southwell
5276:
5273:Earl of Pembroke
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5233:Christopher Wren
5228:
5220:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5114:Karl Weierstrass
5109:
5106:Edward Frankland
5101:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4930:Friedrich Wöhler
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4669:
4642:The Dancing Bees
4566:Richard Lydekker
4514:Jean-Henri Fabre
4499:William Buckland
4304:Regnier de Graaf
4198:Andrea Cesalpino
4088:
4087:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4002:Preceded by
3994:
3993:
3984:
3969:Internet Archive
3918:
3916:
3914:
3887:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3838:
3818:
3785:
3776:
3762:
3751:
3736:
3717:
3706:
3685:
3664:
3653:
3638:
3624:
3603:
3582:
3574:
3555:
3534:
3513:
3492:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3123:. Archived from
3081:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3004:. Archived from
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2978:. Archived from
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:10.1038/016539a0
2847:(417): 539–540.
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2703:
2697:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2487:on 4 March 2016.
2486:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2220:
2213:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2127:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2030:
2016:
1984:
1969:
1941:
1800:Franz Josef Land
1660:
1554:Icones Plantarum
1531:Genera plantarum
1472:in 1887 and the
1150:Colorado Springs
1062:Flora Antarctica
1054:botanical artist
945:
922:illustration by
902:mountain in the
772:'s botany tutor
726:Ascension Island
701:Tierra del Fuego
697:Falkland Islands
677:Auckland Islands
628:east of Brazil,
598:Robert McCormick
576:James Clark Ross
524:Death and burial
340:Francis Palgrave
288:
263:
156:
154:
145:Hyacinth Symonds
140:
138:
93:
90:10 December 1911
74:
72:
57:
47:
21:
20:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5987:
5977:
5968:
5960:
5950:
5941:
5933:
5913:
5905:
5900:
5886:Sir Peter Crane
5843:Sir Arthur Hill
5838:Sir David Prain
5804:
5798:
5768:
5763:
5755:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5723:
5712:
5704:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5626:Robert Robinson
5624:
5616:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5584:
5576:
5570:William Crookes
5568:
5560:
5552:
5546:William Huggins
5544:
5533:
5525:
5517:
5509:
5501:
5493:
5485:
5477:
5469:
5461:
5455:Lord Wrottesley
5453:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5303:
5295:
5289:Charles Montagu
5287:
5279:
5271:
5265:Earl of Carbery
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5204:
5195:
5165:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5138:William Huggins
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5018:William Thomson
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4986:Rudolf Clausius
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4746:
4716:
4711:
4670:
4657:
4638:Karl von Frisch
4575:
4544:William Jardine
4434:Le Règne Animal
4405:
4353:Comte de Buffon
4314:Systema Naturae
4253:
4225:Frederik Ruysch
4203:Valerius Cordus
4193:Hieronymus Bock
4159:
4141:Natural History
4136:Pliny the Elder
4093:
4083:
4077:
4075:Natural history
4072:
4037:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3873:
3868:
3852:
3815:
3793:
3791:Further reading
3788:
3733:
3703:
3682:
3621:
3600:
3576:
3552:
3531:
3510:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3127:on 27 June 2020
3082:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2874:
2870:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2713:Wayback Machine
2704:
2700:
2686:
2682:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2625:
2623:
2607:Darwin, Charles
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2565:
2561:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2504:Cool Antarctica
2496:
2492:
2484:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2092:
2087:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2013:
1881:
1837:Iris hookeriana
1808:
1752:Founder's Medal
1717:
1661:
1654:
1566:
1486:Thomas Thompson
1446:
1399:Benjamin Brodie
1363:Linnean Society
1305:
1283:
1190:Calaveras Grove
1123:
1107:
1087:
1079:Flora Tasmaniae
1071:plant geography
1006:, dedicated to
943:
904:Singalila range
798:
734:
718:Cockburn Island
681:Campbell Island
572:
570:Ross expedition
566:
561:
526:
494:
471:William Jardine
406:
328:
311:
272:
208:
161:
158:
155: 1875)
150:
146:
142:
134:
130:
127:
106:Alma mater
101:
95:
91:
82:
76:
70:
68:
60:
48:
31:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6237:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6169:Paleobotanists
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6109:Charles Darwin
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5997:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5970:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5943:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5753:
5745:
5741:Sir Paul Nurse
5737:
5729:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5706:Sir Aaron Klug
5702:
5694:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5662:
5654:
5646:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5614:
5606:
5598:
5590:
5582:
5574:
5566:
5558:
5550:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5431:Duke of Sussex
5427:
5423:Davies Gilbert
5419:
5411:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5348:Earl of Morton
5344:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5122:Carl Gegenbaur
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5090:Rudolf Virchow
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4962:Claude Bernard
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4882:Julius PlĂĽcker
4878:
4874:Michel Chasles
4870:
4866:Charles Darwin
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4757:
4754:
4753:
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4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4689:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4648:Ronald Lockley
4645:
4635:
4623:
4616:Niko Tinbergen
4613:
4601:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4551:
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4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4484:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4446:Charles Darwin
4443:
4438:
4429:Georges Cuvier
4426:
4417:George Montagu
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4306:
4301:
4299:Jan Swammerdam
4296:
4291:
4289:William Derham
4286:
4281:
4276:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4230:William Turner
4227:
4222:
4213:Conrad Gessner
4210:
4208:Leonhart Fuchs
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4178:Gaspard Bauhin
4175:
4169:
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4160:
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4133:
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3998:
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3971:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3893:
3888:
3872:
3871:External links
3869:
3867:
3866:
3850:
3839:
3823:Turrill, W. B.
3819:
3813:
3799:Turrill, W. B.
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3777:
3763:
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3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3391:(256): 16–23.
3375:
3349:
3334:
3312:
3287:
3285:, p. 146.
3275:
3273:, p. 125.
3263:
3250:
3248:, p. 124.
3238:
3236:, p. 173.
3226:
3217:
3205:
3201:Endersby 2008a
3193:
3191:, p. 105.
3181:
3179:, p. 163.
3169:
3157:
3138:
3099:(2): 313–330.
3073:
3064:
3060:Wollaston 1921
3052:
3040:
3019:
2993:
2967:
2946:
2925:
2911:
2895:
2884:(3): 155–170.
2868:
2827:
2815:
2813:, p. 165.
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2741:
2739:, p. 150.
2729:
2717:
2698:
2680:
2661:
2636:
2598:
2586:
2575:. David Tatham
2559:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2490:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2379:. David Tatham
2360:
2349:. David Tatham
2328:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2278:. 15 June 2015
2263:
2241:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2175:
2171:Gideon Mantell
2159:
2155:Falkland Isles
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:botanical name
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2017:
2011:
1996:
1989:
1987:George Bentham
1974:
1972:George Bentham
1959:
1953:
1947:
1946:& Hooker")
1931:
1929:Thomas Thomson
1921:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1807:
1804:
1785:
1784:
1782:Order of Merit
1778:
1771:Pour le MĂ©rite
1767:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1652:
1578:British Museum
1565:
1562:
1535:George Bentham
1520:Order of Merit
1445:
1442:
1403:Robert FitzRoy
1313:Charles Darwin
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1246:Behring Strait
1219:
1218:
1215:New Englanders
1211:
1204:
1162:Salt Lake City
1122:
1119:
1106:
1103:
1091:Daniel Hanbury
1086:
1083:
1077:(1851–53) and
1026:William Walker
1008:Charles Darwin
984:Thomas Thomson
963:, many of the
961:Richard Temple
797:
794:
770:Charles Darwin
733:
730:
685:Bay of Islands
645:Crozet Islands
568:Main article:
565:
562:
560:
557:
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518:Stewart Island
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327:
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295:Charles Darwin
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94:(aged 94)
88:
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77:
66:
62:
61:
59:Hooker in 1897
58:
50:
49:
30:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
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5813:William Aiton
5811:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:Directors of
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
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5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5690:George Porter
5687:
5683:
5682:Andrew Huxley
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5650:Howard Florey
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5578:J. J. Thomson
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5554:Lord Rayleigh
5551:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5527:Joseph Lister
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5471:Edward Sabine
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5447:Earl of Rosse
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5332:Martin Folkes
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
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5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5202:Royal Society
5199:
5192:
5187:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5074:Simon Newcomb
5071:
5067:
5066:George Salmon
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5010:Arthur Cayley
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4946:Louis Pasteur
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4858:Adam Sedgwick
4855:
4851:
4850:Thomas Graham
4847:
4843:
4842:Louis Agassiz
4839:
4835:
4834:Robert Bunsen
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:Charles Lyell
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4794:LĂ©on Foucault
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4738:
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4708:
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4703:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:On Aggression
4627:
4626:Konrad Lorenz
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4592:Abbott Thayer
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4554:Ernst Haeckel
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Louis Agassiz
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Charles Lyell
4502:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:William Smith
4439:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4382:Thomas Bewick
4380:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4370:Gilbert White
4368:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Georg Steller
4319:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4309:Carl Linnaeus
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4259:Enlightenment
4256:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Otto Brunfels
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4112:
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4040:
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4024:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3995:
3989:
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3983:
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3975:
3972:
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3966:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3761:. W.H. Allen.
3760:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3620:1-55870-747-6
3616:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:. W. Dawson.
3591:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3509:1-55870-791-3
3505:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3469: Hook.f.
3465:
3459:
3453:, p. 13.
3452:
3447:
3441:, p. 84.
3440:
3435:
3429:, p. 96.
3428:
3427:Brittain 2006
3423:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3345:
3338:
3322:
3316:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:(June 1979).
3086:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3029:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2777:, p. 91.
2776:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2727:, p. 34.
2726:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2596:, p. 85.
2595:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2519:, p. 18.
2518:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2460:, p. 49.
2459:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:Endersby 2008
2320:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2066:The standard
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2012:0-913196-29-0
2008:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:(Reeve, 1854)
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:specific name
1810:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:Hooker Island
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1709:Royal Society
1706:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:Algernon West
1658:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1558:Matilda Smith
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:rhododendrons
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:in 1854, the
1467:
1463:
1462:Royal Society
1459:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Royal Society
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:Charles Lyell
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1307:While on the
1304:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:Brigham Young
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Sierra Nevada
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Wasatch Range
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Sierra Blanca
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
995:-like series
994:
989:
988:Bay of Bengal
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
965:rhododendrons
962:
957:
953:
952:Lachoong Pass
949:
948:Lachen Valley
941:
937:
936:Kangchenjunga
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:'Mr Williams'
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
831:
827:
823:
815:
811:
807:
802:
793:
791:
787:
786:William Nicol
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:St Paul Rocks
620:archipelago,
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
584:
583:
577:
571:
556:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
519:
514:
510:
507:
503:
499:
489:
487:
479:
476:
475:
474:
472:
468:
463:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
440:
436:
433:
430:
429:
428:
426:
422:
415:
410:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Dawson Turner
333:
320:
315:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
257:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:Linnean Medal
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
168:
164:
126:
121:
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
99:
89:
85:
80:
67:
63:
56:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
22:
19:
5992:Clarke Medal
5990:
5965:Darwin Medal
5963:
5936:
5850:
5827:
5757:Adrian Smith
5717:21st century
5538:20th century
5486:
5415:Humphry Davy
5399:19th century
5388:Joseph Banks
5380:John Pringle
5372:James Burrow
5356:James Burrow
5316:Isaac Newton
5308:18th century
5257:Samuel Pepys
5241:John Hoskyns
5209:17th century
5049:
4762:Richard Owen
4651:
4641:
4629:
4619:
4607:
4604:Hugh B. Cott
4595:
4580:20th century
4569:
4557:
4547:
4538:
4490:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4432:
4420:
4410:19th century
4397:
4385:
4373:
4356:
4344:
4336:James Hutton
4326:Joseph Banks
4312:
4272:Micrographia
4270:
4267:Robert Hooke
4247:
4237:
4233:
4216:
4181:
4151:
4139:
4129:
4117:
4114:Theophrastus
4105:
4010:
3940:
3911:. Retrieved
3900:
3859:
3844:
3826:
3807:. Springer.
3803:
3781:
3771:
3757:
3742:
3722:
3712:
3691:
3670:
3659:
3644:
3633:
3609:
3588:
3560:
3540:
3519:
3498:
3488:
3468:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3388:
3385:Polar Record
3384:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:
3290:
3278:
3271:Turrill 1963
3266:
3253:
3246:Turrill 1963
3241:
3229:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3150:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3096:
3092:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2928:
2914:
2906:
2903:Turrill 1963
2898:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2823:Turrill 1963
2818:
2811:Turrill 1963
2806:
2794:
2787:Turrill 1963
2782:
2775:Desmond 1999
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2753:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2701:
2692:Lord Morpeth
2683:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:
2639:
2631:
2624:. Retrieved
2614:
2601:
2594:Desmond 1999
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2572:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2529:Desmond 1999
2524:
2517:Desmond 1999
2512:
2503:
2493:
2482:the original
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2376:
2351:. Retrieved
2346:
2309:Turrill 1963
2304:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2275:
2266:
2246:. Retrieved
2222:
2211:
2193:Turrill 1963
2188:
2178:
2167:Turrill 1963
2162:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2026:
2021:
2001:
1992:
1991:1870; 1878:
1979:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1936:
1925:Flora indica
1924:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1874:(Gray, 1844)
1869:
1860:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1786:
1702:
1698:
1690:John Lubbock
1663:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1625:
1615:
1610:Joseph Banks
1603:
1598:
1595:Richard Owen
1583:
1574:Richard Owen
1567:
1552:'s project,
1545:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1509:
1489:
1482:Flora Indica
1481:
1479:
1474:Darwin Medal
1455:
1411:
1389:held at the
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1366:
1346:Freeman 1978
1344:
1321:provided by
1316:
1308:
1306:
1239:
1235:alpine flora
1220:
1194:
1142:Fort Garland
1135:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1003:
1001:
996:
969:
933:
927:
917:
896:Teesta River
869:
835:
819:
813:
806:Cholamo Lake
758:palaeobotany
735:
715:
708:
692:
688:
642:
614:Quail Island
593:
588:
581:
573:
546:
527:
515:
511:
501:
498:James Hector
495:
483:
464:
461:
418:
388:
372:
329:
321:, circa 1852
269:
268:
230:Institutions
213:
191:Darwin Medal
179:Copley Medal
173:Clarke Medal
92:(1911-12-10)
75:30 June 1817
18:
6054:1911 deaths
6049:1817 births
5938:Royal Medal
5634:Lord Adrian
5519:Lord Kelvin
5324:Hans Sloane
5297:Lord Somers
5249:Cyril Wyche
5026:Carl Ludwig
4751:(1851–1900)
4652:Shearwaters
4509:Mary Anning
4294:Hans Sloane
4244:John Gerard
4238:New Herball
4165:Renaissance
4148:Dioscorides
4084:naturalists
3909:. 1843–1882
3451:Maiden 1892
3439:Gordon 2005
3283:Huxley 1918
3234:Huxley 1918
3213:Huxley 1918
3131:19 February
3048:Jensen 1991
2737:Temple 1887
2725:Sanyal 1896
2677:(1): 27–49.
2671:The Linnean
2446:Nathan 2016
2297:Huxley 1918
2053:1904–1906:
2047:1898–1900:
1998:1872–1897:
1976:1862–1883:
1961:1862–1883:
1903:1849–1851:
1899:Niger flora
1891:1864–1867:
1884:1844–1859:
1859:land snail
1657:Huxley 1918
1466:Royal Medal
1293:(1827–1879)
1263:Mississippi
1178:Silver City
1174:Carson City
1154:Pike's Peak
1081:(1853–59).
1030:Frank Stone
980:Khasi Hills
810:Donkia Pass
553:Kew Gardens
530:Sunningdale
326:Early years
234:Kew Gardens
98:Sunningdale
6028:Categories
5364:James West
5198:Presidents
4082:Pioneering
4017:1878–1883
3581:required.)
3368:15 October
3177:Isely 2002
2960:8 February
2939:8 February
2556:(3): 1–76.
2260:required.)
2112:References
1820:hookeriana
1788:Hooker Oak
1694:Lord Derby
1355:Down House
1297:See also:
1208:Georgetown
1156:. Next to
872:Darjeeling
865:Darjeeling
804:Tibet and
661:liverworts
632:, and the
618:Cape Verde
360:James Cook
332:Halesworth
79:Halesworth
71:1817-06-30
5733:Lord Rees
5674:Lord Todd
4102:Aristotle
4094:antiquity
4092:Classical
3941:Botanicus
3913:22 August
3848:. Joseph.
3801:(2013) .
3413:129006829
3344:The Times
3085:Lucas, JR
2654:19 August
2626:22 August
2458:Hall 1966
2203:Citations
2142:HMS
2135:HMS
2043:John Ball
1773:from the
1627:The Times
1622:Gladstone
1570:Herbarium
1250:Greenland
1131:Greenland
1111:John Ball
1099:Palestine
993:exsiccata
839:, to the
834:HMS
822:Himalayan
778:Himalayas
766:coal ball
630:St Helena
587:HMS
580:HMS
488:in 1905.
387:HMS
379:Antarctic
370:in 1839.
309:Biography
254:Signature
5851:(acting)
5725:Lord May
4529:Asa Gray
4341:John Ray
3835:11867079
3825:(1959).
3769:(1963).
3631:(1966).
3305:26 April
3121:19198585
3113:11617072
3033:11 March
2709:Archived
2090:See also
1653:—
1501:Himalaya
1359:Asa Gray
1223:Colorado
1186:Yosemite
1127:Asa Gray
1117:(1878).
1012:Calcutta
978:and the
861:Siliguri
857:Mirzapur
849:Calcutta
790:Keyworth
720:off the
626:Trindade
610:Santiago
606:Tenerife
544:before.
542:cremated
506:Haultain
291:botanist
5200:of the
3967:at the
3879:at the
3480:Sources
3393:Bibcode
3327:19 July
3259:Hansard
3012:8 March
2986:8 March
2890:2448770
2849:Bibcode
2760:24 June
2282:21 June
2248:21 June
2073:Hook.f.
1944:Bentham
1927:, with
1816:hookeri
1754:of the
1686:Bentham
1682:Tyndall
1496:of the
1418:Norwich
1416:at its
1385:At the
1231:prairie
1176:, then
1140:. From
1138:La Veta
693:Terror,
665:lichens
616:in the
602:Madeira
396:, then
245:Hook.f.
157:
149:
141:
133:
129:
5759:(2020)
5751:(2015)
5743:(2010)
5735:(2005)
5727:(2000)
5708:(1995)
5700:(1990)
5692:(1985)
5684:(1980)
5676:(1975)
5668:(1970)
5660:(1965)
5652:(1960)
5644:(1955)
5636:(1950)
5628:(1945)
5620:(1940)
5612:(1935)
5604:(1930)
5596:(1925)
5588:(1920)
5580:(1915)
5572:(1913)
5564:(1908)
5556:(1905)
5548:(1900)
5529:(1895)
5521:(1890)
5513:(1885)
5505:(1883)
5497:(1878)
5489:(1873)
5481:(1871)
5473:(1861)
5465:(1858)
5457:(1854)
5449:(1848)
5441:(1838)
5433:(1830)
5425:(1827)
5417:(1820)
5409:(1820)
5390:(1778)
5382:(1772)
5374:(1772)
5366:(1768)
5358:(1768)
5350:(1764)
5342:(1752)
5334:(1741)
5326:(1727)
5318:(1703)
5299:(1698)
5291:(1695)
5283:(1690)
5275:(1689)
5267:(1686)
5259:(1684)
5251:(1683)
5243:(1682)
5235:(1680)
5227:(1677)
5219:(1662)
5156:(1900)
5148:(1899)
5140:(1898)
5132:(1897)
5124:(1896)
5116:(1895)
5108:(1894)
5100:(1893)
5092:(1892)
5084:(1891)
5076:(1890)
5068:(1889)
5060:(1888)
5052:(1887)
5044:(1886)
5036:(1885)
5028:(1884)
5020:(1883)
5012:(1882)
5004:(1881)
4996:(1880)
4988:(1879)
4980:(1878)
4972:(1877)
4964:(1876)
4956:(1875)
4948:(1874)
4940:(1873)
4932:(1872)
4924:(1871)
4916:(1870)
4908:(1869)
4900:(1868)
4892:(1867)
4884:(1866)
4876:(1865)
4868:(1864)
4860:(1863)
4852:(1862)
4844:(1861)
4836:(1860)
4828:(1859)
4820:(1858)
4812:(1857)
4804:(1856)
4796:(1855)
4788:(1854)
4780:(1853)
4772:(1852)
4764:(1851)
4675:Topics
4126:Aelian
3833:
3811:
3729:
3699:
3678:
3617:
3596:
3575:
3548:
3527:
3506:
3417:p. 17.
3411:
3119:
3111:
2888:
2841:Nature
2579:8 June
2383:8 June
2353:8 June
2254:
2239:
2150:Terror
2144:Erebus
2137:Beagle
2131:Erebus
2079:citing
2037:1878:
2009:
1955:1859:
1949:1859:
1933:1858:
1923:1855:
1917:1855:
1909:1854:
1897:1849:
1678:Huxley
1670:Darwin
1606:X-Club
1498:Sikkim
1470:Copley
1426:X-Club
1309:Erebus
1158:Denver
1046:Beagle
976:Sylhet
972:Bhutan
956:Cho La
944:
900:Tonglu
888:Bengal
884:Sikkim
830:Labuan
826:Borneo
748:. The
689:Erebus
669:Hobart
657:mosses
594:Erebus
589:Terror
582:Erebus
389:Erebus
224:Botany
220:Fields
205:(1908)
199:(1907)
193:(1892)
187:(1888)
181:(1887)
175:(1885)
166:Awards
116:Spouse
5996:1885
5969:1892
5942:1854
4011:32nd
3409:S2CID
3117:S2CID
2886:JSTOR
2546:(PDF)
2485:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2147:(and
2117:Notes
2031:with
2025:[
1985:with
1970:with
1780:1907
1769:1902
1750:1883
1744:1873
1720:1847
1674:Lyell
1213:"The
1095:Syria
1067:Flora
940:Tibet
926:from
908:Nepal
836:Sidon
762:Wales
699:, to
663:, 25
638:algae
502:Sturt
284:
280:
276:
151:(
147:
135:(
131:
43:
39:
35:
4696:List
4686:List
3915:2010
3831:OCLC
3809:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3546:ISBN
3525:ISBN
3504:ISBN
3370:2015
3329:2015
3307:2021
3133:2008
3109:PMID
3035:2009
3014:2009
2988:2009
2962:2008
2941:2008
2762:2024
2656:2016
2628:2010
2581:2018
2385:2018
2355:2018
2284:2022
2250:2022
2237:ISBN
2140:and
2007:ISBN
1818:and
1593:Sir
1568:The
1401:and
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