1648:
1032:
752:
118:
1338:
725:
8760:
1105:
963:
1414:
235:
1450:
688:
1590:
22:
492:
519:
353:
incited many whalers to explore the southern regions of the world and foregrounded the lecture given by Murray. In August 1895, the Sixth
International Geographical Congress in London passed a general resolution calling on scientific societies throughout the world to promote the cause of Antarctic exploration "in whatever ways seem to them most effective". Such work, the resolution argued, would "bring additions to almost every branch of science". The Congress was addressed by the Norwegian
825:
100:'s venture, which became the first to reach it in 1911. Other expeditions aimed for different objectives in different areas of the continent. As a result of all this activity, much of the continent's coastline was discovered and mapped, and significant areas of its interior were explored. The expeditions also generated large quantities of scientific data across a wide range of disciplines, the examination and analysis of which would keep the world's scientific communities busy for decades.
1624:
1565:
1495:
1276:
1004:
874:
645:
572:
1361:
896:
1426:
9000:
1520:
1304:
1235:
600:
1211:
793:
1081:
941:
1154:
9010:
2553:
276:
1178:
2526:
Shackleton–Rowett expedition might make as good a point as any at which to draw such a line". A journalist inspecting the ship before she sailed reported "Gadgets! Gadgets! Gadgets everywhere!" These included wireless, an electrically heated crow's nest and an "odograph" that could trace and record the ship's route and speed.
169:. He did hypothesize that, based upon the amount of ice, there must be a landmass from which the ice originated, but was convinced that if it existed this land was too far south to be either habitable or of any economic value. Subsequently, exploration of the southern regions of the world came to a halt.
84:
revolutionized the work of exploration. Each of these expeditions therefore became a feat of endurance that tested, and sometimes exceeded, the physical and mental limits of its personnel. The "heroic" label, bestowed later, recognized the adversities which had to be overcome by these pioneers, some
2530:
The heroic era of
Antarctic exploration was 'heroic' because it was anachronistic before it began, its goal was as abstract as a pole, its central figures were romantic, manly and flawed, its drama was moral (for it mattered not only what was done but how it was done), and its ideal was national
376:
followed a year later with a privately sponsored expedition. The designation "Heroic Age" only came much later; the term is not used in any of the early expedition accounts or memoirs, nor in biographies of polar figures involved in the Heroic Age which appeared in the 1920s and 1930s. It is not
300:. His particular interests were the importance of meteorology and how more information about the South Pole could lead to more accurate weather predictions. This helps explain German involvement in Antarctic research. Another important precursor to the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration was the
145:
Exploration of the southernmost part of the globe had been an off-and-on area of interest for centuries prior to the Heroic Age, yet the sheer isolation of the region as well as its inhospitable climate and treacherous seas presented enormous practical difficulties for early maritime technology.
352:
in London, on 27 November 1893. Murray advocated that research into the
Antarctic should be organised to "resolve the outstanding geographical questions still posed in the south". Shortly prior to this, in 1887, the Royal Geographic Society had instated an Antarctic Committee which successfully
2525:
expedition, during which
Shackleton died, as the final chapter of the Age. According to Margery and James Fisher, Shackleton's biographers: "If it were possible to draw a distinct dividing line between what has been called the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration and the Mechanical Age, the
216:
in 1840. Much early knowledge of the lands south of the
Antarctic Circle was also derived from economic pursuits by sealers and whalers, including the probable first landing on mainland Antarctica by an American sealer in 1821, though whether this landing was truly the first is disputed by
1683:
Twenty-two men died on
Antarctic expeditions during the Heroic Age. Of these, four died of illnesses unrelated to their Antarctic experiences, and two died from accidents in New Zealand, and one in France. The remaining 15 perished during service on or near the Antarctic continent.
424:. Also excluded is the Cope Expedition of 1920–1922, which collapsed through lack of funding, though two men were landed from a Norwegian whaler and spent a year on the Antarctic peninsula. Three expeditions scheduled to start in 1914 were cancelled due to the outbreak of the
217:
historians. These explorers, despite their impressive contributions to South Polar exploration, were nonetheless unable to penetrate the interior of the continent, and their discoveries instead formed a broken line of newly discovered lands along the coastline of
Antarctica.
357:, who had just returned from a whaling expedition during which he had become one of the first people to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. During his address, Borchgrevink outlined plans for a full-scale pioneering Antarctic expedition, to be based at
164:
occupied the majority of the
Southern Hemisphere. Cook discovered that no such landmass existed, though massive ice floes prevented his reaching Antarctica proper. In the process his expedition became the first recorded voyage to cross the
1325:. Scott and four companions reached the geographic South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912, 33 days after Amundsen. All five died on the return journey from the Pole through a combination of starvation and cold.
708:, and discovered the polar plateau. Its southern journey set a new Farthest South record at 82°17'S. Many other geographical features were discovered, mapped, and named. This was the first of several expeditions based in
323:. The publications (both scientific and popular) and exhibitions that resulted did much to reignite public interest in the Antarctic. The performance of the whaling ships was also crucial in the decision to build
287:
The initial impetus for the renewed exploration of the
Antarctic that became known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration is somewhat contested, as it was a vague and multifarious international movement.
1665:
Vaguely defined objectives included coastal mapping, a possible continental circumnavigation, the investigation of sub-Antarctic islands, and oceanographic work. After
Shackleton's death on 5 January 1922,
96:
South Poles were reached for the first time during the Heroic Age. The achievement of being first to the geographical pole was the primary object in many expeditions, as well as the sole rationale for
264:
in January 1841, Ross suggested that there were no scientific discoveries worth exploration in the far south. It has been suggested that Ross' influence, as well as the widely publicized loss of the
2531:
honour. It was an early testing-ground for the racial virtues of new nations such as Norway and Australia, and it was the site of Europe's last gasp before it tore itself apart in the Great War.
1466:
The expedition concentrated on the stretch of Antarctic coastline between Cape Adare and Mount Gauss, carrying out mapping and survey work on coastal and inland territories. Discoveries included
196:
sought greater knowledge of the Antarctic regions. The primary goal of these explorers was to penetrate the vast barriers of sea ice that hid Antarctica proper, beginning with Bellingshausen and
2566:
2517:
expedition is sometimes referred to as the last Antarctic expedition of the Heroic Age. Other chroniclers extend the era to the date of Shackleton's death, 5 January 1922, treating the
1611:
across the Great Ice Barrier, to supply the party crossing from the Weddell Sea. All the required depots were laid, but in the process three men, including the leader Mackintosh, died.
4901:
4147:
413:
The summaries in the table do not include the scientific work carried out by these expeditions, each of which brought back findings and specimens across a wide range of disciplines.
7896:
979:
Originally intended as a relief expedition for the stranded Nordenskjöld party, the main work of this expedition was the mapping and charting of islands and the western coasts of
3161:
Modern recalculations based on analysis of photographs taken at the farthest south location suggest that the actual latitude may have been 82°11'S (see Crane, pp. 214–215).
1121:
This continued the work of the earlier French expedition with a general exploration of the Bellingshausen Sea, and the discovery of islands and other features, including
5088:
1536:
Shackleton's expedition attempted a transcontinental crossing between the Weddell and Ross seas via the South Pole, but failed to land the Weddell Sea shore party after
4299:
2895:
2853:
4035:
234:
3366:
5193:
433:
4968:
268:
in the Arctic in 1848, led to a period of disinterest, or at least an unwillingness to invest significant resources, in polar inquiry, particularly by the
2442:
204:
in 1819–1821, during which they became the first to sight and therefore officially discover mainland Antarctica, and culminating in Wilkes' discovery of
4538:
8817:
2480:
4068:
3983:
399:
in 1916, Carse wrote of "three men from the heroic age of Antarctic exploration, with 50 feet of rope between them, and a carpenter's adze".
2427:
Another five men died shortly after returning from the Antarctic (this does not include the significant number who died on active service in the
76:
launched from ten countries. The common factor in these expeditions was the limited nature of the resources available to them before advances in
5348:
5306:
5225:
3584:
2932:
5068:
3098:
5130:
4905:
4151:
3796:
5245:
1397:. It failed to establish a shore base from which to conduct its explorations, and after a long drift in the Weddell Sea pack it returned to
9039:
8502:
7058:
5381:
5113:
3433:
3247:
1629:
1570:
1500:
1281:
1009:
879:
650:
577:
416:
The table does not include the numerous whaling voyages that took place during this period, or sub-Antarctic expeditions such as that of
1647:
1031:
8627:
6019:
3020:
369:
5177:
4125:
3712:
3315:
8439:
5654:
5154:
2997:
1540:
was trapped and crushed in pack ice. The expedition then rescued itself after a series of exploits, including a prolonged drift on
5662:
5326:
4972:
2711:
8014:
7020:
5433:
4928:
3131:
1353:
1170:
4039:
72:
region became the focus of international efforts that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration by 17 major
7611:
7209:
6797:
2698:
2152:
1929:
884:
5092:
8403:
4862:
4802:
4710:
4550:
4452:
4429:
4410:
4343:
4324:
4293:
4281:
4248:
3948:
3913:
3360:
2889:
2877:
2847:
2835:
2661:
1385:
seas. The expedition achieved the southernmost penetration of the Weddell Sea to date, reaching 77°45'S, and discovered the
9018:
6349:
4821:
7214:
3350:
296:, also an Antarctic explorer, helped to renew Antarctic exploration from 1861 onward while he worked in an observatory in
9074:
9069:
8297:
7978:
7800:
7690:
6048:
5997:
2290:
1505:
1221:
1060:, and the (limited) use of motorised transport. Its southern march reached 88°23'S, a new Farthest South record, just 97
396:
9044:
8822:
7748:
7329:
7268:
4988:
2967:
2165:
1347:
201:
173:
5197:
8559:
7771:
4840:
4783:
4761:
4739:
4686:
4658:
4589:
4566:
4522:
4503:
4481:
4369:
4267:
4229:
4198:
3520:
3030:
2221:
1436:
5289:
5269:
5052:
5012:
4948:
4885:
3674:
3540:
3481:
3393:
3273:
3202:
3050:
158:(1772–1775) changed the world map forever. Prior to this expedition it was believed that a large continent known as
9054:
8918:
8832:
7849:
2518:
2390:
1634:
81:
62:
5215:
4440:
3938:
341:
8913:
8796:
8574:
8495:
8080:
8066:
8040:
7877:
5848:
5374:
1750:
272:. In the twenty years following Ross' return, there was a general lull internationally in Antarctic exploration.
6771:
4700:
3899:
172:
Interest was renewed again between 1819 and 1843. As Europe settled after a period of war and unrest, explorers
9064:
9059:
9049:
8786:
7903:
7873:
6216:
6206:
5790:
5492:
7514:
8776:
8738:
8549:
7676:
7186:
6319:
4532:
2586:
2229:
1164:
547:. It collected the first annual cycle of Antarctic observations. It also reached 71°30'S, and discovered the
377:
clear when the term was first coined or adopted generally. It was used in March 1956 by the British explorer
73:
620:), Borchgrevink's expedition was the first to make use of dogs and sledges. It made the first ascent of the
8687:
8617:
8564:
8537:
7585:
7471:
7314:
6360:
5821:
5589:
2436:
1903:
1713:
803:
502:
365:
65:
of 1921–1922 is often cited by historians as the dividing line between the "Heroic" and "Mechanical" ages.
1259:. Using this route, a party of five led by Amundsen became the first to successfully reach the geographic
9013:
8801:
8733:
8622:
8033:
7655:
7489:
7430:
7384:
5613:
5502:
4064:
3972:
1091:
951:
334:
320:
281:
155:
5028:
3628:
8883:
8868:
8827:
8791:
8488:
8393:
7118:
7092:
7085:
6536:
6437:
6429:
6412:
6030:
5576:
5428:
5367:
4176:
349:
6825:
8542:
8216:
7826:
7522:
7321:
7106:
6988:
6791:
6673:
6524:
6373:
6311:
6298:
6171:
5897:
5549:
5345:
5072:
4443:
Studies in Polar Research: Chronological List of Antarctic Explorations and Related Historical Events
3940:
Studies in Polar Research: Chronological List of Antarctic Explorations and Related Historical Events
3102:
2469:
2457:
1776:
1549:
585:
301:
209:
189:
5310:
5229:
3588:
2936:
8903:
8893:
8677:
8649:
8605:
8366:
7957:
7951:
7869:
7743:
7528:
7254:
7130:
6980:
6868:
6652:
2504:, a member of Amundsen's 1910–12 expedition, died of self-inflicted gunshot wounds, 9 January 1913.
1390:
591:
445:
5668:
5134:
3800:
2797:
Matthew Jarron, Independent & Individualist: Art in Dundee 1867–1924 (Dundee, 2015) chapter 7.
2513:
Scholars debate exactly when the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration came to an end. Shackleton's
85:
of whom did not survive the experience: a total of 19 expedition members died during this period.
8933:
8837:
8723:
8519:
8433:
8096:
7249:
7123:
7043:
6552:
6379:
5581:
5249:
2591:
117:
77:
3088:. The older name has been used in this table in keeping with the nomenclature of the Heroic Age.
857:
after the sinking of its expedition ship, and was later rescued by the Argentinian naval vessel
8908:
8728:
8371:
7937:
5869:
2112:
1735:
769:
441:
7204:
5109:
4609:
3429:
3243:
250:
called "the age of averted interest". Following James Clark Ross' expedition aboard the ships
8928:
8878:
8873:
8768:
8610:
8554:
8532:
8376:
8345:
8150:
8103:
8002:
7806:
7725:
7668:
7417:
7411:
7261:
7219:
7181:
7161:
6756:
6531:
6367:
6277:
6259:
6176:
6147:
6137:
6025:
5962:
5736:
4277:
2702:
2701:, 1902–04 were still being published in 1920 (Speak, p. 100). 25 volumes of results from the
2581:
1986:
1510:
1289:
1113:
971:
333:
Another, particularly British, impetus more closely tied to the period is a lecture given by
89:
6417:
2447:
1377:
The main objective was to establish the nature of the geographical relationship between the
8230:
8222:
8165:
7753:
7617:
7543:
7535:
7335:
7275:
7234:
6847:
6838:
6709:
6704:
6608:
6472:
6229:
6191:
5798:
5568:
5536:
5480:
5460:
4392:. London, The Royal Society: Notes and Records of the Royal Society London, Vol. 54, No. 1.
2412:
2304:
2084:
1949:
1811:
1398:
1256:
1195:
917:
904:
658:
608:
388:
373:
354:
316:
154:
became one of the first explorers known to have traveled to the region. The discoveries of
7598:
6003:
5986:
4121:
3307:
2930:
expedition, which departed in 1901, as the first proper expedition of the Heroic Age. See
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
833:
437:
122:"Terra Australis Nondum Cognita" is the large continent on the bottom of this 1570 map by
8:
9003:
8980:
8938:
8888:
8863:
8637:
8595:
8351:
8273:
7738:
7661:
7577:
7358:
7350:
7299:
6939:
6897:
6392:
6355:
6244:
6008:
5878:
5681:
5486:
4749:
2596:
2489:
2485:
2453:
2056:
1894:
1312:
1065:
984:
760:
751:
696:
629:
265:
93:
5991:
5150:
2993:
8923:
8072:
7964:
7945:
7509:
7484:
7026:
6920:
6884:
6860:
6751:
6598:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6465:
6443:
6422:
6303:
6293:
6040:
5928:
5856:
5529:
5520:
5512:
5423:
5403:
5330:
4964:
4578:
2747:
2707:
2571:
2282:
2245:
2179:
1764:
1096:
544:
527:
289:
147:
5171:
4922:
3706:
3125:
8985:
8858:
8527:
8444:
8250:
8244:
8200:
8185:
8114:
8086:
7994:
7931:
7841:
7813:
7793:
7731:
7639:
7603:
7477:
7444:
7437:
7390:
7372:
7289:
7038:
6907:
6855:
6761:
6714:
6642:
6631:
6343:
6333:
6325:
6221:
6211:
6122:
6117:
6100:
6066:
5933:
5920:
5741:
5647:
5605:
5600:
5390:
4858:
4850:
4836:
4817:
4798:
4779:
4771:
4757:
4735:
4706:
4682:
4654:
4637:
4585:
4562:
4546:
4518:
4499:
4477:
4448:
4425:
4406:
4399:
4365:
4339:
4320:
4289:
4263:
4244:
4225:
4194:
3944:
3909:
3516:
3356:
3026:
2885:
2843:
2657:
2495:
2439:, 1897–99, developed signs of mental illness and never fully recovered, died in 1900.
2398:
2337:
2008:
1889:
1831:
1656:
1598:
1528:
1296:
1138:
1053:
1040:
1017:
679:
511:
392:
258:
251:
8975:
8461:
8193:
7885:
7765:
7591:
7564:
7504:
7379:
7309:
7294:
7033:
6962:
6957:
6931:
6926:
6808:
6731:
6684:
6451:
6271:
6236:
6132:
6127:
6061:
5975:
5757:
5749:
5635:
5555:
5507:
5497:
5470:
4727:
4696:
4629:
4358:
4207:
3895:
2762:
2558:
2501:
1873:
1467:
1369:
846:
809:
768:
The first expedition to investigate eastern Antarctica, it discovered the coast of
737:
540:
421:
293:
247:
193:
166:
123:
21:
4992:
2971:
311:
ships travelled south to the Antarctic in search of whales instead of their usual
8959:
8743:
8718:
8644:
8600:
8590:
8451:
8398:
8383:
8289:
8284:
8208:
8173:
8109:
8008:
7923:
7890:
7622:
7405:
7397:
7366:
7282:
7242:
6996:
6952:
6892:
6816:
6786:
6781:
6741:
6719:
6667:
6603:
6593:
6544:
6266:
6251:
6104:
6073:
6035:
5785:
5713:
5707:
5630:
5595:
5455:
5352:
5219:
4542:
4491:
4469:
4353:
1545:
1479:
1198:, and investigated the eastern sector of the Great Ice Barrier, reaching 80°5'S.
1194:
The first non-European Antarctic expedition carried out a coastal exploration of
548:
425:
345:
197:
160:
58:
6974:
3784:
Roald Amundsen’s Belgica diary: the first scientific expedition to the Antarctic
8969:
8964:
8954:
8853:
8667:
8425:
8408:
8361:
8320:
8310:
8279:
8138:
8128:
8020:
7970:
7835:
7785:
7758:
7703:
7499:
7494:
7343:
7196:
7050:
7012:
6969:
6902:
6876:
6830:
6803:
6776:
6746:
6689:
6647:
6637:
6517:
6510:
6407:
6387:
6199:
6159:
6090:
5886:
5861:
5816:
5780:
5774:
5766:
5726:
5721:
5695:
5675:
5443:
4217:
3508:
3085:
2576:
2365:
2318:
2295:
2126:
2098:
2070:
2039:
2025:
1784:
1575:
1471:
1458:
1386:
1243:
1126:
1122:
1061:
625:
621:
552:
239:
The known Antarctic region after the 1819–1843 period of intensive exploration.
185:
97:
30:
26:
687:
429:
364:
However, the inauguration of the Heroic Age is now generally considered to be
9033:
8898:
8692:
8388:
8330:
8325:
8315:
8265:
8260:
8236:
8180:
8057:
8051:
8046:
7645:
7556:
7549:
7304:
7099:
7078:
6946:
6724:
6694:
6662:
6657:
6494:
6400:
6283:
6078:
5891:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5731:
5640:
5475:
2417:
2379:
2351:
2275:
1954:
1917:
1769:
1475:
1337:
1322:
1252:
1134:
1130:
1049:
1023:
850:
724:
709:
705:
665:
324:
269:
205:
38:
34:
8419:
8413:
8025:
7989:
7855:
7682:
7632:
7571:
7425:
7113:
7064:
6914:
6736:
6699:
6679:
6620:
6154:
6142:
6085:
6013:
5914:
5811:
5805:
5702:
5690:
5563:
5541:
5465:
5418:
4603:. London: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 24, No. 1.
4317:
Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South
2743:. London: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 24, No. 1.
2647:
2643:
2261:
1640:
1608:
1589:
1449:
1186:
913:
777:
743:
378:
213:
181:
8702:
8682:
8569:
8456:
8356:
8304:
8122:
7909:
7697:
7072:
7004:
6766:
6625:
6588:
6488:
6480:
6288:
5624:
5285:
5265:
5048:
5008:
4944:
4881:
3670:
3536:
3477:
3389:
3269:
3198:
3046:
3022:
Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events
2428:
2207:
1994:
1862:
1835:
1431:
1378:
1227:
988:
980:
921:
858:
854:
842:
816:
177:
1104:
962:
315:
route. The expedition was accompanied by several naturalists (including
8759:
8632:
8511:
8255:
8158:
8142:
7984:
7917:
7818:
7227:
7176:
7136:
6458:
6184:
6112:
6054:
5447:
5415:
5212:
4641:
4422:
Polar Castaways: The Ross Sea Party of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1914–1917
3430:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 3: Scott, Shackleton and Amundsen"
2464:
2045:
1798:
1394:
1260:
1057:
925:
672:
617:
556:
536:
358:
338:
151:
54:
42:
8672:
7777:
6614:
6166:
5949:
3905:
2474:
1541:
1441:
1419:
824:
773:
518:
417:
383:
297:
69:
5359:
4614:
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
4036:"Adrien de Gerlache, Belgica Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1897–1899"
8697:
7709:
2212:
2158:
1382:
1360:
780:
became trapped in ice, which prevented more extensive exploration.
275:
2567:
List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922
1552:
to South Georgia Island, and the first crossing of South Georgia.
8336:
7716:
5981:
5957:
5945:
1881:
1342:
729:
497:
308:
246:
What followed this early period of exploration is what historian
6503:
2787:. Notes and Records of the Royal Society London, Vol. 54, No. 1.
2498:, 1907–09, died of self-inflicted gunshot wounds, 12 March 1910.
1519:
1177:
57:
which began at the end of the 19th century, and ended after the
6582:
5907:
4610:"The Antarctic Question – Voyages To The South Pole Since 1898"
3244:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Section II: Antarctic Exploration"
2325:
1727:
1234:
1216:
1086:
946:
895:
798:
599:
312:
305:
5110:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 2: Antarctic Exploration"
1064:
from the Pole. The Northern Party reached the location of the
616:
The first expedition to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland (
8480:
5968:
5032:
4902:"Antarctic History – The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration"
4148:"Antarctic History – The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration"
3632:
1159:
5346:
Working-Class 'Hero' after two decades of polar exploration.
5248:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. 29 November 2008. Archived from
5213:
Diary of Stan Taylor, Seaman on the Aurora 1912–1913 journey
5071:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. 29 November 2008. Archived from
4208:
American Association for the Advancement of Science (1887).
2763:
American Association for the Advancement of Science (1887).
4927:. Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition. 2006.
4191:
The Endurance: Shackleiton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition
1303:
3308:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 5: The Voyage of the
1678:
628:
record at 78°30'S. It also calculated the location of the
3084:
The Great Ice Barrier later became formally known as the
1255:. He discovered a new route to the polar plateau via the
1110:
968:
7173:
5151:"John Lachlan Cope's Expedition to Graham Land 1920–22"
5133:. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Archived from
3799:. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Archived from
2994:"John Lachlan Cope's Expedition to Graham Land 1920–22"
2301:
1670:
completed a shortened programme before returning home.
901:
605:
3025:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 260.
2875:
2833:
2053:
1718:
1309:
1251:
Amundsen set up camp on the Great Ice Barrier, at the
757:
693:
3130:. Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition.
704:
It made the first ascent of the Western Mountains in
524:
5228:. National Library of Scotland. 2007. Archived from
3609:
Scott's Last Expedition Vol I pp. 543–46, pp. 580–95
2688:
Huntford, p. 691 – "before machines took over."
2548:
2395:
2334:
2137:
1653:
1595:
1525:
1037:
830:
2460:, 1898–1900, died of unrecorded causes during 1900.
1366:
928:was discovered, defining the sea's eastern limits.
841:This expedition worked in the east coastal area of
8818:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
5226:"Mountaineering and Polar Collection – Antarctica"
5196:. Cool Antarctica. 2 December 2008. Archived from
5091:. Cool Antarctica. 2 December 2008. Archived from
4904:. Cool Antarctica. 2 December 2008. Archived from
4672:. London: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1.
4577:
4419:
4398:
4357:
2933:"Mountaineering and Polar Collection – Antarctica"
2811:. London: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1.
2226:
53:was an era in the exploration of the continent of
3665:
3663:
3454:Riffenburgh, pp. 309–12 (summary of achievements)
3065:
2362:
2192:
2022:
1816:
1781:
1455:
1321:Scott's last expedition, based like his first in
1240:
1048:The first expedition led by Shackleton. Based in
987:. A section of the coast was explored, and named
9031:
4795:Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor
2473:, died in 1900 while returning on the ship from
2081:
924:was penetrated to 74°01'S, and the coastline of
428:: an Austrian Antarctic Expedition to be led by
4792:
3561:Amundsen, Vol I pp. 184–95; Vol II, pp. 120–134
3293:
3291:
3047:"Antarctic Explorers – Adrien de Gerlache"
2646:gives the much later date of 1945, considering
2258:
2109:
1934:
1847:
1183:
5089:"German National Antarctic Expedition 1901–03"
4561:. London, Sidney and Wellington: Unwin Hyman.
3660:
2935:. National Library of Scotland. Archived from
2650:to be the turning point in Antarctic research.
1991:
1747:
8496:
5375:
5329:. Stony Brook University, N.Y. Archived from
4424:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
4420:McElrea, Richard; Harrowfield, David (2004).
3776:
2829:
2827:
451:† Denotes that leader died during expedition.
16:Period of history from the 1890s to the 1920s
5176:. Australian Dictionary of Biography. 2006.
4921:"Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864–1934)".
4276:
3288:
3124:"Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864–1934)".
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
4849:
4726:
4695:
4405:. United States: Harvard University Press.
3894:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2710:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
2697:For example, the scientific results of the
2538:Slicing the Silence: Voyaging to Antarctica
8503:
8489:
5382:
5368:
5031:. National Maritime Museum. Archived from
4882:"Antarctic Explorers – Adrien de Gerlache"
4770:
4557:Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor, eds. (1988).
4556:
4545:Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 84–90.
4401:Slicing the Silence:Voyaging to Antarctica
4238:
4105:
3631:. National Maritime Museum. Archived from
3101:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from
2869:
2824:
555:would later lead the first arrival at the
420:in 1898–1899, which did not penetrate the
4924:Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934)
4447:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4396:
4188:
4114:
4059:
4057:
3943:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3813:("First Burial on the Continent" section)
3349:Mills, William James (11 December 2003).
3127:Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934)
2957:Carse, quoted by M. and J. Fisher, p. 389
2609:
402:
208:and naming of the volcanoes now known as
8440:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
5309:. Norwegian Embassy (UK). Archived from
4601:Captain James Cook and the Royal Society
4490:
4468:
4438:
4216:
4210:The Exploration of the Antarctic Regions
3936:
3587:. Norwegian Embassy (UK). Archived from
3507:
3344:
3342:
3018:
2771:
2765:The Exploration of the Antarctic Regions
2741:Captain James Cook and the Royal Society
2727:
2508:
274:
20:
8015:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
5128:
5112:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
5107:
4969:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4676:
4352:
4333:
4140:
3246:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
3179:Crane, p. 253 (map); pp. 294–295 (maps)
2705:, 1910–13 had been published by 1925. (
2651:
2602:
1679:Expedition deaths during the Heroic Age
9032:
4965:"British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13"
4667:
4607:
4531:Ivanov, Lyubomir; Ivanova, Nusha. In:
4512:
4378:
4257:
4054:
3711:. Australian Dictionary of Biography.
2806:
2708:"British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13"
2699:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
1930:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
885:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
339:"The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration"
302:Dundee Antarctic Expedition of 1892–93
8484:
7159:
5401:
5389:
5363:
4830:
4811:
4748:
4648:
4575:
4336:Changing Trends in Antarctic Research
4314:
4212:. New York: Science, Vol. 9, No. 223.
3484:from the original on 11 February 2012
3348:
3339:
2767:. New York: Science, Vol. 9, No. 223.
2675:
2673:
2654:Changing Trends in Antarctic Research
543:, after the ship was icebound in the
472:
9009:
5292:from the original on 25 October 2015
5272:from the original on 27 October 2019
5029:"Explorer and leader: Captain Scott"
4670:The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration
4653:. Whitby, Yorks: Caedmon of Whitby.
4628:
4598:
4387:
4122:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Part 3"
4071:from the original on 3 December 2008
4028:
3973:"Two of Antarctic Expedition Killed"
3629:"Explorer and leader: Captain Scott"
3543:from the original on 27 October 2019
3276:from the original on 25 October 2015
2809:The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration
2782:
2738:
1580:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
9040:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
7801:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
5998:Norse colonization of North America
4814:Shackleton: By Endurance we Conquer
4584:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4390:The Royal Society and the Antarctic
3241:
2785:The Royal Society and the Antarctic
2291:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1506:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
397:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
387:. Describing the first crossing of
51:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
13:
7330:United States Exploring Expedition
5180:from the original on 21 April 2012
5170:"Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958)".
5153:. Scott Polar Research Institute.
5116:from the original on 5 August 2012
5055:from the original on 6 August 2011
5015:from the original on 14 April 2012
4951:from the original on 17 April 2019
4945:"Carsten Borchgrevink (1864–1934)"
4498:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
4379:Fisher, Margery and James (1957).
4364:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
3715:from the original on 21 April 2012
3705:"Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958)".
3677:from the original on 6 August 2011
3436:from the original on 14 March 2012
3396:from the original on 19 April 2012
3250:from the original on 5 August 2012
3205:from the original on 14 April 2012
2996:. Scott Polar Research Institute.
2670:
2435:Engebret Knudsen, a member of the
2166:Second German Antarctic Expedition
2014:Head injury, starvation, and cold
1963:Third French Antarctic Expedition
1348:Second German Antarctic Expedition
1092:Fourth French Antarctic Expedition
655:National Antarctic Expedition 1901
370:Société Royale Belge de Géographie
174:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
14:
9086:
8404:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
7772:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5355:Portland Magazine. November 2012.
4975:from the original on 15 July 2012
4888:from the original on 5 March 2012
4857:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
4756:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
4734:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
4517:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
4302:from the original on 30 June 2023
4193:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
4150:. Cool Antarctica. Archived from
4128:from the original on 24 June 2009
4038:. Cool Antarctica. Archived from
3989:from the original on 9 March 2022
3369:from the original on 30 June 2023
3318:from the original on 1 March 2012
3053:from the original on 5 March 2012
2898:from the original on 30 June 2023
2856:from the original on 30 June 2023
2714:from the original on 15 July 2012
2222:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1874:First German Antarctic Expedition
1437:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1286:British Antarctic Expedition 1910
1014:British Antarctic Expedition 1907
952:Third French Antarctic Expedition
734:First German Antarctic Expedition
582:British Antarctic Expedition 1898
535:This was the first expedition to
444:, and a British expedition under
9008:
8999:
8998:
8758:
8298:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
7691:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5304:
5157:from the original on 6 July 2012
4931:from the original on 27 May 2012
4515:Scott's Last Expedition, Vol. II
4284:First on the Antarctic Continent
3134:from the original on 27 May 2012
3000:from the original on 6 July 2012
2880:First on the Antarctic Continent
2838:First on the Antarctic Continent
2551:
1646:
1622:
1588:
1563:
1518:
1493:
1448:
1424:
1412:
1359:
1336:
1302:
1274:
1233:
1222:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1209:
1176:
1152:
1103:
1079:
1030:
1002:
961:
939:
894:
872:
823:
791:
750:
723:
686:
643:
598:
570:
517:
490:
233:
116:
5131:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
5009:"Erich von Drygalski 1865–1949"
4243:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
4092:
4083:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3965:
3930:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3797:"The Southern Cross Expedition"
3789:
3782:R. Amundsen, H. Decleir (ed.),
3767:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3698:
3689:
3647:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3577:
3564:
3555:
3529:
3501:
3470:
3457:
3448:
3422:
3413:
3382:
3330:
3300:
3262:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3199:"Erich von Drygalski 1865–1949"
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3117:
3091:
3078:
3039:
3012:
2986:
2960:
2951:
2920:
2911:
2876:Borchgrevink, Carstens (1901).
2834:Borchgrevink, Carstens (1901).
2815:
2800:
2791:
991:after the President of France.
8510:
5327:"The Voyage of the Challenger"
4873:
4793:Simpson-Hausley, Paul (1992).
4778:. London: Century Publishing.
4754:Scott's Last Expedition, Vol I
4681:. London: Constable & Co.
4239:Barczewski, Stephanie (2007).
2691:
2682:
2636:
2627:
202:circumnavigation of the region
1:
7677:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
7612:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
7160:
5286:"Otto Nordenskiöld 1869–1928"
5246:"Norway's Forgotten Explorer"
5173:Mawson, Sir Douglas 1882–1958
4991:. Archive Hub. Archived from
4835:. Edinburgh: NMS Publishing.
4702:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
4513:Huxley, Leonard, ed. (1913).
4383:. London: James Barrie Books.
4065:"Norway's Forgotten Explorer"
4016:Tyler-wis, pp. 196–97; p. 240
3901:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
3708:Mawson, Sir Douglas 1882–1958
3270:"Otto Nordenskiöld 1869–1928"
2970:. Archive Hub. Archived from
2587:List of Antarctic expeditions
1740:Washed overboard and drowned
1165:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
8034:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
7850:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7656:French Antarctic Expeditions
7586:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
7472:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
5590:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
5049:"Wilhem Filchner, 1877–1957"
4439:Headland, Robert K. (1989).
4262:. New York: Viking Penguin.
4224:. London: C Hurst & Co.
4189:Alexander, Caroline (1998).
4067:. Antarctic Heritage Trust.
3937:Headland, Robert K. (1989).
3867:Preston, pp. 218–219, 203–05
3671:"Wilhem Filchner, 1877–1957"
3515:. London: C Hurst & Co.
2926:Some histories consider the
2437:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2391:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
1904:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
1714:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1635:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
804:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
63:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7:
7119:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
6798:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
5663:Andrée's balloon expedition
4124:. Glasgow Digital Library.
3432:. Glasgow Digital Library.
3314:. Glasgow Digital Library.
2544:
321:William Gordon Burn Murdoch
68:During the Heroic Age, the
10:
9091:
9075:20th century in Antarctica
9070:19th century in Antarctica
6320:Franklin's lost expedition
6020:Christian IV's expeditions
5402:
5108:Goodlad, James A. (2003).
5069:"The Forgotten Expedition"
4559:Mawson's Antarctic Diaries
4319:. London: Harper Collins.
4177:Bibliography of Antarctica
4174:
4170:
3099:"The Forgotten Expedition"
1908:Ole Kristian Wennersgaard
350:Royal Geographical Society
146:About a century after the
103:
82:communication technologies
9045:Exploration of Antarctica
8994:
8947:
8846:
8810:
8767:
8756:
8711:
8660:
8583:
8518:
8137:
7868:
7455:
7195:
7172:
7168:
7155:
6674:Great Northern Expedition
6568:
6350:Rae–Richardson expedition
6099:
5944:
5550:British Arctic Expedition
5442:
5414:
5410:
5397:
5266:"Nobu Shirase, 1861–1946"
4636:. London: Alston Rivers.
3537:"Nobu Shirase, 1861–1946"
3352:Exploring Polar Frontiers
2458:Southern Cross Expedition
2329:
2289:
2253:
2220:
2164:
2016:
1985:
1842:
1810:
1777:Southern Cross Expedition
1742:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1607:Its objective was to lay
586:Southern Cross Expedition
478:
475:
469:
463:
460:
457:
232:
225:
135:
130:
115:
110:
41:after first reaching the
8668:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
7958:British Antarctic Survey
7952:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7197:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5351:30 December 2019 at the
5288:. South-pole.com. 2008.
5268:. South-pole.com. 2008.
5051:. South-pole.com. 2008.
5011:. South-pole.com. 2008.
4884:. South-pole.com. 2008.
4181:
3751:Tyler-Lewis, pp. 193–197
1868:Slip over ice precipice
1391:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
446:Joseph Foster Stackhouse
434:Anglo-Swedish expedition
9055:Explorers of Antarctica
8434:Pole of inaccessibility
8097:Antarctic Treaty System
6438:2nd Grinnell expedition
4812:Smith, Michael (2014).
4677:Preston, Diana (1997).
4634:Siege of the South Pole
4541:1 November 2022 at the
4534:The World of Antarctica
4474:The Last Place on Earth
4397:Griffiths, Tom (2007).
4338:. Dordrecth: Springer.
4258:Berton, Pierre (1988).
3478:"Jean-Baptiste Charcot"
3467:biography) p. 242 (map)
3390:"Jean-Baptiste Charcot"
3019:Headland, R.K. (1989).
2656:. Dordrecth: Springer.
2592:List of polar explorers
2281:Cold and malnutrition (
1544:, a lifeboat escape to
914:Orcadas weather station
344:21 January 2019 at the
131:In-universe information
5218:10 August 2013 at the
4989:"Carl Chun Collection"
4334:Elzinga, Aang (1993).
4278:Borchgrevink, Carstens
4222:The South Pole, Vol II
3657:biography), pp. 366–68
3513:The South Pole, Vol II
2968:"Carl Chun Collection"
2679:Barczewski, pp. 19–20.
2652:Elzinga, Aang (1993).
2542:
1978:Struck by broken rope
1840:Fall from ship's mast
1736:South Shetland Islands
770:Kaiser Wilhelm II Land
442:Johan Gunnar Andersson
403:Expeditions, 1897–1922
284:
227:Antarctic Region, 1848
190:Jules Dumont d'Urville
139:Hypothetical continent
46:
9065:Antarctic expeditions
9060:History-related lists
9050:History of Antarctica
8104:Transglobe Expedition
8003:Operation Deep Freeze
7412:Challenger expedition
6278:Coppermine expedition
5799:Drifting ice stations
4831:Speak, Peter (2003).
4797:. London: Routledge.
4668:Murray, John (1894).
4476:. London: Pan Books.
4315:Crane, David (2005).
4288:. George Newnes Ltd.
4025:Alexander, pp. 192–93
3742:Alexander, pp. 143–53
3733:Shackleton, pp. 63–85
3695:Mills, p. 129 et seq.
2884:. George Newnes Ltd.
2842:. George Newnes Ltd.
2807:Murray, John (1894).
2703:Terra Nova Expedition
2582:History of Antarctica
2528:
2509:End of the Heroic Age
2454:expeditionary surgeon
2385:Fall through sea ice
2357:Fall through sea ice
1987:Terra Nova Expedition
1290:Terra Nova Expedition
1263:on 14 December 1911.
1114:Jean-Baptiste Charcot
972:Jean-Baptiste Charcot
920:was established. The
845:. It was marooned on
317:Williams Speirs Bruce
278:
74:Antarctic expeditions
24:
5129:Harrowfield, David.
4833:William Speirs Bruce
4816:. London: Oneworld.
4750:Scott, Robert Falcon
4679:A First Rate Tragedy
4649:Mills, Leif (1999).
4580:The Last Great Quest
3982:. 26 February 1913.
3618:Preston, pp. 184–205
2603:Notes and references
2305:Arnold Spencer-Smith
2185:Suicide or accident
2132:Starvation and cold
2104:Starvation and cold
2076:Starvation and cold
1950:South Orkney Islands
1812:Discovery Expedition
1804:Intestinal disorder
1257:Axel Heiberg Glacier
1196:King Edward VII Land
918:South Orkney Islands
905:William Speirs Bruce
659:Discovery Expedition
609:Carsten Borchgrevink
374:Carsten Borchgrevink
355:Carsten Borchgrevink
45:on 16 December 1911.
8981:Robert Falcon Scott
8638:South magnetic pole
8596:Antarctic Peninsula
8591:Biogeographic realm
8274:South magnetic pole
6940:Brusilov expedition
6049:Danish colonization
5487:North magnetic pole
5252:on 20 November 2009
5075:on 20 November 2009
4608:Machat, J. (1908).
4576:Jones, Max (2003).
4388:Fogg, G.E. (2000).
4241:Antarctic Destinies
4100:Last Place on Earth
4089:Riffenburgh, p. 304
4007:Tyler-Lewis, p. 191
3572:Last Place on Earth
3105:on 20 November 2009
3073:Last Place on Earth
2783:Fogg, G.E. (2000).
2597:Women in Antarctica
2251:Fall into crevasse
2170:Walter Slossarczyk
2057:Robert Falcon Scott
1878:Josef Enzensperger
1721:Carl August Wiencke
1313:Robert Falcon Scott
1066:South Magnetic Pole
1052:, it pioneered the
985:Antarctic Peninsula
776:. The expedition's
761:Erich von Drygalski
697:Robert Falcon Scott
630:South Magnetic Pole
476:Expedition summary
290:George von Neumayer
266:Franklin expedition
150:, British explorer
8919:Telecommunications
8833:Territorial claims
7965:Operation Windmill
7946:Operation Highjump
6921:Rusanov expedition
6826:A. E. Nordenskiöld
6570:North East Passage
6374:McClure expedition
5035:on 2 December 2008
4947:. South-pole.com.
4851:Tyler-Lewis, Kelly
4772:Shackleton, Ernest
4111:Alexander, pp. 4–5
3876:Huxley, pp. 345–46
3673:. South-pole.com.
3635:on 2 December 2008
3539:. South-pole.com.
3480:. South-pole.com.
3392:. South-pole.com.
3272:. South-pole.com.
3242:Goodlad, James A.
3201:. South-pole.com.
3170:Preston, pp. 57–79
3049:. South-pole.com.
2572:Arctic exploration
2494:, a member of the
2283:Hypervitaminosis A
2276:King George V Land
2246:King George V Land
1765:Bellingshausen Sea
1062:geographical miles
545:Bellingshausen Sea
528:Adrien de Gerlache
285:
148:Age of Exploration
47:
9027:
9026:
8986:Ernest Shackleton
8914:Research stations
8859:Antarctic English
8828:National programs
8823:Military activity
8797:COVID-19 pandemic
8754:
8753:
8623:Floristic Kingdom
8528:Antarctic sea ice
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8469:
7932:Operation Tabarin
7794:Far Eastern Party
7640:Nimrod Expedition
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
6710:M. Pronchishcheva
6632:Siberian Cossacks
6101:Northwest Passage
5434:Research stations
5391:Polar exploration
4864:978-0-74-757972-4
4804:978-0-20-303602-0
4728:Riffenburgh, Beau
4712:978-0-41-597024-2
4697:Riffenburgh, Beau
4630:Mill, Hugh Robert
4599:Kaye, I. (1969).
4551:979-8-88676-403-1
4454:978-0-52-130903-5
4431:978-0-77-357245-4
4412:978-06-7402-633-9
4345:978-0-58-528849-9
4326:978-0-00-715068-7
4295:978-0-90-583841-0
4250:978-1-84-725192-3
4042:on 9 October 2010
3950:978-0-52-130903-5
3915:978-0-41-597024-2
3896:Riffenburgh, Beau
3849:Scott, pp. 572–73
3831:Crane, pp. 165–66
3822:Crane, pp. 137–38
3786:(Bluntisham 1999)
3362:978-1-57-607422-0
3297:Barczewski, p. 90
3223:Mill, pp. 420–424
2891:978-0-90-583841-0
2849:978-0-90-583841-0
2739:Kaye, I. (1969).
2663:978-0-58-528849-9
2519:Shackleton–Rowett
2496:Nimrod Expedition
2463:Jorgen Petersen,
2425:
2424:
2399:Ernest Shackleton
2338:Aeneas Mackintosh
2176:26 November 1911
2140:Robert Brissenden
2127:Great Ice Barrier
2099:Great Ice Barrier
2071:Great Ice Barrier
2040:Great Ice Barrier
2009:Beardmore Glacier
2005:17 February 1912
1975:Le Havre, France
1832:Lyttelton Harbour
1676:
1675:
1657:Ernest Shackleton
1599:Aeneas Mackintosh
1550:open-boat journey
1529:Ernest Shackleton
1139:Rothschild Island
1056:route toward the
1054:Beardmore Glacier
1041:Ernest Shackleton
1018:Nimrod Expedition
834:Otto Nordenskjöld
622:Great Ice Barrier
504:Belgian Antarctic
438:Otto Nordenskjöld
393:Ernest Shackleton
319:) and an artist,
279:The oceanographer
244:
243:
156:his second voyage
143:
142:
9082:
9012:
9011:
9002:
9001:
8976:James Clark Ross
8948:Famous explorers
8762:
8581:
8580:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8482:
8481:
7979:Ronne Expedition
7464:
7458:
7322:Dumont d'Urville
7170:
7169:
7157:
7156:
6705:V. Pronchishchev
5412:
5411:
5399:
5398:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5313:on 22 April 2008
5307:"Roald Amundsen"
5301:
5299:
5297:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5194:"Douglas Mawson"
5189:
5187:
5185:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4868:
4846:
4827:
4823:978-1780-74707-1
4808:
4789:
4767:
4745:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4692:
4673:
4664:
4645:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4604:
4595:
4583:
4572:
4528:
4509:
4492:Huntford, Roland
4487:
4470:Huntford, Roland
4465:
4463:
4461:
4435:
4416:
4404:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4363:
4354:Fiennes, Ranulph
4349:
4330:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4273:
4260:Tha Arctic Grail
4254:
4235:
4213:
4204:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3977:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3840:Speak, pp. 88–89
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3793:
3787:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3591:on 22 April 2008
3585:"Roald Amundsen"
3581:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:Mill, pp. 431–32
3417:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3346:
3337:
3336:Speak, pp. 82–95
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2831:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2561:
2559:Geography portal
2556:
2555:
2554:
2540:
2502:Hjalmar Johansen
2493:
2481:Bertram Armytage
2451:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2242:
2241:14 December 1912
2234:
2233:
2232:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2182:, South Georgia
2143:
2142:
2141:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2030:
2029:
2028:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1890:Kerguelen Island
1886:2 February 1903
1853:
1852:
1851:
1828:2 December 1901
1822:
1821:
1820:
1795:14 October 1899
1789:
1788:
1787:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1732:22 January 1898
1724:
1723:
1722:
1687:
1686:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1468:Commonwealth Bay
1463:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:Wilhelm Filchner
1363:
1341:
1340:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1098:Pourquoi-Pas? IV
1085:
1083:
1082:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1008:
1006:
1005:
976:
975:
974:
965:
945:
943:
942:
909:
908:
907:
898:
878:
876:
875:
847:Snow Hill Island
838:
837:
836:
827:
797:
795:
794:
765:
764:
763:
754:
738:Gauss Expedition
728:
727:
701:
700:
699:
690:
649:
647:
646:
613:
612:
611:
602:
576:
574:
573:
541:Antarctic Circle
532:
531:
530:
521:
505:
496:
494:
493:
486:
467:
455:
454:
422:Antarctic Circle
368:launched by the
237:
223:
222:
194:James Clark Ross
167:Antarctic Circle
124:Abraham Ortelius
120:
108:
107:
9090:
9089:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9023:
8990:
8960:Richard E. Byrd
8943:
8904:Protected areas
8842:
8806:
8763:
8750:
8707:
8661:Bodies of Water
8656:
8645:West Antarctica
8601:East Antarctica
8579:
8514:
8509:
8479:
8466:
8141:
8133:
8009:McMurdo Station
7878:Modern research
7876:
7864:
7599:O. Nordenskjöld
7462:
7456:
7451:
7367:Ross expedition
7191:
7164:
7143:
6572:
6564:
6105:Northern Canada
6103:
6095:
5948:
5940:
5446:
5438:
5406:
5393:
5388:
5358:
5353:Wayback Machine
5336:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5295:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5232:on 23 June 2009
5224:
5220:Wayback Machine
5203:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5181:
5169:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5137:on 6 April 2017
5119:
5117:
5098:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5038:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4932:
4920:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4889:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4843:
4824:
4805:
4786:
4764:
4742:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4689:
4661:
4619:
4617:
4592:
4569:
4543:Wayback Machine
4525:
4506:
4484:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4432:
4413:
4372:
4346:
4327:
4305:
4303:
4296:
4270:
4251:
4232:
4218:Amundsen, Roald
4201:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3935:
3931:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3806:
3804:
3803:on 6 April 2017
3795:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3509:Amundsen, Roald
3506:
3502:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3399:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3372:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2939:on 23 June 2009
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2874:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2772:
2761:
2748:
2737:
2728:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2610:
2605:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2536:Tom Griffiths,
2535:
2511:
2483:
2445:
2443:Herluf Kløvstad
2429:First World War
2409:5 January 1922
2397:
2396:
2364:
2363:
2336:
2335:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2272:7 January 1913
2260:
2259:
2240:
2230:Belgrave Ninnis
2228:
2227:
2194:
2193:
2149:17 August 1912
2139:
2138:
2111:
2110:
2083:
2082:
2055:
2054:
2024:
2023:
2017:
1993:
1992:
1972:15 August 1903
1936:
1935:
1849:
1848:
1818:
1817:
1783:
1782:
1749:
1748:
1720:
1719:
1702:Place of death
1681:
1655:
1654:
1623:
1621:
1597:
1596:
1579:
1564:
1562:
1546:Elephant Island
1527:
1526:
1515:
1494:
1492:
1480:Queen Mary Land
1457:
1456:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1368:
1367:
1335:
1311:
1310:
1287:
1275:
1273:
1242:
1241:
1210:
1208:
1185:
1184:
1153:
1151:
1112:
1111:
1080:
1078:
1039:
1038:
1015:
1003:
1001:
970:
969:
940:
938:
903:
902:
873:
871:
832:
831:
820:(support ship)
814:
792:
790:
759:
758:
735:
722:
695:
694:
677:
670:
656:
644:
642:
607:
606:
583:
571:
569:
549:Gerlache Strait
526:
525:
503:
491:
489:
484:
465:
426:First World War
405:
348:, given to the
346:Wayback Machine
282:Sir John Murray
280:
240:
228:
221:
198:Mikhail Lazarev
161:Terra Australis
126:
111:Terra Australis
106:
59:First World War
25:Left to right:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9088:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9006:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8970:Ui-te-Rangiora
8967:
8965:Douglas Mawson
8962:
8957:
8955:Roald Amundsen
8951:
8949:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8894:Gateway cities
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8854:Antarctica Day
8850:
8848:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8773:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8726:
8724:Microorganisms
8721:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8688:List of rivers
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8642:
8641:
8640:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8618:Extreme points
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8598:
8593:
8587:
8585:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8538:Climate change
8530:
8524:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8508:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8485:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8426:Vostok Station
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8377:Cherry-Garrard
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8217:Southern Cross
8213:
8212:
8211:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8183:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8147:
8145:
8139:Farthest South
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8100:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8054:
8049:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8011:
8006:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7961:
7954:
7949:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7900:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7836:Ross Sea party
7832:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7797:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7783:
7768:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7701:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7636:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7620:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7530:Southern Cross
7523:Southern Cross
7519:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7467:
7465:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7408:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7388:
7382:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7269:Bellingshausen
7259:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7166:
7165:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7128:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6917:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6578:
6576:
6574:Russian Arctic
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6370:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6346:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6331:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6016:
6011:
6009:Snæbjörn galti
6006:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5911:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5802:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5566:
5561:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5444:Farthest North
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5408:
5407:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5357:
5356:
5343:
5333:on 14 May 2012
5323:
5302:
5282:
5262:
5242:
5222:
5210:
5200:on 17 May 2012
5190:
5167:
5147:
5126:
5105:
5095:on 28 May 2012
5085:
5065:
5045:
5025:
5005:
4995:on 27 May 2012
4985:
4961:
4941:
4918:
4898:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4847:
4841:
4828:
4822:
4809:
4803:
4790:
4784:
4768:
4762:
4746:
4740:
4724:
4711:
4693:
4687:
4674:
4665:
4659:
4646:
4626:
4605:
4596:
4590:
4573:
4567:
4554:
4529:
4523:
4510:
4504:
4488:
4482:
4466:
4453:
4436:
4430:
4417:
4411:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4350:
4344:
4331:
4325:
4312:
4294:
4274:
4268:
4255:
4249:
4236:
4230:
4214:
4205:
4199:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4175:Main article:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4139:
4113:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4053:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3980:New York Times
3964:
3949:
3929:
3914:
3887:
3885:Huxley, p. 389
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3788:
3775:
3773:Fisher, p. 483
3766:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3697:
3688:
3659:
3646:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3576:
3563:
3554:
3528:
3521:
3500:
3469:
3456:
3447:
3421:
3412:
3381:
3361:
3338:
3329:
3299:
3287:
3261:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3190:
3188:Fiennes, p. 89
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3152:Preston, p. 14
3145:
3116:
3090:
3086:Ross Ice Shelf
3077:
3064:
3038:
3031:
3011:
2985:
2974:on 27 May 2012
2959:
2950:
2919:
2910:
2890:
2868:
2848:
2823:
2814:
2799:
2790:
2770:
2746:
2726:
2690:
2681:
2669:
2662:
2642:The historian
2635:
2626:
2624:Fisher, p. 449
2607:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Farthest South
2574:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2546:
2543:
2533:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2478:
2470:Southern Cross
2461:
2440:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2366:Victor Hayward
2359:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2319:Ross Ice Shelf
2316:
2313:
2310:
2299:
2296:Ross Sea party
2287:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:8 August 1912
2202:
2199:
2195:Richard Vahsel
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2155:, New Zealand
2150:
2147:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:29 March 1912
2121:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:29 March 1912
2093:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:29 March 1912
2065:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2036:17 March 1912
2034:
2031:
2026:Lawrence Oates
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:6 August 1903
1944:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:Heart failure
1920:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:11 March 1902
1857:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:Charles Bonnor
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1785:Nicolai Hansen
1779:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:Date of death
1697:
1694:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1578:In support of
1576:Ross Sea party
1573:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1548:, an 800-mile
1534:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1472:Ninnis Glacier
1464:
1459:Douglas Mawson
1453:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1387:Luitpold Coast
1375:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1244:Roald Amundsen
1238:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1127:Charcot Island
1123:Marguerite Bay
1119:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1046:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1012:
999:
995:
994:
992:
977:
966:
959:
954:
949:
936:
932:
931:
929:
912:The permanent
910:
899:
892:
887:
882:
869:
865:
864:
862:
839:
828:
821:
806:
801:
788:
784:
783:
781:
766:
755:
748:
741:
732:
720:
716:
715:
713:
702:
691:
684:
683:(relief ship)
662:
653:
640:
636:
635:
633:
626:Farthest South
614:
603:
596:
593:Southern Cross
589:
580:
567:
563:
562:
560:
553:Roald Amundsen
533:
522:
515:
508:
500:
487:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
414:
404:
401:
304:in which four
242:
241:
238:
230:
229:
226:
219:
186:Charles Wilkes
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
121:
113:
112:
105:
102:
98:Roald Amundsen
31:Helmer Hanssen
27:Roald Amundsen
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9087:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9007:
9005:
8997:
8996:
8993:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8899:Midwinter Day
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8838:Treaty System
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8809:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8693:McMurdo Sound
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8646:
8643:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8501:
8499:
8494:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
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8360:
8358:
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8353:
8350:
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8343:
8339:
8338:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
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8301:
8300:
8299:
8295:
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8264:
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8210:
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7875:
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7583:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7569:
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7567:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7557:Discovery Hut
7555:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7527:
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7488:
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7112:
7110:
7109:
7105:
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7102:
7098:
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7089:
7088:
7087:A. Sibiryakov
7084:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7059:Glavsevmorput
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7028:
7025:
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6810:
6807:
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6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
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6730:
6726:
6723:
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6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
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6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
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6675:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
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6646:
6644:
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6639:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6627:
6624:
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6619:
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6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
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6587:
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6521:
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6512:
6509:
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6500:
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6490:
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6428:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6361:J. Richardson
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6243:
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6231:
6228:
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6226:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6123:M. Corte-Real
6121:
6119:
6118:G. Corte-Real
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6041:C. Richardson
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5850:Georgiy Sedov
5846:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:Riiser-Larsen
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5014:
5010:
5006:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4919:
4908:on 4 May 2012
4907:
4903:
4899:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4842:19-0166-371-X
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4785:07-1260-111-2
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4763:06-6579-784-2
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4741:07-4757-253-4
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4714:
4708:
4705:. Routledge.
4704:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4688:00-9479-530-4
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4660:09-0535-548-2
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4591:01-9280-483-9
4587:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4570:
4568:0-043-20209-8
4564:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4524:06-6579-784-2
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4505:03-4025-007-0
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:03-4911-395-5
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4371:03-4082-697-5
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:Captain Scott
4355:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4269:06-7082-491-7
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4231:09-0398-347-8
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4200:07-4754-123-X
4196:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4154:on 4 May 2012
4153:
4149:
4143:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3858:Scott, p. 592
3855:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3785:
3779:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3574:), pp. 446–74
3573:
3567:
3558:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3522:09-0398-347-8
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3496:Pourquoispas?
3483:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3409:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3333:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3232:Crane, p. 307
3229:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3032:9780521309035
3028:
3024:
3023:
3015:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2872:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2633:Smith, p. 414
2630:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2418:Heart disease
2416:
2414:
2413:South Georgia
2411:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:, Antarctica
2381:
2380:McMurdo Sound
2378:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:, Antarctica
2353:
2352:McMurdo Sound
2350:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2321:, Antarctica
2320:
2317:
2315:9 March 1916
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:, Antarctica
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2248:, Antarctica
2247:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:Admiralty Bay
2151:
2148:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:, Antarctica
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:, Antarctica
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2085:Edward Wilson
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:, Antarctica
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:, Antarctica
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2011:, Antarctica
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Heart disease
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Paulet Island
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:, Antarctica
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:, Antarctica
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:Heart disease
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1688:
1685:
1672:
1669:
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1658:
1652:
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1633:
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1620:
1617:
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1613:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:Mertz Glacier
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1421:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:South Georgia
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:McMurdo Sound
1320:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Bay of Whales
1250:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:Mikkelsen Bay
1132:
1131:Renaud Island
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:McMurdo Sound
1047:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
967:
964:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
900:
897:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
870:
867:
866:
863:
860:
856:
852:
851:Paulet Island
848:
844:
840:
835:
829:
826:
822:
819:
818:
813:(main vessel)
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
800:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
756:
753:
749:
747:
746:
742:
739:
733:
731:
726:
721:
718:
717:
714:
711:
710:McMurdo Sound
707:
706:Victoria Land
703:
698:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
676:(relief ship)
675:
674:
669:(main vessel)
668:
667:
663:
660:
654:
652:
641:
638:
637:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
604:
601:
597:
595:
594:
590:
587:
581:
579:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:. First Mate
550:
546:
542:
539:south of the
538:
534:
529:
523:
520:
516:
514:
513:
509:
507:
501:
499:
488:
483:
482:
456:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
411:
410:
409:
400:
398:
394:
390:
389:South Georgia
386:
385:
381:, writing in
380:
375:
371:
367:
366:an expedition
362:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
331:
329:
328:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
277:
273:
271:
270:Royal Society
267:
263:
262:
256:
255:
249:
236:
231:
224:
218:
215:
211:
207:
206:Victoria Land
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
138:
134:
129:
125:
119:
114:
109:
101:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
39:Oscar Wisting
36:
35:Sverre Hassel
32:
28:
23:
19:
8884:Firefighting
8869:Demographics
8792:Colonization
8787:World War II
8781:
8432:
8420:Pole of Cold
8418:
8344:
8335:
8303:
8296:
8272:
8243:
8229:
8223:Borchgrevink
8215:
8202:
8187:
8167:
8152:
8121:
8102:
8095:
8079:
8065:
8056:
8039:
8032:
8013:
8001:
7977:
7963:
7956:
7944:
7930:
7916:
7902:
7895:
7856:
7848:
7834:
7827:
7825:
7807:
7799:
7792:
7779:
7770:
7732:
7724:
7715:
7708:
7696:
7689:
7675:
7663:Pourquoi-Pas
7662:
7654:
7646:
7638:
7633:Orcadas Base
7631:
7623:
7610:
7604:C. A. Larsen
7592:
7584:
7570:
7563:
7550:
7542:
7536:Borchgrevink
7529:
7521:
7478:
7470:
7459:
7445:C. A. Larsen
7438:
7419:
7410:
7392:
7374:
7365:
7352:
7337:
7328:
7315:
7276:
7262:
7255:
7236:
7221:
7131:
7124:
7107:
7100:
7086:
7071:
7057:
7044:
7019:
7005:
7003:
6989:
6987:
6981:
6979:
6945:
6938:
6919:
6885:
6883:
6869:
6867:
6849:
6839:
6837:
6817:
6815:
6796:
6672:
6630:
6613:
6581:
6545:
6543:
6523:
6522:
6502:
6501:
6487:
6474:
6459:
6445:
6436:
6423:
6394:
6382:Investigator
6381:
6372:
6348:
6335:
6327:
6318:
6305:
6276:
6253:
6238:
6223:
6193:
6178:
6148:
6067:
6047:
6018:
6014:Erik the Red
5996:
5974:
5967:
5924:submersibles
5921:
5915:Arktika 2007
5913:
5906:
5899:
5896:
5880:
5871:
5868:
5849:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5804:
5797:
5773:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5748:
5714:
5712:
5683:
5680:
5669:S. A. Andrée
5661:
5648:
5623:
5615:
5612:
5588:
5570:
5557:
5548:
5530:
5521:
5519:
5485:
5335:. Retrieved
5331:the original
5317:25 September
5315:. Retrieved
5311:the original
5305:Ryne, Linn.
5296:23 September
5294:. Retrieved
5276:24 September
5274:. Retrieved
5254:. Retrieved
5250:the original
5234:. Retrieved
5230:the original
5202:. Retrieved
5198:the original
5184:28 September
5182:. Retrieved
5172:
5159:. Retrieved
5139:. Retrieved
5135:the original
5120:23 September
5118:. Retrieved
5097:. Retrieved
5093:the original
5077:. Retrieved
5073:the original
5059:28 September
5057:. Retrieved
5039:27 September
5037:. Retrieved
5033:the original
5019:23 September
5017:. Retrieved
4997:. Retrieved
4993:the original
4977:. Retrieved
4971:. May 2008.
4953:. Retrieved
4933:. Retrieved
4923:
4910:. Retrieved
4906:the original
4892:22 September
4890:. Retrieved
4855:The Lost Men
4854:
4832:
4813:
4794:
4775:
4753:
4731:
4716:. Retrieved
4701:
4678:
4669:
4650:
4633:
4618:. Retrieved
4613:
4600:
4579:
4558:
4553:</ref>
4533:
4514:
4495:
4473:
4458:. Retrieved
4444:
4441:
4421:
4400:
4389:
4380:
4359:
4335:
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4285:
4282:
4259:
4240:
4221:
4209:
4190:
4156:. Retrieved
4152:the original
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4116:
4107:
4099:
4094:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4044:. Retrieved
4040:the original
4030:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3991:. Retrieved
3979:
3967:
3954:. Retrieved
3939:
3932:
3919:. Retrieved
3900:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:the original
3791:
3783:
3778:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3719:28 September
3717:. Retrieved
3707:
3700:
3691:
3681:28 September
3679:. Retrieved
3654:
3649:
3639:27 September
3637:. Retrieved
3633:the original
3623:
3614:
3605:
3595:25 September
3593:. Retrieved
3589:the original
3579:
3571:
3566:
3557:
3547:24 September
3545:. Retrieved
3531:
3512:
3503:
3495:
3488:24 September
3486:. Retrieved
3472:
3464:
3459:
3450:
3440:24 September
3438:. Retrieved
3424:
3415:
3407:
3400:24 September
3398:. Retrieved
3384:
3373:23 September
3371:. Retrieved
3355:. ABC-CLIO.
3351:
3332:
3322:23 September
3320:. Retrieved
3309:
3302:
3280:23 September
3278:. Retrieved
3264:
3254:23 September
3252:. Retrieved
3237:
3228:
3219:
3209:23 September
3207:. Retrieved
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3126:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3103:the original
3093:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3057:22 September
3055:. Retrieved
3041:
3021:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:the original
2962:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2937:the original
2927:
2922:
2917:Jones, p. 59
2913:
2900:. Retrieved
2881:
2878:
2871:
2858:. Retrieved
2839:
2836:
2821:Crane, p. 75
2817:
2808:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2764:
2740:
2716:. Retrieved
2693:
2684:
2653:
2648:World War II
2644:Aant Elzinga
2638:
2629:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2468:
2426:
2269:Switzerland
2262:Xavier Mertz
2113:Henry Bowers
1937:Allan Ramsey
1914:7 June 1903
1850:George Vince
1761:5 June 1898
1682:
1667:
1639:
1583:
1537:
1511:
1442:
1352:
1295:
1226:
1187:Nobu Shirase
1169:
1097:
1024:
956:
889:
815:
808:
744:
678:
671:
664:
624:, and set a
592:
510:
407:
406:
382:
379:Duncan Carse
363:
332:
326:
286:
260:
253:
245:
214:Mount Erebus
210:Mount Terror
182:John Balleny
171:
159:
144:
87:
67:
50:
48:
18:
8972:(legendary)
8879:Field camps
8777:Expeditions
8703:Weddell Sea
8683:Lake Vostok
8678:Lake Mercer
8550:Ice shelves
8123:Lake Vostok
8073:Tryoshnikov
7995:Schlossbach
7886:Christensen
7828:James Caird
7749:E. R. Evans
7515:Dobrowolski
7485:de Gerlache
7187:Expeditions
7073:Aviaarktika
7027:Samoylovich
6898:Kolomeitsev
6792:Middendorff
6752:Gedenshtrom
6172:I. Fyodorov
5934:Chilingarov
5822:E. Fyodorov
5429:Expeditions
5236:19 November
5161:11 December
4999:11 December
4955:8 September
4874:Web sources
4718:12 December
3921:12 December
3379:pp. 135–139
3075:) pp. 64–75
3004:11 December
2978:11 December
2943:19 November
2484: [
2446: [
2376:8 May 1916
2348:8 May 1916
2208:Weddell Sea
1995:Edgar Evans
1966:F. Maignan
1863:Ross Island
1836:New Zealand
1751:Émile Danco
1690:Expedition
1432:New Zealand
1354:Deutschland
1171:Kainan Maru
989:Loubet Land
981:Graham Land
922:Weddell Sea
859:ARA Uruguay
855:Weddell Sea
843:Graham Land
817:ARA Uruguay
774:Mount Gauss
559:, in 1911.
464:Expedition
430:Felix König
335:John Murray
330:in Dundee.
178:John Biscoe
9034:Categories
8782:Heroic Age
8633:South Pole
8543:Heat waves
8512:Antarctica
8346:Terra Nova
8251:Shackleton
8194:J. C. Ross
8153:Resolution
8143:South Pole
7918:New Swabia
7842:Mackintosh
7814:Shackleton
7733:Terra Nova
7726:Terra Nova
7460:Heroic Age
7420:Challenger
7380:J. C. Ross
7290:Bransfield
7222:Resolution
7137:icebreaker
7101:Chelyuskin
6842:expedition
6820:Expedition
6762:Matyushkin
6720:Kh. Laptev
6715:Chelyuskin
6609:Heemskerck
6599:Chancellor
6594:Willoughby
6589:Koch boats
6532:Stefansson
6466:McClintock
6430:Inglefield
6272:J. C. Ross
6179:Resolution
6031:Cunningham
5929:Sagalevich
5618:expedition
5577:Stephenson
5537:C. F. Hall
5524:expedition
5498:J. C. Ross
5461:Heemskerck
5448:North Pole
5337:9 November
5204:6 December
5099:6 December
5079:6 December
4979:4 December
4912:6 December
4651:Frank Wild
4642:B008HLMMO6
4496:Shackleton
4460:9 November
4381:Shackleton
4158:9 November
4132:4 December
4098:Huntford (
4046:4 February
3993:4 December
3956:9 November
3762:Shackleton
3760:Huntford (
3655:Shackleton
3653:Huntford (
3570:Huntford (
3465:Shackleton
3463:Huntford (
3071:Huntford (
2718:4 December
2465:first mate
2180:Mount Duse
2046:Starvation
1799:Cape Adare
1395:Vahsel Bay
1297:Terra Nova
1261:South Pole
1058:South Pole
926:Coats Land
680:Terra Nova
618:Cape Adare
566:1898–1900
557:South Pole
537:overwinter
506:Expedition
359:Cape Adare
248:H. R. Mill
152:James Cook
90:geographic
55:Antarctica
43:South Pole
8934:Transport
8673:Lake CECs
8650:ice sheet
8606:ice sheet
8575:Volcanoes
8565:Mountains
8520:Geography
8445:Tolstikov
8231:Discovery
8201:HMS
8186:HMS
8168:Adventure
8166:HMS
8151:HMS
8087:Tolstikov
7808:Endurance
7593:Antarctic
7578:Drygalski
7551:Discovery
7544:Discovery
7505:Arctowski
7418:HMS
7391:HMS
7385:Abernethy
7373:HMS
7351:USS
7338:Vincennes
7336:USS
7316:Astrolabe
7256:San Telmo
7237:Adventure
7235:HMS
7220:HMS
7215:Kerguelen
7177:Continent
7162:Antarctic
7039:Urvantsev
6997:Vilkitsky
6850:Jeannette
6848:USS
6840:Jeannette
6804:Weyprecht
6782:Pakhtusov
6732:Chichagov
6725:D. Laptev
6668:Permyakov
6643:Stadukhin
6638:Perfilyev
6615:Mangazeya
6553:H. Larsen
6518:Rasmussen
6473:HMS
6444:USS
6393:HMS
6380:HMS
6344:Collinson
6334:HMS
6326:HMS
6304:HMS
6252:HMS
6237:HMS
6222:HMS
6207:Mackenzie
6194:Discovery
6192:HMS
6177:HMS
6149:Discovery
6128:Frobisher
6091:Rasmussen
6004:Gunnbjörn
5950:Greenland
5879:USS
5870:USS
5742:Ellsworth
5684:Roosevelt
5614:Nansen's
5571:Discovery
5569:HMS
5556:HMS
5503:Abernethy
5471:Marmaduke
5141:10 August
4935:10 August
4616:: 451–481
4306:11 August
4102:), p. 529
4075:10 August
3906:Routledge
3807:10 August
3764:), p. 684
3138:10 August
3109:13 August
2928:Discovery
2902:11 August
2860:11 August
2515:Endurance
2475:Australia
2324:Cold and
2048:and cold
1542:ice floes
1538:Endurance
1512:Endurance
1420:Australia
983:, on the
810:Antarctic
666:Discovery
418:Carl Chun
384:The Times
372:in 1897;
327:Discovery
298:Melbourne
88:Both the
78:transport
70:Antarctic
9004:Category
8909:Religion
8811:Politics
8729:Wildlife
8698:Ross Sea
8560:Glaciers
8457:A. Fuchs
8414:V. Fuchs
8394:McKinley
8357:E. Evans
8316:Bjaaland
8311:Amundsen
8261:Marshall
8174:Furneaux
8026:V. Fuchs
7990:E. Ronne
7985:F. Ronne
7924:Ritscher
7778:SY
7766:Filchner
7710:Framheim
7704:Amundsen
7510:Racoviță
7495:Amundsen
7490:Lecointe
7359:Ringgold
7353:Porpoise
7243:Furneaux
7079:Shevelev
7034:Begichev
7013:Amundsen
6975:Nagórski
6953:Brusilov
6947:Sv. Anna
6861:Melville
6831:Palander
6787:Tsivolko
6747:Sannikov
6742:Billings
6685:Chirikov
6604:Barentsz
6546:St. Roch
6537:Bartlett
6511:Amundsen
6495:Sverdrup
6395:Resolute
6284:Franklin
6212:Kotzebue
6079:Sverdrup
6062:Scoresby
6036:Lindenov
5887:Plaisted
5872:Nautilus
5817:Shirshov
5791:Belyakov
5786:Baydukov
5760:Nautilus
5722:Amundsen
5682:SS
5641:Sverdrup
5636:Johansen
5606:Brainard
5601:Lockwood
5456:Barentsz
5349:Archived
5290:Archived
5270:Archived
5256:6 August
5216:Archived
5178:Archived
5155:Archived
5114:Archived
5053:Archived
5013:Archived
4973:Archived
4949:Archived
4929:Archived
4886:Archived
4853:(2007).
4774:(1984).
4752:(1913).
4730:(2005).
4699:(2006).
4632:(1905).
4620:7 August
4539:Archived
4494:(1985).
4472:(1985).
4356:(2003).
4300:Archived
4280:(1901).
4220:(1976).
4126:Archived
4069:Archived
3984:Archived
3962:Page 252
3927:Page 454
3898:(2006).
3713:Archived
3675:Archived
3541:Archived
3511:(1976).
3482:Archived
3434:Archived
3408:Francais
3394:Archived
3367:Archived
3316:Archived
3274:Archived
3248:Archived
3203:Archived
3132:Archived
3051:Archived
2998:Archived
2896:Archived
2866:pp. 9–10
2854:Archived
2712:Archived
2545:See also
2534:—
2213:Syphilis
2201:Germany
2173:Germany
2159:Drowning
1895:Beriberi
1758:Belgium
1696:Country
1618:1921–22
1559:1914–17
1489:1914–17
1408:1911–14
1332:1911–13
1270:1910–13
1205:1910–12
1148:1910–12
1075:1908–10
998:1907–09
957:Français
935:1903–05
868:1902–04
787:1901–03
719:1901–03
639:1901–04
485:1897–99
470:Ship(s)
461:Country
342:Archived
94:magnetic
9014:Commons
8929:Tourism
8874:Economy
8847:Society
8769:History
8739:Mammals
8628:Islands
8584:Regions
8555:Geology
8533:Climate
8462:Messner
8409:Hillary
8389:Balchen
8337:Polheim
8331:Wisting
8209:Crozier
8181:Weddell
8159:J. Cook
8129:Kapitsa
8110:Fiennes
8052:Klenova
8021:Hillary
7971:Ketchum
7897:BANZARE
7872:·
7717:Polheim
7683:Shirase
7669:Charcot
7479:Belgica
7398:Crozier
7310:Morrell
7305:Weddell
7283:Lazarev
7228:J. Cook
7182:History
7132:Arktika
7108:Krassin
7093:Voronin
7065:Schmidt
7051:Ushakov
6990:Vaygach
6958:Albanov
6927:Rusanov
6908:Kolchak
6903:Matisen
6877:Makarov
6856:De Long
6757:Wrangel
6737:Lyakhov
6690:Malygin
6648:Dezhnev
6475:Pandora
6446:Advance
6413:Kennedy
6408:Belcher
6401:Kellett
6388:McClure
6312:Beechey
6306:Blossom
6299:Simpson
6267:Crozier
6260:Hoppner
6217:J. Ross
6185:J. Cook
6133:Gilbert
6026:J. Hall
5992:Ingólfr
5982:Naddodd
5976:Vikings
5963:Brendan
5958:Pytheas
5946:Iceland
5900:Arktika
5892:Herbert
5857:Badygin
5827:Krenkel
5812:Papanin
5781:Chkalov
5767:Wilkins
5732:Wisting
5676:F. Cook
5582:Markham
5542:Bessels
5531:Polaris
5522:Polaris
5493:J. Ross
5476:Carolus
5424:History
4171:Sources
3498:voyage)
3410:voyage)
2908:pp. 4–5
2467:on the
2456:on the
1969:France
1911:Sweden
1882:Germany
1792:Norway
1379:Weddell
1343:Germany
853:in the
730:Germany
673:Morning
512:Belgica
498:Belgium
473:Leader
466:name(s)
337:titled
309:whaling
294:Hamburg
104:Origins
8611:shield
8570:Tundra
8372:Bowers
8367:Wilson
8326:Hassel
8321:Helmer
8290:Mackay
8280:Mawson
8245:Nimrod
8203:Terror
8188:Erebus
8115:Burton
7910:Rymill
7786:Mawson
7780:Aurora
7759:Lashly
7744:Wilson
7647:Nimrod
7624:Scotia
7431:Murray
7406:Cooper
7393:Terror
7375:Erebus
7344:Wilkes
7295:Palmer
7263:Vostok
7210:Bouvet
7134:-class
7114:Gakkel
6982:Taymyr
6963:Konrad
6932:Kuchin
6870:Yermak
6777:Lavrov
6695:Ovtsyn
6680:Bering
6658:Ivanov
6621:Hudson
6583:Pomors
6560:Cowper
6525:Karluk
6424:Isabel
6418:Bellot
6368:Austin
6336:Terror
6328:Erebus
6224:Griper
6200:Clerke
6160:Baffin
6143:Hudson
6074:Nansen
5987:Garðar
5908:Barneo
5775:ANT-25
5751:Italia
5727:Nobile
5696:Henson
5655:Amedeo
5631:Nansen
5596:Greely
5466:Hudson
5404:Arctic
4861:
4839:
4820:
4801:
4782:
4760:
4738:
4732:Nimrod
4709:
4685:
4657:
4640:
4588:
4565:
4549:
4521:
4502:
4480:
4451:
4428:
4409:
4368:
4342:
4323:
4292:
4266:
4247:
4228:
4197:
3947:
3912:
3519:
3359:
3310:Scotia
3029:
2888:
2846:
2660:
2452:, the
2326:scurvy
1728:Norway
1705:Cause
1627:
1609:depots
1584:Aurora
1568:
1498:
1478:, and
1443:Aurora
1429:
1417:
1393:, and
1279:
1217:Norway
1214:
1157:
1137:, and
1087:France
1084:
1025:Nimrod
1007:
947:France
944:
890:Scotia
877:
799:Sweden
796:
772:, and
648:
575:
495:
458:Dates
436:under
313:Arctic
306:Dundee
261:Terror
254:Erebus
192:, and
61:; the
9019:Index
8939:Women
8889:Flags
8864:Crime
8802:Years
8744:Krill
8734:Birds
8719:Flora
8452:Crary
8399:Dufek
8362:Oates
8352:Scott
8285:David
8266:Adams
8237:Barne
8058:Mirny
8047:Somov
7857:Quest
7754:Crean
7739:Scott
7618:Bruce
7572:Gauss
7565:Gauss
7439:Jason
7426:Nares
7300:Davis
7277:Mirny
7250:Smith
7205:Roché
7125:Lenin
7045:Sadko
6970:Wiese
6915:Sedov
6886:Zarya
6809:Payer
6772:Litke
6767:Anjou
6700:Minin
6663:Vagin
6653:Popov
6626:Poole
6481:Young
6294:Dease
6239:Hecla
6230:Parry
6155:Bylot
6138:Davis
6113:Cabot
6086:Peary
6068:Jason
6055:Egede
5969:Papar
5881:Skate
5862:Wiese
5842:NP-37
5835:NP-36
5715:Norge
5703:Sedov
5691:Peary
5649:Jason
5564:Nares
5558:Alert
5513:Hayes
5481:Parry
5419:Ocean
4776:South
4182:Books
3987:(PDF)
3976:(PDF)
2523:Quest
2521:, or
2492:]
2450:]
1708:Refs
1693:Name
1668:Quest
1641:Quest
1160:Japan
745:Gauss
479:Refs
432:; an
408:Notes
220:Place
8924:Time
8712:Life
8384:Byrd
8305:Fram
8256:Wild
7938:Marr
7904:BGLE
7891:Byrd
7819:Wild
7698:Fram
7500:Cook
7021:AARI
7006:Maud
6893:Toll
6818:Vega
6504:Gjøa
6489:Fram
6452:Kane
6289:Back
6254:Fury
6245:Lyon
6167:Munk
5806:NP-1
5708:Byrd
5625:Fram
5616:Fram
5508:Kane
5339:2008
5319:2008
5298:2008
5278:2008
5258:2008
5238:2008
5206:2008
5186:2008
5163:2008
5143:2008
5122:2008
5101:2008
5081:2008
5061:2008
5041:2008
5021:2008
5001:2008
4981:2008
4957:2008
4937:2008
4914:2008
4894:2008
4859:ISBN
4837:ISBN
4818:ISBN
4799:ISBN
4780:ISBN
4758:ISBN
4736:ISBN
4720:2008
4707:ISBN
4683:ISBN
4655:ISBN
4638:ASIN
4622:2009
4586:ISBN
4563:ISBN
4547:ISBN
4519:ISBN
4500:ISBN
4478:ISBN
4462:2008
4449:ISBN
4426:ISBN
4407:ISBN
4366:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4321:ISBN
4308:2008
4290:ISBN
4264:ISBN
4245:ISBN
4226:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4160:2008
4134:2008
4077:2008
4048:2014
3995:2008
3958:2008
3945:ISBN
3923:2008
3910:ISBN
3809:2008
3721:2008
3683:2008
3641:2008
3597:2008
3549:2008
3517:ISBN
3490:2008
3442:2008
3402:2008
3375:2008
3357:ISBN
3324:2008
3282:2008
3256:2008
3211:2008
3140:2008
3111:2008
3059:2008
3027:ISBN
3006:2008
2980:2008
2945:2008
2904:2008
2886:ISBN
2862:2008
2844:ISBN
2720:2008
2658:ISBN
1981:4]8
1422:and
1383:Ross
1381:and
1228:Fram
849:and
778:ship
440:and
325:RRS
259:HMS
257:and
252:HMS
212:and
136:Type
92:and
80:and
49:The
37:and
8081:3rd
8067:2nd
8041:1st
7874:IGY
7870:IPY
6460:Fox
6356:Rae
5922:Mir
5898:NS
2431:):
2406:UK
2373:UK
2345:UK
2312:UK
2237:UK
2146:UK
2120:UK
2092:UK
2064:UK
2033:UK
2002:UK
1943:UK
1856:UK
1825:UK
916:in
395:'s
391:by
292:of
200:'s
9036::
6986:/
4967:.
4612:.
4298:.
4056:^
3978:.
3908:.
3904:.
3662:^
3365:.
3341:^
3290:^
2894:.
2852:.
2826:^
2773:^
2749:^
2729:^
2672:^
2611:^
2490:fr
2488:;
2486:de
2448:no
2298:)
2285:)
1834:,
1662:†
1630:UK
1604:†
1571:UK
1501:UK
1482:.
1474:,
1470:,
1401:.
1389:,
1318:†
1292:)
1282:UK
1141:.
1133:,
1129:,
1125:,
1068:.
1020:)
1010:UK
880:UK
861:.
740:)
712:.
661:)
651:UK
632:.
588:)
578:UK
361:.
188:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
33:,
29:,
8504:e
8497:t
8490:v
7463:"
7457:"
7400:)
7396:(
7387:)
7378:(
5383:e
5376:t
5369:v
5341:.
5321:.
5300:.
5280:.
5260:.
5240:.
5208:.
5188:.
5165:.
5145:.
5124:.
5103:.
5083:.
5063:.
5043:.
5023:.
5003:.
4983:.
4959:.
4939:.
4916:.
4896:.
4867:.
4845:.
4826:.
4807:.
4788:.
4766:.
4744:.
4722:.
4691:.
4663:.
4644:.
4624:.
4594:.
4571:.
4536:.
4527:.
4508:.
4486:.
4464:.
4434:.
4415:.
4374:.
4348:.
4329:.
4310:.
4272:.
4253:.
4234:.
4203:.
4162:.
4136:.
4079:.
4050:.
3997:.
3960:.
3925:.
3811:.
3723:.
3685:.
3643:.
3599:.
3551:.
3525:.
3494:(
3492:.
3444:.
3406:(
3404:.
3377:.
3326:.
3312:"
3284:.
3258:.
3213:.
3142:.
3113:.
3061:.
3035:.
3008:.
2982:.
2947:.
2906:.
2864:.
2724:)
2722:.
2666:.
2477:.
2294:(
1288:(
1016:(
736:(
657:(
584:(
448:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
