406:"Dirofilariasis", Author: Michael D Nissen, MBBS, BMedSc, FRACP, FRCPA, Associate Professor in Biomolecular, Biomedical Science & Health, Griffith University; Director of Infectious Diseases and Unit Head of Queensland Paediatric Infectious Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Viral Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital Coauthor(s): John Charles Walker, MSc, PhD, Head, Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; Senior Lecturer, Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
290:
46:
306:, which is caused by a macrofilaria that is trapped by the immune system. Subcutaneous migration of the worm may result in local swellings with changing localization. In addition, rare cases of organ manifestation have been reported, affecting the lung, male genitals, female breast, or the eye. The latter is found in particular during the migratory phase of the parasite.
351:
dirofilariasis. Some authors have recommended a period of observing chest coin lesions for several months if dirofilariasis is suspected and no other features in the history or examination suggesting malignancy or other infection are present. Also, no specific diet is recommended for patients with dirofilariasis.
33:
297:
worm detected in a 20-year-old woman, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia: The cyst (arrows) is shown by computed tomography scan (A) and magnetic resonance imaging (B). Ultrasonography image (C) shows a worm-like structure inside the cyst (arrow), and color
Doppler imaging (D) shows marginal vascularization of
261:
daily, which are ingested by mosquitoes in a blood meal. Larvae develop into infective larvae within the mosquito over the next 10–16 days, depending on environmental conditions, before being reintroduced back into a new host. Microfilariae undergo secondary developmental changes in the insect. For
350:
if the syndrome is recognized prior to surgery. However, most cases are diagnosed retrospectively, when histopathological sections of biopsy or excision material are viewed. In terms of surgical care, excision of lesions and affected areas is the treatment of choice for patients with human
216:
It is most often found in the
Mediterranean region, sub-Saharan Africa, and Eastern Europe. Italy bears the highest burden of European dirofilariasis cases in humans : (66%), followed by France (22%), Greece (8%), and Spain (4%). In Europe, the parasite has spread as far north as
273:
Humans are accidental hosts because adult worms cannot reach maturity in the heart or in the skin. Most infective larvae introduced into humans are thought to die; therefore, infected individuals usually are not microfilaremic. Human disease is amicrofilaremic.
310:
occurs more commonly in adults (aged 40–49 years). The only exception is in Sri Lanka, where children younger than nine years are most likely to be infected. The youngest individual reported was aged four months.
270:
reside in the subcutaneous tissues of dogs and cats, where they mature in 6–7 months. Adult worms are 1–2 mm in diameter (females are 25–30 cm in length, the males being shorter).
279:
502:
Dirofilaria repens
Microfilaremia in Three Dogs in Estonia. Jokelainen P, Mõtsküla PF, Heikkinen P, Ülevaino E, Oksanen A, Lassen B. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2016
342:
Antifilarial medication for infected humans generally is not supported in the medical literature. One group of authors has recommended a single dose of
368:
Jokelainen, P; Mõtsküla, PF; Heikkinen, P; Ülevaino, E; Oksanen, A; Lassen, B (2016). "Dirofilaria repens
Microfilaremia in Three Dogs in Estonia".
822:
471:
1713:
416:
1726:
1700:
417:
Sven
Poppert, Maike Hodapp, Andreas Krueger, Guido Hegasy, Wolf-Dirk Niesen, Winfried V. Kern, and Egbert Tannich (November 2009).
1795:
529:
1820:
208:. Although humans may become infected as aberrant hosts, the worms fail to reach adulthood while infecting a human body.
1661:
319:
Final diagnosis is established by microscopic examination of the excised worm. Making a definite species diagnosis on
1810:
1679:
1731:
1692:
1639:
988:
427:
1648:
1325:
974:
881:
522:
1653:
45:
1805:
1800:
1741:
1565:
1488:
1459:
1571:
666:
610:
1508:
1303:
1292:
876:
816:
802:
625:
604:
1718:
1601:
1406:
1201:
1054:
744:
739:
730:
706:
515:
1287:
830:
711:
592:
465:
250:
140:
1767:
507:
1539:
1366:
1206:
1180:
1162:
932:
320:
303:
8:
1578:
1553:
1480:
1147:
1096:
671:
652:
598:
587:
1790:
1439:
1425:
1331:
1311:
1281:
1116:
1016:
966:
857:
788:
691:
448:
418:
347:
258:
40:
1815:
1762:
686:
631:
538:
453:
385:
1472:
1465:
1345:
959:
927:
443:
435:
377:
262:
the final two stages of development, third-stage larvae are inoculated back into a
289:
1749:
1299:
1213:
951:
901:
896:
794:
779:
718:
617:
1687:
1674:
1624:
1431:
1394:
1339:
1154:
1133:
1102:
1060:
939:
888:
867:
836:
808:
751:
678:
501:
238:
1784:
1666:
1418:
1399:
1173:
1168:
919:
907:
658:
542:
107:
1558:
1514:
1410:
1317:
1192:
763:
457:
439:
389:
254:
1754:
381:
1633:
1545:
1530:
1386:
1267:
1248:
1239:
1227:
1081:
1045:
1027:
994:
980:
772:
698:
643:
578:
117:
87:
1705:
1450:
1372:
1357:
1127:
1086:
343:
263:
205:
169:
97:
32:
1072:
915:
568:
563:
278:
242:
185:
177:
57:
1595:
253:. In the first stage, mated adult female worms produce thousands of
1618:
1499:
1380:
1272:
1221:
1036:
550:
367:
324:
246:
197:
77:
1110:
852:
330:
species have been described that share morphologic features with
218:
201:
189:
67:
537:
234:
405:
193:
181:
173:
302:Infections in humans usually manifest as a single
488:. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1782:
323:grounds is difficult, because a large number of
423:Infection and Concomitant Meningoencephalitis"
523:
266:host during an act of feeding. The adults of
470:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1026:
530:
516:
31:
447:
288:
284:
1783:
1600:
1599:
511:
1742:2900c96b-d43a-4234-9d8f-6b0690ad6607
1693:4d579cbc-6e58-4557-a5ca-cec3ee2e5866
401:
399:
13:
370:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
361:
14:
1832:
495:
396:
484:Schmidt, GD, Robert, LS (2009).
277:
44:
211:
1796:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
478:
410:
1:
354:
989:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
337:
314:
224:
7:
1821:Nematodes described in 1911
1326:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
975:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
486:Foundations of Parasitology
346:followed by three doses of
10:
1837:
1608:
1566:Capillaria philippinensis
1529:
1498:
1489:Halicephalobus gingivalis
1460:Strongyloides stercoralis
1449:
1356:
1266:
1238:
1191:
1080:
1071:
1044:
1035:
1013:
950:
866:
851:
762:
729:
642:
577:
562:
549:
293:Retro-ocular nodule of a
156:Railliet & Henry 1911
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1811:Veterinary helminthology
1572:Intestinal capillariasis
667:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
249:) intermediate host and
1559:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
1509:Enterobius vermicularis
1304:Cutaneous larva migrans
877:Echinococcus granulosus
817:Heterophyes heterophyes
803:Gastrodiscoides hominis
626:Trichobilharzia regenti
204:. It is transmitted by
1407:Visceral larva migrans
1202:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1055:Dracunculus medinensis
961:Diphyllobothrium latum
740:Paragonimus westermani
707:Opisthorchis viverrini
440:10.3201/eid1511.090936
299:
237:stages in a vertebral
1288:Ancylostoma duodenale
831:Metagonimus yokogawai
382:10.1089/vbz.2015.1833
292:
1688:Fauna Europaea (new)
1540:Trichinella spiralis
1367:Ascaris lumbricoides
1181:Lymphatic filariasis
1163:Wuchereria bancrofti
285:Infections in humans
16:Species of roundworm
1554:Trichuris trichiura
1481:Trichostrongyliasis
1097:Onchocerca volvulus
653:Clonorchis sinensis
588:Schistosoma mansoni
569:Trematode infection
428:Emerg. Infect. Dis.
304:subcutaneous nodule
1640:Dirofilaria repens
1610:Dirofilaria repens
1440:Parascaris equorum
1426:Dioctophyme renale
1332:Angiostrongyliasis
1312:Necator americanus
1282:Hookworm infection
1142:Dirofilaria repens
967:Diphyllobothriasis
858:Tapeworm infection
789:Fasciolopsis buski
421:Dirofilaria repens
348:diethylcarbamazine
300:
257:(larvae) into the
165:Dirofilaria repens
150:Dirofilaria repens
25:Dirofilaria repens
1806:Parasites of cats
1801:Parasites of dogs
1778:
1777:
1763:Open Tree of Life
1602:Taxon identifiers
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1525:
1524:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
883:E. multilocularis
847:
846:
687:Fasciola hepatica
539:Parasitic disease
434:(11): 1844–1846.
233:consists of five
229:The lifecycle of
170:filarial nematode
161:
160:
1828:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1597:
1596:
1474:Trichostrongylus
1466:Strongyloidiasis
1346:Metastrongylosis
1078:
1077:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
928:Hymenolepis nana
864:
863:
764:Intestinal fluke
575:
574:
560:
559:
532:
525:
518:
509:
508:
489:
482:
476:
475:
469:
461:
451:
414:
408:
403:
394:
393:
365:
281:
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1750:Observation.org
1748:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1594:
1585:
1521:
1494:
1445:
1352:
1300:Ancylostomiasis
1270:
1254:
1234:
1214:Gnathostomiasis
1187:
1084:
1067:
1018:
1015:
1001:
952:Pseudophyllidea
946:
897:Taenia saginata
855:
843:
795:Fasciolopsiasis
780:Echinostomiasis
758:
725:
719:Opisthorchiasis
638:
618:Schistosomiasis
612:S. intercalatum
566:
564:Fluke/trematode
555:
552:
545:
536:
498:
493:
492:
483:
479:
463:
462:
415:
411:
404:
397:
366:
362:
357:
340:
317:
287:
227:
214:
157:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1675:Fauna Europaea
1671:
1658:
1645:
1630:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:Dioctophymosis
1422:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1395:Toxocara canis
1391:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1340:Metastrongylus
1336:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1294:A. braziliense
1284:
1278:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:Dirofilariasis
1145:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:Mansonelliasis
1124:
1123:
1122:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:Onchocerciasis
1092:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:Dracunculiasis
1050:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
985:
984:
983:
971:
970:
969:
956:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
943:
942:
940:Hymenolepiasis
924:
923:
922:
893:
892:
891:
889:Echinococcosis
872:
870:
868:Cyclophyllidea
861:
849:
848:
845:
844:
842:
841:
840:
839:
837:Metagonimiasis
827:
826:
825:
823:Heterophyiasis
813:
812:
811:
809:Amphistomiasis
799:
798:
797:
785:
784:
783:
768:
766:
760:
759:
757:
756:
755:
754:
752:Paragonimiasis
735:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
722:
721:
703:
702:
701:
683:
682:
681:
679:Dicrocoeliasis
663:
662:
661:
648:
646:
640:
639:
637:
636:
635:
634:
632:Swimmer's itch
622:
621:
620:
606:S. haematobium
583:
581:
572:
557:
547:
546:
535:
534:
527:
520:
512:
506:
505:
497:
496:External links
494:
491:
490:
477:
409:
395:
376:(2): 136–138.
359:
358:
356:
353:
339:
336:
316:
313:
286:
283:
226:
223:
213:
210:
159:
158:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
132:D. repens
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1833:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1419:Baylisascaris
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:Brugia malayi
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1012:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:
958:
957:
955:
953:
949:
941:
938:
937:
936:
935:
930:
929:
925:
921:
920:Cysticercosis
917:
914:
913:
912:
910:
905:
904:
899:
898:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
879:
878:
874:
873:
871:
869:
865:
862:
859:
854:
850:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:
828:
824:
821:
820:
819:
818:
814:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:
800:
796:
793:
792:
791:
790:
786:
782:
781:
777:
776:
775:
774:
770:
769:
767:
765:
761:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
746:P. kellicotti
742:
741:
737:
736:
734:
732:
728:
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
709:
708:
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:
689:
688:
684:
680:
677:
676:
675:
674:
669:
668:
664:
660:
659:Clonorchiasis
657:
656:
655:
654:
650:
649:
647:
645:
641:
633:
630:
629:
628:
627:
623:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:
585:
584:
582:
580:
576:
573:
570:
565:
561:
558:
554:
553:platyhelminth
548:
544:
543:helminthiases
540:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
513:
510:
503:
500:
499:
487:
481:
473:
467:
459:
455:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
429:
424:
422:
413:
407:
402:
400:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
364:
360:
352:
349:
345:
335:
333:
329:
326:
322:
312:
309:
305:
296:
291:
282:
280:
275:
271:
269:
265:
260:
256:
255:microfilariae
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
222:
220:
209:
207:
203:
200:, as well as
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:that affects
171:
167:
166:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:Onchocercidae
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1609:
1579:
1564:
1552:
1538:
1515:Enterobiasis
1507:
1487:
1473:
1458:
1438:
1424:
1417:
1411:Toxocariasis
1400:
1393:
1379:
1365:
1338:
1324:
1318:Necatoriasis
1310:
1293:
1286:
1247:
1220:
1207:
1200:
1193:Thelazioidea
1174:
1167:
1161:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1126:
1117:
1109:
1095:
1053:
987:
973:
960:
933:
926:
908:
902:
895:
882:
875:
829:
815:
801:
787:
778:
771:
745:
738:
712:
705:
693:F. gigantica
692:
685:
672:
665:
651:
624:
611:
605:
599:
594:S. japonicum
593:
586:
485:
480:
466:cite journal
431:
426:
420:
412:
373:
369:
363:
341:
331:
327:
318:
307:
301:
298:the lesion).
294:
276:
272:
267:
230:
228:
215:
212:Epidemiology
164:
163:
162:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
1634:Wikispecies
1580:C. hepatica
1546:Trichinosis
1531:Adenophorea
1387:Anisakiasis
1268:Strongylida
1249:Gongylonema
1240:Spiruroidea
1228:Thelaziasis
1208:G. hispidum
1082:Filarioidea
1046:Camallanida
1028:Secernentea
995:Sparganosis
981:Sparganosis
934:H. diminuta
903:T. asiatica
773:Echinostoma
713:O. felineus
699:Fasciolosis
644:Liver fluke
579:Blood fluke
328:Dirofilaria
321:morphologic
259:circulation
119:Dirofilaria
88:Chromadorea
1785:Categories
1451:Rhabditida
1373:Ascariasis
1358:Ascaridida
1149:D. immitis
1128:Mansonella
1120:filariasis
1087:Filariasis
1014:Roundworm/
731:Lung fluke
600:S. mekongi
541:caused by
355:References
344:ivermectin
206:mosquitoes
178:carnivores
176:and other
98:Rhabditida
1791:Spirurida
1175:B. timori
1073:Spirurida
1019:infection
916:Taeniasis
909:T. solium
673:D. hospes
556:infection
551:Flatworm/
338:Treatment
332:D. repens
315:Diagnosis
308:D. repens
295:D. repens
268:D. repens
264:vertebral
243:arthropod
231:D. repens
225:Lifecycle
198:sea lions
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1816:Zoonoses
1719:11558705
1625:Q1995242
1619:Wikidata
1500:Oxyurida
1381:Anisakis
1273:hookworm
1222:Thelazia
1037:Spiruria
1017:Nematode
458:19891881
390:26789635
325:zoonotic
247:mosquito
202:muskrats
180:such as
104:Family:
78:Nematoda
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1706:5777206
1401:T. cati
1118:Loa loa
1111:Loa loa
853:Cestoda
449:2857255
241:and an
219:Estonia
196:, and
190:coyotes
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1768:232965
1755:827191
1739:NZOR:
1680:391692
1667:250826
911:(pork)
456:
446:
388:
251:vector
235:larval
186:wolves
1732:31241
1714:IRMNG
1662:EUNIS
1654:32829
194:foxes
168:is a
1727:NCBI
1701:GBIF
1649:BOLD
1476:spp.
472:link
454:PMID
386:PMID
239:host
182:cats
174:dogs
444:PMC
436:doi
378:doi
1787::
1765::
1752::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
1651::
1636::
1621::
1409:/
1398:/
1302:/
1291:/
1205:/
1172:/
1166:/
931:/
918:/
906:/
900:/
880:/
743:/
710:/
690:/
670:/
609:/
603:/
597:/
591:/
468:}}
464:{{
452:.
442:.
432:15
425:.
398:^
384:.
374:16
372:.
334:.
221:.
192:,
188:,
184:,
1561:)
1557:(
1275:)
1271:(
1089:)
1085:(
860:)
856:(
571:)
567:(
531:e
524:t
517:v
504:.
474:)
460:.
438::
419:"
392:.
380::
245:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
