878:
found that female preferences for male characteristics changed as the males sexual characteristics changed. After 13 generations of artificial selection, they found that long eye-span male line females (i.e. females whose fathers had long eye spans) preferred long eye spans in both the selected males and in males that were not bred through artificial selection, while short eye-span male line females (i.e. females whose fathers had short eye spans) found short eye spans to be the most attractive, even over males with long eye spans. Because researchers kept the females separate from males prior to mate selection, the finding supported the hypothesis that the change in female mate choice was genetically based and not learned. Thus, stalk-eyed flies have been able to evolve a sexual trait in males that corresponds directly to traits that affect mating choices made by females.
113:
578:
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environmental conditions deteriorate. Several nonsexual traits, including female eye span and male and female wing length, also show condition-dependent expression, but their genetic response is entirely explained by scaling with body size. Unlike these characteristics, male eye span still reveals genetic variation in response to environmental stress after accounting for differences in body size. Thus, it could be inferred that these results strongly support the conclusion that female mate choice yields genetic benefits for offspring as eye span acts as a truthful indicator of male
909:. In these populations, males which carry a gene to suppress X-chromosome meiotic drive have longer eyestalks. Thus, females that mate with these males gain a direct genetic benefit by producing male offspring in a female-biased population. In other words, the gene for long eye-stalks is linked to a gene that makes males sire more male offspring. Alternatively, long stalks may signal fertility, perhaps by encouraging females to use the sperm of a long-stalked male so as to produce more fertile sons.
136:
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vision. During the day, temporary territories may be defended by threatening behavior. At dusk, the animals gather in small groups on selected thread-like structures, returning to the same site each day. When males of about equal size encounter one another within such a group, they may engage in ritualized fights (or occasionally contact fights). Competitors are driven away by the dominant male.
344:
870:. Observations of pairs of males differing in eye span but matched in body length were conducted to quantify mate choice in the presence and absence of male interactions. Test males with the longest or shortest eye-span to body-length ratios were mated with 25 randomly chosen females. Wilkinson and Reillo then tested
893:
Genetic variation underlies the response to environmental stress, such as variable food quality, of male sexual ornaments, such as the increased eye span, in the stalk-eyed fly. Some male genotypes develop large eye spans under all conditions, whereas other genotypes progressively reduce eye spans as
783:
of each eye having a binocular partner ommatidium in the opposite eye which views in the same direction. The binocular field is most extensive in the frontoventral quadrant, where it reaches over 135°, and is smallest in the dorsal region. The behavior of stalk-eyed flies is very much determined by
486:
Stalk-eyed flies, as the name implies, typically possess eyestalks (in all but the two genera listed above). Their eyes are mounted on projections from the sides of the head, and the antennae are located on the eyestalks, unlike stalk-eyed flies from other families. Though both males and females of
877:
Males dispersed themselves, while females clustered in certain areas of the cage. As observed prior to the study, researchers found that the average number of females per male increased with male eye span in field collected aggregations of stalk-eyed flies. Under laboratory conditions, researchers
814:
was at one point controversial, the
Diopsidae are now regarded as a classic example of animals that exhibit sexually selected traits. One view maintains that male ornaments co-evolve with female preferences. The selection of an ornamented mate causes genes that influence expression of the selected
852:
The extreme morphology exhibited by stalk-eyed flies (especially males) has been studied in an effort to support the hypothesis that exaggerated male traits could evolve through female mate choice and that the selection on male ornaments should cause a correlated response in female preferences.
801:
aggregations through ritualized contest. This contest involves males facing one another and comparing their relative eye spans, often with the front legs spread apart, possibly to emphasize their eye-stalk lengths. Male stalk-eyed flies with long eyestalks gain mating advantages both because of
491:. A rather remarkable feature of stalk-eyed flies is their ability, shortly after they emerge from their pupae, to ingest air through their oral cavity and pump it through ducts in the head to the tips of the eye stalks, thereby elongating them while they are still soft and transparent.
796:
Stalk-eyed flies roost at night on root hairs hanging by streams. Mating usually takes place in the early morning in the vicinity of their roosts. Females show a strong preference for roosting and mating with males with longer eyestalks, and males compete with each other to control
307:
are located on the stalk, rather than in the middle of the head as in all other flies. Stalked eyes are present in all members of the subfamily
Diopsinae, but are absent in the Centrioncinae, which retain unstalked eyes similar to those of other flies. The stalked eyes are usually
857:
and that the males with the largest eye spans were accompanied by more females than males with shorter eye spans. From
January to October, the researchers counted males and females on 40 root hairs along a single 200-m stretch of stream bank to confirm this observation.
827:
of the male ornament, then a runaway process can occur leading to extreme sexually selected traits, such as the incredible eye spans observed in male stalk-eyed flies. Otherwise, the trait and preference for the trait increase until
287:. The family is distinguished from most other flies by most members of the family possessing "eyestalks": projections from the sides of the head with the eyes at the end. Some fly species from other families such as
373:
Adult diopsids are typically found on low-lying vegetation in humid areas, often near streams and rivers, where they feed on fungi and bacteria, which they scavenge from decaying vegetation. The larvae are
563:, but then moved to Diopsidae) was once recommended to be treated as a separate family, Centrioncidae, a sister group of the diopsids, but since then this lineage has usually been treated as a subfamily.
428:
The
Diopsidae are small to medium-sized flies, ranging from about 4.0 to about 12.0 mm in length. Their heads are subtriangular, with transverse eye stalks in all genera except the African genus
886:
However, the evolution of extreme morphology in male flies and the corresponding evolution of female preference for these characteristics as an effect of sexual selection is only half the picture.
1367:
Wilkinson, G. (2001). Model
Syestems in Behavioral Ecology: Integrating Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Approaches. Ed. Lee Alan Dugatkin. Princeton University Press; Princeton: pp. 84-91.
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are most likely to elicit a threat or flight reaction when they are at a distance of about 50 mm, and reactions to model flies and reflections in a mirror also occur at about this distance.
327:. Studies of the behavior of the Diopsidae have yielded important insights into the development of sexual ornamentation, the genetic factors that maintain such a morphological feature,
1084:
866:
Researchers collected stalk-eyed flies and observed their behavior under laboratory conditions. In the lab, each individual was scored for eye spans, body length, age, and
1463:
Wilkinson, G. and P. Reillo. (1994). “Female choice response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk-eyed fly.” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 255: 1-6.
1555:
Andersson, M. (1986). “Evolution of condition-dependent sex ornaments and mating preferences: sexual selection based on viability differences.” Evolution 40: 804–816.
890:
models of sexual selection predict that male sexual ornaments have strong condition-dependent expression, and this allows females to evaluate male genetic quality.
959:"The systematic position of Cladodiopsis SĂ©guy, 1949 and the origin of sexual dimorphism in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae) inferred from DNA sequence data"
1157:
Buschbeck, E. K., Roosevelt, J. L. and Hoy, R. R. (2001). Eye stalks or no eye stalks: A structural comparison of pupal development in the stalk-eyed fly
1591:
Rowe, L. and D. Houle. (1996). “The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits.” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 263: 1415–1421.
1601:
G. S. Wilkinson, D. C. Presgraves &. L. Crymes (1998). "Male eye span in stalk-eyed flies indicates genetic quality by meiotic drive suppression".
1542:
1132:
Peterson, B. V. (1987). "Diopsidae." In McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Sherwell, H. J. Tekey, J. R. Vockerorth, and D. M. Wood, (cords.).
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456:
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sees a region of space extending over more than a hemisphere in all directions. Thus, extensive binocular overlap occurs, with about 70% of the
3548:
3915:
823:, with the magnitude of resulting genetic correlations influencing evolutionary outcomes. If the genetic correlation is high relative to the
724:
694:
1042:
G. S. Wilkinson & G. N. Dodson (1997). "Function and evolution of antlers and eye stalks in flies". In J. Choe & B. Crespi (eds.).
704:
624:
460:
471:) has a dome-like swelling or spine-like process. The anterior femora of the legs are stout, with ventral spines. Adult males have lost
1718:
3863:
1290:
D. Burkhardt & I. de la Motte (1983). "How stalk-eyed flies eye stalk-eyed flies: Observations and measurements of the eyes of
605:
898:. Eye span is, therefore, selected not only on the basis of attractiveness, but also because it demonstrates good genes in mates.
874:
in the presence and absence of male competition and in the presence of males with abnormally long and abnormally short eye spans.
3902:
1419:
Kirkpatrick, M and M.J. Ryan. (1991). “The evolution of mating preferences and the paradox of the lek.” Nature, Lond. 350: 33-38.
1440:
Lande, R. (1981). “Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits.” Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 3721-3725.
1055:
3907:
1564:
Pomiankowski, A. (1987). “Sexual selection: the handicap principle does work—sometimes.” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 231: 123–145.
1148:
Davies N, Krebs J, and West S. (2012). An
Introduction to Behavioral Ecology, 4th Ed. Wiley-Blackwell; Oxford: pp. 196-198.
1582:
Iwasa, Y. and A. Pomiankowski. (1994). “The evolution of mate preferences for multiple handicaps.” Evolution 48: 853 –867.
1296:
815:
male trait and genes coding for female preference for this trait to be passed on to offspring. This process creates
3920:
3842:
315:
The stalk-eyed flies are up to a centimeter long, and they feed on both decaying plants and animals. Their unique
3855:
1711:
1072:
1010:"Baltic amber fossils reveal early evolution of sexual dimorphism in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae)"
3772:
500:
3777:
1223:
1047:
3959:
135:
1704:
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most species have eyestalks, they are much longer in males, a sexual dimorphism thought to be due to
17:
112:
3700:
567:
1449:
Kirkpatrick, M. (1982). “Sexual selection and the evolution of female choice.” Evolution 36: 1-12.
1009:
3946:
3715:
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1219:"Systematics and phylogeny of Centrioncidae, a new afromontane family of Diptera (Schizophora)"
927:"Systematics and phylogeny of Centrioncidae, a new afromontane family of Diptera (Schizophora)"
816:
3941:
3894:
1536:
3933:
577:
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tropics. They are distributed throughout the region, with the best-known species being from
3811:
1472:
Wilkinson, G. (1993). “Artificial sexual selection alters allometry in the stalk-eyed fly
1174:
Shillito, J. (1976). Fothergill and
Linnaeus: The background of De Bigis Insectorum, 1775.
354:
More than 100 species in the
Diopsidae are known, with the greatest diversity found in the
316:
1244:"On the egg morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Diopsidae (Diptera: Schizophora)"
8:
3753:
1428:
Maynard Smith, J. (1991). “Theories of sexual selection.” Trends Ecol. Evol. 6: 146-151.
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1516:
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1205:
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987:
979:
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420:. This genus has stalked eyes and is the earliest diverging member of the Diopsinae.
324:
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2809:
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1643:"The Evolution of Extraordinary Eyes: The Cases of Flatfishes and Stalk-eyed Flies"
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1612:
1603:
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Grafen, A. (1990). “Biological signals as handicaps.” J. Theor. Biol. 144: 517–546.
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1948:
1907:
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1383:
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I. de la Motte & D. Burkhardt (1983). "Portrait of an Asian stalk-eyed fly".
958:
363:
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1956:
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have been described and a
European species has recently been found in Hungary.
359:
319:
has inspired research into how the attribute may have arisen through forces of
1659:
1642:
1397:
1378:
1025:
499:
True stalk-eyed flies are members of the family
Diopsidae, first described by
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female choice and because they are better able to compete with rival males.
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The peculiar morphology of stalk-eyed flies makes it easy to identify their
303:
have similar heads, but the unique character of the Diopsidae is that their
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2012:
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sp. n. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Hungary represents a family new to Europe"
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Researchers noted that the flies roosted along stream banks in peninsular
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1862:
1494:"Condition-dependent signalling of genetic variation in stalk-eyed flies"
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1999:
1991:
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1309:
1103:
Schumann, H (1994). "Diopsidae from Saxon Amber (Diptera, Diopsidae)".
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217:
90:
55:
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Though the evolution of exaggerated male traits as a result of female
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2629:
2532:
2519:
2506:
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2396:
2332:
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355:
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121:
100:
75:
1681:
1491:
P. David, T. Bjorksten, K. Fowler & A. Pomiankowski (2000).
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Furthermore, some populations of stalk-eyed fly females carry a
3380:
2438:
1753:
1741:
1189:
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History.
413:
398:
177:
157:
3954:
468:
402:
27:
Family of dipteran insects with antennae located on eyestalks
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513:
in 1775. The family Diopsidae is contained within the order
1248:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
1041:
387:
343:
1330:
1289:
1275:
Global Biodiversity Information Facility: Family Diopsidae
1728:
280:
187:
1044:
The Evolution of Mating Systems in Insects and Arachnids
1187:
Shillito, J. (1976). Bibliography of the Diopsidae-II.
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gene on their X chromosomes that causes female-biased
1377:
T. Chapman, A. Pomiankowski & K. Fowler (2005).
755:
1241:
1492:
1206:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-Diopsidae.html
957:
2125:
1939:
312:, with eyestalks present but shorter in females.
3974:
2224:
1071:L. Papp, M. Földvári & P. Paulovics (1997).
775:Despite the unusual morphology of the eye, each
2640:(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)
861:
455:, has a pair of stout processes, and often the
2177:(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)
3630:
3497:
2151:
1712:
956:Kotrba, Marion; Balke, Michael (March 2006).
3661:
1981:
1802:
1640:
1541:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1459:
1457:
1455:
459:(one of a number of lateral flanges) of the
440:. The head is usually sparsely haired, with
2261:
1828:
1726:
1285:
1283:
1096:
955:
832:against further trait elaboration balances
338:
2386:
1719:
1705:
1128:
1126:
1037:
1035:
382:, eating decaying and fresh plant matter.
111:
1658:
1636:
1634:
1452:
1396:
1259:
1204:. Encyclopedia.com. (December 15, 2012).
918:
1594:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1436:
1434:
1280:
1144:
1142:
1102:
838:
606:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
590:
576:
342:
3362:(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)
2365:
1785:
1123:
1032:
14:
3975:
2595:
1631:
1216:
1194:
1007:
924:
521:; it is divided into two subfamilies:
467:on the insect thorax posterior to the
3714:
3713:
2364:
1784:
1700:
1479:
1431:
1324:
1139:
964:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
881:
488:
3960:BD15296C-6A73-FF95-FF1A-F842DD10A06A
3856:fd230d4e-cf68-481e-b20f-b301ddf2a876
1370:
1268:
1003:
1001:
1297:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1242:Meier, R. & Hilger, S. (2000).
1105:Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
1064:
1014:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
805:
447:The posterior portion of the fly's
24:
2825:(cactus flies, banana stalk flies)
25:
3994:
1670:
1647:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1261:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.381128.x
1165:. J. Comp. Neurol., 433: 486–498.
998:
699:Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, 2017
475:seven and eight, and the seventh
1200:Allaby, M. (1999). "Diopsidae."
524:
134:
43:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1466:
1443:
1422:
1413:
1379:"Quick guide: stalk-eyed flies"
1361:
1235:
1210:
1181:
1168:
1151:
949:
13:
1:
2509:(dagger flies, balloon flies)
1682:Stalk-eyed Fly Research Group
912:
423:
1085:Folia Entomologica Hungarica
862:Sexual selection experiments
572:
7:
3701:List of families of Diptera
3333:(house flies, stable flies)
1476:.” Genet. Res. 62: 212-222.
976:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.009
494:
386:Dalman, 1817, is a pest of
10:
3999:
2104:(dark-winged fungus gnats)
2096:(long-winged fungus gnats)
2083:(long-beaked fungus gnats)
1224:Zoologische Verhandelingen
1134:Manual of Nearctic Diptera
1048:Cambridge University Press
931:Zoologische Verhandelingen
565:
3722:
3698:
3652:
3621:
3578:
3547:
3538:
3488:
3484:
3423:
3350:
3305:
3296:
3268:
3203:
3178:(vinegar and fruit flies)
3145:
3088:(lekking, or druid flies)
3050:
3011:
2975:
2898:
2834:
2800:
2737:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2657:
2604:
2591:
2582:
2541:
2484:
2395:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2360:
2311:(long-bodied crane flies)
2291:
2270:
2257:
2220:
2191:
2160:
2147:
2121:
2032:
2011:
1990:
1977:
1935:
1882:
1837:
1824:
1798:
1794:
1780:
1736:
1660:10.1007/s12052-008-0089-9
1398:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.015
1277:(retrieved 19 March 2024)
1026:10.1016/j.ode.2004.02.005
791:
770:
265:
258:
242:
237:
131:Scientific classification
129:
119:
110:
34:
2075:(predatory fungus gnats)
1117:10.1002/mmnd.19940410111
1008:Kotrba, M (2004-12-13).
925:Feijen, Hans R. (1983).
568:List of stalk-eyed flies
339:Distribution and habitat
2966:(black scavenger flies)
2327:(hairy-eyed craneflies)
2244:(primitive crane flies)
2002:(march flies, lovebugs)
1677:Family Diopsidae at EOL
1294:(Diopsidae, Diptera)".
1202:A Dictionary of Zoology
405:); one fossil genus is
366:. Also, two species in
3608:(horse and deer flies)
2880:Strongylophthalmyiidae
2791:(picture-winged flies)
2319:(limoniid crane flies)
1687:Gerald Wilkinson's lab
1217:Feijen, H. R. (1983).
1075:Sphyracephala europaea
849:
817:linkage disequilibrium
601:
588:
351:
3942:Paleobiology Database
3194:(frightful hairy fly)
3023:(beetle-backed flies)
2561:(tangle-veined flies)
2446:(hilarimorphid flies)
2407:(flower-loving flies)
2236:(phantom crane flies)
1692:Pest Information Wiki
1641:Zimmer, Carl (2008).
1474:Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni
1191:Volume 8, Page 65-73.
842:
594:
580:
384:Diopsis macrophthalma
346:
3851:Fauna Europaea (new)
3525:(wood soldier flies)
3375:(New Zealand batfly)
3325:(little house flies)
2817:(stilt-legged flies)
2728:(thick-headed flies)
2624:(spear-winged flies)
2553:(small-headed flies)
2282:(winter crane flies)
1857:(frog-biting midges)
1050:. pp. 310–327.
394:in tropical Africa.
3590:(water snipe flies)
3111:(upside-down flies)
2648:(flat-footed flies)
2632:(flat-footed flies)
2501:(long-legged flies)
2335:(large crane flies)
1951:(net-winged midges)
1918:(non-biting midges)
1334:Naturwissenschaften
1292:Cyrtodiopsis whitei
1176:Biol. J. Linn. Soc.
843:Close-up of a male
444:(whiskers) absent.
279:are insects of the
3259:(freeloader flies)
3062:(leaf miner flies)
3002:(small dung flies)
2846:(stalk-eyed flies)
2669:(big-headed flies)
2127:Perissommatomorpha
1957:Deuterophlebiidae
1941:Blephariceromorpha
1347:10.1007/BF01079611
1310:10.1007/BF00605457
1136:. Vol. 2: 785–789.
882:Handicap selection
850:
846:Teleopsis dalmanni
602:
598:Teleopsis dalmanni
589:
553:The African genus
352:
333:handicap principle
310:sexually dimorphic
3970:
3969:
3929:Open Tree of Life
3716:Taxon identifiers
3707:
3706:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3648:
3647:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3591:
3570:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3507:Pantophthalmidae
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3410:
3402:
3384:
3376:
3363:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3226:
3213:Acartophthalmidae
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3162:(quasimodo flies)
3112:
3089:
3081:
3063:
3032:
3024:
3003:
2967:
2959:
2911:
2870:
2847:
2826:
2818:
2792:
2784:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2729:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2523:
2510:
2502:
2476:
2468:
2455:
2447:
2434:
2426:
2408:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2302:
2283:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2226:Ptychopteromorpha
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2178:
2143:
2142:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2084:
2081:Lygistorrhinidae
2076:
2058:
2043:
2024:
2003:
1973:
1972:
1960:
1959:(mountain midges)
1952:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1894:(solitary midges)
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1849:(meniscus midges)
1820:
1819:
1611:(6664): 276–279.
1507:(6792): 186–188.
1391:(14): R533–R535.
1057:978-0-521-58976-5
830:natural selection
819:between selected
503:, with the genus
479:forms a complete
325:natural selection
274:
273:
233:
16:(Redirected from
3990:
3963:
3962:
3950:
3949:
3937:
3936:
3924:
3923:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3845:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3711:
3710:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3628:
3627:
3623:Vermileonomorpha
3607:
3601:Pelecorhynchidae
3589:
3568:
3545:
3544:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3495:
3494:
3490:Stratiomyomorpha
3486:
3485:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3408:
3400:
3382:
3374:
3373:Mystacinobiidae
3368:Mesembrinellidae
3361:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3282:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3224:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3110:
3087:
3079:
3078:Aulacigastridae
3061:
3030:
3022:
3001:
2965:
2957:
2909:
2885:Syringogastridae
2868:
2845:
2824:
2816:
2810:Cypselosomatidae
2790:
2782:
2764:
2763:Platystomatidae
2756:
2748:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2676:
2668:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2560:
2552:
2521:
2508:
2500:
2475:(stiletto flies)
2474:
2466:
2453:
2445:
2444:Hilarimorphidae
2432:
2424:
2413:Apsilocephalidae
2406:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2309:Cylindrotomidae
2301:
2300:
2296:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2243:
2235:
2222:
2221:
2202:
2176:
2170:Canthyloscelidae
2158:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2123:
2122:
2103:
2095:
2082:
2074:
2056:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2022:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1950:
1949:Blephariceridae
1937:
1936:
1917:
1909:
1908:Ceratopogonidae
1901:
1893:
1872:
1865:(phantom midges)
1864:
1856:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1513:10.1038/35018079
1496:
1488:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1005:
996:
995:
961:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
922:
834:sexual selection
806:Sexual selection
765:
760:Prosphyracephala
757:
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
660:
650:
640:
630:
620:
581:Stalk-eyed fly (
559:(once placed in
549:
539:
489:sexual selection
463:(a small dorsal
408:Prosphyracephala
329:sexual selection
321:sexual selection
277:Stalk-eyed flies
231:
139:
138:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
35:Stalk-eyed flies
32:
31:
21:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3678:
3654:Xylophagomorpha
3644:
3613:
3574:
3530:
3517:(soldier flies)
3464:
3419:
3409:(tachina flies)
3346:
3339:Scathophagidae
3317:(cabbage flies)
3288:
3264:
3218:Australimyzidae
3199:
3192:Mormotomyiidae
3141:
3109:Neurochaetidae
3046:
3007:
3000:Sphaeroceridae
2977:Sphaeroceroidea
2971:
2931:Heterocheilidae
2926:Helosciomyzidae
2894:
2830:
2796:
2783:(peacock flies)
2749:(flutter flies)
2733:
2682:
2653:
2622:Lonchopteridae
2566:
2537:
2515:Homalocnemiidae
2499:Dolichopodidae
2480:
2370:
2340:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2249:
2234:Ptychopteridae
2208:
2187:
2139:
2135:Perissommatidae
2109:
2094:Rangomaramidae
2039:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2007:
1969:
1923:
1910:(biting midges)
1878:
1855:Corethrellidae
1816:
1790:
1776:
1732:
1725:
1673:
1668:
1639:
1632:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1534:
1533:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1384:Current Biology
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1329:
1325:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1240:
1236:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1101:
1097:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1040:
1033:
1006:
999:
954:
950:
940:
938:
923:
919:
915:
884:
864:
808:
794:
773:
768:
763:
748:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
638:
628:
618:
575:
570:
547:
537:
529:
497:
426:
364:Southern Africa
347:A diopsid from
341:
293:Platystomatidae
230:
133:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3951:
3938:
3925:
3912:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3847:
3838:Fauna Europaea
3834:
3821:
3808:
3795:
3782:
3769:
3759:
3744:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3632:Vermileonoidea
3625:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3557:Austroleptidae
3553:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3515:Stratiomyidae
3512:
3509:(timber flies)
3503:
3501:
3499:Stratiomyoidea
3492:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3449:Nycteribiidae
3446:
3441:Hippoboscidae
3438:
3435:(tsetse flies)
3429:
3427:
3425:Hippoboscoidea
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:Sarcophagidae
3396:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3360:Calliphoridae
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3276:Cryptochetidae
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3176:Drosophilidae
3173:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Periscelididae
3124:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Fergusoninidae
3091:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:Chamaemyiidae
3026:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2995:Nannodastiidae
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2765:(signal flies)
2760:
2757:(cheese flies)
2752:
2747:Pallopteridae
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2616:(ironic flies)
2610:
2608:
2599:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:Nemestrinidae
2556:
2547:
2545:
2543:Nemestrinoidea
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2467:(window flies)
2462:
2460:Mythicomyiidae
2457:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2425:(robber flies)
2420:
2415:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:Trichoceridae
2276:
2274:
2272:Trichoceroidea
2265:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2153:Psychodomorpha
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2089:Mycetophilidae
2086:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:Cecidomyiidae
2052:
2050:Bolitophilidae
2046:
2044:
2040:(fungus gnats)
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1913:
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1897:
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1886:
1880:
1879:
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1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1671:External links
1669:
1667:
1666:
1653:(4): 487–492.
1630:
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1341:(9): 451–461.
1323:
1304:(4): 407–421.
1279:
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1234:
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1111:(1): 141–145.
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970:(3): 843–847.
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669:Linnaeus, 1775
661:
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610:
574:
571:
566:Main article:
551:
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360:Southeast Asia
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3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3675:
3671:Xylophagidae
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3663:Xylophagoidea
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3640:Vermileonidae
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3569:(snipe flies)
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3443:(louse flies)
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3401:(flesh flies)
3397:
3395:
3394:Rhinophoridae
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:Anthomyiidae
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:(lance flies)
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3233:(beach flies)
3229:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3186:(shore flies)
3182:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3160:Curtonotidae
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Teratomyzidae
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Cremifaniidae
3035:
3033:
3031:(aphid flies)
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:(marsh flies)
2954:
2952:
2951:Ropalomeridae
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Natalimyzidae
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Megamerinidae
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:Micropezidae
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:Pipunculidae
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:Platypezidae
2644:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:Ironomyiidae
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:Platypezoidea
2603:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Oreogetonidae
2526:
2524:
2522:(dance flies)
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:Scenopinidae
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2454:(mydas flies)
2450:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2418:Apystomyiidae
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2299:(crane flies)
2294:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:Valeseguyidae
2181:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:Keroplatidae
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Diadocidiidae
2061:
2059:
2057:(gall midges)
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:Anisopodidae
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2013:Anisopodoidea
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Bibionomorpha
1980:
1976:
1966:
1965:Nymphomyiidae
1963:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1920:
1916:Chironomidae
1914:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1902:(black flies)
1898:
1896:
1892:Thaumaleidae
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1884:Chironomoidea
1881:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1804:Axymyiomorpha
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:10.1038/34640
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1046:. Cambridge:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
952:
936:
932:
928:
921:
917:
910:
908:
904:
903:meiotic drive
899:
897:
891:
889:
879:
875:
873:
872:female choice
869:
859:
856:
848:
847:
841:
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
813:
803:
800:
789:
787:
782:
778:
762:
761:
754:
753:
749:Rondani, 1875
747:
746:
742:
737:
736:
735:Sphyracephala
732:
727:
726:
722:
717:
716:
715:Pseudodiopsis
712:
707:
706:
702:
697:
696:
692:
687:
686:
682:
677:
676:
672:
667:
666:
662:
657:
656:
652:
649:Rondani, 1875
647:
646:
642:
637:
636:
632:
627:
626:
622:
617:
616:
612:
611:
609:
607:
600:
599:
593:
586:
585:
579:
569:
564:
562:
558:
557:
546:
545:
541:
538:Speiser, 1910
536:
535:
531:
530:
527:
526:Centrioncinae
522:
520:
517:and suborder
516:
512:
511:Carl Linnaeus
508:
507:
502:
492:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:laterotergite
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
438:
433:
432:
421:
419:
415:
411:
409:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
369:
368:North America
365:
361:
357:
350:
345:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Drosophilidae
286:
282:
278:
268:Centrioncidae
267:
266:
264:
261:
257:
252:
249:
247:
246:Centrioncinae
244:
243:
241:
236:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
214:Superfamily:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:Eocene–Recent
33:
30:
19:
3723:
3596:Oreoleptidae
3588:Athericidae
3567:Rhagionidae
3562:Bolbomyiidae
3549:Rhagionoidea
3540:Tabanomorpha
3433:Glossinidae
3415:Ulurumyiidae
3341:(dung flies)
3281:Lonchaeidae
3269:Lonchaeoidea
3257:Milichiidae
3252:Inbiomyiidae
3246:(frit flies)
3244:Chloropidae
3168:Diastatidae
3137:Xenasteiidae
3068:Anthomyzidae
3060:Agromyzidae
3013:Lauxanioidea
2990:Heleomyzidae
2956:Sciomyzidae
2946:Phaeomyiidae
2936:Huttoninidae
2921:Helcomyzidae
2910:(kelp flies)
2900:Sciomyzoidea
2869:(rust flies)
2843:
2781:Tephritidae
2776:Richardiidae
2755:Piophilidae
2739:Tephritoidea
2709:Acalyptratae
2677:(hoverflies)
2551:Acroceridae
2431:Bombyliidae
2405:Apioceridae
2263:Tipulomorpha
2242:Tanyderidae
2203:(moth flies)
2201:Psychodidae
2193:Psychodoidea
2175:Scatopsidae
2162:Scatopsoidea
2023:(wood gnats)
1873:(mosquitoes)
1863:Chaoboridae
1830:Culicomorpha
1772:Holometabola
1770:Superorder:
1764:Infraclass:
1650:
1646:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1537:cite journal
1504:
1498:
1473:
1468:
1445:
1424:
1415:
1388:
1382:
1372:
1363:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1270:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1159:Cyrtodiopsis
1158:
1153:
1133:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1066:
1043:
1017:
1013:
967:
963:
951:
939:. Retrieved
934:
930:
920:
900:
892:
885:
876:
865:
851:
844:
825:heritability
809:
795:
786:Conspecifics
777:compound eye
774:
764:Hennig, 1965
758:
743:
733:
729:Feijen, 1989
723:
719:Hendel, 1917
713:
703:
693:
683:
679:Feijen, 2008
673:
663:
659:Curran, 1928
653:
643:
635:Cyrtodiopsis
633:
629:Feijen, 1989
623:
615:Cladodiopsis
613:
603:
596:
582:
554:
552:
548:Feijen, 1983
542:
532:
519:Cyclorrhapha
504:
498:
485:
446:
435:
429:
427:
418:Baltic amber
406:
396:
383:
380:phytophagous
372:
353:
314:
297:Richardiidae
284:
276:
275:
238:Subfamilies
227:
198:Cyclorrhapha
194:(unranked):
124:stuckenbergi
120:
29:
3877:iNaturalist
3748:Wikispecies
3673:(awl flies)
3523:Xylomyidae
3459:(bat flies)
3457:Streblidae
3451:(bat flies)
3407:Tachinidae
3298:Calyptratae
3184:Ephydridae
3170:(bog flies)
3147:Ephydroidea
3080:(sap flies)
3052:Opomyzoidea
3042:Lauxaniidae
3021:Celyphidae
2985:Chyromyidae
2916:Dryomyzidae
2908:Coelopidae
2890:Tanypezidae
2700:Schizophora
2584:Muscomorpha
2494:Atelestidae
2473:Therevidae
2433:(bee flies)
2388:Asilomorpha
2325:Pediciidae
2317:Limoniidae
2068:Ditomyiidae
2000:Bibionidae
1992:Bibionoidea
1900:Simuliidae
1254:(1): 1–36.
1231:(1): 1–137.
1178:, 8; 75-86.
812:mate choice
725:Sinodiopsis
695:Madagopsina
685:Eurydiopsis
645:Diasemopsis
619:SĂ©guy, 1949
584:Diasemopsis
556:Centrioncus
544:Teloglabrus
534:Centrioncus
437:Teloglabrus
431:Centrioncus
412:known from
376:saprophagic
301:Tephritidae
208:Schizophora
3606:Tabanidae
3580:Tabanoidea
3383:(botflies)
3381:Oestridae
3352:Oestroidea
3323:Fanniidae
3231:Canacidae
3225:(bee lice)
3223:Braulidae
3155:Camillidae
3122:Opomyzidae
3099:Marginidae
3086:Clusiidae
2875:Somatiidae
2862:Nothybidae
2844:Diopsidae
2836:Diopsoidea
2789:Ulidiidae
2771:Pyrgotidae
2726:Conopidae
2718:Conopoidea
2675:Syrphidae
2659:Syrphoidea
2630:Opetiidae
2520:Hybotidae
2507:Empididae
2486:Empidoidea
2368:Brachycera
2333:Tipulidae
2293:Tipuloidea
2102:Sciaridae
2034:Sciaroidea
1871:Culicidae
1839:Culicoidea
1812:Axymyiidae
1788:Nematocera
1758:Subclass:
1748:Arthropoda
1163:Drosophila
1092:: 137–146.
941:30 October
913:References
907:sex ratios
709:Frey, 1928
705:Megalabops
689:Frey, 1928
639:Frey, 1928
608:includes:
501:Fothergill
449:metathorax
424:Morphology
331:, and the
317:morphology
218:Diopsoidea
168:Arthropoda
3983:Diopsidae
3754:Diopsidae
3724:Diopsidae
3389:Rhiniidae
3331:Muscidae
3307:Muscoidea
3205:Carnoidea
3117:Odiniidae
3104:Neminidae
3073:Asteiidae
2964:Sepsidae
2867:Psilidae
2852:Gobryidae
2823:Neriidae
2802:Nerioidea
2638:Phoridae
2533:Ragadidae
2439:Evocoidae
2423:Asilidae
2397:Asiloidea
2366:Suborder
1786:Suborder
1760:Pterygota
1740:Kingdom:
984:1055-7903
868:fecundity
781:ommatidia
745:Teleopsis
739:Say, 1828
675:Eosiopsis
625:Cobiopsis
573:Diopsinae
509:named by
461:postnotum
453:scutellum
442:vibrissae
401:(e.g. in
356:Old World
285:Diopsidae
251:Diopsinae
228:Diopsidae
204:Section:
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
18:Diopsinae
3977:Category
3786:BugGuide
3762:BioLib:
3739:Q2142779
3733:Wikidata
3239:Carnidae
2452:Mydidae
1847:Dixidae
1766:Neoptera
1746:Phylum:
1742:Animalia
1731:families
1521:10910358
1407:16051154
1355:22733263
1318:26426314
992:16406820
888:Handicap
855:Malaysia
655:Diopsina
561:Sepsidae
495:Taxonomy
477:sternite
473:tergites
465:sclerite
349:Cameroon
305:antennae
260:Synonyms
224:Family:
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
2597:Aschiza
1754:Insecta
1752:Class:
1729:Diptera
1727:Extant
1625:4417077
1529:4425172
1161:and in
937:: 1–137
896:fitness
821:alleles
799:lekking
665:Diopsis
515:Diptera
506:Diopsis
481:ventral
399:fossils
392:sorghum
283:family
188:Diptera
184:Order:
178:Insecta
174:Class:
122:Diopsis
3947:139226
3934:648351
3921:139644
3908:142162
3895:105012
3830:1DIOPF
1623:
1604:Nature
1527:
1519:
1500:Nature
1405:
1353:
1316:
1054:
990:
982:
792:Mating
771:Vision
483:band.
414:Eocene
299:, and
3955:Plazi
3890:IRMNG
3882:83944
3843:10908
3804:623XT
3791:32420
3778:70473
3765:17420
1621:S2CID
1525:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1314:S2CID
1080:(PDF)
595:Male
469:notum
451:, or
416:aged
403:amber
3916:NCBI
3903:ITIS
3869:7303
3864:GBIF
3825:EPPO
3773:BOLD
1543:link
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