422:
2434:
79:
998:
1800:
132:
2925:
3015:
839:
921:. The larger females may have competed to mate with the most desirable males who themselves were likely to have been extremely territorial. Eggs may have been laid in communal nests in sand dunes, or by individual birds in sheltered environments such as hollow trees or by rocks. The female would have had little to do with the eggs once they had been laid while the male would have incubated the egg for up to three months before it hatched.
2931:
946:
It is possible that such fragile eggs resulted in the male moa adapting to become smaller in size than the females to reduce the risk of crushing the eggs. However, it is possible that the male moa would curl themselves around the eggs rather than sitting on them directly. Given the size of the eggs,
444:-like, and apparently covered most of the body except the lower legs and most of the head (plus a small portion of the neck below the head). While no feathers have been found from moa chicks, it is likely that they were speckled or striped to camouflage them from
853:
It has been long suspected that several species of moa constituted males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material. For example, prior to 2003 there were three species of
435:
may have been the tallest bird that ever lived, with the females of the largest species standing 3.6 m (12 ft) tall, and one of the most massive, weighing 230–240 kg (510–530 lb) or 278 kg (613 lb) in various estimates.
824:
Dinornis were very adaptable and were present in a wide range of habitats from coastal to alpine. It is possible that individual moa would have moved from environment to environment with the changing seasons.
971:
still hunted them at the beginning of the fifteenth century, although some models suggest extinction had already taken place by the middle of the 14th century. Although some birds became extinct due to
1625:
Bunce, Michael; Worthy, Trevor H.; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003). "Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New
Zealand moa Dinornis".
451:
The feet were large and powerful, and could probably deliver a powerful kick if threatened. The birds had long, strong necks and broad sharp beaks that would have allowed them to eat
1451:
Perry, G. L.; Wheeler, A. B.; Wood, J. R.; Wilmshurst, J. M. (2014). "A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New
Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)".
1241:
Bunce, M.; Worthy, T. H.; Phillips, M. J.; Holdaway, R. N.; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R. P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P. J. J.; Cooper, A. (2009).
2476:
2263:
2210:
2333:
1830:
by Matt Rayner and Andrea
Stevens. Auckland War Memorial Museum - Tāmaki Paenga Hira. First published: 23 November 2015. Updated: 12 November 2019.
3170:
2319:
2246:
2995:
2960:
2673:
2218:
902:
seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism of all moa, with females being up to twice as tall and three times as heavy as males.
3183:
1704:
Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R. P.; Lambert, David M. (2003). "Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa".
2988:
2653:
2326:
2536:
2340:
421:
2981:
2295:
2232:
3144:
2288:
1855:
3264:
2433:
3254:
1777:
1592:
1520:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
1102:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
1071:
964:
462:
through to tree branches. In relation to its body, the head was small, with a pointed, short, flat and somewhat curved beak.
1408:
Holdaway, R. N.; Jacomb, C. (2000). "Rapid
Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications".
947:
and the incubation period, as soon as giant moa chicks hatched they would have been able to see, run and feed themselves.
931:, and around 80 times the volume of a chicken's egg. However, despite their size, Dinornis eggs were extremely thin, with
3259:
967:, who hunted it for food. All taxa in this genus were extinct by 1500 in New Zealand. It is generally accepted that the
413:). In addition, two further species (new lineage A and lineage B) have been suggested based on distinct DNA lineages.
1613:
1214:
1041:
1019:
1012:
1827:
3188:
1674:
Campbell, Jr., K. E.; Marcus, L. (1992). "The relationship of hindlimb bone dimensions to body weight in birds".
1075:
90:
3239:
3123:
3118:
1848:
2924:
915:
34:
1076:"Checklist-of-Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica"
78:
3198:
3100:
898:
however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species.
131:
30:
1926:
1006:
727:
580:
245:
1813:
1386:
668:
1518:
Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005).
3234:
3211:
3035:
1841:
1023:
406:
398:
3175:
1687:"Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa"
1318:"Ancient DNA reveals extreme egg morphology and nesting behavior in New Zealand's extinct moa"
3206:
3018:
685:
3249:
3131:
3082:
1980:
1715:
1636:
1534:
1460:
1417:
1329:
1254:
1243:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography"
1113:
956:
644:
517:
8:
2930:
1805:
1753:
Owen, Richard (1843). "On the remains of
Dinornis, an extinct gigantic struthious bird".
1069:
102:
1719:
1640:
1538:
1464:
1421:
1333:
1258:
1117:
3073:
1953:
1739:
1660:
1557:
1506:
1360:
1317:
1277:
1242:
1136:
1101:
768:
456:
266:
126:
2948:
943:
eggs have been estimated to be the 'most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date'.
2452:
2400:
1773:
1766:
1731:
1652:
1609:
1588:
1562:
1433:
1365:
1347:
1282:
1220:
1210:
1141:
563:
254:
1472:
3244:
2967:
2615:
2161:
1743:
1723:
1706:
1664:
1644:
1627:
1552:
1542:
1519:
1498:
1468:
1425:
1355:
1337:
1272:
1262:
1131:
1121:
445:
382:
65:
1429:
3087:
2493:
2309:
2225:
2145:
1911:
1100:
Baker, A. J.; Huynen, L. J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C. D.; Lambert, D. M. (2005).
379:
976:, for which the forests were cut and burned down and the ground was turned into
968:
465:
The North Island giant moa tended to be larger than the South Island giant moa.
2846:
2108:
959:
population in New
Zealand for at least 40,000 years. The giant moa, along with
3228:
3058:
2819:
2755:
2663:
2373:
2351:
2138:
2050:
2037:
1992:
1864:
1351:
1224:
751:
301:
183:
1686:
1547:
1342:
1267:
1126:
2974:
2777:
2693:
2203:
2193:
1735:
1656:
1566:
1437:
1369:
1286:
1145:
293:
229:
3110:
1685:
Huynan, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2014).
3157:
3067:
2874:
2862:
2835:
2795:
2786:
2734:
2700:
2608:
2543:
2485:
2363:
2071:
1965:
1316:
Huynen, L.; Gill, B. J.; Millar, C. D.; Lambert, D. M. (30 August 2010).
977:
973:
883:
390:
306:
1877:
1727:
1648:
3149:
2805:
2748:
2718:
2622:
2581:
2516:
2464:
2124:
2082:
1510:
980:, the giant moa had been extinct for 300 years prior to the arrival of
928:
838:
629:
452:
367:
111:
3162:
2883:
2828:
2762:
2684:
2278:
2256:
2178:
2131:
2117:
2093:
1938:
1833:
474:
143:
3029:
1502:
1489:
Amadon, D. (1947). "An estimated weight of the largest known bird".
3052:
2900:
2890:
2727:
2601:
2526:
1889:
386:
163:
69:
3136:
3095:
2741:
2707:
2637:
2592:
2504:
2381:
882:
were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring in
437:
935:
eggshells being around 1.06 millimeters (0.04 inches) thick and
1883:
981:
918:
281:
153:
94:
939:
eggshells being 1.4 millimeters (0.06 inches) thick. As such,
1207:
Moa : the life and death of New
Zealand's legendary bird
1895:
1703:
1240:
459:
441:
173:
1450:
914:
reproduced and raised young, assumptions can be made from
2561:
1517:
1099:
960:
375:
371:
209:
196:
1684:
1606:
Moa: The Life and Death of New
Zealand's Legendary Bird
1315:
1624:
1676:
955:
Prior to the arrival of humans, the giant moa had an
2896:
2858:
2816:
2801:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2558:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2473:
2369:
2359:
2306:
2275:
2243:
2190:
2174:
2105:
2089:
2078:
2067:
1795:
1822:, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
1673:
1765:
1818:by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book
1772:(3rd ed.). Sterling Publishing Company Inc.
1204:
3226:
2399:
1755:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1691:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1527:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1322:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1247:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1170:
1106:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1910:
1407:
878:were females. Therefore, the three species of
1849:
1381:
1379:
2048:
1763:
1768:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
910:While it is impossible to know exactly how
15:
1856:
1842:
1815:South Island Giant Moa. Dinornis robustus.
1387:"Giant Moa Had Climate Change Figured out"
1376:
77:
16:
1603:
1556:
1546:
1359:
1341:
1276:
1266:
1161:
1135:
1125:
1042:Learn how and when to remove this message
1298:
1296:
1176:Campbell Jr., K. & Marcus, L. (1992)
1005:This article includes a list of general
837:
420:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
1236:
1234:
477:below follows a 2009 analysis by Bunce
14:
3227:
1863:
1488:
3034:
3033:
2946:
2451:
2450:
2035:
1876:
1837:
1582:
1444:
1293:
1072:Ornithological Society of New Zealand
3199:b81dba3a-2b25-48ce-a7bd-fd22f58a6201
1752:
1231:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
991:
858:recognised: South Island giant moa (
833:
1587:. London, UK: Hamlyn. p. 191.
1152:
48:
1011:it lacks sufficient corresponding
927:eggs were enormous, as large as a
49:
3276:
2036:
1791:
1179:
845:skeleton, now known to be a male
3014:
3013:
2929:
2923:
2432:
1798:
996:
870:). However, DNA showed that all
828:
370:genus of birds belonging to the
130:
1473:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025
1401:
905:
1585:Prehistoric Animals and Plants
1309:
1209:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton.
1093:
1063:
440:remains are reddish brown and
416:
13:
1:
3265:Fossil taxa described in 1843
1430:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250
1389:. ScienceDaily. 3 August 2012
987:
950:
115:
3255:Extinct birds of New Zealand
1820:Extinct Birds of New Zealand
874:were in fact males, and all
7:
1608:. Craig Potton Publishing.
862:), North Island giant moa (
468:
10:
3281:
3260:Taxa named by Richard Owen
2947:
1453:Quaternary Science Reviews
1205:Berentson, Quinn. (2012).
819:
397:are considered valid, the
3042:
3009:
2955:
2942:
2920:
2873:
2854:
2845:
2815:
2785:
2776:
2717:
2683:
2645:
2636:
2591:
2569:
2557:
2503:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2429:
2395:
2350:
2305:
2274:
2242:
2189:
2170:
2159:
2104:
2063:
2059:
2044:
2031:
1991:
1973:
1964:
1946:
1937:
1919:
1906:
1872:
1604:Berentson, Quinn (2012).
765:
748:
741:
724:
717:
682:
665:
658:
641:
634:
622:
577:
560:
553:
541:
514:
507:
499:
492:
378:, it was a member of the
272:
265:
242:
237:
127:Scientific classification
125:
109:
100:
85:
76:
58:
1678:. Science (36): 395–412.
849:, not a distinct species
728:Anomalopteryx didiformis
403:Dinornis novaezealandiae
31:latest accepted revision
1548:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
1343:10.1073/pnas.0914096107
1268:10.1073/pnas.0906660106
1127:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
1026:more precise citations.
850:
429:
407:South Island giant moa
399:North Island giant moa
374:family. As with other
259:South Island giant moa
250:North Island giant moa
91:Natural History Museum
51:Extinct genus of birds
3207:Paleobiology Database
1828:Tale of the giant moa
1764:Wood, Gerald (1983).
1583:Benes, Josef (1979).
841:
424:
3240:Holocene extinctions
1070:Checklist Committee
963:, were wiped out by
933:D. novaezealandiae's
890:) and South Island (
518:Megalapteryx didinus
1806:Paleontology portal
1728:10.1038/nature01838
1720:2003Natur.425..175H
1649:10.1038/nature01871
1641:2003Natur.425..172B
1539:2005PNAS..102.8257B
1465:2014QSRv..105..126P
1422:2000Sci...287.2250H
1416:(5461): 2250–2254.
1334:2010PNAS..10716201H
1328:(37): 16201–16206.
1259:2009PNAS..10620646B
1158:Wood, Gerald (1983)
1118:2005PNAS..102.8257B
965:Polynesian settlers
957:ecologically stable
866:) and slender moa (
103:Conservation status
21:Page version status
1484:General references
1055:Specific citations
888:D. novaezealandiae
864:D. novaezealandiae
851:
847:D. novaezealandiae
769:Euryapteryx curtus
581:D. novaezealandiae
430:
246:D. novaezealandiae
87:D. novaezealandiae
27:
3222:
3221:
3036:Taxon identifiers
3027:
3026:
3005:
3004:
2938:
2937:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2772:
2771:
2632:
2631:
2553:
2552:
2477:Opisthodactylidae
2453:Notopalaeognathae
2442:
2441:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2401:Notopalaeognathae
2391:
2390:
2155:
2154:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
1779:978-0-85112-235-9
1714:(6954): 175–178.
1635:(6954): 172–175.
1594:978-0-600-30341-1
1533:(23): 8257–8262.
1167:Amadon, D. (1947)
1052:
1051:
1044:
886:'s North Island (
834:Sexual dimorphism
816:
815:
807:
806:
798:
797:
789:
788:
780:
779:
706:
705:
697:
696:
610:
609:
601:
600:
592:
591:
529:
528:
411:Dinornis robustus
393:. Two species of
356:
355:
350:
342:
334:
326:
325:Reichenbach, 1850
318:
317:Reichenbach, 1850
310:
286:
260:
251:
233:
120:
18:
3272:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:29A9B5F929FBBBCF
3091:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3016:
2968:Incognitoolithus
2944:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2898:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2818:
2803:
2783:
2782:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2567:
2566:
2562:Dinornithiformes
2560:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2397:
2396:
2371:
2361:
2308:
2277:
2245:
2192:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2162:Struthioniformes
2107:
2091:
2080:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
1971:
1970:
1944:
1943:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1771:
1758:
1757:: 8–10, 144–146.
1747:
1698:
1679:
1668:
1619:
1598:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1550:
1524:
1514:
1477:
1476:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1345:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1253:(49): 20646–51.
1238:
1229:
1228:
1202:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1067:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1022:this article by
1013:inline citations
1000:
999:
992:
961:other moa genera
744:
743:
720:
719:
661:
660:
637:
636:
625:
624:
556:
555:
544:
543:
510:
509:
505:Megalapteryidae
502:
501:
495:
494:
489:Dinornithiformes
485:
484:
383:Dinornithiformes
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
292:
278:
258:
249:
228:
221:
208:
197:Dinornithiformes
195:
135:
134:
119:
117:
81:
66:Late Pleistocene
64:Temporal range:
56:
55:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3001:
2951:
2934:
2922:
2906:
2869:
2841:
2811:
2768:
2713:
2679:
2628:
2587:
2549:
2499:
2494:Opisthodactylus
2455:
2438:
2431:
2415:
2387:
2346:
2310:Ergilornithidae
2301:
2270:
2264:Galligeranoides
2238:
2226:Palaeophasianus
2211:Galligeranoides
2185:
2164:
2151:
2146:Pseudocrypturus
2100:
2053:
2040:
2007:
1987:
1960:
1933:
1927:Avemetatarsalia
1912:Avemetatarsalia
1902:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1862:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1616:
1595:
1571:
1569:
1522:
1503:10.2307/1364110
1481:
1480:
1449:
1445:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1239:
1232:
1217:
1203:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1112:(23): 8257–62.
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1081:. Te Papa Press
1078:
1068:
1064:
1048:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1018:Please help to
1017:
1001:
997:
990:
953:
908:
872:D. struthioides
868:D. struthioides
836:
831:
822:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
707:
698:
669:P. elephantopus
611:
602:
593:
530:
471:
419:
252:
227:
219:
206:
193:
129:
121:
105:
72:
62:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3203:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3105:
3092:
3079:
3064:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2849:
2847:Casuariiformes
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2822:
2820:Aepyornithidae
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2334:Sinoergilornis
2330:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2109:Lithornithidae
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1793:
1792:External links
1790:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1497:(4): 159–164.
1487:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1443:
1400:
1375:
1308:
1302:Huynen, L. J.,
1292:
1230:
1215:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1092:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1004:
1002:
995:
989:
986:
952:
949:
907:
904:
843:D. struthoides
835:
832:
830:
827:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
801:
800:
796:
795:
792:
791:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
747:
742:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
723:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
690:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
664:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
640:
635:
633:
623:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
608:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
595:
594:
590:
589:
586:
585:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
559:
554:
552:
542:
540:
539:Dinornithidae
536:
535:
532:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:
513:
508:
506:
500:
498:
493:
491:
483:
470:
467:
446:Haast's Eagles
418:
415:
354:
353:
352:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
287:
270:
269:
263:
262:
240:
239:
235:
234:
217:
213:
212:
204:
200:
199:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
110:
107:
106:
101:
98:
97:
83:
82:
74:
73:
63:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3277:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Dinornithinae
3233:
3232:
3230:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:Querandiornis
2658:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:Anomalopteryx
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:Pachystruthio
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2352:Struthionidae
2349:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:Amphipelargus
2317:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:Palaeotididae
2241:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:Paracathartes
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:Palaeognathae
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:Palaeognathae
2034:
2030:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1993:Palaeognathae
1990:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1615:9781877517846
1611:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1216:9781877517846
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1003:
994:
993:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
948:
944:
942:
938:
937:D. robustus'
934:
930:
926:
922:
920:
917:
913:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
848:
844:
840:
829:Palaeobiology
826:
812:
811:
803:
802:
794:
793:
785:
784:
776:
775:
772:
771:
770:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:Emeus crassus
746:
745:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
729:
722:
721:
715:
714:
711:
710:
702:
701:
693:
692:
689:
688:
687:
686:P. geranoides
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
670:
663:
662:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
646:
639:
638:
632:
631:
627:
626:
619:
618:
615:
614:
606:
605:
597:
596:
588:
587:
584:
583:
582:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
565:
558:
557:
551:
550:
546:
545:
538:
537:
534:
533:
525:
524:
521:
520:
519:
512:
511:
504:
503:
497:
496:
490:
487:
486:
482:
480:
476:
466:
463:
461:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
427:
423:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
347:
344:
339:
336:
331:
328:
323:
320:
315:
312:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
283:
277:
274:
273:
271:
268:
264:
261:
257:
256:
248:
247:
241:
236:
231:
226:
225:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:Dinornithidae
205:
202:
201:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:Palaeognathae
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
113:
108:
104:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
67:
61:
57:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
3043:
2996:Tsondabornis
2994:
2987:
2980:
2975:Medioolithus
2973:
2966:
2961:Diamantornis
2959:
2899:
2889:
2882:
2861:
2834:
2827:
2804:
2794:
2778:Novaeratitae
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2706:
2699:
2694:Crypturellus
2692:
2674:Roveretornis
2672:
2662:
2652:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2582:Megalapteryx
2580:
2574:
2573:
2542:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2492:
2484:
2380:
2372:
2362:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2294:
2287:
2262:
2255:
2231:
2224:
2219:Geranodornis
2217:
2209:
2204:Eogeranoides
2202:
2194:Geranoididae
2177:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2092:
2081:
2070:
1819:
1814:
1787:
1767:
1754:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1675:
1632:
1626:
1605:
1584:
1570:. Retrieved
1530:
1526:
1494:
1490:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1325:
1321:
1311:
1303:
1250:
1246:
1206:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1065:
1038:
1029:
1010:
954:
945:
940:
936:
932:
924:
923:
911:
909:
906:Reproduction
899:
895:
892:D. robustus
891:
887:
879:
876:D. robustus
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:D. robustus
859:
855:
852:
846:
842:
823:
767:
766:
750:
749:
726:
725:
684:
683:
667:
666:
645:P. australis
643:
642:
628:
579:
578:
562:
561:
548:
547:
516:
515:
488:
478:
472:
464:
450:
432:
431:
425:
410:
402:
394:
363:
359:
357:
349:Hutton, 1891
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
300:Gray, 1841:
297:
289:
280:
275:
253:
244:
243:
223:
222:
180:Infraclass:
86:
59:
53:
39:15 July 2024
38:
29:This is the
23:
3250:Bird genera
3158:iNaturalist
3068:Wikispecies
2875:Casuariidae
2863:Diogenornis
2836:Mullerornis
2787:Apterygidae
2735:Nothoprocta
2701:Nothocercus
2616:Euryapteryx
2486:Diogenornis
2364:Orientornis
2072:Asteriornis
1981:Maniraptora
1966:Maniraptora
1865:Palaeognath
1572:14 February
1459:: 126–135.
1032:August 2012
1024:introducing
978:arable land
884:New Zealand
564:D. robustus
426:D. robustus
417:Description
391:New Zealand
307:nomen nudum
302:preoccupied
255:D. robustus
3229:Categories
2989:Psammornis
2806:Proapteryx
2749:Rhynchotus
2719:Nothurinae
2654:Miniothura
2623:Pachyornis
2517:Heterorhea
2465:Rheiformes
2410:see below↓
2327:Ergilornis
2125:Fissuravis
2083:Eremopezus
2002:see below↓
1007:references
988:References
984:settlers.
951:Extinction
929:rugby ball
630:Pachyornis
453:vegetation
405:) and the
346:Tylopteryx
341:Owen, 1851
338:Palapteryx
333:Gray, 1855
290:Megalornis
2884:Casuarius
2829:Aepyornis
2763:Tinamotis
2756:Taoniscus
2685:Tinaminae
2638:Tinamidae
2537:Protorhea
2341:Urmiornis
2279:Eogruidae
2257:Palaeotis
2179:Remiornis
2132:Lithornis
2118:Calciavis
2094:Limenavis
1954:Theropoda
1939:Theropoda
1882:Kingdom:
1352:0027-8424
1225:819110163
1085:4 January
475:cladogram
457:subalpine
385:. It was
360:giant moa
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
3137:52231951
3108:BioLib:
3088:Dinornis
3074:Dinornis
3053:Wikidata
3044:Dinornis
3019:Category
2982:Namornis
2901:Emuarius
2891:Dromaius
2728:Eudromia
2575:Dinornis
2527:Hinasuri
2382:Struthio
2296:Sonogrus
2233:Paragrus
1890:Chordata
1888:Phylum:
1884:Animalia
1736:12968179
1657:12968178
1567:15928096
1438:10731144
1393:6 August
1370:20805485
1287:19923428
1146:15928096
1074:(2010).
982:European
941:Dinornis
925:Dinornis
912:Dinornis
900:Dinornis
896:robustus
880:Dinornis
856:Dinornis
620:Emeidae
549:Dinornis
469:Taxonomy
433:Dinornis
428:skeleton
395:Dinornis
366:) is an
364:Dinornis
267:Synonyms
238:Species
224:Dinornis
203:Family:
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
70:Holocene
60:Dinornis
35:reviewed
3245:Ratites
3176:1367602
3150:4852035
3096:Avibase
3059:Q899705
2796:Apteryx
2742:Nothura
2708:Tinamus
2593:Emeidae
2505:Rheidae
1894:Class:
1744:4413995
1716:Bibcode
1665:1515413
1637:Bibcode
1558:1149408
1535:Bibcode
1511:1364110
1461:Bibcode
1418:Bibcode
1410:Science
1361:2941315
1330:Bibcode
1278:2791642
1255:Bibcode
1137:1149408
1114:Bibcode
1020:improve
974:farming
919:ratites
820:Habitat
438:Feather
387:endemic
368:extinct
296:, 1843
276:Dinoris
216:Genus:
190:Order:
170:Class:
114: (
112:Extinct
3196:NZOR:
3163:379613
3124:751503
3111:133174
2949:Ootaxa
2289:Eogrus
1867:genera
1776:
1742:
1734:
1707:Nature
1663:
1655:
1628:Nature
1612:
1591:
1565:
1555:
1509:
1491:Condor
1436:
1368:
1358:
1350:
1306:(2003)
1304:et al.
1285:
1275:
1223:
1213:
1144:
1134:
1009:, but
916:extant
479:et al.
330:Owenia
282:lapsus
232:, 1843
95:London
3212:39297
3171:IRMNG
2609:Emeus
1740:S2CID
1697:(37).
1661:S2CID
1523:(PDF)
1507:JSTOR
1079:(PDF)
969:Māori
460:herbs
455:from
380:order
322:Movia
118:1500)
3189:8817
3184:NCBI
3145:GBIF
3119:BOLD
2544:Rhea
1979:see
1952:see
1925:see
1896:Aves
1774:ISBN
1732:PMID
1653:PMID
1610:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1574:2011
1563:PMID
1434:PMID
1395:2012
1366:PMID
1348:ISSN
1283:PMID
1221:OCLC
1211:ISBN
1142:PMID
1087:2016
473:The
442:hair
358:The
294:Owen
230:Owen
174:Aves
3132:EoL
3083:ADW
1724:doi
1712:425
1695:107
1645:doi
1633:425
1553:PMC
1543:doi
1531:102
1499:doi
1469:doi
1457:105
1426:doi
1414:287
1356:PMC
1338:doi
1326:107
1273:PMC
1263:doi
1251:106
1132:PMC
1122:doi
1110:102
894:);
389:to
376:moa
372:moa
314:Moa
298:non
93:of
37:on
3231::
3209::
3186::
3173::
3160::
3147::
3134::
3121::
3098::
3085::
3070::
3055::
1738:.
1730:.
1722:.
1710:.
1693:.
1689:.
1659:.
1651:.
1643:.
1631:.
1561:.
1551:.
1541:.
1529:.
1525:.
1505:.
1495:49
1493:.
1467:.
1455:.
1432:.
1424:.
1412:.
1378:^
1364:.
1354:.
1346:.
1336:.
1324:.
1320:.
1295:^
1281:.
1271:.
1261:.
1249:.
1245:.
1233:^
1219:.
1181:^
1140:.
1130:.
1120:.
1108:.
1104:.
481::
448:.
304:,
116:c.
89:,
33:,
2897:†
2866:?
2859:†
2817:†
2802:†
2670:†
2660:†
2650:†
2559:†
2533:†
2523:†
2513:†
2489:?
2474:†
2377:?
2370:†
2360:†
2312:?
2307:†
2281:?
2276:†
2267:?
2249:?
2244:†
2214:?
2196:?
2191:†
2182:?
2175:†
2106:†
2097:?
2090:†
2086:?
2079:†
2075:?
2068:†
1857:e
1850:t
1843:v
1782:.
1746:.
1726::
1718::
1667:.
1647::
1639::
1618:.
1597:.
1576:.
1545::
1537::
1513:.
1501::
1475:.
1471::
1463::
1440:.
1428::
1420::
1397:.
1372:.
1340::
1332::
1289:.
1265::
1257::
1227:.
1148:.
1124::
1116::
1089:.
1045:)
1039:(
1034:)
1030:(
1016:.
409:(
401:(
362:(
285:)
279:(
220:†
207:†
194:†
68:-
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
