Moa - Knowledge

1793: 1218: 7072: 155: 2388: 2169: 999: 1243: 690: 1148: 2363:, a trader who lived on the East Coast of the North Island from 1834 to 1837, recorded in 1838 that he had been shown "several large fossil ossifications" found near Mt Hikurangi. He was certain that these were the bones of a species of emu or ostrich, noting that "the Natives add that in times long past they received the traditions that very large birds had existed, but the scarcity of animal food, as well as the easy method of entrapping them, has caused their extermination". Polack further noted that he had received reports from Māori that a "species of 2253:. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using 3894: 1073: 1174: 1034: 2181: 558: 176: 679: 7563: 2818: 471: 8230: 7653: 2776: 1918: 2196: 7569: 6357: 6308: 6259: 6216: 6167: 6128: 6041: 5823: 5538: 5366: 5295: 3559: 3362: 1866: 2452: 2242: 2345: 8220: 2467:, often used to refer to pitfalls or vertical cave shafts). The two main ways that the moa bones were deposited in such sites were birds that entered the cave to nest or escape bad weather, and subsequently died in the cave and birds that fell into a vertical shaft and were unable to escape. Moa bones (and the bones of other extinct birds) have been found in caves throughout New Zealand, especially in the 8661: 2418: 1096: 2804: 2553: 1663: 2710: 933:, about 5.8 Mya instead of the 18.5 Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60 Mya and the basal split 5.8 Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8 Mya. The presence of 2529:. Many explanations have been proposed to account for how these deposits formed, ranging from poisonous spring waters to floods and wildfires. However, the currently accepted explanation is that the bones accumulated slowly over thousands of years, from birds that entered the swamps to feed and became trapped in the soft sediment. 506:. The spine was attached to the rear of the head rather than the base, indicating the horizontal alignment. This would have let them graze on low vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and browse trees when necessary. This has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. However, Māori 2335:

The rediscovery of the takahē in 1948 after none had been seen since 1898 showed that rare birds can exist undiscovered for a long time. However, the takahē is a much smaller bird than the moa, and was rediscovered after its tracks were identified—yet no reliable evidence of moa tracks has ever been

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recalled seeing monstrous birds along the coast of the South Island, and in the 1820s, a man named George Pauley made an unverified claim of seeing a moa in the Otago region of New Zealand. Occasional speculation since at least the late 19th century, and as recently as 2008, has suggested that some

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drowning. This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island

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Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand

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around the New Zealand coast. Thirty-six whole moa eggs exist in museum collections and vary greatly in size (from 120–240 millimetres (4.7–9.4 in) in length and 91–178 millimetres (3.6–7.0 in) wide). The outer surface of moa eggshell is characterised by small, slit-shaped pores. The eggs

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may have persisted in remote corners of New Zealand until the 18th and even 19th centuries, but this view is not widely accepted. Some Māori hunters claimed to be in pursuit of the moa as late as the 1770s; however, these accounts possibly did not refer to the hunting of actual birds as much as a

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Moa feathers are up to 23 cm (9 in) long, and a range of colours has been reported, including reddish-brown, white, yellowish, and purplish. Dark feathers with white or creamy tips have also been found, and indicate that some moa species may have had plumage with a speckled appearance.

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suggest that these very thin eggs were likely to have been incubated by the lighter males. The thin nature of the eggshells of these larger species of moa, even if incubated by the male, suggests that egg breakage in these species would have been common if the typical contact method of avian egg

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Maximum event, which occurred about 22 Mya, when only 18% of present-day New Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8 Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been

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is a Polynesian term for domestic fowl. The name was not in common use among the Māori by the time of European contact, likely because the bird it described had been extinct for some time, and traditional stories about it were rare. The earliest record of the name was by missionaries

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about 2 Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30 Myr of separation. The presence of Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.

537:) exhibited tracheal elongation, that is, their trachea were up to 1 m (3 ft) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity. They are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups, including 1805:

Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to the scarcity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same. The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species

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recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. One factor that has caused much confusion in moa taxonomy is the intraspecific variation of bone sizes, between glacial and interglacial periods (see

2113:". Moa nesting material has also been recovered from rock shelters in the Central Otago region of the South Island, where the dry climate has preserved plant material used to build the nesting platform (including twigs clipped by moa bills). 2375:

flax trader who was a natural-history enthusiast, was given a piece of unusual bone by a Māori who had found it in a river bank. He showed the 15 cm (6 in) fragment of bone to his uncle, John Rule, a Sydney surgeon, who sent it to

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Dieffenbach also refers to a fossil from the area near Mt Hikurangi, and surmises that it belongs to "a bird, now extinct, called Moa (or Movie) by the natives". 'Movie' is the first transcribed name for the bird. In 1839, John W. Harris, a

2000:, providing a grinding action that allowed them to eat coarse plant material. These stones were commonly smooth rounded quartz pebbles, but stones over 110 millimetres (4 in) long have been found among preserved moa gizzard contents. 2140:

A 2010 study by Huynen et al. found that the eggs of certain species were fragile, only around a millimetre in shell thickness: "Unexpectedly, several thin-shelled eggs were also shown to belong to the heaviest moa of the genera

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In addition to these specimens, loose moa feathers have been collected from caves and rock shelters in the southern South Island, and based on these remains, some idea of the moa plumage has been achieved. The preserved leg of

3488:"Regional comparisons of the thickness of moa eggshell fragments (Aves: Dinornithiformes). In Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, ed. W.E. Boles and Trevor Worthy" 501:

Moa skeletons were traditionally reconstructed in an upright position to create impressive height, but analysis of their vertebral articulations indicates that they probably carried their heads forward, in the manner of a

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seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males—so much bigger that they were classified as separate species until 2003. A 2009 study showed that

2407:. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds. 4809: 2748:. Its iconic status, coupled with the facts that it only became extinct a few hundred years ago and that substantial quantities of moa remains exist, mean that it is often listed alongside such creatures as the 2290:

bush in 1887, and again on a Fiordland beach when she was 17 years old. She claimed that her brother had also seen a moa on another occasion. In childhood, Mackenzie saw a large bird that she believed to be a

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from the Old Man Range reveals that this species was feathered right down to the foot. This is likely to have been an adaptation to living in high-altitude, snowy environments, and is also seen in the

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combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period (the last ice age in New Zealand). Similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island's

3992: 2168: 4866: 1766:, more widespread, named "upland moa" because its bones are commonly found in the subalpine zone. However, it also occurred down to sea level, where suitable steep and rocky terrain (such as 462:

in January 1838; Colenso speculated that the birds may have resembled gigantic fowl. In 1912, Māori chief Urupeni Pūhara claimed that the moa's traditional name was "te kura" (the red bird).

2536:– Tāmaki Paenga Hira has a significant collection, and in 2018 several moa skeletons were imaged and 3D scanned to make the collections more accessible. There is also a major collection in 2336:

found, and experts still contend that moa survival is extremely unlikely, since they would have to be living unnoticed for over 500 years in a region visited often by hunters and hikers.

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themselves. Excavations of rock shelters in the eastern North Island during the 1940s found moa nests, which were described as "small depressions obviously scratched out in the soft dry

3253: 2153:, making these, to our knowledge, the most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date. Moreover, sex-specific DNA recovered from the outer surfaces of eggshells belonging to species of 2399:

of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an

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strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised.

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Analyses of ancient DNA have determined that a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages occurred in several moa genera. These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies;

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suggested that bringing back some smaller species of moa within 50 years was a viable idea. The idea was ridiculed by many, but gained support from some natural history experts.

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have long been suggested to constitute males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.

3530:; Scofield, R.P. (2012). "Twenty-first century advances in knowledge of the biology of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes): A new morphological analysis and moa diagnoses revised". 2228:

that was used and perhaps maintained by moa, for both nesting material and food. Neither the forests nor moa existed when European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.

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Latham, A. David M.; Latham, M. Cecilia; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Forsyth, David M.; Gormley, Andrew M.; Pech, Roger P.; Perry, George L. W.; Wood, Jamie R. (March 2020).

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with muscle attached, and a row of neck vertebrae with muscle, skin, and feathers collected from Earnscleugh Cave near the town of Alexandra in 1870 (currently held by

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Analyses of fossil moa bone assemblages have provided detailed data on the habitat preferences of individual moa species, and revealed distinctive regional moa faunas:

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of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. Excavation of these rings from articulated skeletons has shown that at least two moa genera (

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Burrows, C.; et al. (1981). "The diet of moas based on gizzard contents samples from Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, and Scaifes Lagoon, Lake Wanaka, Otago".

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gizzards could often contain several kilograms of stones. Moa likely exercised a certain selectivity in the choice of gizzard stones and chose the hardest pebbles.

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in London placed on display the moa bone fragment Owen had first examined, to celebrate 200 years since his birth, and in memory of Owen as founder of the museum.

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The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:

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incubation was used." Despite the bird's extinction, the high yield of DNA available from recovered fossilised eggs has allowed the moa's genome to be sequenced.

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were synonyms. A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies, instead.

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portrayed moa being hunted by Māori in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals, "Tiere der Urwelt", in the early 1900s.

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continue to search for them, but their claims and supporting evidence (such as of purported footprints) have earned little attention from experts and are

7114: 3812:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3770:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 3205:"Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" 2831: 9710: 6901: 6848: 5949: 1944:

of their bones. Moa fed on a range of plant species and plant parts, including fibrous twigs and leaves taken from low trees and shrubs. The beak of

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and is both singular and plural. Usage in New Zealand English and in the scientific literature in recent years has been changing to reflect this.

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No evidence has been found to suggest that moa were colonial nesters. Moa nesting is often inferred from accumulations of eggshell fragments in

390:, reached about 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kilograms (510 lb) while the smallest, the 8269: 7633: 7598: 7311: 6856: 4255:"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand" 598:

Although dozens of species were described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be

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Wood, J.R. (2008). "Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) nesting material from rockshelters in the semi-arid interior of South Island, New Zealand".

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Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez

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An expedition in the 1850s under Lieutenant A. Impey reported two emu-like birds on a hillside in the South Island; an 1861 story from the

965:, and landscape changes. The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014) with some clade names after Yuri 7174: 6978: 6052:; Rawlence, N.J.; Jones, S.M.; Read, S.E. (2008). "A deposition mechanism for Holocene miring bone deposits, South Island, New Zealand". 3055:"A refined model of body mass and population density in flightless birds reconciles extreme bimodal population estimates for extinct moa" 9685: 7619: 6933: 6870: 5710: 5545:

Horrocks, M.; et al. (2004). "Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand".

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Milberg, Per; Tyrberg, Tommy (1993). "Naïve birds and noble savages – a review of man-caused prehistoric extinctions of island birds".

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Palaeontologists working on moa bone deposits in the 'Graveyard', Honeycomb Hill Cave System: This cave is a closed scientific reserve.

969:(2013). It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds: 2098:

species took as long to reach adult size as small moa species, and as a result, had fast skeletal growth during their juvenile years.

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dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (

1774:) existed. Their distributions in coastal areas have been rather unclear, but were present at least in several locations such as on 6926: 6324:"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5056: 7689: 6493: 1857:

were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.

6230:(1994). "Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand". 7926: 7071: 2320:. A 1993 report initially interested the Department of Conservation, but the animal in a blurry photograph was identified as a 5232: 2580:

after the bird died at a dry site (for example, a cave with a constant dry breeze blowing through it). Most were found in the

9690: 6380: 5860: 5313: 5221: 5202: 5180: 5002:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 4516: 4493: 3769: 3574:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand" 3204: 5790:"Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites" 2425:

Since the discovery of the first moa bones in the late 1830s, thousands more have been found. They occur in a range of late

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New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837

4405: 3851:"Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals" 2381: 2121:

within moa coprolites found among the nesting material provide evidence that the nesting season was late spring to summer.

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Densely intermingled moa bones have been encountered in swamps throughout New Zealand. The most well-known example is at

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however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species, as discussed above.

1989:(the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way. 1814:), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the 665:. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species. 655:. Some of the other size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic and temporal factors. 4849: 9720: 8262: 7845: 5435: 5175:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98. 4603: 4311: 4066: 3684: 3510: 1792: 5388:) found in a cave at the head of the Waikaia River, with a notice of a moa-hunters camping place on the Old Man Range" 1909:(1973). Analysis of the spacing of these tracks indicates walking speeds between 3 and 5 km/h (1.75–3 mph). 9675: 8010: 7785: 4647: 2863: 1977:. Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing. Divaracating plants such as 957:

Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the

645:(Owen) because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north–south 9421: 9144: 4387: 2763:

Interest in the moa's potential for revival was further stirred in mid-2014 when New Zealand Member of Parliament

2295:, but after its rediscovery in the 1940s, she saw a picture of it and concluded that she had seen something else. 1217: 9624: 8024: 8017: 7968: 5239:. New Zealand: New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Archived from 4762:"DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa" 2526: 4900: 9372: 9367: 9362: 4883: 2634: 2411: 9705: 8255: 5465:; Jacomb, C. (2000). "Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications". 1881:, with fossilised moa footprint impressions in fluvial silts, have been found in the North Island, including 441:. Moa extinction occurred within 100 years of human settlement of New Zealand, primarily due to overhunting. 175: 2502:, which frequently occur in dunes near harbours and river mouths (for example the large moa hunter sites at 434: 6368: 6319: 6270: 6227: 6178: 5892: 5504: 5462: 5446: 4670: 3709:; Willerslev, E.; Hailef, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kampk, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 3706: 3424: 2533: 961:

about 6 Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles,

5968: 5871: 5749: 3962: 9585: 9580: 7982: 7682: 6486: 3427:; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009). 2498:' between dune ridges. Many such moa bones antedate human settlement, although some originate from Māori 2490:

Moa bones and eggshell fragments sometimes occur in active coastal sand dunes, where they may erode from

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group. However, genetic studies have found that their closest relatives are the flighted South American

9730: 9571: 9492: 8566: 8031: 7865: 7562: 3011: 2792:'s poem, "The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch" was published in 1943. 6077: 4254: 3329:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites" 2174:

The skeleton of female upland moa with egg in unlaid position within the pelvic cavity in Otago Museum

154: 9634: 9333: 7790: 7780: 3963:"The Moa-Hunters of New Zealand: Sportsman of the Stone Age – Chapter I. Did The Maori Know The Moa?" 2618:

with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874 (currently held by

455: 30: 3893: 3662:"Moa's Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia" 2387: 2195: 9451: 9345: 8912: 8900: 7727: 6564: 5583: 5513:"A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury" 5383: 4901:"A poem a day: The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch – Allen Curnow" 2687: 2283: 1985: 1555: 1403: 488: 476: 278: 258: 6183:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand" 3007:"A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)" 2644:, with skin and muscle, from the Hector Range in 1884; (currently held by the Zoology Department, 1796:

The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum

34: 8965: 8953: 8701: 8199: 7860: 7770: 7755: 6275:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt. Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand" 5404: 3254:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" 2630: 2521:

in north Canterbury, where bones from at least 183 individual moa have been excavated, mostly by

1494: 518:) with necks upright, indicating that moa were more than capable of assuming both neck postures. 6466: 5000:

Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005).

3167: 9670: 9647: 9533: 9225: 8876: 8607: 8233: 8158: 8113: 8103: 7675: 6479: 5728:"And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae)" 998: 747: 737: 386: 380: 162: 9463: 8871: 8866: 8754: 5837: 5601:"Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa" 1242: 9642: 9504: 9328: 9323: 9213: 9057: 8929: 8888: 8530: 8223: 8038: 7656: 5852: 5846: 2691: 2671: 2313: 2067:

were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on New Zealand's North Island (

1512: 689: 9611: 5147: 4185: 2086:, as are many other large endemic New Zealand birds. They are characterised by having a low 549:. The feature is associated with deep resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances. 9593: 9154: 8839: 8467: 8366: 8294: 8278: 8189: 8059: 6618: 6335: 6286: 6239: 6194: 6147: 6108: 6013: 5908: 5665: 5612: 5554: 5476: 5336: 5273: 5115: 5015: 4336: 4153: 4099: 3811: 3722: 3711:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3585: 3440: 3429:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography" 3268: 3066: 3020: 2645: 1469: 1337: 55: 5944:

Vickers-Rich, P; Trusler, P; Rowley, MJ; Cooper, A; Chambers, GK; Bock, WJ; Millener, PR;

5405:"A preliminary report on the nesting habits of moas in the East Coast of the North Island" 4406:"Alice Mackenzie describes seeing a moa and talks about her book, Pioneers of Martins Bay" 929:

about 60 million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species,

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wings that all other ratites have. They were the largest terrestrial animals and dominant

8: 9284: 9272: 8737: 8725: 8689: 8390: 8123: 8088: 7825: 7800: 7568: 5447:"The Moa – Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared" 3970: 2220: 1979: 1894: 1886: 1815: 1753: 1745: 1147: 937:-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between 608: 315: 6339: 6290: 6243: 6198: 6151: 6112: 6017: 5912: 5770: 5669: 5616: 5558: 5480: 5340: 5277: 5119: 5019: 4340: 4157: 4103: 3726: 3589: 3444: 3272: 3070: 3024: 2395:

Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the

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published an additional account from a farmer and his shepherd. An 80-year-old woman,

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This article is about the extinct New Zealand birds known as moa. For other uses, see

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Wood, J.R. (2007). "Moa gizzard content analyses: further information on the diet of

5924: 5856: 5831: 5811: 5681: 5640: 5492: 5467: 5431: 5309: 5217: 5198: 5176: 5131: 5093:; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003). 5043: 4791: 4609: 4599: 4307: 4288: 4276: 4169: 4072: 4062: 3882: 3831: 3792: 3750: 3680: 3613: 3506: 3468: 3350: 3306: 3294: 3227: 3084: 2729: 2593: 2581: 2495: 1385: 1164: 1033: 1011: 616: 522: 494: 403: 240: 5653: 5599:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (30 August 2010).

5574: 5358: 4999: 4946: 4119: 3551: 3185: 3032: 2082:

Examination of growth rings in moa cortical bone has revealed that these birds were

1890: 9695: 9509: 9480: 9399: 9313: 9069: 9052: 8631: 8342: 8184: 8143: 8093: 7961: 7900: 7895: 7745: 7717: 7605: 7253: 6799: 6343: 6294: 6247: 6207: 6202: 6182: 6155: 6138:(1998b). "The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand". 6116: 6061: 6021: 5936: 5916: 5896: 5801: 5776: 5693: 5673: 5630: 5620: 5562: 5524: 5484: 5344: 5286: 5281: 5257: 5143: 5123: 5106: 5033: 5023: 4959: 4781: 4773: 4344: 4266: 4181: 4161: 4107: 3872: 3862: 3823: 3784: 3740: 3730: 3676: 3603: 3593: 3539: 3502: 3458: 3448: 3340: 3284: 3276: 3219: 3074: 3028: 3002: 2868: 2597: 2254: 2250: 1966: 1941: 1898: 989: 885: 859: 849: 827: 820: 662: 651: 612: 438: 421:

to ratites. The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds, lacking even the

367: 6348: 6323: 6299: 6274: 6251: 6159: 6120: 5788:

Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010).

5529: 5512: 5488: 1173: 579:

The moa's closest relatives are small terrestrial South American birds called the

406:

settled New Zealand circa 1300 vary between 58,000 and approximately 2.5 million.

9404: 9377: 9018: 8941: 8518: 8153: 8138: 8083: 8052: 7850: 7131: 6947: 6863: 6783: 6549: 5303: 5190: 4977: 4433: 4139:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis" 3543: 2783: 1878: 1779: 646: 459: 359: 352: 3827: 3788: 3223: 2091: 9235: 9115: 9086: 9074: 8776: 8542: 8108: 7954: 7875: 7870: 7855: 7750: 7735: 7484: 6746: 5897:"Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa" 2764: 2518: 2125: 1195: 1138: 602:. Currently, 11 species are formally recognised, although recent studies using 8749: 6445: 6025: 5349: 5324: 4981: 3993:"The material culture of the Moa-hunters in Murihiku – 2. Evidence of Zoology" 1940:, as well as indirectly through morphological analysis of skull and beak, and 9664: 9556: 9208: 9203: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9110: 8194: 8118: 8066: 7940: 7890: 7830: 7760: 7712: 7698: 7457: 7393: 7301: 7011: 6989: 6776: 6688: 6675: 6630: 6502: 6455: 6390: 6364: 6315: 6266: 6223: 6174: 6135: 6096: 6073: 6049: 5945: 5652:

Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R.P.; Lambert, David M. (2003).

5508: 5240: 5090: 4810:

Scientists plan to resurrect a range of extinct animals using DNA and cloning

4613: 4280: 4134: 3702: 3657: 3572:

Baker, A.J.; Huynen, L.J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2005).

3527: 3420: 3249: 3088: 2842: 2753: 2745: 2656: 2329: 2325: 2278: 2225: 1771: 1700: 1580: 1168: 958: 776: 482: 399: 227: 112: 5806: 5789: 5625: 5028: 4637: 4234:

Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; and Lambert, David M. (2010)

4076: 3735: 3598: 3453: 3345: 3328: 3280: 1906: 9387: 9230: 9098: 8977: 8851: 8713: 8578: 8402: 8128: 8098: 8003: 7989: 7933: 7815: 7795: 7775: 7612: 7415: 7331: 6841: 6831: 5928: 5815: 5685: 5644: 5496: 5135: 5047: 4795: 4777: 4173: 3886: 3867: 3835: 3796: 3754: 3617: 3472: 3354: 3298: 3231: 2809: 2789: 2715: 2660: 2619: 2608: 2537: 2377: 2349: 1983:(the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and 1118: 1063: 896: 678: 542: 422: 418: 308: 284: 267: 6460: 4137:; Ford, T.; Hoppitt, W.; Willerslev, E.; Drummond, A.; Cooper, A. (2003). 3967:

Victoria University of Wellington Catalogue – New Zealand Texts Collection

557: 9565: 9193: 9028: 8815: 8148: 8133: 7885: 7512: 7500: 7473: 7433: 7424: 7372: 7338: 7246: 7181: 7123: 7001: 6709: 6603: 6099:(1998a). "Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand". 2577: 2433: 2372: 2308: 2083: 1819: 1208: 1142: 1028: 869: 805: 603: 584: 562: 546: 503: 363: 87: 6515: 5920: 5677: 5127: 5095:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa 4165: 2268:

told of three-toed footprints measuring 36 cm (14 in) between

1775: 470: 9441: 8989: 8917: 8330: 8247: 7996: 7975: 7840: 7443: 7386: 7356: 7260: 7219: 7154: 7102: 6762: 6720: 3079: 3054: 2915: 2850: 2522: 2507: 2426: 2202: 2129: 1993: 1946: 1684: 1453: 1233: 1024: 903: 842: 763: 706: 430: 132: 97: 6065: 5780: 3289: 3114: 2775: 2532:

Many New Zealand and international museums hold moa bone collections.

2249:

Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive

1740:, the rarest moa species, the only moa species not yet found in Māori 521:

No records survive of what sounds moa made, though some idea of their

9127: 8856: 8827: 8554: 7835: 7820: 7521: 7466: 7400: 7322: 6916: 6894: 6816: 6769: 6755: 6731: 6576: 6471: 6450: 4111: 2918:

Catalogue of fossil birds 1. Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes

2873: 2584:

Central Otago region, the driest part of New Zealand. These include:

2468: 2317: 2287: 2106: 2087: 1937: 1917: 1767: 1724: 1212: 962: 950: 730: 592: 426: 187: 137: 81: 9527: 8513: 8450: 5874:. New Zealand: Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Archived from 5566: 3006: 2292: 2269: 1757: 9550: 9350: 8602: 7538: 7528: 7365: 7239: 7212: 7164: 6527: 6047: 5875: 5753: 5430:(3rd ed.). London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. Chapter 10. 2836: 2760:

has been undertaken by Japanese geneticist Ankoh Yasuyuki Shirota.

2573: 2564:

Several examples of moa remains have been found with soft tissues (

2491: 2464: 2430: 2364: 2321: 2215: 1997: 1970: 1957: 1952: 1882: 1783: 1369: 783: 720: 621: 571: 515: 507: 391: 371: 207: 127: 122: 107: 102: 92: 74: 4271: 2214:

Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late

2133:

of most moa species were white, although those of the upland moa (

1731:, and the two other moa species that existed in the South Island: 1699:

The fauna of the dry rainshadow forest and shrublands east of the

8643: 8204: 8174: 7379: 7345: 7275: 7230: 7142: 7019: 5088: 4568:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

3327:

Baker, A.J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J.D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).

2702: 2541: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2400: 1933: 1865: 1749: 1067: 993: 934: 920:

Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.

659: 580: 566: 414: 375: 142: 117: 70: 9598: 7667: 6415:"DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells" 5451:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

4760:

Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Armstrong, K.N.; Cooper, A. (2009).

4569: 2701:

with muscle, skin, and feather bases collected from a cave near

2670:

found near Cromwell sometime before 1949 (currently held by the

2451: 2241: 8590: 8318: 6521: 5961:

Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa

5943: 5325:"Eggshell characteristics of moa eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)" 5057:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Dinornithiformes" 2846: 2678:

Two specimens are known from outside the Central Otago region:

2565: 2499: 2472: 2344: 2304: 2276:

that were found by a surveying party; and finally in 1878, the

2273: 2258: 2118: 2110: 1974: 1929: 1741: 949:

present on both the South and North Island remnants during the

410: 197: 3326: 3247: 2417: 2380:, who at that time was working at the Hunterian Museum at the 1969:

occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as

1095: 5171:

Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

4596:

Moa : the life and death of New Zealand's legendary bird

3052: 2445: 2396: 2102: 2094:

period, taking about 10 years to reach adult size. The large

891: 798: 511: 5654:"Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa" 2552: 2352:

holding the first discovered moa fossil and standing with a

1678:

The two main faunas identified in the South Island include:

1662: 9308: 8771: 6533: 5950:"Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa, 5752:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc. Archived from 5651: 4982:"On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland" 4759: 3700: 3655: 3418: 2749: 2709: 2569: 2441: 2437: 2436:

deposits, but are most common in three main types of site:

2114: 1849:

occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of

538: 217: 3248:

Mitchell, K.J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N.J.;

3000: 2849:

up to over 3 metres tall that once lived on the island of

8861: 5588:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

5392:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

3809: 3571: 2924:

Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum

2757: 1955:, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax ( 1845:) tended to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. 1237: 588: 474:

A size comparison between four moa species and a human1.

3001:

Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.;

6078:"Mummified moa remains from Mt. Owen, northwest Nelson" 5598: 4766:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2312:

moa may still exist, particularly in the wilderness of

5787: 4132: 4059:

Ghosts of Gondwana: the history of life in New Zealand

1744:. Its bones have been found in caves in the northwest 5195:

A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor's Tale

4438:

Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in New Zealand

2732:, which lives in a similar seasonally snowy habitat. 2367:" still existed in remote parts of the South Island. 1992:

Like many other birds, moa swallowed gizzard stones (

7534: 7496: 7454: 7439: 7307: 7297: 7287: 7196: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7111: 7007: 6997: 6944: 6913: 6881: 6828: 6812: 6743: 6727: 6716: 6705: 5872:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 5750:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database" 4958:

At least two distinct forms are also known from the

4570:"4. – Moa – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 4230: 4228: 2799: 274: 5890: 5581: 4867:

Mallard: Bring the moa back to life within 50 years

4517:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 4494:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid" 3252:; Wood, J.; Lee, M.S.Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). 3203:Allentoft, M.E.; Rawlence, N.J. (20 January 2012). 2832:

List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene

5461: 5422: 5308:. London, England: The Rainbird Publishing Group. 5216:. Vol. II. London: John Murray. p. 195. 3660:; Jones, C.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Hand, S.J. (2010). 2245:An early 20th-century reconstruction of a moa hunt 1962:) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter. 429:in New Zealand's forest, shrubland, and subalpine 5836:. Vol. I. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 4593: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4225: 4031: 4029: 4027: 3767: 3202: 2596:Valley by gold miners in 1864 (currently held by 2105:and rock shelters, little evidence exists of the 1682:The fauna of the high-rainfall west coast beech ( 701:The currently recognised genera and species are: 9681:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand 9662: 7037: 2690:near Nelson in the 1980s (currently held by the 595:were thought to be most closely related to moa. 6446:TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds 5605:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4306:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 5–6. 3715:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3578:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3433:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3243: 3241: 2913: 2756:. Preliminary work involving the extraction of 6548: 6363: 6314: 6265: 6222: 6173: 5503: 4471: 4326: 4024: 3526: 2744:The creature has frequently been mentioned as 2637:, London; see photograph of foot on this page) 2063:were females. Therefore, the three species of 8263: 7683: 6487: 4921:. Wellington: Progressive Publishing Society. 4626:Holdaway, Richard & Worthy, Trevor (1997) 3990: 3951:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1996) 3942:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1995) 3933:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1994) 3924:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1993) 3768:Allentoft, Morten; Rawlence, Nicolas (2012). 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3196: 2947: 2945: 2286:, claimed in 1959 that she had seen a moa in 2124:Fragments of moa eggshell are often found in 552: 6686: 5384:"On the feathers of a small species of moa ( 4090:Smalley, I.J. (1979). "Moas as rockhounds". 3810:Allentoft, Morten; Nicloas Rawlence (2012). 3238: 2974:"Little bush moa | New Zealand Birds Online" 2900: 2898: 2770: 2746:a potential candidate for revival by cloning 2547: 9513: 9496: 9484: 9467: 9455: 9413: 9391: 9354: 9337: 9300: 9288: 9276: 9251: 9239: 9217: 9180: 9158: 9131: 9119: 9102: 9090: 9078: 9061: 9044: 9032: 9005: 8993: 8981: 8969: 8957: 8945: 8933: 8921: 8904: 8892: 8880: 8843: 8831: 8819: 8807: 8780: 8763: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8693: 8681: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8594: 8582: 8570: 8558: 8546: 8534: 8522: 8505: 8493: 8471: 8459: 8442: 8430: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8298: 6463:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6328:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6279:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6232:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6187:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6140:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6101:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6006:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5329:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5302:Fuller, Errol (1987). Bunney, Sarah (ed.). 5266:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5211: 4419: 4417: 4415: 3100: 3098: 2231: 2039:For example, before 2003, three species of 1649: 15: 8270: 8256: 7690: 7676: 6494: 6480: 6456:Tree of Life classification and references 5954:(Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand" 5869: 5709:. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from 4301: 3960: 3642: 2942: 1924:skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 378:(in six genera). The two largest species, 153: 16: 8046:The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids 6375:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6347: 6298: 6206: 5987:, and the first evidence for the diet of 5805: 5634: 5624: 5528: 5348: 5285: 5197:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 292. 5037: 5027: 4785: 4710: 4708: 4629: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4270: 3876: 3866: 3744: 3734: 3607: 3597: 3462: 3452: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3344: 3320: 3288: 3212:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 3078: 2895: 2043:were recognised: South Island giant moa ( 2012:The pairs of species of moa described as 1996:), which were retained in their muscular 693:Fossil skeleton of the heavy-footed moa ( 9711:Species made extinct by human activities 8277: 6399:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 5725: 5544: 5381: 4976: 4856:, February 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4816:, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4432: 4412: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3095: 2959: 2957: 2774: 2708: 2551: 2450: 2416: 2386: 2343: 2298:Some authors have speculated that a few 2240: 1916: 1864: 1860: 1791: 1661: 688: 677: 556: 525:can be gained from fossil evidence. The 469: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 6134: 6095: 5844: 5703:"Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay" 5402: 5255: 5189: 5157: 4702:Hutton, F.W. & Coughtrey, M. (1875) 4689: 4687: 4514: 4491: 4485: 4209: 4207: 4089: 2303:now-lost ritual among South Islanders. 658:The earliest moa remains come from the 402:. Estimates of the moa population when 14: 9726:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 9663: 6501: 6389: 6072: 5829: 5301: 5230: 5170: 5079: 5054: 4890:, 9 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4873:, 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. 4705: 4364: 3412: 3382: 3368: 3152: 510:depicts moa or moa-like birds (likely 9532: 9531: 8251: 7671: 7584: 7089: 7088: 6673: 6514: 6475: 5700: 5372: 5082:A history of the birds of New Zealand 4907:from the original on 1 February 2020. 4825: 4056: 4052: 4050: 3997:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3396: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 2954: 2459:Bones are commonly found in caves or 834:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 790:(North and South Island, New Zealand) 9635:a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104 8219: 6412: 6003: 5978: 5870:Stephenson, Brent (5 January 2009). 5768: 5747: 5582:Hutton, F.W.; Coughtrey, M. (1874). 5444: 5322: 4828:"Moa genes could rise from the dead" 4684: 4635: 4252: 4204: 3848: 3485: 2996: 2994: 2739: 2339: 2209: 1727:fauna' might include the widespread 409:Moa are traditionally placed in the 7927:Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World 5891:Turvey, Samuel T.; Green, Owen R.; 5258:"A partially mummified skeleton of 4643:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 2779:Harder's illustration of a moa hunt 300: 48: 5173:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 4567: 4349:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00213.x 4061:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton Pub. 4047: 3172:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3165: 3129: 2588:Dried muscle on bones of a female 2421:An excavation in Kapua Swamp, 1894 1818:had made a land bridge across the 619:being evident in several species. 49: 9742: 9686:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 8011:Monsters and Mysteries in America 7697: 6674: 6439: 5055:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). 4648:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2991: 2864:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 1928:Their diet has been deduced from 1901:(1911) (see photograph to left), 668: 583:, which can fly. Previously, the 9422:North Island little spotted kiwi 8659: 8229: 8228: 8218: 7652: 7651: 7567: 7561: 7070: 6355: 6306: 6257: 6214: 6165: 6126: 6039: 5993:Records of the Canterbury Museum 5821: 5584:"Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave" 5536: 5364: 5293: 5160:Records of the Canterbury Museum 4884:Expert supports Moa revival idea 4304:A Concise History of New Zealand 3892: 3681:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1546 3669:Records of the Australian Museum 3557: 3507:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1535 3495:Records of the Australian Museum 3360: 2816: 2802: 2651:The complete feathered leg of a 2194: 2179: 2167: 2055:). However, DNA showed that all 1241: 1216: 1172: 1146: 1094: 1071: 1032: 997: 174: 85: 8025:Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science 8018:On the Track of Unknown Animals 7969:Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files 5428:On the Track of Unknown Animals 4911: 4893: 4876: 4859: 4842: 4819: 4802: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4696: 4663: 4654: 4620: 4587: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4508: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4426: 4398: 4380: 4355: 4320: 4295: 4253:Pole, Mike (31 December 2021). 4246: 4237: 4216: 4195: 4126: 4083: 4038: 4015: 3984: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3842: 3803: 3761: 3694: 3633: 3624: 3565: 3520: 3479: 3333:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3178: 3159: 3107: 3046: 3033:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025 2186:An egg and embryo fragments of 2007: 1800: 1657: 9373:North Island stout-legged wren 9368:South Island stout-legged wren 6208:10.1080/03036758.1993.10721222 5701:Laing, Doug (5 January 2008). 5517:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5287:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481 4989:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4952: 4935: 4598:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton. 3532:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2966: 2907: 2886: 2614:An articulated foot of a male 2463:(the Māori word for doline or 465: 437:, and were hunted only by the 13: 1: 6349:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514 6300:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494 6252:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474 6160:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517575 6121:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573 5530:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107 5489:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250 4969: 4504:(1). Center for Inquiry: 8–9. 4440:. Cambridge University Press. 4302:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012). 2236: 2224:or Kōwai forest ecosystem in 1756:), and some sites around the 1696:(South Island giant moa), and 641:(Archey) is synonymised with 9691:Extinct birds of New Zealand 5233:"Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters" 4515:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4492:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017). 4388:"Alice McKenzie and the Moa" 4361:Holdaway & Jacomb (2000) 3544:10.1080/03014223.2012.665060 3156:Worthy & Holdaway (2002) 2879: 2719:foot, Natural History Museum 2534:Auckland War Memorial Museum 1674:, both from the South Island 923: 444: 398:), was around the size of a 7: 9716:Animals with only two limbs 9701:Bird extinctions since 1500 5991:(Aves: Dinornithiformes)". 5775:. London: John van Voorst. 5237:New Zealand Skeptics Online 4854:New Zealand Science Monthly 4732:Vickers-Rich, et al. (1995) 3828:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3789:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 3393:Huynen, L.J., et al. (2003) 3224:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002 2795: 2659:in 1894 (currently held by 2633:in 1878 (currently held by 2592:found at Tiger Hill in the 2475:areas of northwest Nelson, 2047:), North Island giant moa ( 1951:was analogous to a pair of 1905:(1939), and under water in 910:(South Island, New Zealand) 876:(South Island, New Zealand) 866:(North Island, New Zealand) 856:(South Island, New Zealand) 812:(South Island, New Zealand) 754:(South Island, New Zealand) 744:(North Island, New Zealand) 673: 10: 9747: 9493:New Zealand owlet-nightjar 8567:South Island oystercatcher 8032:Strange Abominable Snowmen 7866:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans 7585: 6413:Yong, Ed (10 March 2010). 5845:Purcell, Rosamond (1999). 4594:Berentson, Quinn. (2012). 4259:Palaeontologia Electronica 3186:"Te Manunui Rock Art Site" 3012:Quaternary Science Reviews 2752:as leading candidates for 2391:Owen's first bone fragment 2030:Pachyornis septentrionalis 1869:Preserved footprints of a 553:Evolutionary relationships 358:) are an extinct group of 53: 9721:Miocene first appearances 9540: 9334:Auckland Island merganser 9263: 9143: 9017: 8792: 8668: 8657: 8285: 8213: 8167: 8076: 7909: 7726: 7705: 7647: 7593: 7580: 7558: 7511: 7492: 7483: 7453: 7423: 7414: 7355: 7321: 7283: 7274: 7229: 7207: 7195: 7141: 7110: 7101: 7097: 7084: 7067: 7033: 6988: 6943: 6912: 6880: 6827: 6808: 6797: 6742: 6701: 6697: 6682: 6669: 6629: 6611: 6602: 6584: 6575: 6557: 6544: 6510: 6373:The Lost World of the Moa 6026:10.1080/03014220809510550 5851:. Mariner Books. p. 5350:10.1080/03014220709510542 4660:Wood, J.R., et al. (2008) 4057:Gibbs, George W. (2006). 2771:In literature and culture 2548:Feathers and soft tissues 2382:Royal College of Surgeons 1594: 1576: 1569: 1551: 1544: 1508: 1490: 1483: 1465: 1458: 1445: 1399: 1381: 1374: 1361: 1333: 1326: 1318: 1311: 1231: 1206: 1199: 1161: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1086: 1061: 1054: 1047: 1022: 1015: 987: 980: 713:(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901 328: 321: 314: 307: 297: 292: 273: 266: 171:Scientific classification 169: 161: 152: 65: 9676:Extinct flightless birds 9346:Chatham Island merganser 8913:Northern royal albatross 8901:New Zealand storm petrel 5260:Anomalopteryx didiformis 5212:Dieffenbach, E. (1843). 5061:Project: The Taxonomicon 4928: 4450:Purcell, Rosamond (1999) 3409:Bunce, M., et al. (2003) 2914:Brodkob, Pierce (1963). 2904:Stephenson, Brent (2009) 2699:Anomalopteryx didiformis 2232:Relationship with humans 1986:Pseudopanax crassifolius 1831:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1827:Dinornis novaezealandiae 1812:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1690:Anomalopteryx didiformis 1688:) forests that included 1650:Distribution and habitat 1556:Anomalopteryx didiformis 788:Anomalopteryx didiformis 742:Dinornis novaezealandiae 683:Anomalopteryx didiformis 489:Anomalopteryx didiformis 477:Dinornis novaezealandiae 396:Anomalopteryx didiformis 279:Dinornis novaezealandiae 31:latest accepted revision 8966:South Island saddleback 8954:North Island saddleback 8930:Orange-fronted parakeet 8702:North Island brown kiwi 8200:Young Earth creationism 7756:David Hatcher Childress 6467:3D model of a moa skull 6451:TerraNature page on Moa 5989:Pachyornis elephantopus 5726:Millener, P.R. (1982). 5626:10.1073/pnas.0914096107 5373:Gould, Charles (1886). 5231:Dutton, Dennis (1994). 5029:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 4850:Life in the Old Moa Yet 4044:Horrocks, et al. (2004) 3736:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3599:10.1073/pnas.0409435102 3454:10.1073/pnas.0906660106 3281:10.1126/science.1251981 3168:"Cave drawing of a moa" 3104:Phillips, et al. (2010) 2963:Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003) 2642:Pachyornis elephantopus 2069:D. novaezealandiae 2049:D. novaezealandiae 1942:stable isotope analysis 1912: 1705:Pachyornis elephantopus 1672:Pachyornis elephantopus 854:Pachyornis elephantopus 724:Owen 1843 (giant moa) 695:Pachyornis elephantopus 387:Dinornis novaezelandiae 9514: 9497: 9485: 9468: 9456: 9414: 9392: 9355: 9338: 9301: 9289: 9277: 9252: 9240: 9218: 9181: 9159: 9132: 9120: 9103: 9091: 9079: 9062: 9045: 9033: 9006: 8994: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8946: 8934: 8922: 8905: 8893: 8881: 8877:New Zealand fairy tern 8844: 8832: 8820: 8808: 8781: 8764: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8648: 8636: 8624: 8612: 8608:Variable oystercatcher 8595: 8583: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8535: 8523: 8506: 8494: 8472: 8460: 8443: 8431: 8419: 8407: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8311: 8299: 8159:George Gaylord Simpson 5967:: 1–26. Archived from 5948:; Yaldwyn, JC (1995). 5769:Owen, Richard (1879). 5403:Hartree, W.H. (1999). 5377:. W.H. Allen & Co. 5256:Forrest, R.M. (1987). 5214:Travels in New Zealand 4917:Curnow, Allen (1944). 4778:10.1098/rspb.2009.0755 4558:Dieffenbach, E. (1843) 4021:Burrows, et al. (1981) 3991:Teviotdale D. (1932). 3915:Worthy, Trevor (1998)b 3906:Worthy, Trevor (1998)a 3868:10.3390/biology2010419 2780: 2720: 2635:Natural History Museum 2561: 2456: 2422: 2412:Natural History Museum 2392: 2357: 2246: 2218:period suggests a low 1925: 1874: 1797: 1770:on the west coast and 1675: 748:South Island giant moa 738:North Island giant moa 698: 686: 576: 575:(r), each with its egg 498: 163:North Island giant moa 51:Extinct order of birds 9643:Paleobiology Database 9505:New Zealand musk duck 9452:Scarlett's shearwater 9329:South Island adzebill 9324:North Island adzebill 9214:Erect-crested penguin 9058:Chatham oystercatcher 8889:New Zealand king shag 8531:New Zealand rock wren 8039:The Hunt for the Buru 5830:Polack, J.S. (1838). 5807:10.1093/sysbio/syp079 5748:OSNZ (January 2009). 5382:Hamilton, A. (1894). 5080:Buller, W.L. (1888). 4741:Worthy, Trevor (1989) 4638:"Roger Shepherd Duff" 3639:Worthy, et al. (1988) 3346:10.1093/molbev/msu153 2778: 2712: 2692:Museum of New Zealand 2672:Museum of New Zealand 2625:The type specimen of 2555: 2454: 2420: 2390: 2347: 2244: 1920: 1868: 1861:Behaviour and ecology 1843:Pachyornis geranoides 1825:In the North Island, 1795: 1665: 864:Pachyornis geranoides 692: 681: 560: 473: 9706:Holocene extinctions 9155:Antipodean albatross 9145:Subantarctic islands 8468:New Zealand dotterel 8367:Double-banded plover 8279:Birds of New Zealand 8190:Hypothetical species 8060:The Secret Saturdays 6425:on 22 September 2020 6054:Journal of Taphonomy 5952:Megalapteryx didinus 5386:Megalapteryx didinus 4995:(Supplement): 39–44. 4750:Forrest, R.M. (1987) 4468:Heuvelmans, B (1959) 4377:Fuller, Errol (1987) 3971:W & T Avery Ltd. 3379:Turvey et al. (2005) 3190:Heritage New Zealand 3003:Wilmshurst, Janet M. 2978:nzbirdsonline.org.nz 2646:Cambridge University 2627:Megalapteryx didinus 2576:) preserved through 2558:Megalapteryx didinus 2494:and concentrate in ' 2300:Megalapteryx didinus 2135:Megalapteryx didinus 2071:) and South Island ( 2059:were males, and all 2057:D. struthioides 2053:D. struthioides 2051:), and slender moa ( 1764:Megalapteryx didinus 1738:Pachyornis australis 1707:(heavy-footed moa), 1338:Megalapteryx didinus 941:and the other taxa. 908:Megalapteryx didinus 874:Pachyornis australis 639:Megalapteryx benhami 435:arrival of the Māori 417:, once considered a 362:formerly endemic to 56:Moa (disambiguation) 9464:North Island takahē 9339:rakiraki maungahuka 9285:New Zealand bittern 9273:South Island piopio 9226:Reischek's parakeet 8872:South Island kōkako 8867:North Island kōkako 8755:South Island takahē 8738:Yellow-eyed penguin 8726:Southern brown kiwi 8690:Little spotted kiwi 8124:Sherrie Lynne Lyons 8089:Robert Todd Carroll 7826:Aleksandr Kondratov 7801:John Willison Green 6340:1996JRSNZ..26..275W 6291:1995JRSNZ..25..333W 6244:1994JRSNZ..24..297W 6199:1993JRSNZ..23..147W 6152:1998JRSNZ..28..537W 6113:1998JRSNZ..28..421W 6018:2008JRSNZ..38..115W 5921:10.1038/nature03635 5913:2005Natur.435..940T 5678:10.1038/nature01838 5670:2003Natur.425..175H 5617:2010PNAS..10716201H 5611:(30): 16201–16206. 5559:2004EmuAO.104..149H 5481:2000Sci...287.2250H 5475:(5461): 2250–2254. 5341:2007JRSNZ..37..139G 5323:Gill, B.J. (2007). 5278:1987JRSNZ..17..399F 5153:on 28 January 2019. 5128:10.1038/nature01871 5120:2003Natur.425..172B 5020:2005PNAS..102.8257B 4960:Saint Bathans Fauna 4919:Sailing or Drowning 4772:(1672): 3395–3402. 4723:Hamilton, A. (1894) 4714:Buller, W.L. (1888) 4540:Polack, J.S. (1838) 4341:1993Ecogr..16..229M 4191:on 28 January 2019. 4166:10.1038/nature01871 4158:2003Natur.425..172B 4104:1979Natur.281..103S 3961:Buick L.T. (1937). 3727:2009PNAS..10620646B 3721:(49): 20646–20651. 3590:2005PNAS..102.8257B 3486:Gill, B.J. (2010). 3445:2009PNAS..10620646B 3439:(49): 20646–20651. 3273:2014Sci...344..898M 3071:2020Ecogr..43..353L 3025:2014QSRv..105..126P 3005:(1 December 2014). 2686:found in a cave on 2682:A complete foot of 2221:Sophora microphylla 2137:) were blue-green. 1980:Pennantia corymbosa 1754:Honeycomb Hill Cave 1752:districts (such as 663:Saint Bathans Fauna 316:6 genera, 9 species 21:Page version status 9432:South Island snipe 9427:North Island snipe 9248:Subantarctic snipe 9199:Campbell albatross 9189:Antipodes parakeet 9133:kawau o rangihaute 8804:Black-fronted tern 8678:Great spotted kiwi 8620:White-fronted tern 8485:North Island robin 8480:South Island robin 8439:Long-tailed cuckoo 8379:New Zealand falcon 7811:Bernard Heuvelmans 7766:William R. Corliss 5794:Systematic Biology 5424:Bernard Heuvelmans 4521:Skeptical Inquirer 4482:Laing, Doug (2008) 3705:; Phillips, M.J.; 3656:Tennyson, A.J.D.; 3423:; Phillips, M.J.; 3080:10.1111/ecog.04917 2824:New Zealand portal 2781: 2721: 2562: 2457: 2423: 2410:In July 2004, the 2393: 2358: 2247: 2201:Restoration of an 2014:Euryapteryx curtus 1932:contents of their 1926: 1922:D. novaezealandiae 1875: 1871:D. novaezealandiae 1835:Euryapteryx gravis 1808:Euryapteryx gravis 1798: 1709:Euryapteryx gravis 1676: 1599:Euryapteryx curtus 1404:D. novaezealandiae 1309:†Dinornithiformes 946:Oligocene Drowning 832:Euryapteryx curtus 699: 687: 652:Pachyornis mappini 628:Euryapteryx curtus 577: 561:A comparison of a 499: 374:, there were nine 27: 9731:Notopalaeognathae 9658: 9657: 9534:Taxon identifiers 9525: 9524: 9476:New Zealand goose 9297:New Zealand quail 9041:Chatham albatross 8760:Fiordland penguin 8502:Paradise shelduck 8490:New Zealand scaup 8427:Sacred kingfisher 8415:Grey-faced petrel 8307:Black-billed gull 8245: 8244: 8180:Fearsome critters 7948:Destination Truth 7920:Animalia Paradoxa 7881:Ivan T. Sanderson 7846:Vladimir Markotic 7806:Richard Greenwell 7741:Jon-Erik Beckjord 7665: 7664: 7643: 7642: 7576: 7575: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7410: 7409: 7270: 7269: 7191: 7190: 7115:Opisthodactylidae 7091:Notopalaeognathae 7080: 7079: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7039:Notopalaeognathae 7029: 7028: 6793: 6792: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6419:Discover Magazine 6395:"A moa sighting?" 6382:978-0-253-34034-4 6369:Holdaway, Richard 6320:Holdaway, Richard 6271:Holdaway, Richard 6228:Holdaway, Richard 6179:Holdaway, Richard 5981:Dinornis robustus 5907:(7044): 940–943. 5893:Holdaway, Richard 5862:978-0-395-89228-2 5848:Swift as a Shadow 5664:(6954): 175–178. 5505:Holdaway, Richard 5463:Holdaway, Richard 5445:Hill, H. (1913). 5375:Mythical Monsters 5315:978-0-8160-1833-8 5223:978-1-113-50843-0 5204:978-0-618-00583-3 5182:978-0-7876-5784-0 5114:(6954): 172–175. 5084:. London: Buller. 5014:(23): 8257–8262. 4903:. 25 April 2011. 4826:Young, E (1997). 4636:Davidson, Janet. 4392:Radio New Zealand 4222:Gill, B.J. (2007) 4213:Wood, J.R. (2008) 4152:(6954): 172–175. 4098:(5727): 103–104. 3849:Yuri, T. (2013). 3816:Annals of Anatomy 3777:Annals of Anatomy 3707:Holdaway, Richard 3690:on 11 April 2019. 3584:(23): 8257–8262. 3516:on 11 April 2019. 3425:Holdaway, Richard 3267:(6186): 898–900. 2892:Brands, S. (2008) 2740:Potential revival 2640:The lower leg of 2603:Several bones of 2594:Manuherikia River 2590:Dinornis robustus 2527:Canterbury Museum 2340:Surviving remains 2210:Pre-human forests 1717:Dinornis robustus 1694:Dinornis robustus 1668:Dinornis robustus 1666:A restoration of 1646: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1433: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1349: 1348: 1324:Megalapterygidae 1299: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1185: 1184: 1165:Aepyornithiformes 1108: 1107: 1012:Notopalaeognathae 769: 752:Dinornis robustus 714: 617:sexual dimorphism 587:, the Australian 495:Dinornis robustus 381:Dinornis robustus 346: 345: 340: 334: 262: 241:Notopalaeognathae 39:13 September 2024 18: 9738: 9651: 9650: 9638: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9615: 9614: 9602: 9601: 9589: 9588: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9572:Dinornithiformes 9561: 9560: 9559: 9542:Dinornithiformes 9529: 9528: 9517: 9510:New Zealand swan 9500: 9488: 9471: 9459: 9417: 9395: 9363:Long-billed wren 9358: 9341: 9304: 9292: 9280: 9255: 9243: 9221: 9184: 9162: 9135: 9123: 9106: 9094: 9082: 9070:Chatham parakeet 9065: 9053:Chatham gerygone 9048: 9036: 9009: 8997: 8985: 8973: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8925: 8908: 8896: 8884: 8847: 8835: 8823: 8811: 8784: 8767: 8745: 8733: 8721: 8709: 8697: 8685: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8627: 8615: 8598: 8586: 8574: 8562: 8550: 8538: 8526: 8509: 8497: 8475: 8463: 8446: 8434: 8422: 8410: 8398: 8386: 8374: 8362: 8350: 8343:Buff-banded rail 8338: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8232: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8185:Folklore studies 8144:Benjamin Radford 8094:Steuart Campbell 7962:Extinct or Alive 7901:Odette Tchernine 7896:Roderick Sprague 7746:John Bindernagel 7728:Cryptozoologists 7718:List of cryptids 7692: 7685: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7655: 7654: 7606:Incognitoolithus 7582: 7581: 7571: 7566: 7565: 7536: 7498: 7490: 7489: 7456: 7441: 7421: 7420: 7309: 7299: 7289: 7281: 7280: 7205: 7204: 7200:Dinornithiformes 7198: 7172: 7162: 7152: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7099: 7098: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7074: 7035: 7034: 7009: 6999: 6946: 6915: 6883: 6830: 6814: 6806: 6805: 6800:Struthioniformes 6745: 6729: 6718: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6684: 6683: 6671: 6670: 6609: 6608: 6582: 6581: 6555: 6554: 6546: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6512: 6511: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6421:. Archived from 6409: 6407: 6405: 6386: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6311: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6219: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6092: 6082: 6069: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6000: 5975: 5973: 5958: 5940: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5878:on 25 April 2015 5866: 5841: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5809: 5784: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5756:on 25 April 2015 5744: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5707:Hawkes Bay Today 5697: 5648: 5638: 5628: 5595: 5578: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5500: 5458: 5441: 5419: 5409: 5399: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5352: 5319: 5298: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5227: 5208: 5191:Dawkins, Richard 5186: 5167: 5154: 5152: 5146:. Archived from 5103: 5089:Bunce, Michael; 5085: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5063:. Archived from 5051: 5041: 5031: 4996: 4986: 4978:Anderson, Atholl 4963: 4956: 4950: 4939: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4897: 4891: 4882:Tohill, M.-J., " 4880: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4823: 4817: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4789: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4671:"Digitising moa" 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4498:Skeptical Briefs 4489: 4483: 4480: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4459:Gould, C. (1886) 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4434:Anderson, Atholl 4430: 4424: 4421: 4410: 4409: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4274: 4250: 4244: 4243:Yong, Ed. (2010) 4241: 4235: 4232: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4184:. Archived from 4143: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4112:10.1038/281103b0 4087: 4081: 4080: 4054: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3880: 3870: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3738: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3683:. Archived from 3666: 3653: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3601: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3509:. Archived from 3492: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3466: 3456: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3391: 3380: 3377: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3348: 3339:(7): 1686–1696. 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3309:. Archived from 3292: 3258: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2952: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2869:Island gigantism 2826: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2598:Yorkshire Museum 2330:pseudoscientific 2326:Cryptozoologists 2255:carbon-14 dating 2198: 2183: 2171: 2077:D. robustus 2073:D. robustus 2061:D. robustus 2045:D. robustus 1967:ecological niche 1903:Rangitīkei River 1899:Palmerston North 1877:About eight moa 1572: 1571: 1547: 1546: 1486: 1485: 1461: 1460: 1448: 1447: 1377: 1376: 1364: 1363: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1305: 1245: 1220: 1202: 1201: 1176: 1150: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1099: 1098: 1090:Dinornithiformes 1075: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1036: 1018: 1017: 1001: 990:Struthioniformes 983: 982: 973: 972: 886:Megalapterygidae 850:Heavy-footed moa 828:Broad-billed moa 768:(Bonaparte 1854) 767: 712: 710:Dinornithiformes 456:William Williams 368:Late Pleistocene 360:flightless birds 356:Dinornithiformes 338: 332: 276: 257: 254:Dinornithiformes 252: 179: 178: 157: 147: 84: 69:Temporal range: 63: 62: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9646: 9641: 9633: 9631: 9623: 9618: 9610: 9605: 9597: 9592: 9584: 9579: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9536: 9526: 9521: 9405:Waitaha penguin 9400:Chatham penguin 9265: 9259: 9147: 9139: 9021: 9019:Chatham Islands 9013: 8942:Red-billed gull 8935:kākāriki karaka 8796: 8794: 8788: 8670: 8664: 8655: 8287: 8281: 8276: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8209: 8163: 8154:Michael Shermer 8139:Donald Prothero 8084:Joshua Blu Buhs 8072: 8053:The X Creatures 7983:In Search of... 7911: 7905: 7851:Jeffrey Meldrum 7786:Richard Freeman 7722: 7701: 7696: 7666: 7661: 7639: 7589: 7572: 7560: 7544: 7507: 7479: 7449: 7406: 7351: 7317: 7266: 7225: 7187: 7137: 7132:Opisthodactylus 7093: 7076: 7069: 7053: 7025: 6984: 6948:Ergilornithidae 6939: 6908: 6902:Galligeranoides 6876: 6864:Palaeophasianus 6849:Galligeranoides 6823: 6802: 6789: 6784:Pseudocrypturus 6738: 6691: 6678: 6645: 6625: 6598: 6571: 6565:Avemetatarsalia 6550:Avemetatarsalia 6540: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6500: 6442: 6437: 6428: 6426: 6403: 6401: 6383: 6354: 6305: 6256: 6213: 6164: 6125: 6080: 6038: 5974:on 22 May 2010. 5971: 5956: 5881: 5879: 5863: 5820: 5759: 5757: 5730: 5716: 5714: 5713:on 24 July 2011 5567:10.1071/MU03019 5535: 5438: 5407: 5363: 5316: 5292: 5262:from Southland" 5246: 5244: 5243:on 8 March 2016 5224: 5205: 5183: 5150: 5101: 5070: 5068: 5067:on 7 March 2009 4984: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4916: 4912: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4881: 4877: 4864: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4824: 4820: 4807: 4803: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693:Owen, R. (1879) 4692: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4606: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549:Hill, H. (1913) 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4513: 4509: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4431: 4427: 4423:Anderson (1989) 4422: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4300: 4296: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4141: 4131: 4127: 4088: 4084: 4069: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3847: 3843: 3808: 3804: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3664: 3654: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3397: 3392: 3383: 3378: 3369: 3359: 3325: 3321: 3316:on 30 May 2019. 3313: 3256: 3246: 3239: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 2999: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2784:Heinrich Harder 2773: 2742: 2550: 2403:, and named it 2342: 2266:Nelson Examiner 2239: 2234: 2212: 2205: 2199: 2190: 2184: 2175: 2172: 2034:P. mappini 2026:E. crassus 2010: 1965:Moa filled the 1915: 1863: 1803: 1780:Otago Peninsula 1692:(bush moa) and 1660: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1534: 1525: 1495:P. elephantopus 1434: 1425: 1416: 1359:†Dinornithidae 1350: 1300: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1186: 1109: 1093: 926: 676: 671: 643:M. didinus 609:Bergmann’s rule 555: 468: 460:William Colenso 447: 288: 282: 256: 250: 173: 148: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 80:17–0.0006 79: 78: 67: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 9744: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9639: 9629: 9616: 9603: 9590: 9577: 9562: 9546: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9507: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9473: 9461: 9449: 9447:Imber's petrel 9444: 9439: 9437:Forbes's snipe 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9410:Eyles' harrier 9407: 9402: 9397: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9348: 9343: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9294: 9282: 9269: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9245: 9236:Snares penguin 9233: 9228: 9223: 9219:tawaki nana hī 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9151: 9149: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9125: 9116:Magenta petrel 9113: 9108: 9096: 9087:Chatham pigeon 9084: 9075:Chatham petrel 9072: 9067: 9055: 9050: 9038: 9025: 9023: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 8999: 8987: 8975: 8963: 8951: 8939: 8927: 8915: 8910: 8898: 8886: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8837: 8825: 8813: 8800: 8798: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8774: 8769: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8674: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8600: 8588: 8576: 8564: 8552: 8543:Shining cuckoo 8540: 8528: 8516: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8465: 8453: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8412: 8400: 8388: 8376: 8364: 8352: 8340: 8328: 8316: 8304: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8275: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8252: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8109:Sharon A. Hill 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7955:Exotic Zoology 7951: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7876:Boris Porshnev 7873: 7871:David Paulides 7868: 7863: 7861:Michael Newton 7858: 7856:John R. Napier 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7771:Peter Costello 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7751:Peter C. Byrne 7748: 7743: 7738: 7736:Henry H. Bauer 7732: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7532: 7525: 7517: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7493: 7487: 7485:Casuariiformes 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7460: 7458:Aepyornithidae 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7437: 7429: 7427: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7295: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7178: 7168: 7158: 7147: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7117: 7105: 7095: 7094: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7016: 7005: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6975: 6972:Sinoergilornis 6968: 6961: 6953: 6951: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6920: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6888: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6837: 6835: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6809: 6803: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6749: 6747:Lithornithidae 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6725: 6714: 6702: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6558: 6552: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6508: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6440:External links 6438: 6436: 6435: 6410: 6393:(March 2009). 6391:Worthy, Trevor 6387: 6381: 6365:Worthy, Trevor 6361: 6334:(3): 275–361. 6316:Worthy, Trevor 6312: 6285:(3): 333–370. 6267:Worthy, Trevor 6263: 6238:(3): 297–391. 6224:Worthy, Trevor 6220: 6193:(3): 147–254. 6175:Worthy, Trevor 6171: 6146:(4): 537–589. 6136:Worthy, Trevor 6132: 6107:(3): 421–521. 6097:Worthy, Trevor 6093: 6074:Worthy, Trevor 6070: 6050:Worthy, Trevor 6045: 6012:(3): 115–129. 6001: 5976: 5946:Worthy, Trevor 5941: 5888: 5867: 5861: 5842: 5827: 5785: 5766: 5745: 5723: 5698: 5649: 5596: 5579: 5553:(2): 149–156. 5542: 5509:Worthy, Trevor 5501: 5459: 5442: 5437:978-0710304988 5436: 5420: 5400: 5379: 5370: 5335:(4): 139–150. 5320: 5314: 5299: 5272:(4): 399–408. 5253: 5228: 5222: 5209: 5203: 5187: 5181: 5168: 5155: 5091:Worthy, Trevor 5086: 5077: 5052: 4997: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4951: 4947:Māori language 4933: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4910: 4892: 4875: 4858: 4841: 4818: 4808:Le Roux, M., " 4801: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4704: 4695: 4683: 4662: 4653: 4628: 4619: 4605:978-1877517846 4604: 4586: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4507: 4484: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4425: 4411: 4397: 4379: 4363: 4354: 4335:(3): 229–250. 4319: 4313:978-1107402171 4312: 4294: 4245: 4236: 4224: 4215: 4203: 4201:Hartree (1999) 4194: 4135:Worthy, Trevor 4125: 4082: 4068:978-1877333484 4067: 4046: 4037: 4023: 4014: 3983: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3861:(1): 419–444. 3841: 3802: 3760: 3703:Worthy, Trevor 3693: 3658:Worthy, Trevor 3641: 3632: 3623: 3564: 3528:Worthy, Trevor 3519: 3478: 3421:Worthy, Trevor 3411: 3395: 3381: 3367: 3319: 3250:Worthy, Trevor 3237: 3195: 3177: 3166:Schoon, Theo. 3158: 3128: 3106: 3094: 3065:(3): 353–364. 3045: 2990: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2906: 2894: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2855: 2854: 2843:Elephant birds 2840: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2813: 2797: 2794: 2772: 2769: 2765:Trevor Mallard 2741: 2738: 2707: 2706: 2697:A skeleton of 2695: 2676: 2675: 2666:The head of a 2664: 2649: 2638: 2623: 2612: 2601: 2549: 2546: 2519:Pyramid Valley 2356:skeleton, 1879 2341: 2338: 2314:South Westland 2284:Alice McKenzie 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2166: 2126:archaeological 2022:Emeus huttonii 2018:E. exilis 2009: 2006: 1914: 1911: 1891:Manawatū River 1885:Creek (1872), 1862: 1859: 1855:E. curtus 1851:E. gravis 1839:E. curtus 1802: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1761: 1721: 1720: 1703:that included 1697: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1196:Casuariiformes 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1139:Apterygiformes 1135: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 986: 981: 979: 971: 925: 922: 918: 917: 916: 915: 914: 913: 912: 911: 881: 880: 879: 878: 877: 867: 857: 837: 836: 835: 815: 814: 813: 793: 792: 791: 759: 758: 757: 756: 755: 745: 675: 672: 670: 669:Classification 667: 554: 551: 467: 464: 446: 443: 344: 343: 342: 341: 335: 326: 325: 319: 318: 312: 311: 305: 304: 295: 294: 290: 289: 283: 271: 270: 264: 263: 248: 244: 243: 238: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 167: 166: 159: 158: 150: 149: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 68: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9743: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9671:Dinornithidae 9669: 9668: 9666: 9649: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9626: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9552: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9516: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9481:Finsch's duck 9479: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9314:Haast's eagle 9312: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9283: 9279: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9262: 9254: 9249: 9246: 9242: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9209:Campbell teal 9207: 9205: 9204:Campbell shag 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9182:tētē kākāriki 9178: 9177:Auckland teal 9175: 9173: 9172:Auckland shag 9170: 9168: 9167:Auckland rail 9165: 9161: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9134: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111:Chatham snipe 9109: 9105: 9100: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8795:endemic birds 8791: 8783: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8695:kiwi pukupuku 8691: 8688: 8684: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8667: 8662: 8650: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8548:pīpīwharauroa 8544: 8541: 8537: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8319:Brown creeper 8317: 8313: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8261: 8259: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8235: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Pseudoscience 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8119:Daniel Loxton 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8104:Brian Dunning 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8067:Weird Travels 8064: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7941:Beast Legends 7938: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7891:Gardner Soule 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7831:Grover Krantz 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7791:Charles Gould 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Richard Ellis 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7761:Loren Coleman 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7713:Cryptozoology 7711: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7699:Cryptozoology 7693: 7688: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7658: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7570: 7564: 7541: 7540: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7502: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7302:Querandiornis 7296: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7240:Anomalopteryx 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7194: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012:Pachystruthio 7006: 7004: 7003: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6990:Struthionidae 6987: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6958:Amphipelargus 6955: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885:Palaeotididae 6879: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6796: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6777:Paracathartes 6774: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6733: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6689:Palaeognathae 6685: 6681: 6677: 6676:Palaeognathae 6672: 6668: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6631:Palaeognathae 6628: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5985:Emeus crassus 5982: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5800:(1): 90–107. 5799: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5743:(1): 165–170. 5742: 5738: 5737: 5729: 5724: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418:(4): 457–460. 5417: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5305:Extinct Birds 5300: 5296: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5254: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4920: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4832:New Scientist 4829: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4709: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4672: 4666: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4575: 4574:teara.govt.nz 4571: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4272:10.26879/1169 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4003:(162): 81–120 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3895: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3630:Worthy (1987) 3627: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3538:(2): 87–153. 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3116: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2845:, flightless 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2814: 2811: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2754:de-extinction 2751: 2747: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2730:Darwin’s rhea 2727: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657:Old Man Range 2654: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2605:Emeus crassus 2602: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506:, Otago, and 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2279:Otago Witness 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251:Haast's eagle 2243: 2229: 2227: 2226:Central Otago 2223: 2222: 2217: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2188:Emeus crassus 2182: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1873:found in 1911 1872: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:P. geranoides 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:Central Otago 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1713:Emeus crassus 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701:Southern Alps 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1655: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581:Emeus crassus 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513:P. geranoides 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1169:elephant bird 1166: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1000: 995: 991: 985: 984: 978: 977:Palaeognathae 975: 974: 970: 968: 964: 960: 959:Southern Alps 955: 952: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 921: 909: 905: 902: 901: 900: 899: 898: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 882: 875: 871: 868: 865: 861: 860:Mantell's moa 858: 855: 851: 848: 847: 846: 845: 844: 838: 833: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823: 822: 816: 811: 810:Emeus crassus 807: 804: 803: 802: 801: 800: 794: 789: 785: 782: 781: 780: 779: 778: 777:Anomalopteryx 772: 771: 770:(lesser moa) 766: 765: 760: 753: 749: 746: 743: 739: 736: 735: 734: 733: 732: 726: 725: 723: 722: 721:Dinornithidae 717: 716: 711: 708: 704: 703: 702: 696: 691: 684: 680: 666: 664: 661: 656: 654: 653: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 624: 623: 618: 615:) as well as 614: 610: 605: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 574: 573: 568: 564: 559: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 497: 496: 491: 490: 485: 484: 483:Emeus crassus 479: 478: 472: 463: 461: 457: 452: 442: 440: 439:Haast's eagle 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388: 383: 382: 377: 373: 369: 366:. During the 365: 361: 357: 354: 350: 336: 330: 329: 327: 324: 320: 317: 313: 310: 306: 303: 302: 296: 291: 286: 281: 280: 272: 269: 265: 260: 255: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228:Palaeognathae 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 177: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 83: 76: 72: 64: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 9541: 9388:Laughing owl 9383:Chatham kākā 9378:Lyall's wren 9318: 9231:Snares snipe 9099:Chatham shag 8978:Shore plover 8852:Foveaux shag 8777:Blue penguin 8714:Okarito kiwi 8579:Spotted shag 8507:pūtangitangi 8403:Grey warbler 8129:Darren Naish 8099:Peter Dendle 8065: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8004:MonsterQuest 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7934:Beast Hunter 7932: 7925: 7918: 7816:Ralph Izzard 7796:Rupert Gould 7776:Tim Dinsdale 7634:Tsondabornis 7632: 7625: 7618: 7613:Medioolithus 7611: 7604: 7599:Diamantornis 7597: 7537: 7527: 7520: 7499: 7472: 7465: 7442: 7432: 7416:Novaeratitae 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7344: 7337: 7332:Crypturellus 7330: 7312:Roveretornis 7310: 7300: 7290: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7220:Megalapteryx 7218: 7211: 7199: 7180: 7173: 7163: 7153: 7130: 7122: 7018: 7010: 7000: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6932: 6925: 6900: 6893: 6869: 6862: 6857:Geranodornis 6855: 6847: 6842:Eogeranoides 6840: 6832:Geranoididae 6815: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6730: 6719: 6708: 6427:. 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Te Ara. 3117:. govt.nz 3089:0906-7590 3059:Ecography 2880:Footnotes 2874:Megafauna 2492:paleosols 2469:limestone 2318:Fiordland 2288:Fiordland 2088:fecundity 1953:secateurs 1879:trackways 1768:Punakaiki 1760:district. 1725:subalpine 1213:cassowary 994:ostriches 963:volcanism 951:Oligocene 924:Phylogeny 632:E. gravis 593:cassowary 569:(c), and 516:adzebills 449:The word 445:Etymology 423:vestigial 309:Diversity 259:Bonaparte 194:Kingdom: 188:Eukaryota 165:skeleton 9551:Wikidata 9351:Bushwren 9253:tutukiwi 8882:tara-iti 8840:Fernbird 8797:(flying) 8596:miromiro 8536:pīwauwau 8519:Rifleman 8461:pīhoihoi 8408:riroriro 8384:kārearea 8372:pohowera 8355:Dabchick 8312:tarāpuka 8300:korimako 8295:Bellbird 8234:Category 8168:See also 7657:Category 7620:Namornis 7539:Emuarius 7529:Dromaius 7366:Eudromia 7213:Dinornis 7165:Hinasuri 7020:Struthio 6934:Sonogrus 6871:Paragrus 6528:Chordata 6526:Phylum: 6522:Animalia 6371:(2002). 6322:(1996). 6273:(1995). 6181:(1993). 6091:: 36–38. 6085:Notornis 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