Digital rights management

1879: 1995: 1600: 7883: 8554: 1089: 7873: 1542: 27: 1039:, typically an alphanumerical string, can represent a license to a particular copy of software. During the installation process or software launch, the user is asked to enter the key; if the key is valid (typically via internal algorithms), the key is accepted, and the user can continue. Product keys can be combined with other DRM practices (such as online "activation"), to prevent 243:, some complaints by legitimate customers for caused inconveniences, and a suspicion of stifling innovation and competition. Furthermore, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if a required service is discontinued. DRM technologies have been criticized for restricting individuals from copying or using the content legally, such as by 1673:(WTO) "determined that China's copyright laws do not provide the same efficacy to non-Chinese nationals as they do to Chinese citizens, as required by the Berne Convention" and that "China's copyright laws do not provide enforcement procedures so as to permit effective action against any act of infringement of intellectual property rights". 1936:, Marcin Iwinski, announced that the company would not use DRM. Iwinski stated of DRM, "It's just over-complicating things... the game... is cracked in two hours." Iwinski added "DRM does not protect your game. If there are examples that it does, then people maybe should consider it, but then there are complications with legit users." 324:. The SSS was based on encryption, with specialized hardware that controlled decryption and enabled payments to be sent to the copyright holder. The underlying principle was that the physical distribution of encrypted digital products should be completely unrestricted and that users of those products would be encouraged to do so. 537:, reads instructions from media files in a rights management language that states what the user may do with the media. Later versions of Windows Media DRM implemented music subscription services that make downloaded files unplayable after subscriptions are cancelled, along with the ability for a regional lockout. Tools like 2190:, ex-president of the Microsoft Business Division, stated: "If they're going to pirate somebody, we want it to be us rather than somebody else". An analogous argument was made in an early paper by Kathleen Conner and Richard Rummelt. A subsequent study of digital rights management for e-books by Gal Oestreicher-Singer and 7087:'s uses the following digital rights conjecture, that "digital rights increases the incidence of digital piracy, and that managing digital rights therefore involves restricting the rights of usage that contribute to customer value" to show that creative pricing can be an effective substitute for excessively stringent DRM. 2287:

from copyrighting their material for a certain length of time. Consumers would be allowed to obtain music for a certain amount of time easily and the consumer would decide which artists receive the $ 100. The money can either be given to one artist or to many, and this distribution is up to the consumer.

555:) is an updated variant of the broadcast flag. The technical specification was submitted to European governments in March 2007. As with much DRM, the CPCM system is intended to control use of copyrighted material by the end-user, at the direction of the copyright holder. According to Ren Bucholz of the 2286:

is a way for consumers to support "creative and artistic work". In this system, each consumer receives a refundable tax credit of $ 100 to give to any artist of creative work. To restrict fraud, the artists must register with the government. The voucher prohibits any artist that receives the benefits

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argues that digital copy prevention is futile: "What the entertainment industry is trying to do is to use technology to contradict that natural law. They want a practical way to make copying hard enough to save their existing business. But they are doomed to fail." He described trying to make digital

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DMCA has been largely ineffective. Cirumvention software is widely available. However, those who wish to preserve the DRM systems have attempted to use the Act to restrict the distribution and development of such software, as in the case of DeCSS. DMCA contains an exception for research, although the

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embedded within audio or video data. They can be used for recording the copyright owner, the distribution chain or identifying the purchaser. They are not complete DRM mechanisms in their own right, but are used as part of a system for copyright enforcement, such as helping provide evidence for legal

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project – "ebook stravaganza 3000" – to fund the conversion of 3,000 comics, written over 12 years, into a single "humongous" e-book to be released both for free and through the iBookstore; launched 8 February 2012, with the goal of raising $ 3,000 in 30 days. The "payment optional" DRM-free model in

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then issued a public apology. FSF wrote that this was an example of the excessive power Amazon has to remotely censor content, and called upon Amazon to drop DRM. Amazon then revealed the reason behind its deletion: the e-books in question were unauthorized reproductions of Orwell's works, which were

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Many DRM systems require online authentication. Whenever the server goes down, or a territory experiences an Internet outage, it locks out people from registering or using the material. This is especially true for products that require a persistent online connection, where, for example, a successful

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As of January 2022, Pakistan's Intellectual Property Office intended to accede to the WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. However, there has been no major progress for Pakistan to accede to the treaties, and the timeline of the enactments of amendments to the Copyright

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was first reported to have been compromised within 24 hours of release, but users of the cracked version soon found out that only early parts of the game were playable. The Uplay system works by having the installed game on the local PCs incomplete and then continuously downloading parts of the game

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Mathematical models suggest that DRM schemes can fail to do their job on multiple levels. The biggest failure is that the burden that DRM poses on a legitimate customer reduces the customer's willingness to buy. An ideal DRM would not inconvenience legal buyers. The mathematical models are strictly

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DRM laws are widely flouted: according to Australia Official Music Chart Survey, copyright infringements from all causes are practised by millions of people. According to the EFF, "in an effort to attract customers, these music services try to obscure the restrictions they impose on you with clever

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Windows Vista disabled or degraded content play that used a Protected Media Path. DRM restricts the right to make personal copies, provisions lend copies to friends, provisions for service discontinuance, hardware agnosticism, software and operating system agnosticism, lending library use, customer

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is included in purchased media which records information such as the purchaser's name, account information, or email address. Also included may be the file's publisher, author, creation date, download date, and various notes. This information is not embedded in the content, as a watermark is. It is

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stopped publishing audio CDs with DRM, stating that "the costs of DRM do not measure up to the results." In March, Musicload.de, one of Europe's largest internet music retailers, announced their position strongly against DRM. In an open letter, Musicload stated that three out of every four calls to

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that decrypts protected content is not prohibited per se. Decryption done for the purpose of achieving interoperability of open source operating systems with proprietary systems is protected. Dissemination of such software for the purpose of violating or encouraging others to violate copyrights is

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to encrypt content on the DVD disc. Manufacturers of DVD players must license this technology and implement it in their devices so that they can decrypt the content. The CSS license agreement includes restrictions on how the DVD content is played, including what outputs are permitted and how such

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Apple has filed a patent application on a technology for tethering rechargeable devices (like iPods) to particular chargers. The idea is that the device will only allow its batteries to be recharged if it is connected to an authorized charger. Whether this is good for consumers depends on how a

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as an inexpensive (US$ 5), DRM-free download. The only attempt to deter unlicensed copies was a letter emphasizing the lack of corporate involvement and direct relationship between artist and viewer. The film was a commercial success, turning a profit within 12 hours of its release. The artist

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The EU operates under its Information Society Directive, its WIPO implementation. The European Parliament then directed member states to outlaw violation of international copyright for commercial purposes. Punishments range from fines to imprisonment. It excluded patent rights and copying for

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DRM can limit the number of devices on which a legal user can install content. This restriction typically support 3-5 devices. This affects users who have more devices than the limit. Some allow one device to be replaced with another. Without this software and hardware upgrades may require an

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Encryption alters content in a way that means that it cannot be used without first decrypting it. Encryption can ensure that other restriction measures cannot be bypassed by modifying software, so DRM systems typically rely on encryption in addition to other techniques.

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Accessing a pirated copy can be illegal and inconvenient. Businesses that charge acceptable fees for doing so tend to attract customers. A business model that dissuades illegal file sharing is to make legal content downloading easy and cheap. Pirate websites often host

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showed that relaxing some forms of DRM can be beneficial to rights holders because the losses from piracy are outweighed by the increase in value to legal buyers. Even if DRM were unbreakable, pirates still might not be willing to purchase, so sales might not increase.

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DRM became a major concern with the growth of the Internet in the 1990s, as piracy crushed CD sales and online video became popular. It peaked in the early 2000s as various countries attempted to respond with legislation and regulations and dissipated in the 2010s as

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DRM copy-prevention schemes can never be wholly secure since the logic needed to decrypt the content is present either in software or hardware and implicitly can be hacked. An attacker can extract this information, decrypt and copy the content, bypassing the DRM.

5044:"15/. For now, we're retiring DRM-free downloads. Previous purchases with downloadable content will continue to be downloadable from http://amazon.com, so no need to rush. Your DRM-free downloads can now be found here: https://amazon.com/comixology/account" 1070:

Always-on DRM checks and rechecks authorization while the content is in use by interacting with a server operated by the copyright holder. In some cases, only part of the content is actually installed, while the rest is downloaded dynamically during use.

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In February 2022, Comixology, which was later under the ownership of Amazon, ended the option of downloading DRM-free downloads on all comics, although any comics previously purchased prior to the date will have the option to download comics without DRM.

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The analog hole cannot be filled without externally imposed restrictions, such as legal regulations, because the vulnerability is inherent to all analog presentation. The conversion from digital to analog and back reduces recording quality. The

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are notable critics. Stallman has claimed that using the word "rights" is misleading and suggests that the word "restrictions", as in "Digital Restrictions Management", replace it. This terminology has been adopted by other writers and critics.

516:. When the nature of the software was made public much later, Sony BMG initially minimized the significance of the vulnerabilities, but eventually recalled millions of CDs, and made several attempts to patch the software to remove the rootkit. 3019: 1744:

US protections are governed by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). It criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology that lets users circumvent copy-restrictions. Reverse engineering is expressly permitted, providing a

7160:(unveiling, through empirical lines of enquiry, (1) whether certain acts which are permitted by law are being adversely affected by the use of DRM and (2) whether technology can accommodate conflicts between freedom of expression and DRM). 1265:

Regional lockout (or region coding) prevents the use of a certain product or service, except in a specific region or territory. Lockout may be enforced through physical means, through technological means such as inspecting the user's

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released a soundcard which features a function called "Analog Loopback Transformation" to bypass the restrictions of DRM. This feature allows the user to record DRM-restricted audio via the soundcard's built-in analog I/O connection.

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stated, "most DRM strategies are just dumb" because they only decrease the value of a game in the consumer's eyes. Newell suggested that the goal should instead be " greater value for customers through service value". Valve operates

7120:, a book with colorful illustrations and having a coloring book version, by 'MCM'. It describes DRM in terms suited to kids, written in reaction to a Canadian entertainment industry copyright education initiative, aimed at children. 559:(EFF), "You won't even know ahead of time whether and how you will be able to record and make use of particular programs or devices". The normative sections were approved for publication by the DVB Steering Board, and formalized by 761:

as an experiment to "see how truthful people really are" regarding the claim that DRM was inciting people to use illegal copies. Although Ubisoft has not commented on the results of the "experiment", Tweakguides noted that two

2374: 7215: (archived 8 March 2008) from CEN/ISSS (European Committee for Standardization / Information Society Standardization System). Contains a range of possible definitions for DRM from various stakeholders. 30 September 2003 2022:

once had DRM-free works available for sale until 2022 when its parent company, Amazon, removed the option to buy DRM-free works as part of their migration to Amazon's website, although previous purchases remained DRM-free.

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personal, non-commercial purposes. Copyrighted games can be resold. Circumventing DRM on game devices is legal under some circumstances; protections cover only technological measures the interfere with prohibited actions.

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held that the FCC lacked authority to impose it on the US TV industry. It required that all HDTVs obey a stream specification determining whether a stream can be recorded. This could block instances of fair use, such as

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Urs Gasser, 'Legal Frameworks and Technological Protection Measures: Moving towards a Best Practices Model' Research Publication No. 2006-04 at Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society (Harvard) <available at:

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When a company undergoes business changes or bankruptcy, its previous services may become unavailable. Examples include MSN Music, Yahoo! Music Store, Adobe Content Server 3 for Adobe PDF, and Acetrax Video on Demand.

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Laws in many countries criminalize the circumvention of DRM, communication about such circumvention, and the creation and distribution of tools used for such circumvention. Such laws are part of the United States'

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games was when the game would pause and prompt the player to look up a certain page in a booklet or manual that came with the game; if the player lacked access to the material, they would not be able to continue.

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The Norwegian consumer rights organization "Forbrukerrådet" complained to Apple in 2007 about the company's use of DRM, accusing it of unlawfully restricting users' access to their music and videos, and of using

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provides licensing options that encourage creators to work without the use of DRM. Creative Commons licenses have anti-DRM clauses, making the use of DRM by a licensee a breach of the licenses' Baseline Rights.

402:, at a time when no compliant DVD player for Linux had yet been created. The legality of DeCSS is questionable: one of its authors was sued, and reproduction of the keys themselves is subject to restrictions as 473:(DVB), a consortium of about 250 broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, and regulatory bodies from about 35 countries involved in attempting to develop new digital TV standards. 6642: 5020: 2776:

device comes to be authorized. If "authorized" just means "sold or licensed by Apple" then consumers won't benefit – the only effect will be to give Apple control of the aftermarket for replacement chargers.

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In 2004, the Consultation process of the European Commission, and the DG Internal Market, on the Communication COM(2004)261 by the European Commission on "Management of Copyright and Related Rights" closed.

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Arul George Scaria, 'Does India Need Digital Rights Management Provisions or Better Digital Business Management Strategies?' 17 Journal of Intellectual Property Rights pp. 463–477, 464 <available at:

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provides protections for digital content, criminalizing circumvention of technical protections and distribution of illicit copies. Punishment includes prison time. Fair use is not explicitly addressed.

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Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in the Emerging Information Infrastructure, National Research Council. (2000) "The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age." 3 May 2011.

4414: 2642: 498: 4447: 864:, causing around 5% of game owners to become locked out of playing their game. The company later credited owners of the affected games with a free download, and there has been no further downtime. 1726:

Pakistan is not a signatory to the WIPO Copyright Treaty or the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. Pakistani law does not criminalize the circumvention of technological protection measures.

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Piracy can be beneficial to some content providers by increase consumer awareness, spreading and popularizing content. This can also increase revenues via other media, such as live performances.

6109: 3016: 2848: 2116:, namely that in order to view the material, the digital signal must be turned into an analog signal. Post-conversion, the material can be then be copied and reconverted to a digital format. 908:

this case was adopted on Stevens' view that "there is a class of webcomics reader who would prefer to read in large chunks and, even better, would be willing to spend a little money on it."

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Streaming services have created profitable business models by signing users to monthly subscriptions in return for access to the service's library. This model has worked for music (such as

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At the end of the day, all DRM systems share a common vulnerability: they provide their attackers with ciphertext, the cipher and the key. At this point, the secret isn't a secret anymore.

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code from Ubisoft's servers as the game progresses. It was more than a month after the PC release in the first week of April that software was released that could bypass Ubisoft's DRM in

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may separate watermarks from the recording or detect them as glitches. Additionally, comparison of two separately obtained copies of audio using basic algorithms can reveal watermarks.

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released a DRM-free PDF e-book. He followed this with a DRM-free iBook specifically for the iPad that generated more than 10,000 downloads in three days. That led Stevens to launch a

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made music DRM-free after April 2007 and labeled all music as "DRM-Free" after 2008. Other works sold on iTunes such as apps, audiobooks, movies, and TV shows are protected by DRM.

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The rise of digital media and analog-to-digital conversion technologies has increased the concerns of copyright-owners, particularly within the music and video industries. While

2717: 1661:(WCT) which requires nations to enact laws against DRM circumvention. The WIPO Internet Treaties do not mandate criminal sanctions, merely requiring "effective legal remedies". 1133:

to permit worldwide access to rare documents which, for legal reasons, were previously only available to authorized individuals actually visiting the Library's document centre.

6978: 4949: 4871: 4134: 4107: 3569: 857:. The software did this by emulating a Ubisoft server for the game. Later that month, a real crack was released that was able to remove the connection requirement altogether. 320:

In 1983, the Software Service System (SSS) devised by the Japanese engineer Ryuichi Moriya was the first example of DRM technology. It was subsequently refined under the name

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and offered the game DRM-free for backers. This project exceeded its original goal of $ 400,000 in 45 days, raising in excess of $ 2 million. Crowdfunding acted as a

2938: 201:, and supporting licenses' modalities such as rentals. Industrial users (i.e. industries) have expanded the use of DRM technologies to various hardware products, such as 7376: 7126:– A paper by Marc Fetscherin which provides an overview of the various components of DRM, pro and cons and future outlook of how, where, when such systems might be used. 255:, audio and video publishers). Many online stores such as OverDrive use DRM technologies, as do cable and satellite service operators. Apple removed DRM technology from 5388:

Wolf, Patrick; Steinebach, Martin; Diener, Konstantin (27 February 2007). Yagüe, Mariemma (ed.). "Complementing DRM with digital watermarking: mark, search, retrieve".

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Satellite and cable systems distribute their content widely and rely on hardware DRM systems. Such systems can be hacked by reverse engineering the protection scheme.

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Jamali, Hamid R.; Nicholas, David; Rowlands, Ian (2009). "Scholarly e-books: the views of 16,000 academics: Results from the JISC National E-Book Observatory".

5515: 3960: 2669: 4509: 4406: 3287: 3194: 2638: 7116: 6035: 3116: 3051: 1781: 1241:, wherein if the game copy is suspected of being unauthorized, annoyances like guns losing their accuracy or the players turning into a bird are introduced. 279:

and during normal use, digital media files may be duplicated without limit with no degradation. Digital devices make it convenient for consumers to convert (

7674: 7296: 7096: 4439: 7513: 7046:. The book is a legal and social history of copyright. Lessig is well known, in part, for arguing landmark cases on copyright law. A professor of law at 6799: 2791: 2761: 1730:

Ordinance is unclear. As of February 2023, Pakistan's Intellectual Property Office was currently finalizing draft amendments to its Copyright Ordinance.

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Israel is not a signatory to the WIPO Copyright Treaty. Israeli law does not expressly prohibit the circumvention of technological protection measures.

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The Marlin DRM was developed and is maintained by open industry group Marlin Developer Community (MDC) and is licensed by MTMO. (Marlin was founded by

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concluded in 2006, that the complete blocking of any possibilities of making private copies was an impermissible behaviour under French copyright law.

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installed DRM software on users' computers without clearly notifying the user or requiring confirmation. Among other things, the software included a

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restricts how it acts with regard to certain content, overriding user's wishes (for example, preventing the user from copying a copyrighted song to

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Patricia Akester, "Technological Accommodation of Conflicts between Freedom of Expression and DRM: The First Empirical Assessment" available at

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law, but added that protected DRM techniques should be made interoperable, a move which caused widespread controversy in the United States. The

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As an example, metadata is used in media purchased from iTunes for DRM-free as well as DRM-restricted content. This information is included as

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being a notable exception in the case of Electronic Arts. Ubisoft broke with the tendency to use online DRM in late 2008, with the release of

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or using an identifying code, or through unintentional means introduced by devices that support only region-specific technologies (such as

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project completed in 2008. It was a European Commission Integrated Project of the FP6, has as its main goal automating content production,

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Zakir Thomas, 'Overview of Changes to Indian Copyright Law' 17 Journal of Intellectual Property Rights pp 324–334, 332 <available at

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regime for the standard, so it is not presently possible to fully implement a system, as no supplier of device certificates has emerged.

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were filed, which were ultimately settled by agreements to provide affected consumers with a cash payout or album downloads free of DRM.

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put most of the game logic is on the "side" or taken care of by the servers of the game maker. Blizzard uses this strategy for its game

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suggested that piracy rates were lower than normal as a result, making the release an important case study for the digital marketplace.

91: 7391: 7003: 6618: 5781: 4744: 2960: 1559: 44: 6329: 3673: 2821: 1971:, has a provision that "strips" DRM of its legal value, so people can break the DRM on GPL software without breaking laws such as the 63: 9174: 8992: 7341: 7311: 6970: 6131: 4099: 3565: 2739: 1449: 5229: 4847: 4348: 4130: 1669:

China's Interim Regulations ostensibly regulate digital content. China claims to protect intellectual property rights, although the

8090: 7488: 7208: 7196: 7067:, published in 10 languages (Czech, German, Greek, English, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Swedish), produced by the 7050:, Lessig writes for an educated lay audience, including for non-lawyers. He is, for the most part, an opponent of DRM technologies. 5724: 4074:"Amazon's CEO Jeff Bezos apologizes for Kindle ebook deletion. Free Software Foundation calls upon Amazon to free the ebook reader" 3539: 3490: 2429: 1654: 1416: 513: 5113: 5066: 7905: 4268: 3867: 3513: 1702: 1444: 1438: 832: 70: 5537: 4707: 4043: 3993: 7061:) in 2001. An overview of DRM technology, business implications for content publishers, and relationship to U.S. copyright law. 6954: 3176: 2934: 885: 487: 283:) media originally in a physical, analog or broadcast form into a digital form for portability or later use. Combined with the 6306: 5754: 3595: 9142: 8969: 8279: 7460: 7418: 7361: 6017: 5807: 5366: 4157: 3401: 1237: 548:

was published in 2006 with recommendations regarding copyright terms, exceptions, orphaned works, and copyright enforcement.

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as a formal European Standard (TS 102 825-X) where X refers to the Part number. Nobody has yet stepped forward to provide a

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Baker, Dean. (2003). "The Artistic Freedom Voucher: An Internet Age Alternative to Copyrights." Pg. 2–8. Web. 3 May. 2011.

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discusses how DRM is implemented in ways to control consumers, but is undermining perceived product value in the process.

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Some audio/video editing programs may distort, delete, or otherwise interfere with watermarks. Signal/modulator-carrier

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and documents, in order to prevent copying, printing, forwarding, and creating backup copies. This is common for both

59: 8932: 7694: 7604: 7599: 6549: 5507: 4816: 3952: 3329: 3087: 3077:"Joint Comments of the American Council of the Blind and the American Foundation for the Blind, DOCKET NO. RM 2011-7" 2665: 2387:

Digital locks – also known as digital rights management (DRM) technologies or technological protection measures (TPM)

1640: 1581: 457: 110: 4506: 2555:"LOI n° 2006-961 du 1er août 2006 relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins dans la société de l'information" 1125:

While some commentators claim that DRM complicates e-book publishing, it has been used by organizations such as the

8728: 8100: 7423: 7331: 6043: 4601: 3840: 3198: 1739: 429: 356: 309: 171: 7146:– PhD Thesis by Roberto García that tries to address DRM issues using Semantic Web technologies and methodologies. 6891: 3124: 3044: 9395: 8982: 7983: 7689: 7521: 7428: 7240: 7202: 6765: 5642: 4237: 2336: 688:

led to protests, resulting in searches for an unlicensed version. This backlash against the activation limit led

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concluded that DRM does not appear to increase video game piracy, noting that other games on the list, such as

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Technological Accommodation of Conflicts between Freedom of Expression and DRM: The First Empirical Assessment

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standard is used to restrict content to services to which the customer is subscribed. Content has an embedded

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causes a special invincible foe in the game to appear and constantly attack the player until they are killed.

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Sicker, Douglas, Paul Ohm, and Shannon Gunaji. "The Analog Hole and the Price of Music: An Empirical Study".

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protections against contract amendments by the publisher, and whether content can pass to the owner's heirs.

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Adobe's DRM is applied to EPUBs and PDFs, and can be read by several third-party e-book readers, as well as

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Many publishers and artists label their works "DRM-free". Major companies that have done so include Apple,

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rights and restricts a range of normal and legal user activities. A DRM component such as that found on a

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held hearings in March 2009, to review disclosure of DRM limitations to customers' use of media products.

436:. In 2006, the lower house of the French parliament adopted such legislation as part of the controversial 259:

around 2009. Typical DRM also prevents lending materials out through a library, or accessing works in the

158:, multimedia content) and of systems that enforce these policies within devices. DRM technologies include 9100: 8987: 8908: 8708: 7812: 7719: 7554: 6740:"VOD Service Acetrax Shutting Down, Forcing Customers Through DRM Hoops To Retain Their Purchased Movies" 5928: 4291: 3729: 2494: 934: 483:

On 22 May 2001, the European Union passed the Information Society Directive, with copyright protections.

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allowed rights holders to provide the option of DRM-free downloads. Publishers that allow this include

876: 582:, a process key was published by hackers, which enabled unrestricted access to AACS-protected content. 84: 6847:

Conner, Kathleen and Richard Rummelt (1991). "Software Piracy: An Analysis of Protection Strategies".

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as part of a compilation). Doctorow described this as "the right to make up your own copyright laws".

1460: 9390: 9105: 9016: 8825: 8414: 8314: 8210: 8032: 7844: 7759: 6083: 5721:"The Digital Imprimatur: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle" 2346: 1922: 1872: 1827:, who heads a British organization that opposes DRM and similar efforts in the UK and elsewhere, and 1396: 974: 712:, use DRM without limits or online activation. Additionally, other video games that use DRM, such as 564: 477: 379:'s secure-computing scheme due to fear of arrest under DMCA; and blind or visually impaired users of 6057: 5486: 3756: 1865:

stated that "The purpose of copy protection is not making the game uncrackable – it is impossible."

665:

project was a dialogue on consumer acceptability of DRM solutions in Europe that completed in 2008.

352:

permitted outputs are made available. This keeps the encryption intact as the content is displayed.

8810: 8688: 8583: 8269: 8172: 7839: 7636: 7589: 7574: 7526: 7336: 6469: 6224: 6113: 4069: 2306: 2038: 1999: 1968: 1899: 1812: 1670: 1618: 1401: 1365: 861: 5195: 3471: 3432: 2088:, which was found to cause no negative gameplay impact despite a little increase in loading time. 371:. The DMCA has been cited as chilling to legitimate users; such as security consultants including 9228: 8898: 8850: 8513: 8400: 8110: 8005: 7948: 5178: 1552: 1421: 1194: 1010: 684: 336: 154:

works. DRM technologies govern the use, modification and distribution of copyrighted works (e.g.

37: 6921: 6592: 5804:"Opposing Digital Rights Mismanagement (Or Digital Restrictions Management, as we now call it)?" 5453: 5136: 3717:

focuses on bringing old, time-tested games into the downloadable era with low prices and no DRM.

9385: 8220: 8205: 8080: 8047: 7953: 7886: 7774: 7621: 7584: 7483: 5874: 5830: 1798: 1149: 994: 964: 844: 452:

The broadcast flag concept was developed by Fox Broadcasting in 2001, and was supported by the

248: 240: 6539: 6438: 5697: 4016: 3321: 3314: 2615: 9120: 8939: 8673: 8215: 8120: 8085: 7928: 7749: 7544: 7536: 7475: 7408: 6199: 1894:

that conflict with Norwegian consumer legislation. The complaint was supported by consumers'

1698: 1658: 1006: 921: 826:

Ubisoft formally announced a return to online authentication on 9 February 2010, through its

600: 425: 239:

DRM is controversial. There is an absence of evidence about the DRM capability in preventing

190: 7000: 6614: 6225:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation" 5777: 1171:, KF8, and Mobipocket format e-books. Topaz format e-books have their own encryption system. 9047: 8959: 8871: 8820: 8765: 8633: 8606: 8588: 8486: 8457: 8160: 8155: 8135: 7834: 7769: 7764: 7326: 7058: 5873:, Kommunikation & Recht, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft, archived from 5047: 3677: 2809: 2296: 2142: 2068:

Certain DRM systems have been associated with reduced performance: some games implementing

1752: 1455: 1295: 1271: 1218: 789: 616: 603:

prior to 2006 became unplayable due to a change to the servers that validate the licenses.

517: 384: 348: 147: 8553: 4352: 3617: 3283: 2736: 312:

largely replaced piracy and content providers elaborated next-generation business models.

8: 8743: 8518: 8476: 8075: 7943: 7714: 7316: 7232: 7228: 7047: 7027: 5221: 3543: 3256: 2437: 1976: 1882: 1706: 1371: 1232: 983: 708: 159: 5720: 3486: 818:

and that the company that published and sold on Amazon's service had no right to do so.

682:

for DRM and requiring authentication with a server. The use of the DRM scheme in 2008's

9077: 9072: 9059: 8927: 8855: 8760: 8393: 8339: 8243: 7261: 6864: 5196:"Practical problems for libraries distributing ebooks & secure electronic delivery" 5110: 4863: 4789: 2484:

Kranich, Nancy. "Chap 1(pg.8)." The Information Commons. Creative Commons, 2004. Print.

2069: 1878: 1353:

that the card examines to decide whether the content can be viewed by a specific user.

1247: 1119: 860:

In March 2010, Uplay servers suffered a period of inaccessibility due to a large-scale

606:

In 2007, the European Parliament supported the EU's direction on copyright protection.

590:

their customer support phone service are as a result of consumer frustration with DRM.

5043: 4950:"Europe's Highest Court Says DRM Circumvention May Be Lawful in Certain Circumstances" 4440:"European Court of Justice rules on the right to sell your digital games and licenses" 4264: 2718:

Light Bulb DRM: Philips Locks Purchasers Out Of Third-Party Bulbs With Firmware Update

1406: 1201:

uses Marlin to protect EPUB books. These books can be read on the Kno App for iOS and

9330: 9306: 9296: 9258: 8975: 8733: 8668: 8618: 8565: 8523: 8471: 8274: 8037: 7872: 7794: 7641: 7321: 7218: 7084: 6545: 6147: 5995: 5405: 4867: 4552:

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/14771/1/JIPR%2017%285%29%20463-477.pdf

4531:

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/14771/1/JIPR%2017%285%29%20463-477.pdf

4047: 3983: 3325: 2879: 2430:"Fact Sheet: Digital Rights Management and have to do: Technical Protection Measures" 2409: 2341: 2326: 2274:

Many artists give away individual tracks to create awareness for a subsequent album.

2252: 2191: 1905: 1746: 1427: 1153: 1040: 744: 669: 636: 623: 534: 391: 321: 194: 7171: 6951: 5750: 3591: 9147: 9095: 8944: 8884: 8648: 8638: 8533: 8354: 8299: 8259: 8140: 7978: 7559: 7181: 6856: 5903: 5803: 5746: 5397: 4855: 3409: 3309: 2405: 2138: 2080: 1982: 1824: 1816: 1339: 1260: 1222: 774: 198: 6349:"A great day for DRM as Denuvo lapse renders tons of games temporarily unplayable" 6302: 6014: 5648:(Report). Office of the United States Trade Representative. April 2023. p. 81 16:

Technology to control access to copyrighted works and prevent unauthorized copying

8835: 8815: 8713: 8538: 8528: 8386: 8349: 8184: 8042: 7958: 7897: 7829: 7212: 7190: 7157: 7043: 7022: 7007: 6958: 6646: 6571: 6021: 5493: 5225: 4770: 4751: 4558: 4537: 4513: 4507:

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/14460/1/JIPR%2017(4)%20324-334.pdf

4103: 3146: 3023: 2795: 2743: 2724: 2697: 2321: 2311: 2301: 1914: 1836: 1525: 1521: 1126: 986:

ruled that circumventing DRM on game devices was legal under some circumstances.

953: 899: 736: 655: 490:/Information Society Standardization System (CEN/ISSS) DRM Report was published. 364: 276: 131: 7246: 7079:

Digital Rights Management – Technological, Economic, Legal and Political Aspects

186:

an example of a member state of the European Union implementing that directive.

9361: 9335: 9268: 9005: 8903: 8753: 8703: 8678: 8643: 8623: 8503: 8491: 8344: 8309: 8284: 8025: 7998: 7988: 7626: 7549: 6409:"Evidence continues to mount about how bad Denuvo is for PC gaming performance" 2161:

When standards and formats change, DRM-restricted content may become obsolete.

1933: 1854: 1760:

exception is subject to qualifiers that created uncertainty in that community.

1386: 1350: 1307: 720: 702: 403: 372: 292: 175: 143: 7221:

Article investigating the effects of DRM and piracy on the video game industry

6912: 5907: 5401: 4859: 3844: 643:, a major publisher of science fiction and fantasy books, first sold DRM-free 363:. It had controversial (possibly unintended) implications. Russian programmer 197:

from theft. For examples, they can help the copyright holders for maintaining

9374: 9278: 8915: 8876: 8845: 8840: 8693: 8683: 8653: 8334: 8059: 7857: 7818: 7724: 7381: 7306: 7254: 7036: 6881: 6713: 5924: 5409: 2883: 2701: 1952: 1898:

in Sweden and Denmark, and was reviewed in the EU in 2014. The United States

1844: 1828: 1513: 1508: 1299: 1226: 1214: 1157: 1137: 1065: 815: 794: 778: 692:

to become the most pirated game in 2008, topping the top 10 list compiled by

545: 466: 380: 360: 260: 218: 8289: 5508:"Digital age copyright law in Asia: DMCA-type provisions in China and India" 4682: 4653: 4073: 4017:"Amazon zaps purchased copies of Orwell's 1984 and Animal Farm from Kindles" 3886: 3806: 3030:, Japan Patent Office, 5 October 1983, Ryoichi Mori, applicant. Reported by 2584: 797:

after refunding the purchase price. Commentators described these actions as

770:

had over 23,000 people downloading the game within 24 hours of its release.

599:

A notable DRM failure happened in November 2007, when videos purchased from

9357: 9291: 9286: 9199: 9169: 9115: 8949: 8805: 8508: 8369: 8294: 8130: 8115: 8052: 8010: 7993: 7699: 7656: 7569: 7135: 7092:

Implications of Digital Rights Management on the Demand for Digital Content

7074: 6575: 3898: 3818: 3345: 2263: 2146: 2049: 1784: 998: 916: 872: 763: 693: 579: 528: 499:

Directorate-General for Information Society and Media (European Commission)

305: 288: 272: 6884:"Are Digital Rights Valuable? Theory and Evidence from the eBook Industry" 6860: 2935:"The DRM graveyard: A brief history of digital rights management in music" 1763:

Cryptanalytic research may violate the DMCA, although this is unresolved.

544:

The Gowers Review of Intellectual Property by the British Government from

9340: 9184: 9164: 8889: 8723: 8698: 8663: 8498: 8364: 8359: 8179: 8150: 8015: 7789: 7616: 7611: 7124:

Present State and Emerging Scenarios of Digital Rights Management Systems

7032: 4597: 2705: 2691:

Philips pushes lightbulb firmware update that locks out third-party bulbs

2223: 2187: 2113: 1909: 1848: 1342: 1179: 1111: 1036: 926: 912: 904: 783: 674: 206: 2872:"A New Jailbreak for John Deere Tractors Rides the Right-to-Repair Wave" 9345: 9207: 9202: 9152: 9134: 9130: 8954: 8770: 8718: 8601: 8481: 8426: 8145: 7968: 6971:"Surprise, surprise – almost every piracy website features cyber scams" 6883: 6868: 6330:"Friendly reminder: soon new ComiXology purchases will not be DRM-free" 5778:"Transcript of Opening session of first international GPLv3 conference" 5309:"Interview: Bohemia Interactive's CEO on fighting piracy, creative DRM" 2283: 2019: 1868: 1566: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1475: 1267: 1202: 1164: 1141: 1093: 1002: 990: 969: 949: 945: 868: 810: 753: 632: 626: 593: 538: 225: 221: 214: 189:

163: 9046: 7142: 5864:"Vom PC zum TC: Trusted Computing und Digital Restrictions Management" 1749:

where circumvention is necessary to interoperate with other software.

1156:

uses DRM technology provided by Adobe, applied to EPUBs and the older

1088: 9325: 9067: 8830: 8785: 8780: 8628: 8596: 8020: 7646: 6250: 2817: 2057: 2011: 1895: 1493: 1381: 1346: 1100: 960: – allowed e-book downloading by violating copyright. 930: 798: 640: 340: 233: 232:. For instance, tractor companies try to prevent farmers from making 151: 7150: 6846: 5251: 2052:(CDs) with DRM schemes are not standards-compliant, and are labeled 1994: 1541: 1197:, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, and Sony.) Online textbook publisher 941:, many games were crowd-funded and many offered a DRM-free version. 26: 9212: 9110: 8790: 8748: 8611: 8095: 7684: 7564: 6353: 5458: 5427: 5280: 5164:"The use of a Digital Rights Management System for Document Supply" 5067:"Comixology app gets major update, but users don't seem to like it" 3988: 2639:"Keurig Will Use DRM in New Coffee Maker To Lock Out Refill Market" 2401:

Computer Forensics: Investigating Network Intrusions and Cybercrime

2231: 2074: 1498: 1482: 1411: 1391: 1319: 1175: 895: 767: 714: 662: 552: 505: 414: 367:

was arrested for alleged DMCA infringement after a presentation at

284: 244: 155: 6888:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems

6640:

Why the Kindle's DRM is anti-elderly: AARP should fight against it

6470:"Tested: Denuvo DRM has no performance impact on Final Fantasy 15" 5932: 5694:"DMCA's author says the DMCA is a failure, blames record industry" 5592: 476:

In January 2001, the Workshop on Digital Rights Management of the

398:, which allowed a CSS-encrypted DVD to play on a computer running 9189: 8800: 8775: 8738: 8407: 8304: 6439:"Denuvo DRM Proven To Hurt Performance Of Games It's Attached To" 6110:"FTC Town Hall to Address Digital Rights Management Technologies" 5960: 5487:

https://courses.edx.org/c4x/HarvardX/HLS1.1x/asset/Urs_Gasser.pdf

5051: 3540:"Apple Unveils Higher Quality DRM-Free Music on the iTunes Store" 2904: 2248: 2227: 2219: 2007: 1918: 1503: 1470: 1242: 1229:, which makes it more difficult to make unauthorized recordings. 973:

and Electronic Arts used this same strategy with their reboot of

957: 891:

In 2012, India implemented digital rights management protection.

740: 679: 651: 619: 509: 368: 280: 229: 210: 6915:"Music Downloads and the Flip Side of Digital Rights Management" 6134:. 2 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 5538:"India, RCEP and the WIPO Internet Treaties: Time For a Rethink" 4848:"Pirate research-paper sites play hide-and-seek with publishers" 735:

DRM throughout the later half of 2008 and early 2009, including

469:. It achieved more success elsewhere when it was adopted by the 9320: 9179: 8658: 8573: 2460:"Digital Rights Management Systems and Copy Protection Schemes" 2085: 2053: 1488: 1323:

kept separate from the content, but within the file or stream.

1187: 1107: 1044: 732: 644: 575: 527:

released in 2006 did not support content that used Microsoft's

437: 256: 202: 183: 6688:"DRM still sucks: Yahoo Music going dark, taking keys with it" 4212:"Official explanation of controversial Assassin's Creed 2 DRM" 291:

tools, made unauthorized distribution of copyrighted content (

9315: 9263: 9159: 7651: 5835: 5137:"eBooks and Digital Rights Management (DRM), for ePublishers" 4733:

drmfree-torment-is-the-most-richly-backed-game-on-kickstarter

3781: 2985: 2463: 2015: 1524:

may include DRM mechanisms. Most of the mechanisms above are

1376: 827: 748: 678:

marked the start of a wave of titles primarily making use of

399: 395: 376: 6512: 6169:"'Witcher 2' Developer: 'We Will Never Use Any DRM Anymore'" 4983:"DRM Circumvention May Be Legal, European Union Court Rules" 4894:"Sci-hub, bookfi and libgen resurface after being shut down" 4745:

civitas-the-drm-free-alternative-to-simcity-hits-kickstarter

4407:"Why Louis C.K.'s big payday proves the Internet has ethics" 2810:"We Can't Let John Deere Destroy the Very Idea of Ownership" 2108:

Audio and visual material (excluding interactive materials,

9240: 6913:

Dinah A. Vernik; Devavrat Purohit; Preyas S. Desai (2011).

6822:"Microsoft executive: Pirating software? Choose Microsoft!" 4764:

Kitaru Kickstarter supporters get DRM-free copy of the game

4708:"Double Fine's adventure game will be DRM free for backers" 3701:"First look: GOG revives classic PC games for download age" 3514:"Musicload: 75% of customer service problems caused by DRM" 2316: 2235: 2121: 1972: 1891: 1875:, saying that DRM causes problems for legitimate consumers. 1275: 609: 560: 524: 453: 432:(DMCA), was passed in 1998. The European Union enacted the 375:, who declined to publish vulnerabilities he discovered in 7081:. An 800-page compendium from 60 different authors on DRM. 5281:

drewbatgit; v-kents; DCtheGeek; msatranjr (3 March 2021).

3117:"Memorandum Order, in MPAA v. Reimerdes, Corley and Kazan" 7001:

http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/ip_2003_11.pdf

4323:"Ubisoft apologizes to users affected by 'always on' DRM" 4185:"Ubisoft Denies Launch Day Crack for Silent Hunter 5 DRM" 3644:"Computex 2007: ASUS Showcases New Generation Audio Card" 2495:"Public Law 105 – 304 – Digital Millennium Copyright Act" 2266:

has been used as a publishing model for digital content.

2124:

attempt to plug the analog hole was largely ineffective.

1858:

files uncopyable as like "trying to make water not wet".

1659:

World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty

1279: 1198: 1183: 586: 501:, and the work of the High Level Group on DRM were held. 426:

World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty

344: 4624:"Free PDF of the first Diesel Sweeties comic collection" 4068: 3984:"Big Brother: Amazon Remotely Deletes 1984 From Kindles" 3225:

European Commission – Information Society – eEurope 2005

2666:"Keurig's coffee brewer 'DRM' has already been defeated" 1792:

RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.

1178:

DRM is applied to EPUBs and can be read only by Apple's

1103:

prevents illicit copying of multimedia and other files.

948:(shut down by court order on 15 February 2012), BookFi, 247:

or by making backup copies. DRM is in common use by the

7094:, provides a view on DRM from a consumers perspective. 6766:"Australia Recording industry Association Survey, 2003" 6661:"DRM sucks redux: Microsoft to nuke MSN Music DRM keys" 5086:"PlayReady DRM - 5 Things to Know About DRM Technology" 4376:"What Louis C.K. Knows That Most Media Companies Don't" 2182: 2041:

on the server essentially makes the material unusable.

1144:, and the Marlin Trust Management Organization (MTMO). 7178:

6946: 6944: 6942: 6882:

Oestreicher-Singer, Gal and Arun Sundararajan (2004).

5897: 4817:"Court Orders Shutdown of Libgen, Bookfi, and Sci-Hub" 3147:"W3C Workshop – Digital Rights Management for the Web" 2072:

performed better without DRM. However, in March 2018,

1043:

the software to run without a product key, or using a

6589:"What Content Will Be Crippled When Output in Vista?" 4782: 4681:. dieselsweeties.com. 26 January 2012. Archived from 4652:. dieselsweeties.com. 23 January 2012. Archived from 3782:

Andy Greenberg; Mary Jane Irwin (12 September 2008).

3302: 2269: 1951:

as a technology "most likely to fail" in an issue of

1345:

require a specific piece of hardware to operate. The

1136:

Four main e-book DRM schemes are in common use, from

7297:

Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

7224: 7143:

A Semantic Web Approach to Digital Rights Management

5994:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 181. 5424:"Tunes Plus DRM-free, not free of annoying glitches" 5387: 5363:"Serious Sam 3 Non-Traditional DRM Solutions Part 2" 4673: 4671: 4472:

AGARWAL, DEVIKA AGARWAL & RADHIKA (4 May 2016).

4100:"Why Amazon went Big Brother on some Kindle e-books" 6939: 6565:

DRM Is The Right To Make Up Your Own Copyright Laws

5013:"Amazon's comixology introduces DRM-free downloads" 4351:. Buy.louisck.net. 13 December 2011. Archived from 4265:"Ubisoft's controversial 'always on' PC DRM hacked" 3868:"PC Prince of Persia contains no DRM. It's a trap!" 51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7927: 7665: 7099:. dissertation.de. 5 February 1998. Archived from 7055:Digital Rights Management: Business and Technology 6500:Journal of Tellecommunications and High Technology 4238:"Ubisoft's DRM for Assassin's Creed II is Cracked" 3313: 7276: 6952:http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9601#toc 6541:Security and Privacy in Digital Rights Management 6132:"Gabe Newell Says DRM Strategies 'Are Just Dumb'" 4668: 4158:"Ubisoft's contentious DRM scheme already hacked" 4014: 3566:"Apple hides account info in DRM-free music, too" 3197:. Europa.eu.int. 23 February 2009. Archived from 2282:The Artistic Freedom Voucher (AFV) introduced by 1945:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9372: 3922:"Amazon Erases Orwell Books From Kindle Devices" 3484: 3308: 3249: 2986:Bobbie Johnson, San Francisco (6 January 2009). 2845:"DIY Tractor Repair Runs Afoul of Copyright Law" 2609: 2210:Several business models offer DRM alternatives. 1841:Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure 731:Many mainstream publishers continued to rely on 327:An early DRM protection method for computer and 4320: 4044:"Amazon recalls (and embodies) Orwell's '1984'" 3376:"Engadget FairUse4WM strips Windows Media DRM!" 2746:on techdirt.com by Carlo Longino (25 July 2007) 888:ruled in favor of reselling copyrighted games. 7193: (archived 8 December 2010) from Microsoft 6197: 6033: 5668:"2023 Investment Climate Statements: Pakistan" 5618:"2022 Investment Climate Statements: Pakistan" 5505: 5306: 4918: 1528:mechanisms rather than DRM mechanisms per se. 1303:purposes, rather than enforcing restrictions. 979:, the necessity of which has been questioned. 9032: 8442: 7913: 7262: 5828: 5796: 5775: 5506:Gerk, David; Dannenberg, Ross (13 May 2009). 3981: 3892: 3812: 3461: 2241: 1607:The examples and perspective in this section 7302:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 5919: 5917: 5745: 5336:"Serious Sam's DRM Is A Giant Pink Scorpion" 5005: 4572:"A New DRM-free Experiment: Diesel Sweeties" 4474:"Needless pressure to change copyright laws" 4404: 4155: 3676:. Pcpro.co.uk. 1 August 2007. Archived from 3464:"New AACS processing key leaks onto the net" 2961:"QuickPlay Distributes TV Over Mobile Wi-Fi" 2258: 1775:DVD Copy Control Association, Inc. v. Bunner 1163:Amazon's DRM is an adaption of the original 1096:warning that a file is "copyright protected" 6379: 5333: 5175:IFLA World Library and Information Congress 4845: 4289: 4209: 3950: 3430: 3123:. New York. 2 February 2000. Archived from 2927: 2758:"DRM for Chargers: Possibly Good for Users" 2663: 2559:Journal officiel de la République française 2277: 9039: 9025: 8449: 8435: 7920: 7906: 7269: 7255: 6406: 5041: 4182: 3692: 3618:"MLB Fans Who Bought DRM Videos Get Hosed" 3511: 2789:hacking-dell-laptop-charger-identification 2737:Another Thing You Need: 'DRM For Chargers' 1625:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 8993:Security information and event management 6303:"Baseline Rights – Creative Commons Wiki" 5914: 5861: 5360: 4262: 4041: 3953:"Some E-Books Are More Equal Than Others" 3433:"Report: HD-DVD copy protection defeated" 2988:"Apple drops copy protection from iTunes" 2755: 2422: 2132: 1641:Learn how and when to remove this message 1582:Learn how and when to remove this message 1450:High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection 622:(formerly Good Old Games) specializes in 541:strip Windows Media of DRM restrictions. 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 8456: 8091:Business models for open-source software 6685: 6513:"MPAA shows how to videorecord a TV set" 6468:Thoman, Peter "Durante" (9 March 2018). 5923: 5691: 5171:71th IFLA General Conference and Council 5064: 3843:. 1UP.com. 29 March 2009. Archived from 3841:"The Sims 3 Will Not Use DRM: News from" 3730:"Tor/Forge E-book Titles to Go DRM-Free" 3284:"Zune Won't Play Old DRM Infected Files" 1993: 1877: 1681:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1655:World Intellectual Property Organization 1087: 1059: 335:An early example of a DRM system is the 275:media inevitably lose quality with each 6015:The Futility of Digital Copy Prevention 4471: 4292:"Ubisoft undone by anti-DRM DDoS storm" 4128: 3865: 3754: 3195:"The address you requested is obsolete" 2953: 2177: 1703:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 1445:Digital Transmission Content Protection 1439:Content Protection for Recordable Media 1209: 570:In December 2006, the industrial-grade 130:) is the management of legal access to 9373: 7069:INDICARE research and dialogue project 6537: 6467: 6346: 6327: 6064:from the original on 26 September 2010 5989: 5718: 5134: 4783:Kelty, Christopher M. (1 March 2012). 4484:from the original on 26 September 2018 4373: 4349:"Louis CK: Live at the Beacon Theater" 4244:from the original on 19 September 2012 3674:"PC Pro Product Reviews Asus Xonar D2" 3177:European Committee for Standardization 2842: 2529:Official Journal of the European Union 1167:encryption and is applied to Amazon's 963:As of 2013, other developers, such as 488:European Committee for Standardization 146:technologies, can restrict the use of 9020: 8970:Host-based intrusion detection system 8430: 8280:Organization for Transformative Works 7901: 7250: 6828:from the original on 23 February 2011 6772:from the original on 17 February 2011 6714:"Adobe Content 3 Server Discontinued" 6694:from the original on 18 November 2012 6658: 6519:from the original on 17 December 2011 6277:"Frequently Asked Questions – CcWiki" 6124: 6090:from the original on 16 February 2022 5776:O'Riordan, Ciaran (16 January 2006). 5161: 5116:from the original on 15 November 2013 5065:Espósito, Filipe (17 February 2023). 4977: 4975: 4944: 4942: 4702: 4700: 4630:from the original on 26 February 2012 4604:from the original on 21 February 2012 4524: 4522: 4501: 4499: 4467: 4465: 4434: 4432: 3919: 3763:from the original on 20 February 2009 3707:from the original on 20 December 2021 3698: 3624:from the original on 16 February 2022 3598:from the original on 25 November 2011 3572:from the original on 8 September 2008 3443:from the original on 25 December 2007 3356:from the original on 26 February 2011 3290:from the original on 16 February 2022 3153:from the original on 11 February 2010 3097:from the original on 26 February 2015 2963:. MediaDaily News. 11 November 2009. 2807: 2535:from the original on 22 December 2015 2365: 2363: 2361: 2137:DRM opponents argue that it violates 1782:DVD Copy Control Association, Inc. v. 1238:Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis 1235:have used a form of technology since 777:remotely deleted purchased copies of 7825:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 6981:from the original on 13 October 2014 6802:from the original on 5 February 2011 6407:Machkovech, Sam (26 December 2018). 6382:"What is DRM and Why Should I Care?" 6361:from the original on 9 November 2021 6257:from the original on 23 January 2018 6231:from the original on 3 February 2010 6200:"Loser: DVD Copy Protection, Take 2" 6058:"Official words of StarForce on DRM" 5784:from the original on 21 October 2011 5727:from the original on 5 November 2011 5342:from the original on 8 December 2011 5262:from the original on 4 February 2019 4993:from the original on 12 October 2014 4960:from the original on 16 October 2014 4874:from the original on 6 December 2015 4827:from the original on 4 November 2015 4710:. videogamer.com. 16 February 2012. 4417:from the original on 3 November 2012 4271:from the original on 1 December 2010 3996:from the original on 3 November 2011 3794:from the original on 7 November 2008 3493:from the original on 8 November 2011 3338: 3109: 3057:from the original on 31 October 2020 2998:from the original on 4 February 2014 2851:from the original on 14 January 2021 2824:from the original on 27 January 2021 2636: 2614:. streamingmedia.com. Archived from 2610:Christopher Levy (3 February 2003). 2408:. 16 September 2009. pp. 9–26. 2392: 2183:Trade-offs between control and sales 1885:member protesting DRM on 25 May 2007 1593: 1564:adding citations to reliable sources 1535: 1050: 830:online game platform, starting with 442:Tribunal de grande instance de Paris 359:(DMCA) passed as an amendment to US 49:adding citations to reliable sources 20: 9001:Runtime application self-protection 7292:Alternative terms for free software 6720:from the original on 7 October 2011 6034:Bruce Schneier (7 September 2005). 6024:Crypto-Gram Newsletter, 15 May 2001 5902:. Emerald Insight. pp. 33–47. 5499: 5434:from the original on 11 August 2018 5315:from the original on 7 January 2012 5307:Nathan Grayson (17 November 2011). 5283:"Protected Media Path - Win32 apps" 5083: 4714:from the original on 18 August 2018 4626:. boingboing.net. 17 January 2012. 4386:from the original on 3 January 2017 4374:Ingram, Mathew (14 December 2011). 4240:. Tomshardware.com. 23 April 2010. 4137:from the original on 9 January 2015 3757:"Top 10 Most Pirated Games of 2008" 3654:from the original on 9 January 2015 3485:Marechal, Sander (9 January 2007). 3382:from the original on 31 August 2006 3286:. slashdot.org. 19 September 2006. 3252:"Settlement Ends Sony Rootkit Case" 3032:Industrial Property Digital Library 2967:from the original on 9 January 2015 2937:. opensource.com. 3 November 2011. 2612:"Making Money with Streaming Media" 2377:from the original on 19 August 2013 2371:"The pros, cons, and future of DRM" 2253:attaches itself to the files served 1941:Association for Computing Machinery 1766: 1683:Copyright law of the European Union 1254: 1083: 989:In 2014, digital comic distributor 13: 8552: 7632:Python Software Foundation License 7015: 6419:from the original on 10 April 2019 6347:Taylor, Mollie (8 November 2021). 6328:Hector, Hamish (17 January 2022). 6179:from the original on 17 March 2012 6116:. 23 December 2008. Archived from 5829:David Berlind (18 November 2005). 5757:from the original on 20 April 2014 5719:Walker, John (13 September 2003). 5573:from the original on 29 April 2021 5222:"How to open your on Demand order" 4972: 4939: 4896:. TorrentFreak. 21 November 2015. 4797:from the original on 14 March 2013 4785:"The disappearing virtual library" 4697: 4578:from the original on 11 March 2012 4574:. news.cnet.com. 17 January 2012. 4519: 4496: 4462: 4429: 4329:from the original on 28 March 2010 4302:from the original on 12 March 2010 4015:Mark Frauenfelder (17 July 2009). 3932:from the original on 10 April 2010 3893:Koroush Ghazi (11 December 2008). 3813:Koroush Ghazi (14 December 2008). 3520:from the original on 20 March 2007 2869: 2727:on techdirt.com (14 December 2015) 2499:U. S. Government Publishing Office 2436:. 24 November 2006. Archived from 2358: 2270:Promotion for traditional products 2202:applicable to the music industry. 2127: 2112:, video games) are subject to the 2056:. CD-ROMs cannot be played on all 1958: 1481:(HTML EME, often implemented with 1356: 1131:secure electronic delivery service 944:Websites – such as 639:, dropped DRM prior to 2012, when 471:Digital Video Broadcasting Project 14: 9407: 8933:Security-focused operating system 7695:Definition of Free Cultural Works 7312:Free software project directories 7165: 6894:from the original on 24 July 2011 6621:from the original on 11 June 2010 6480:from the original on 27 July 2019 6449:from the original on 26 June 2019 6309:from the original on 1 April 2015 6283:from the original on 26 July 2013 6198:Tekla S. Perry (1 January 2005). 6084:"Bill Gates On The Future Of DRM" 5843:from the original on 11 June 2015 5567:israeltechnologylaw.wordpress.com 5518:from the original on 28 July 2017 5466:from the original on 29 July 2020 5023:from the original on 29 July 2014 4921:"SimCity Modder Catches EA Lying" 4598:"Diesel Sweeties Webcomics Ebook" 4405:chris hannay (6 September 2012). 4263:Lowensohn, Josh (21 April 2010). 4218:from the original on 3 March 2012 4191:from the original on 8 April 2010 4164:from the original on 7 March 2010 4110:from the original on 20 July 2009 4080:from the original on 26 July 2009 4023:from the original on 20 July 2009 3895:"PC Game Piracy Examined: Page 8" 3866:Kuchera, Ben (12 December 2008). 3815:"PC Game Piracy Examined: Page 4" 3736:from the original on 9 March 2018 3699:Caron, Frank (9 September 2008). 3620:. slashdot.org. 7 November 2007. 3088:American Foundation for the Blind 2764:from the original on 1 April 2016 2591:from the original on 10 July 2018 2505:from the original on 16 July 2018 1989: 1811:DRM faces widespread opposition. 1676: 821: 629:and has a strict non-DRM policy. 460:(FCC). A ruling in May 2005 by a 458:Federal Communications Commission 428:(WCT) was passed in 1996. The US 193:, just as physical locks prevent 136:technological protection measures 8729:Insecure direct object reference 8101:Commercial use of copyleft works 7882: 7881: 7871: 7332:Open-source software development 7097:"Buch- und online Publikationen" 6993: 6963: 6906: 6875: 6840: 6814: 6784: 6758: 6746:from the original on 9 June 2013 6732: 6706: 6679: 6667:from the original on 29 May 2012 6652: 6633: 6615:"Why is Netflix ignoring Linux?" 6607: 6581: 6558: 6531: 6505: 6492: 6461: 6431: 6400: 6373: 6340: 6321: 6295: 6269: 6243: 6217: 6191: 6166: 6160: 6102: 6076: 6050: 6027: 6008: 5983: 5971:from the original on 5 July 2018 5953: 5891: 5855: 5831:"Sony rootkit: The untold story" 5822: 5810:from the original on 6 July 2014 5769: 5739: 5712: 5692:Doctorow, Cory (24 March 2007). 5685: 5660: 5635: 5610: 5585: 5555: 5530: 5478: 5446: 5416: 5381: 5354: 5327: 5300: 5274: 5244: 5232:from the original on 3 June 2016 5214: 5202:from the original on 3 June 2016 5188: 5155: 5143:from the original on 9 June 2008 5128: 5103: 5042:@comiXology (11 February 2022). 4923:. Gamebreaker TV. Archived from 4919:Summer اWalker (20 March 2013). 4450:from the original on 31 May 2014 4321:Andre Yoskowitz (8 March 2010). 4210:Ben Kuchera (18 February 2010). 3963:from the original on 9 July 2011 3874:from the original on 3 July 2010 3431:Xeni Jardin (28 December 2006). 3250:McMillan, Robert (23 May 2006). 2941:from the original on 6 June 2012 2915:from the original on 5 July 2018 2843:Sydell, Laura (17 August 2015). 2672:from the original on 8 July 2017 2565:from the original on 29 May 2015 1823:Other prominent critics include 1740:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1733: 1598: 1540: 430:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 357:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 315: 172:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 25: 8983:Information security management 8081:Alternative compensation system 7690:Debian Free Software Guidelines 7522:Free Software Movement of India 7241:Free Software Foundation Europe 7203:iTunes, DRM and competition law 6686:Anderson, Nate (24 July 2008). 6659:Cheng, Jacqui (22 April 2008). 6538:Sander, Tomas (26 April 2002). 6251:"The Campaign to Eliminate DRM" 5931:. craphound.com. Archived from 5334:John Walker (7 December 2011). 5077: 5058: 5035: 4912: 4900:from the original on 4 May 2020 4886: 4839: 4809: 4776: 4757: 4738: 4726: 4642: 4616: 4590: 4564: 4543: 4398: 4367: 4341: 4314: 4283: 4256: 4230: 4203: 4176: 4149: 4122: 4092: 4062: 4035: 4008: 3975: 3944: 3913: 3859: 3833: 3775: 3748: 3722: 3666: 3636: 3610: 3584: 3558: 3532: 3505: 3478: 3455: 3424: 3402:"Who Controls Your Television?" 3394: 3368: 3276: 3243: 3213: 3187: 3165: 3139: 3069: 3037: 3010: 2979: 2897: 2863: 2836: 2801: 2782: 2749: 2730: 2711: 2684: 2657: 2645:from the original on 3 May 2015 2630: 2603: 2337:Secure Digital Music Initiative 2213: 2205: 2156: 2084:for the performance effects of 2031: 2026: 1975:. In May 2006, FSF launched a " 1551:needs additional citations for 1520:In addition, platforms such as 1407:ISDB#Copy-protection technology 1118:. It typically integrates with 1106:Restrictions can be applied to 1030: 1025: 1020: 462:United States courts of appeals 266: 36:needs additional citations for 9235:Advanced Access Content System 8265:Electronic Frontier Foundation 7237:Electronic Frontier Foundation 7057:, published by M&T Books ( 6796:Electronic Frontier Foundation 6792:"The Customer Is Always Wrong" 6384:. Firefox News. Archived from 6380:Lewis, Rita (8 January 2008). 5965:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5162:Braid, Andrew (22 June 2005). 5084:Kim, Daniel (30 August 2019). 3982:Pete Cashmore (17 July 2009). 3406:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3121:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2909:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2798:on hackaday.com (3 March 2014) 2664:Chris Welch (28 August 2014). 2577: 2547: 2517: 2487: 2478: 2452: 2103: 2063: 1967:version 3, as released by the 1466:Intel Management Engine#Design 1433:Advanced Access Content System 572:Advanced Access Content System 557:Electronic Frontier Foundation 419:Advanced Access Content System 1: 8106:Commons-based peer production 7974:Legal aspects of file sharing 7680:Contributor License Agreement 7494:Open-source-software movement 7278:Free and open-source software 7077:, Dirk Günnewig, Niels Rump: 5929:"Microsoft Research DRM Talk" 5496:last accessed 17 May 2018> 5361:socketboy (8 December 2011). 4561:last accessed 16 May 2018> 4540:last accessed 16 May 2018> 4156:Nic Simmonds (4 March 2010). 3897:. Tweakguides. Archived from 3817:. Tweakguides. Archived from 3462:Cory Doctorow (30 May 2007). 3084:American Council of the Blind 3045:"RIAA challenges SDMI attack" 2808:Wiens, Kyle (21 April 2015). 2352: 2091: 1843:criticized DRM's effect as a 1806: 1290: 1217:contains a DRM system called 1116:Information Rights Management 1074: 1047:to generate acceptable keys. 822:2010 – present 728:, do not appear on the list. 434:Information Society Directive 409:More modern examples include 329:Nintendo Entertainment System 180:Information Society Directive 8201:Access to Knowledge movement 7851:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 7705:The Free Software Definition 5563:"Israel Technology Law Blog" 5111:"NASCA is a DRM solution..." 4846:Schiermeier, Quirin (2015). 4290:John Leyden (8 March 2010). 3951:David Pogue (17 July 2009). 3920:Stone, Brad (18 July 2009). 3512:Ken Fisher (18 March 2007). 3487:"DRM on audio CDs abolished" 3017:Patent application 58-186100 2561:(in French). 3 August 2006. 2044: 1697:India is not a signatory to 1461:Trusted Platform Module#Uses 919:for an upcoming video game, 7: 8988:Information risk management 8909:Multi-factor authentication 8465:Related security categories 7755:Mozilla software rebranding 7720:Permissive software license 7197:Microsoft Research DRM talk 7134:– Richard Menta article on 7037:free download in PDF format 6578:, Techdirt, 6 February 2014 4650:"An Experiment in iBookery" 4183:Andy Chalk (4 March 2010). 4129:Ubisoft (9 February 2010). 3755:Ernesto (4 December 2008). 3173:"Digital Rights Management" 2637:Bode, Karl (3 March 2014). 2290: 2226:, etc.) and video (such as 1721: 1621:, discuss the issue on the 1333: 1313: 1285: 60:"Digital rights management" 10: 9412: 8965:Intrusion detection system 8923:Computer security software 8579:Advanced persistent threat 7760:Proprietary device drivers 7710:The Open Source Definition 7243:, and other organisations. 7131:DRM is Like Paying for Ice 7035:in 2004, is available for 5862:Grassmuck, Volker (2003), 5454:"Watermarked iTunes files" 4600:. www.dieselsweeties.com. 4042:Ina Fried (17 July 2009). 3732:. Tor.com. 24 April 2012. 3221:"eEurope 2005 Action Plan" 3026:(Publication #60-077218), 2756:Ed Felten (26 July 2007). 2332:Software protection dongle 1965:GNU General Public License 1930:Game Developers Conference 1835:and organizations such as 1737: 1680: 1479:Encrypted Media Extensions 1258: 1063: 877:Live at the Beacon Theater 497:In 2005, DRM Workshops of 298: 9381:Digital rights management 9354: 9305: 9277: 9249: 9221: 9129: 9106:Conditional-access module 9086: 9073:Conditional access system 9058: 9052:digital rights management 8864: 8564: 8550: 8544:Digital rights management 8464: 8378: 8327: 8315:Students for Free Culture 8252: 8236: 8229: 8211:Cultural environmentalism 8193: 8168:Prizes instead of patents 8068: 7964:Digital rights management 7936: 7867: 7845:Source-available software 7803: 7745:Digital rights management 7737: 7535: 7512: 7474: 7350: 7284: 7227:Information about DRM by 7209:Digital Rights Management 7042:16 September 2009 at the 6253:. DefectiveByDesign.org. 6152:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5908:10.1108/00012530910932276 5402:10.1108/14684520710731001 5390:Online Information Review 5365:. ign.com. Archived from 5252:"MobileRead Wiki – Topaz" 4860:10.1038/nature.2015.18876 2760:. freedom-to-tinker.com. 2585:"Images and the Internet" 2462:. eff.org. Archived from 2373:. Cbc.ca. 7 August 2009. 2347:Web Environment Integrity 2259:Crowdfunding or pre-order 2168: 1923:social networking service 1713: 1397:Conditional-access module 565:Compliance and Robustness 523:Microsoft's media player 478:World Wide Web Consortium 124:Digital rights management 8689:Denial-of-service attack 8584:Arbitrary code execution 8270:Free Software Foundation 7840:Shared Source Initiative 7637:Shared Source Initiative 7590:Free Software Foundation 7527:Free Software Foundation 7377:Configuration management 7156:16 February 2022 at the 6114:Federal Trade Commission 6020:15 November 2011 at the 5992:Media in the Digital Age 5338:. rockpapershotgun.com. 4516:accessed 16 May 2018> 4070:Free Software Foundation 3784:"Spore's Piracy Problem" 3022:16 February 2022 at the 2723:17 December 2015 at the 2696:16 December 2015 at the 2307:Digital asset management 2278:Artistic Freedom Voucher 2000:Free Software Foundation 1979:" campaign against DRM. 1969:Free Software Foundation 1900:Federal Trade Commission 1871:spoke about DRM at 2006 1839:are opposed to DRM. The 1692: 1671:World Trade Organization 1664: 1402:Copy Control Information 1366:Analog Protection System 514:a security vulnerability 447: 182:– with the French 9229:Content Scramble System 8899:Computer access control 8851:Rogue security software 8514:Electromagnetic warfare 8401:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto 8111:Electronic sell-through 8006:Monopolies of knowledge 7949:Censorship by copyright 7775:SCO/Linux controversies 7219:PC Game Piracy Examined 7065:Consumer's Guide to DRM 7053:Rosenblatt, B. et al., 6957:20 January 2012 at the 5643:2023 Special 301 Report 4131:"Ubisoft Press Release" 3346:"22: Copyright and DRM" 3028:Software Control System 2060:or personal computers. 1531: 1422:Content Scramble System 1011:Zenescope Entertainment 937:. After the success of 801:and compared Amazon to 793:(1949) from customers' 337:Content Scramble System 9396:Television terminology 8945:Obfuscation (software) 8674:Browser Helper Objects 8558: 8415:The Internet's Own Boy 8221:Free software movement 8048:software patent debate 7954:Copyright infringement 7675:Comparison of licenses 7484:Free software movement 6570:19 August 2018 at the 4750:18 August 2018 at the 4512:19 August 2019 at the 3227:. 2005. Archived from 2133:Ownership restrictions 2003: 1998:Label proposed by the 1917:, an online store for 1886: 1799:Universal v. Reimerdes 1150:Adobe Digital Editions 1097: 995:Dynamite Entertainment 965:Blizzard Entertainment 933:or alternatively as a 385:assistive technologies 339:(CSS) employed by the 249:entertainment industry 241:copyright infringement 8940:Data-centric security 8821:Remote access trojans 8556: 8216:Free-culture movement 8126:Libertarian positions 8121:Free-software license 8086:Anti-copyright notice 7929:Intellectual property 7750:License proliferation 7187:Windows Media DRM FAQ 7174:Q&A: What is DRM? 7059:John Wiley & Sons 6861:10.1287/mnsc.37.2.125 6798:. 25 September 2007. 6227:. FSF. 28 July 2010. 6036:"Quickest Patch Ever" 5990:Pavlik, John (2008). 5492:9 August 2017 at the 4773:on technologytell.com 4214:. Escapist Magazine. 4187:. Escapist Magazine. 3179:(CEN). Archived from 1997: 1881: 1699:WIPO Copyright Treaty 1514:Google Play Integrity 1091: 1060:Persistent online DRM 1056:additional purchase. 1007:Top Shelf Productions 939:Double Fine Adventure 922:Double Fine Adventure 601:Major League Baseball 518:Class action lawsuits 191:intellectual property 9048:Broadcast encryption 8872:Application security 8766:Privilege escalation 8634:Cross-site scripting 8487:Cybersex trafficking 8458:Information security 8136:Open-design movement 7835:Open-source hardware 7770:Proprietary software 7765:Proprietary firmware 7466:Formerly open-source 7461:Formerly proprietary 7327:Open-source software 6086:. 14 December 2006. 5198:. LockLizard. 2016. 5135:TinHat (June 2006). 4769:26 June 2017 at the 4050:on 29 September 2011 3350:Security Engineering 3316:Security Engineering 3264:on 30 September 2007 2742:2 April 2016 at the 2297:Anti-tamper software 2178:Economic implication 2143:digital audio player 1947:opposed DRM, naming 1925:and a DRM platform. 1753:Open-source software 1619:improve this section 1609:may not represent a 1560:improve this article 1456:Protected Media Path 1219:Protected Media Path 1210:Runtime restrictions 807:Nineteen Eighty-Four 790:Nineteen Eighty-Four 349:encryption algorithm 347:movies. CSS uses an 160:licensing agreements 148:proprietary hardware 45:improve this article 8519:Information warfare 8477:Automotive security 8076:All rights reversed 7944:Artificial scarcity 7715:Open-source license 7317:Gratis versus libre 7233:Defective by design 7229:Chaos Computer Club 7172:BBC News Technology 7117:The Pig and the Box 7048:Stanford University 7006:16 May 2011 at the 6279:. 9 November 2006. 6120:on 29 October 2014. 5751:"The Right to Read" 5369:on 16 February 2012 5287:learn.microsoft.com 5256:wiki.mobileread.com 4989:. 23 January 2014. 4956:. 23 January 2014. 4823:. 2 November 2015. 4557:16 May 2018 at the 4536:16 May 2018 at the 3870:. Arstechnica.com. 3648:www.techpowerup.com 3474:on 24 January 2009. 3127:on 13 December 2016 1977:Defective by Design 1883:Defective by Design 1372:DCS Copy Protection 1330:standard metadata. 1233:Bohemia Interactive 1101:Microsoft PlayReady 1092:Error message on a 984:EU Court of Justice 886:EU Court of Justice 855:Assassin's Creed II 845:Assassin's Creed II 617:Digital distributor 134:. Various tools or 9307:Analogue broadcast 9222:Digital video disc 9165:Irdeto Cryptoworks 9078:Renewable security 9060:Conditional access 8928:Antivirus software 8796:Social engineering 8761:Polymorphic engine 8714:Fraudulent dialers 8619:Hardware backdoors 8559: 8394:Good Copy Bad Copy 8340:Alexandra Elbakyan 8244:Copyright Alliance 7199:, by Cory Doctorow 7103:on 5 December 2010 6849:Management Science 6649:, 26 February 2009 6645:3 May 2009 at the 6046:on 3 January 2010. 4735:on theinquirer.net 4685:on 30 January 2012 4679:"iBooks Follow-up" 4411:The Globe and Mail 3901:on 5 November 2019 3821:on 28 October 2019 3594:. 8 January 2009. 3412:on 29 January 2008 3378:. 25 August 2006. 3183:on 5 October 2006. 3050:. 7 January 2002. 2870:Newman, Lily Hay. 2794:4 May 2021 at the 2708:(14 December 2015) 2466:on 9 February 2011 2070:Denuvo Anti-Tamper 2004: 2002:for DRM-free works 1887: 1785:Kaleidescape, Inc. 1300:steganographically 1296:Digital watermarks 1248:Serious Sam 3: BFE 1154:Barnes & Noble 1120:content management 1098: 911:In February 2012, 867:In 2011, comedian 310:streaming services 9368: 9367: 9297:Pirate decryption 9259:Authorized domain 9014: 9013: 8976:Anomaly detection 8881:Secure by default 8734:Keystroke loggers 8669:Drive-by download 8557:vectorial version 8524:Internet security 8472:Computer security 8424: 8423: 8323: 8322: 8275:Open Rights Group 7895: 7894: 7795:Trusted Computing 7785:Software security 7733: 7732: 7414:Operating systems 7322:Long-term support 7085:Arun Sundararajan 7073:Eberhard Becker, 6977:. 30 April 2014. 6824:. 13 March 2007. 6595:on 6 October 2010 6445:. 29 March 2019. 5938:on 2 January 2010 5900:ASLIB Proceedings 5871:Trusted Computing 4267:. News.cnet.com. 3320:. Wiley. p. 2342:Trusted Computing 2327:Software metering 2192:Arun Sundararajan 1651: 1650: 1643: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1428:ARccOS protection 1122:system software. 1051:Activation limits 668:In mid-2008, the 585:In January 2007, 535:Windows Media DRM 392:Jon Lech Johansen 355:In May 1998, the 322:superdistribution 199:artistic controls 195:personal property 121: 120: 113: 95: 9403: 9391:Cryptography law 9148:Cisco Videoscape 9096:Common Interface 9041: 9034: 9027: 9018: 9017: 8885:Secure by design 8816:Hardware Trojans 8649:History sniffing 8639:Cross-site leaks 8534:Network security 8451: 8444: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8355:Richard Stallman 8300:Public Knowledge 8260:Creative Commons 8234: 8233: 8141:Open music model 7922: 7915: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7885: 7884: 7875: 7780:Software patents 7663: 7662: 7575:Creative Commons 7434:Web applications 7271: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7182:Richard Stallman 7112: 7110: 7108: 7090:Fetscherin, M., 7010: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6967: 6961: 6948: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6927:on 7 August 2019 6926: 6920:. Archived from 6919: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6690:. Ars Technica. 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6663:. Ars Technica. 6656: 6650: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6591:. Archived from 6585: 6579: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6305:. 13 July 2007. 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6151: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6042:. Archived from 6031: 6025: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5927:(17 June 2004). 5921: 5912: 5911: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5868: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5747:Richard Stallman 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5696:. Archived from 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5503: 5497: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5228:. 1 April 2014. 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5184:on 11 June 2016. 5183: 5177:. Archived from 5168: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5019:. 25 July 2014. 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4927:on 25 March 2013 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4821:torrentfreak.com 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4780: 4774: 4761: 4755: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4568: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4526: 4517: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4106:. 17 July 2009. 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4072:(23 July 2009). 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4046:. Archived from 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3759:. TorrentFreak. 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3703:. Ars Technica. 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3542:. Archived from 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3516:. Ars Technica. 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3470:. Archived from 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3408:. Archived from 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3319: 3310:Ross J. Anderson 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3260:. Archived from 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3201:on 22 April 2006 3191: 3185: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3096: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3035: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2805: 2799: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2771: 2769: 2753: 2747: 2734: 2728: 2715: 2709: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2641:. techdirt.com. 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2531:. 22 June 2001. 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2440:on 14 April 2016 2426: 2420: 2419: 2406:Cengage Learning 2396: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2242:"Easy and cheap" 2139:private property 2081:Final Fantasy XV 1983:Creative Commons 1861:The creators of 1817:Richard Stallman 1767:Notable lawsuits 1646: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1544: 1536: 1340:Cable television 1261:Regional lockout 1255:Regional lockout 1170: 1152:(ADE) software. 1108:electronic books 1084:Copy restriction 759:Prince of Persia 709:Assassin's Creed 512:, which created 174:(DMCA), and the 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 94: 53: 29: 21: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9350: 9301: 9273: 9245: 9217: 9125: 9082: 9054: 9045: 9015: 9010: 8860: 8560: 8548: 8539:Copy protection 8529:Mobile security 8460: 8455: 8425: 8420: 8387:Steal This Film 8374: 8350:Lawrence Lessig 8319: 8248: 8225: 8189: 8185:Video on demand 8064: 7959:Copyright troll 7932: 7926: 7896: 7891: 7863: 7830:Open-core model 7805: 7799: 7729: 7667: 7661: 7531: 7508: 7470: 7353: 7346: 7280: 7275: 7213:Wayback Machine 7191:Wayback Machine 7168: 7163: 7158:Wayback Machine 7106: 7104: 7095: 7044:Wayback Machine 7031:, published by 7023:Lawrence Lessig 7018: 7016:Further reading 7013: 7008:Wayback Machine 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6959:Wayback Machine 6949: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6805: 6803: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6742:. 23 May 2013. 6738: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6657: 6653: 6647:Wayback Machine 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6617:. 29 May 2010. 6613: 6612: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572:Wayback Machine 6563: 6559: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6388:on 14 June 2008 6378: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6345: 6341: 6326: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6165: 6161: 6145: 6144: 6137: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6032: 6028: 6022:Wayback Machine 6013: 6009: 6002: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5922: 5915: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5881: 5880:on 5 March 2016 5877: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5700:on 23 June 2011 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5542:thediplomat.com 5536: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5504: 5500: 5494:Wayback Machine 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5430:. 31 May 2007. 5422: 5421: 5417: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5311:. pcgamer.com. 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5226:British Library 5220: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5082: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4781: 4777: 4771:Wayback Machine 4762: 4758: 4754:on techspot.com 4752:Wayback Machine 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4656:on 7 April 2012 4648: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4559:Wayback Machine 4548: 4544: 4538:Wayback Machine 4527: 4520: 4514:Wayback Machine 4504: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4446:. 3 July 2012. 4438: 4437: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4104:arstechnica.com 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3847:on 19 July 2012 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3710: 3708: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3650:. 6 June 2007. 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3568:. 30 May 2007. 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3546:on 8 April 2007 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3483: 3479: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3024:Wayback Machine 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2806: 2802: 2796:Wayback Machine 2787: 2783: 2767: 2765: 2754: 2750: 2744:Wayback Machine 2735: 2731: 2725:Wayback Machine 2716: 2712: 2698:Wayback Machine 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2322:Right to repair 2312:License manager 2302:Closed platform 2293: 2280: 2272: 2261: 2244: 2216: 2208: 2185: 2180: 2171: 2159: 2135: 2130: 2128:Consumer rights 2106: 2094: 2066: 2047: 2034: 2029: 2016:Vimeo on Demand 1992: 1961: 1959:Public licenses 1921:, as well as a 1837:FreeCulture.org 1809: 1804: 1769: 1742: 1736: 1724: 1716: 1695: 1686: 1679: 1667: 1647: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1616: 1603: 1599: 1588: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1557: 1545: 1534: 1526:copy protection 1518: 1359: 1357:Implementations 1336: 1316: 1293: 1288: 1263: 1257: 1212: 1168: 1160:format e-books. 1127:British Library 1114:and enterprise 1086: 1077: 1068: 1062: 1053: 1033: 1028: 1023: 954:Library Genesis 900:Diesel Sweeties 850:Silent Hunter 5 833:Silent Hunter 5 824: 814:not within the 737:Electronic Arts 656:copy protection 450: 404:illegal numbers 365:Dmitry Sklyarov 318: 301: 295:) much easier. 277:copy generation 269: 132:digital content 117: 106: 100: 97: 54: 52: 42: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9409: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9366: 9365: 9362:pay television 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9312: 9310: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9269:Broadcast flag 9266: 9261: 9255: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9044: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9006:Site isolation 9003: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8990: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8904:Authentication 8896: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8882: 8879: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8704:Email spoofing 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8644:DOM clobbering 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8624:Code injection 8621: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8504:Cyberterrorism 8501: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8492:Computer fraud 8489: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8431: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8345:Rick Falkvinge 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8310:Shadow library 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8285:The Pirate Bay 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8206:Anti-copyright 8203: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8026:Bioprospecting 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7925: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7902: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7367:Bioinformatics 7364: 7358: 7356: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7222: 7216: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7184: 7175: 7167: 7166:External links 7164: 7162: 7161: 7147: 7139: 7127: 7121: 7113: 7088: 7082: 7071: 7062: 7051: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011: 6992: 6962: 6938: 6905: 6874: 6855:(2): 125–139. 6839: 6813: 6783: 6757: 6731: 6705: 6678: 6651: 6632: 6606: 6580: 6557: 6550: 6530: 6504: 6491: 6460: 6430: 6399: 6372: 6339: 6320: 6294: 6268: 6242: 6216: 6190: 6159: 6123: 6101: 6075: 6049: 6026: 6007: 6001:978-0231142090 6000: 5982: 5952: 5925:Doctorow, Cory 5913: 5890: 5854: 5821: 5795: 5768: 5738: 5711: 5684: 5659: 5634: 5609: 5584: 5554: 5529: 5498: 5477: 5445: 5415: 5380: 5353: 5326: 5299: 5273: 5243: 5213: 5187: 5154: 5139:. tinhat.com. 5127: 5102: 5076: 5057: 5050:) – via 5034: 5004: 4971: 4938: 4911: 4885: 4838: 4808: 4775: 4756: 4737: 4725: 4696: 4667: 4641: 4615: 4589: 4563: 4542: 4518: 4495: 4461: 4428: 4397: 4366: 4355:on 16 May 2012 4340: 4313: 4282: 4255: 4229: 4202: 4175: 4148: 4121: 4091: 4061: 4034: 4007: 3974: 3957:New York Times 3943: 3926:New York Times 3912: 3885: 3858: 3832: 3805: 3774: 3747: 3721: 3691: 3680:on 31 May 2009 3665: 3635: 3609: 3583: 3557: 3531: 3504: 3477: 3454: 3423: 3393: 3367: 3337: 3330: 3301: 3275: 3242: 3231:on 20 May 2006 3212: 3186: 3164: 3138: 3108: 3068: 3036: 3009: 2978: 2952: 2926: 2896: 2862: 2835: 2800: 2781: 2748: 2729: 2710: 2683: 2656: 2629: 2618:on 14 May 2006 2602: 2576: 2546: 2516: 2486: 2477: 2451: 2421: 2415:978-1435483521 2414: 2391: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2260: 2257: 2243: 2240: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2158: 2155: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2090: 2065: 2062: 2046: 2043: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 1991: 1990:DRM-free works 1988: 1960: 1957: 1934:CD Projekt Red 1855:Bruce Schneier 1808: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1738:Main article: 1735: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1694: 1691: 1678: 1677:European Union 1675: 1666: 1663: 1649: 1648: 1613:of the subject 1611:worldwide view 1606: 1604: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1548: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1387:Broadcast flag 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1351:broadcast flag 1335: 1332: 1315: 1312: 1308:chromatography 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1259:Main article: 1256: 1253: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1191: 1172: 1161: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 839:The Settlers 7 823: 820: 795:Amazon Kindles 721:Crysis Warhead 703:Call of Duty 4 637:O'Reilly Media 449: 446: 381:screen readers 373:Niels Ferguson 317: 314: 300: 297: 293:digital piracy 268: 265: 222:power chargers 176:European Union 144:access control 119: 118: 101:September 2022 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9408: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9386:Copyright law 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9279:Data security 9276: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9042: 9037: 9035: 9030: 9028: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8916:Authorization 8914: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8877:Secure coding 8875: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8846:SQL injection 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8826:Vulnerability 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8811:Trojan horses 8809: 8807: 8806:Software bugs 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8694:Eavesdropping 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8684:Data scraping 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8654:Cryptojacking 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8555: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8445: 8440: 8438: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379:Documentaries 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8335:Cory Doctorow 8333: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8237:Pro-copyright 8235: 8232: 8230:Organizations 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8060:Public domain 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7916: 7911: 7909: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7888: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7858:Revolution OS 7855: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7819:GNU Manifesto 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7725:Public domain 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7514:Organisations 7511: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7409:Office suites 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7307:Free software 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7260: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7205:by Reckon LLP 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6996: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6793: 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5619: 5613: 5598: 5594: 5593:"301's Flaws" 5588: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4483: 4479: 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Afterdawn. 4324: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3333: 3331:0-471-38922-6 3327: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3013: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2777: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2702:Cory Doctorow 2699: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2275: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2125: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:Compact discs 2042: 2040: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1953:IEEE Spectrum 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1932:, the CEO of 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851:perspective. 1850: 1846: 1845:trade barrier 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:Cory Doctorow 1826: 1825:Ross Anderson 1821: 1818: 1814: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1734:United States 1731: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1708: 1707:Copyright Act 1704: 1700: 1690: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1657:supports the 1656: 1645: 1642: 1634: 1631:November 2012 1624: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1575: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1549:This section 1547: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368:(Macrovision) 1367: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:set-top boxes 1341: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272:video formats 1269: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1227:graphics card 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215:Windows Vista 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1158:PDB (Palm OS) 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1067: 1066:Always-on DRM 1057: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 982:In 2014, the 980: 978: 977: 972: 971: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923: 918: 914: 909: 906: 902: 901: 897: 892: 889: 887: 884:In 2012, the 882: 879: 878: 874: 871:released his 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 851: 847: 846: 841: 840: 835: 834: 829: 819: 817: 816:public domain 812: 809:. 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