1335:
transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms (passband transmission), using a digital modulation method. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation (also known as detection) is carried out by modem equipment. According to the most common definition of a digital signal, both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of digital-to-analog conversion.
3141:
3151:
3130:
3161:
2036:
Distributed
Communications" in the early 1960's. Also of note was work done by Donald Davies and others at the National Physical Laboratory in England in the mid-1960's. ... Another early major network development which affected development of the ARPANET was undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex, England, under the leadership of D. W. Davies.
1383:
can be a significant issue in these systems because the wires in parallel data transmission unavoidably have slightly different properties so some bits may arrive before others, which may corrupt the message. This issue tends to worsen with distance making parallel data transmission less reliable for
1378:
Parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of related signal elements over two or more separate paths. Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates than can be achieved with serial transmission. This method
1326:
Data transmission, digital transmission or digital communications is the transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels include copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are
1948:
As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran's contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn't quite occurred to
2035:
Aside from the technical problems of interconnecting computers with communications circuits, the notion of computer networks had been considered in a number of places from a theoretical point of view. Of particular note was work done by Paul Baran and others at the Rand
Corporation in a study "On
1925:
Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his
1334:
While analog transmission is the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal over an analog channel, digital communication is the transfer of discrete messages over a digital or an analog channel. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line code (baseband
1847:
the first occurrence in print of the term protocol in a data communications context ... the next hardware tasks were the detailed design of the interface between the terminal devices and the switching computer, and the arrangements to secure reliable transmission of packets of data over the
1338:
Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more advanced source coding
132:
is a method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a
1284:
of multiple digital signals is much simpler compared to the multiplexing of analog signals. Because of all these advantages, because of the vast demand to transmit computer data and the ability of digital communications to do so and because recent advances in
1669:
1949:
him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn't exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.
262:
only refers to the transmission of an analog message signal (without digitization) by means of an analog signal, either as a non-modulated baseband signal or as a passband signal using an
1475:
uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning and end of transmission. This method of transmission is used when data are sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream.
1870:
1589:
1135:. Baran's work did not include routers with software switches and communication protocols, nor the idea that users, rather than the network itself, would provide the
2030:
1276:
capability. The ability to process a communications signal means that errors caused by random processes can be detected and corrected. Digital signals can also be
1299:
The digital revolution has also resulted in many digital telecommunication applications where the principles of data transmission are applied. Examples include
1467:
1991:
1721:
Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.
2405:
1489:. A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bits, the data transfer rate may be more efficient.
1775:
Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the
Internet
1221:
In telephone networks, digital communication is utilized for transferring many phone calls over the same copper cable or fiber cable by means of
3113:
3085:
3080:
2105:
1379:
is typically used internally within the computer, for example, the internal buses, and sometimes externally for such things as printers.
1257:(FTTH) have become widespread to small offices and homes. The current tendency is to replace traditional telecommunication services with
1182:
since 1951. The first practical method to overcome the problem of receiving data accurately by the receiver using digital code was the
1861:
1644:"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification"
1363:. Digital serial transmissions are bits sent over a single wire, frequency or optical path sequentially. Because it requires less
192:; an alternative definition considers only the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of
1339:(analog-to-digital conversion and data compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment.
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1939:
1713:
796:
17:
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1972:
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1801:
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1412:
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610:
513:
188:. According to the most common definition, both baseband and passband bit-stream components are considered part of a
1241:(ISDN) services became available in the late 1980s. Since the end of the 1990s, broadband access techniques such as
2748:
2296:
2098:
811:
691:
354:
1572:
Sergio
Benedetto, Ezio Biglieri, "Principles of Digital Transmission: With Wireless Applications", Springer 2008,
2859:
1999:
706:
298:. Note that these methods are covered in textbooks named digital transmission or data transmission, for example.
38:
1818:
3195:
2854:
816:
344:
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2029:(Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 13, 53 of 183 (III-11 on the printed copy).
1518:
963:
696:
681:
547:
508:
404:
248:
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have become digital and software controlled, facilitating many value-added services. For example, the first
251:(TCP) involves transmission, TCP and other transport layer protocols are covered in computer networking but
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2122:
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baseband signals such as pulse-width modulation. In a few books within the computer networking tradition,
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244:
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2063:
2011:
Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and
American engineer Paul Baran
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have allowed engineers to realize these advantages fully, digital communications have grown quickly.
1258:
992:
826:
701:
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of each individual path may be faster. This can be used over longer distances and a check digit or
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1005:
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472:
263:
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synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using
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105:
1962:
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1250:
1222:
1215:
996:
721:
650:
389:
2130:
1979:
Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.
30:"Data transfer" redirects here. For sharing data between different programs or schemas, see
2711:
2671:
2641:
2398:
2333:
2155:
1486:
1155:
1132:
1111:
for digital communication of voice messages using switches that were low-cost electronics.
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986:
716:
271:
267:
232:
912:
Courses and textbooks in the field of data transmission typically deal with the following
8:
2721:
2661:
2420:
2382:
2180:
2165:
1944:
Entrepreneurial
Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988
1630:
1609:
1348:
1191:
1061:
1011:
953:
477:
384:
259:
128:
77:
69:
1076:. However, the first data electromagnetic transmission applications in modern time were
2948:
2836:
2706:
2636:
2611:
2546:
2393:
2114:
1863:
A Digital
Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals
1838:
1551:
David R. Smith, "Digital
Transmission Systems", Kluwer International Publishers, 2003,
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1304:
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1199:
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1120:
1019:
933:
885:
445:
359:
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220:
109:
1860:
Davies, Donald; Bartlett, Keith; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (October 1967).
2988:
2910:
2824:
2807:
2770:
2616:
2446:
2415:
2281:
2175:
1968:
1916:
1797:
1764:
1760:
Turing's Legacy: A History of
Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995
1705:
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1622:
1601:
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1573:
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1364:
1273:
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593:
369:
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and others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind.
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2701:
2556:
2541:
2516:
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2301:
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2145:
1908:
1842:
1830:
1697:
1670:"Cross-layer design proposals for wireless mobile networks: a survey and taxonomy "
1508:
1448:
1178:(1996). The principles of data transmission are also utilized in storage media for
1140:
1128:
1116:
275:
236:
228:
27:
Transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel
1885:"all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control"
1643:
1088:. The fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory by
2621:
2476:
2244:
2219:
2207:
1498:
1001:
976:
664:
540:
101:
1733:
1542:
A. P. Clark, "Principles of
Digital Data Transmission", Published by Wiley, 1983
2819:
2691:
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2192:
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927:
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93:
1701:
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2531:
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2187:
1920:
1787:
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1422:
1368:
1316:
1159:
1112:
1093:
1089:
1069:
1065:
1040:
It is also common to deal with the cross-layer design of those three layers.
1025:
968:
586:
491:
306:
97:
85:
45:
31:
1912:
1834:
1115:
invented and implemented modern data communication during 1965-7, including
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2631:
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2526:
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2350:
2202:
1482:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1281:
1262:
1207:
1151:
1031:
958:
399:
182:
156:
1331:, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared light.
37:"Digital communication" redirects here. For the sociological aspects, see
3046:
2696:
2606:
2591:
2551:
2511:
2370:
1428:
1380:
1246:
1183:
1163:
1049:
939:
851:
846:
841:
765:
736:
81:
1621:
John Proakis, "Digital Communications", 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
3051:
2758:
2456:
2365:
2321:
2291:
2269:
1560:
1372:
1312:
1104:
836:
731:
711:
498:
227:. Basic principles of data transmission may also be covered within the
152:
3036:
2501:
2316:
2083:
1819:"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"
1600:
Simon Haykin, "Digital Communications", John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
1320:
1147:
1139:. Both were seminal contributions that influenced the development of
1057:
913:
871:
856:
640:
320:
185:
134:
117:
113:
3031:
3021:
2938:
2763:
2586:
1286:
1237:
was presented in 1976. Digital communication to the end user using
1203:
1171:
219:
Digital transmission or data transmission traditionally belongs to
178:
146:
139:
121:
89:
1859:
3026:
3011:
2229:
2064:"What is Asynchronous Transmission? - Definition from Techopedia"
1461:
1053:
572:
503:
424:
1190:
in 1952 and published in 1953. Data transmission is utilized in
3056:
3016:
2338:
1195:
1167:
791:
786:
614:
414:
378:
1683:"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts"
3041:
2978:
2286:
806:
801:
635:
620:
523:
467:
462:
160:
1028:(digitization and data compression), and information theory.
301:
The theoretical aspects of data transmission are covered by
2983:
1763:. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–4.
1367:
and less chances for error than parallel transmission, the
1360:
1266:
1242:
861:
755:
751:
741:
645:
603:
598:
567:
452:
255:
discussed in a textbook or course about data transmission.
65:
282:
also refers to passband transmission of bit-streams using
144:), or by a limited set of continuously varying waveforms (
1992:"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable"
1272:
Transmitting analog signals digitally allows for greater
1175:
866:
1300:
199:
2052:. Communication Theory: Butterworth. pp. 273–287.
1468:
Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling
80:
communication channel. Examples of such channels are
1342:
235:topic of data communications, which also includes
155:method. The passband modulation and corresponding
1897:"Principles and lessons in packet communications"
1869:. ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
312:
3177:
2050:Group Synchronisation of Binary Digital Systems
1816:
1462:Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission
2099:
893:
1734:"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"
1109:distributed adaptive message block switching
1072:data has been sent electronically since the
3114:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1398:Some communications channel types include:
1043:
3150:
2106:
2092:
2024:A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade
1931:
900:
886:
1940:"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969"
1894:
1387:
1052:) has been sent via non-electronic (e.g.
274:. It may also include analog-over-analog
1786:
1485:. The clock may be a separate signal or
1375:can be sent along with the data easily.
44:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1960:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1280:instead of continuously monitored. The
14:
3178:
2113:
2047:
2033:from the original on 1 December 2012.
204:Courses and textbooks in the field of
2087:
1756:
1680:
243:, for example routing, switching and
3160:
1650:from the original on 1 February 2021
1531:
200:Distinction between related subjects
1984:
1954:
1239:Integrated Services Digital Network
24:
1937:
1853:
1823:Annals of the History of Computing
1810:
1750:
1674:
1351:is the sequential transmission of
25:
3212:
1719:from the original on 2022-10-10.
1473:Asynchronous serial communication
1146:Data transmission is utilized in
1048:Data (mainly but not exclusively
104:. The data are represented as an
3159:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3128:
2749:Free-space optical communication
1343:Serial and parallel transmission
2056:
2041:
2016:
1888:
1876:from the original on 2022-10-10
1817:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1987).
1780:
177:, is the transfer of either a
39:Computer-mediated communication
1726:
1662:
1636:
1615:
1594:
1566:
1545:
1216:wireless network access points
1180:error detection and correction
313:Protocol layers and sub-topics
13:
1:
1967:. Stripe Press. p. 286.
1961:Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018).
1793:A Brief History of the Future
1524:
1519:Transmission (disambiguation)
249:Transmission Control Protocol
3135:Telecommunication portal
2916:Telecommunications equipment
1690:IEEE Communications Magazine
1064:) means since the advent of
916:protocol layers and topics:
258:In most textbooks, the term
194:digital-to-analog conversion
7:
2652:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1492:
1154:and for communication with
245:inter-process communication
10:
3217:
2356:Telecommunications history
1514:Node-to-node data transfer
1465:
1391:
1355:of a group representing a
1227:time-division multiplexing
1225:(PCM) in combination with
43:
36:
29:
3123:
3065:
3002:
2964:Public Switched Telephone
2924:
2888:
2845:
2786:
2776:telecommunication circuit
2737:Fiber-optic communication
2720:
2482:Francis Blake (telephone)
2429:
2277:Optical telecommunication
2121:
1702:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006
1403:Data transmission circuit
1259:packet mode communication
993:Packet mode communication
2875:Orbital angular-momentum
2312:Satellite communications
2151:Communications satellite
1796:. Phoenix. p. 292.
1757:Yates, David M. (1997).
1479:Synchronous transmission
1044:Applications and history
1034:(may occur at any layer)
1006:automatic repeat request
946:Forward error correction
264:analog modulation method
2754:Molecular communication
2577:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2406:Undersea telegraph line
2141:Cable protection system
1913:10.1109/PROC.1978.11143
1901:Proceedings of the IEEE
1835:10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023
1347:In telecommunications,
1294:solid-state electronics
1202:(LAN) adapters (1964),
1131:and the essence of the
1125:communication protocols
1084:(1906), which are both
1074:advent of the telephone
241:communication protocols
2896:Communication protocol
2682:Charles Sumner Tainter
2497:Walter Houser Brattain
2442:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2250:Information revolution
1895:Kleinrock, L. (1978).
1388:Communication channels
1329:electromagnetic signal
1290:communication channels
1235:AXE telephone exchange
225:electrical engineering
216:have similar content.
214:digital communications
167:Digital communications
106:electromagnetic signal
18:Digital communications
3196:Mass media technology
2870:Polarization-division
2602:Narinder Singh Kapany
2567:Erna Schneider Hoover
2487:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2467:Alexander Graham Bell
2198:online video platform
1668:F. Foukalas et al.,
1504:Media (communication)
1394:Communication channel
1251:fiber-to-the-building
1223:pulse-code modulation
1078:electrical telegraphy
997:Frame synchronization
64:, is the transfer of
2712:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2672:Almon Brown Strowger
2642:Charles Grafton Page
2297:Prepaid mobile phone
2225:Electrical telegraph
1681:Baran, Paul (2002).
1487:embedded in the data
1156:peripheral equipment
1133:end-to-end principle
1103:In the early 1960s,
987:media access control
233:computer engineering
210:digital transmission
171:digital transmission
92:communication using
72:and received over a
3191:Computer networking
2662:Johann Philipp Reis
2421:Wireless revolution
2383:The Telephone Cases
2240:Hydraulic telegraph
2048:Barker, RH (1953).
1359:or other entity of
1349:serial transmission
1231:Telephone exchanges
1192:computer networking
954:Bit synchronization
280:analog transmission
260:analog transmission
237:computer networking
181:analog signal or a
151:), using a digital
129:Analog transmission
78:point-to-multipoint
3201:Telecommunications
2860:Frequency-division
2837:Telephone exchange
2707:Charles Wheatstone
2637:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2612:Innocenzo Manzetti
2547:Reginald Fessenden
2282:Optical telegraphy
2115:Telecommunications
1327:represented as an
1309:video conferencing
1305:cellular telephony
1200:local area network
1194:equipment such as
1188:Ronald Hugh Barker
1020:presentation layer
934:Digital modulation
446:Presentation layer
303:information theory
284:digital modulation
221:telecommunications
159:is carried out by
110:electrical voltage
54:Data communication
3186:Data transmission
3173:
3172:
2911:Store and forward
2906:Data transmission
2820:Network switching
2771:Transmission line
2617:Guglielmo Marconi
2582:Internet pioneers
2447:Mohamed M. Atalla
2416:Whistled language
1974:978-1-953953-36-0
1964:The Dream Machine
1938:Pelkey, James L.
1907:(11): 1320–1329.
1770:978-0-901805-94-2
1631:table-of-contents
1610:table-of-contents
1606:978-0-471-62947-4
1590:table-of-contents
1586:978-0-306-45753-1
1561:table-of-contents
1365:signal processing
1303:(1991) and later
1301:second-generation
1274:signal processing
1255:fiber-to-the-home
1141:computer networks
1129:computer networks
910:
909:
338:Application layer
239:applications and
206:data transmission
175:digital reception
58:data transmission
16:(Redirected from
3208:
3163:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3004:Notable networks
2994:Wireless network
2934:Cellular network
2926:Types of network
2901:Computer network
2788:Network topology
2702:Thomas A. Watson
2557:Oliver Heaviside
2542:Philo Farnsworth
2517:Daniel Davis Jr.
2492:Charles Bourseul
2452:John Logie Baird
2161:Data compression
2156:Computer network
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1998:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:high-speed lines
1829:(3/4): 221–247.
1814:
1808:
1807:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1738:RAND Corporation
1730:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1570:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1509:Network security
1449:Wireless network
1384:long distances.
1117:packet switching
902:
895:
888:
329:
317:
316:
286:methods such as
229:computer science
21:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3061:
2998:
2920:
2884:
2841:
2790:
2782:
2723:
2716:
2622:Robert Metcalfe
2477:Tim Berners-Lee
2425:
2245:Information Age
2117:
2112:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2003:
1996:Washington Post
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1936:
1932:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1866:
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1811:
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1642:
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1637:
1620:
1616:
1599:
1595:
1571:
1567:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1527:
1499:Internetworking
1495:
1470:
1464:
1396:
1390:
1353:signal elements
1345:
1212:microwave links
1127:, hierarchical
1086:digital signals
1082:teletypewriters
1046:
1002:Error detection
977:data link layer
906:
877:
876:
782:
771:
770:
667:
665:Data link layer
656:
655:
589:
578:
577:
543:
541:Transport layer
532:
531:
494:
483:
482:
448:
437:
436:
340:
324:
323:
315:
276:pulse modulated
247:. Although the
202:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3069:
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3063:
3062:
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3054:
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3044:
3039:
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3029:
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3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
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2999:
2997:
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2986:
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2918:
2913:
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2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Space-division
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2783:
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2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Camille Tissot
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Claude Shannon
2664:
2659:
2657:Tivadar Puskás
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Antonio Meucci
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Charles K. Kao
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Harold Hopkins
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Emile Berliner
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Videotelephony
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
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2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2307:Radiotelephone
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
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2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Internet video
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2068:Techopedia.com
2055:
2040:
2015:
1983:
1973:
1953:
1930:
1887:
1852:
1809:
1802:
1788:Naughton, John
1779:
1769:
1749:
1725:
1673:
1661:
1635:
1614:
1593:
1565:
1544:
1529:
1528:
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1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:Point-to-point
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1392:Main article:
1389:
1386:
1344:
1341:
1229:(TDM) (1962).
1160:parallel ports
1152:computer buses
1098:Claude Shannon
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
999:
990:
983:Channel access
973:
972:
971:
969:Channel models
966:
961:
956:
951:
950:
949:
943:
937:
928:Channel coding
922:physical layer
908:
907:
905:
904:
897:
890:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
869:
864:
862:ITU-T G.hn PHY
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
797:ITU-T V-Series
794:
789:
783:
780:Physical layer
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
763:
758:
749:
744:
742:ITU-T G.hn DLL
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
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584:
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435:
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427:
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412:
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402:
397:
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387:
382:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
341:
335:
334:
331:
330:
314:
311:
201:
198:
190:digital signal
102:computer buses
94:radio spectrum
86:optical fibers
74:point-to-point
62:data reception
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3213:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
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3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
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2962:
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2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2880:Code-division
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Time-division
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:and switching
2789:
2785:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:optical fiber
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Coaxial cable
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Radia Perlman
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Lee de Forest
2535:
2533:
2532:Thomas Edison
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Donald Davies
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Claude Chappe
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
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2448:
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2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Smoke signals
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:Semiconductor
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
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2288:
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2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
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2248:
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2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
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2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:Digital media
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
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2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2002:on 2015-05-30
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1922:
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1872:
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1849:
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1840:
1836:
1832:
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1820:
1813:
1805:
1803:9780753810934
1799:
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1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
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1753:
1739:
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1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1627:0-07-232111-3
1624:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:0-306-45753-9
1575:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1557:1-4020-7587-1
1554:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:clock signals
1480:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
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1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:transfer rate
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:digital radio
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:(1997), etc.
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:repeater hubs
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:, high-speed
1118:
1114:
1113:Donald Davies
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:Ralph Hartley
1091:
1090:Harry Nyquist
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Analog signal
1067:
1066:communication
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:informational
1041:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:Source coding
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:Layer 6, the
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
988:
984:
981:
980:
978:
975:Layer 2, the
974:
970:
967:
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962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
947:
944:
941:
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932:
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926:
925:
923:
920:Layer 1, the
919:
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915:
903:
898:
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619:
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612:
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587:Network layer
582:
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492:Session layer
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328:
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308:
307:coding theory
304:
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108:, such as an
107:
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99:
98:storage media
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Communication
40:
33:
32:Data exchange
19:
2905:
2847:Multiplexing
2722:Transmission
2687:Nikola Tesla
2677:Henry Sutton
2632:Samuel Morse
2562:Robert Hooke
2527:Amos Dolbear
2462:John Bardeen
2381:
2361:Telautograph
2265:Mobile phone
2220:Edholm's law
2203:social media
2136:Broadcasting
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2018:
2010:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1986:
1978:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1924:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1862:
1855:
1846:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1792:
1782:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1720:
1696:(7): 42–48.
1693:
1689:
1676:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1638:
1617:
1596:
1568:
1547:
1477:
1471:
1444:Star network
1439:Ring network
1434:Mesh network
1397:
1377:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1319:(1999), and
1298:
1282:multiplexing
1271:
1263:IP telephony
1247:Cable modems
1220:
1186:invented by
1164:serial ports
1145:
1108:
1102:
1047:
1039:
1032:Cryptography
1012:Flow control
964:Equalization
959:Multiplexing
911:
429:
300:
279:
257:
252:
218:
213:
209:
208:as well as
205:
203:
183:born-digital
174:
170:
169:, including
166:
165:
157:demodulation
149:transmission
145:
142:transmission
138:
127:
126:
82:copper wires
61:
57:
56:, including
53:
52:
50:
3047:NPL network
2759:Radio waves
2697:Alfred Vail
2607:Hedy Lamarr
2592:Dawon Kahng
2552:Elisha Gray
2512:Yogen Dalal
2437:Nasir Ahmed
2371:Teleprinter
2235:Heliographs
1429:Bus network
1413:Half-duplex
1408:Full-duplex
1381:Timing skew
1253:(FTTB) and
1184:Barker code
1174:(1995) and
1137:reliability
1080:(1809) and
948:(FEC) codes
940:Line coding
852:IEEE 802.16
847:IEEE 802.15
842:IEEE 802.11
766:IEEE 802.11
737:Frame Relay
163:equipment.
70:transmitted
3180:Categories
3093:Antarctica
3052:Toasternet
2974:Television
2457:Paul Baran
2389:Television
2373:(teletype)
2366:Telegraphy
2344:transistor
2322:Phryctoria
2292:Photophone
2270:Smartphone
2260:Mass media
2073:2017-12-08
2006:2020-02-18
1880:2020-09-15
1743:2020-02-15
1525:References
1423:Multi-drop
1373:parity bit
1313:digital TV
1105:Paul Baran
1062:mechanical
930:including
837:IEEE 802.3
761:Q.922 LAPF
732:IEEE 802.3
712:IEEE 802.2
499:Named pipe
153:modulation
3077:Americas
3066:Locations
3037:Internet2
2798:Bandwidth
2502:Vint Cerf
2399:streaming
2377:Telephone
2317:Semaphore
2208:streaming
1921:0018-9219
1790:(2000) .
1710:0163-6804
1357:character
1321:telemetry
1204:repeaters
1148:computers
1107:invented
985:schemes,
914:OSI model
872:Bluetooth
857:IEEE 1394
817:SONET/SDH
778:1.
663:2.
641:AppleTalk
585:3.
539:4.
490:5.
444:6.
336:7.
321:OSI model
186:bitstream
179:digitized
135:line code
118:microwave
114:radiowave
3145:Category
3032:Internet
3022:CYCLADES
2939:Ethernet
2889:Concepts
2813:terminal
2764:wireless
2587:Bob Kahn
2430:Pioneers
2255:Internet
2146:Cable TV
2031:Archived
1871:Archived
1714:Archived
1654:10 March
1648:Archived
1493:See also
1315:(1998),
1287:wideband
1261:such as
1198:(1940),
1172:FireWire
1170:(1969),
1166:such as
1058:acoustic
431:more....
266:such as
147:passband
140:baseband
124:signal.
122:infrared
90:wireless
3165:Commons
3155:Outline
3108:Oceania
3027:FidoNet
3012:ARPANET
2825:circuit
2394:digital
2123:History
1843:8172150
1418:Simplex
1278:sampled
1121:routers
1054:optical
942:schemes
936:schemes
504:NetBIOS
425:NETCONF
3103:Europe
3073:Africa
3057:Usenet
3017:BITNET
2954:Mobile
2830:packet
2339:MOSFET
2334:device
2131:Beacon
1971:
1919:
1841:
1800:
1767:
1708:
1629:. See
1625:
1608:. See
1604:
1588:. See
1584:
1576:
1559:. See
1555:
1196:modems
1168:RS-232
792:RS-449
787:RS-232
754:
615:ICMPv6
415:Telnet
379:HTTP/3
370:Gopher
3086:South
3081:North
3042:JANET
2979:Telex
2969:Radio
2808:Nodes
2803:Links
2724:media
2302:Radio
2287:Pager
2215:Drums
2181:video
2176:image
2166:audio
2027:(PDF)
1926:work.
1874:(PDF)
1867:(PDF)
1839:S2CID
1717:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1008:(ARQ)
989:(MAC)
807:I.431
802:I.430
692:CSLIP
636:IS-IS
621:IPsec
528:X.225
524:SOCKS
468:ASCII
463:ASN.1
327:layer
161:modem
120:, or
3098:Asia
2984:UUCP
2944:ISDN
1969:ISBN
1917:ISSN
1798:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1706:ISSN
1656:2023
1623:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1361:data
1292:and
1267:IPTV
1265:and
1243:ADSL
1162:and
1158:via
1004:and
995:and
756:LAPB
752:X.25
727:L2TP
707:PLIP
697:SLIP
687:HDLC
682:SDLC
646:X.25
626:IGMP
611:ICMP
604:IPv6
599:IPv4
568:QUIC
563:DCCP
558:SCTP
514:PPTP
453:MIME
420:DHCP
410:SNMP
405:SMTP
395:SMPP
375:HTTP
345:NNTP
305:and
294:and
223:and
212:and
173:and
100:and
66:data
60:and
2989:WAN
2959:NGN
2949:LAN
2230:Fax
2171:DCT
1909:doi
1831:doi
1698:doi
1176:USB
1150:in
867:USB
832:DSL
827:OTN
822:PON
812:PDH
747:PPP
722:MAC
717:LLC
702:GFP
677:ARP
672:ATM
651:PLP
631:IPX
573:SPX
553:UDP
548:TCP
519:RTP
509:SAP
478:PGP
473:TLS
458:XDR
400:SSH
390:NTP
385:NFS
365:FTP
360:DNS
355:SSI
350:SIP
325:by
296:ASK
292:PSK
288:FSK
270:or
253:not
231:or
76:or
3182::
2066:.
2009:.
1994:.
1977:.
1946:.
1942:.
1923:.
1915:.
1905:66
1903:.
1899:.
1845:.
1837:.
1825:.
1821:.
1773:.
1736:.
1712:.
1704:.
1694:40
1692:.
1688:.
1646:.
1580:,
1533:^
1425::
1323:.
1311:,
1307:,
1269:.
1249:,
1245:,
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1210:,
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1143:.
1123:,
1096:,
1092:,
1068:.
1060:,
1056:,
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979::
924::
594:IP
309:.
290:,
272:FM
268:AM
196:.
116:,
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2076:.
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1612:.
1563:.
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