994:
wanted very well, because its tenets create an environment of both national autonomy and widespread participation in the international economy. This participation would be in the capitalist form, so in promoting developmentalism, the United States was also promoting capitalism in newly independent nations. The school of developmentalist thought thrived on this sudden spike in support from the United States. Further, the school came to unite scholars from different social scientific disciplines under the umbrella of social ties and perceived common interest in the suppression of communism and gaining increasing influence on the politico-economic stage of the world.
1012:, “uring this dizzying period of expansion, the Southern Cone began to look more like Europe and North America than the rest of Latin America or other parts of the Third World.” Workers in new factories formed strong unions that negotiated middle-class salaries, and their children were sent off to study at newly constructed public universities. By the Fifties, Argentina had the largest middle class in South America, while Uruguay had a literacy rate of 95% and provided free health care to all its citizens.
876:
which it framed as communist. Developmentalism in the international economic context can be understood as consisting of a set of ideas which converge to place economic development at the center of political endeavors and institutions and also as a means through which to establish legitimacy in the political sphere. Adherents to the theory of developmentalism hold that the sustained economic progress grants legitimate leadership to political figures, especially in
1101:
the cultures of the Global South, creating generalizations in which one theory of development was applicable to all settings became extremely difficult. Additionally, disagreement within the academic community itself and the lack of an obvious leader did not allow for internal cooperation. Many developmentalist scholars became disenchanted with the way in which the United States foreign policy was being implemented, especially during the
1123:) contend that this rise and fall is a predictable phenomenon that typifies the introduction of any theoretical paradigm to the trial phase: a surge in popularity is likely with such theories, followed by various stages of pausing and surging in their prevalence in international economies and politics. It is also a possibility that the failures of developmentalism in the 1970s resulted from a realization that, after twenty-five years, '
822:
968:. Privileged positions in capitalist systems arise from active responses to external affairs in order to obtain the external resources with which to gain larger amounts of economic autonomy. The resources gained from active participation in international economic affairs help propel countries out of being exploited by capitalism to positions from which they can exploit the international economy for its own national gain.
1021:
vocabulary to discuss the various phenomena of development. This way, societies can be discussed comparatively without the impediments associated with placing developmental disparities across nations in completely different categories of speech and thought. This increased uniformity of language would increase understanding and appreciation for the studies about development from different fields in the
884:' countries can be achieved and maintained through the utilization of external resources by those countries in a capitalist system. To those professed ends, developmentalism was the paradigm used in an attempt to reverse the negative impact that the international economy was having on developing countries in the 1950s–60s, at the time during which Latin American countries had begun to implement
1321:, Wolf shows, through a long history of examples, that the Western world is only one of many visions of the world, and to view it as the pinnacle of a linear world evolutionary chain would be inaccurate. Developmentalist strategies often implicate that history is on a unilateral path of evolution towards development, and that cultural derivations have little implication in the final product.
1083:
In this, developmentalists created plans for development that were mostly inflexible, as they relied heavily on the
Western model of development as their primus modus. Western development, supposedly, held the keys to unlocking the door to the Global South’s development, and as such, could shed light
1324:
From the right, critics say that developmentalist strategies deny the free market its autonomy. By creating a state controlled market economy, it takes away the organic nature in which a market is meant to be created. They argue that developmentalist strategies have not generally worked in the past,
956:
Thirdly, developmentalism asserts that state bureaucrats become separated from politicians, which allows for the independent and successful redevelopments of leadership structures and administrative and bureaucratic procedures (when such changes become necessary). This separation is key to balancing
1025:
and allow freer and more productive communication about these studies. Before its decline in the 1970s, scholars had been optimistic that developmentalism could break down the barriers between the disciplines of social sciences when discussing the complexities of development. This school of thought
1100:
Developmentalist models attempted to create a universal system of development, and as such, resulted in methods that were too loose and incoherent to provide an accurate picture of the circumstances under which development could work in the Third World. Because of the vast amounts of difference in
993:
throughout Africa and Asia: these movements were a threat to the United States, in its fear that communism would take root in newly established independent nations. Therefore, these movements towards liberation became a top priority of the United States: developmentalism fit what the United States
875:
Developmentalism is a cross-disciplinary school of thought that gave way to an ideology of development as the key strategy towards economic prosperity. The school of thought was, in part, a reaction to the United States’ efforts to oppose national independence movements throughout Asia and Africa,
1289:
at its root. Developmentalist strategies use a
Eurocentric viewpoint of development, a viewpoint that often goes hand in hand with the implication that non-European societies are underdeveloped. As such, it gives way for the perpetuation of Western dominance over such underdeveloped nations, in a
1200:
to millions of disenfranchised lower-middle-class voters across the Rust Belt and proved instrumental to his electoral victory in the fall to create 'millions of jobs' in
America in the coming quarters. Not coincidentally, when it comes to investment destination, the president seems to have a
1020:
Developmentalism attempts to codify the ways in which development is discussed on an international level. Through developmentalism, it is thought by its advocates that discussions about the economic development of the 'Third World' can be redesigned in such a way that everyone will use the same
940:
that a regime may claim. Rather than subscribing to the notion, for example, that the ability to make and enforce laws gives a state power, developmentalists argue that the sustenance of economic growth and the subsequent promotion of citizens' welfare gives the general population incentive to
984:
about how developmentalism gained its footing in international affairs in the years immediately following World War II, during which the United States assumed leadership of a world that had been devastated by the war, while the United States was all but physically unscathed. The end of
952:
The second tenet of developmentalism asserts that it is the role of regimes to use their governmental authority to spread out the risks associated with capitalist development, as well as to combine governmental and entrepreneurial wills in order to maximize the advancement of national
1135:
negated the optimism with which developmentalism had been embraced. The US policies, which incorporated the tenets of developmentalism, were, in the 1970s, increasingly being seen as harmful to the Third World in imperialistic ways, and thus the school entered into crisis.
1273:
These policies shifted focus from reconstruction to development to poverty reduction, created a demand for global development intervention and shift from exploitation to development U.S. aid programme, and created norms and statistics for international donors.
1084:
on the changes that were occurring there. In doing so, however, the histories of the South were reduced into terms that could be applied to a model of development. This resulted in extremely rigid models in which labeled deviations from the conventional "
880:(in Latin America and East Asia) who would otherwise not have the benefit of a unanimous social consensus for their leadership or their international policy with regards to industrialized countries. Developmentalists believe that national autonomy for '
1109:. Intentions, as well, were not always non-partisan; many scholars had intended their writing to be policy-relevant in the spread of capitalism and an elite brand of democracy in the South, as well as in the struggle to block the spread of communism.
892:
The theory is based on the assumption that not only are there similar stages to development for all countries but also that there is a linear movement from one stage to another that goes from traditional or primitive to modern or industrialized.
888:
strategies. Using this theory, economic development was framed by modern-day
Western criteria: economic success is gauged in terms of capitalistic notions of what it means for a country to become developed, autonomous, and legitimate.
1304:, describes the process in which situations of financial crisis are used in order to force an emergency opening of the free market in order to regain economic stability. This happened in the examples of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and
1325:
leaving many countries, in fact, worse off than they were before they began state-controlled development. This is due to a lack of freedom in the free market and its constrictive nature. In turn, it is argued, reactive
1001:' of the developmentalist school began after 1945 and extended into the late 1960s. During the 1970s, however, the popularity and prevalence of developmentalism flickered and decreased.
1432:
1036:
1046:
872:
which states that the best way for less developed economies to develop is through fostering a strong and varied internal market and imposing high tariffs on imported goods.
964:
The final aspect of developmentalism's ideology deals with the idea that it is necessary for nations to utilize the capitalist system as a means of advancement in the
1290:
neocolonialist fashion. Developed nations such as the United States have been accused of seizing opportunities of disaster for their own benefit in what is known as
977:
1060:
1051:
912:, the notion of developmentalism has resurfaced more recently in the developed world – notably in the economic planks of 'unorthodox' policy makers such as
1413:
Yü, Bin, Yu, Bin, and Chung, Tsungting "Dynamics and
Dilemma: Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong in a Changing World", Nova Publishers, Taiwan, 1996, pp. 22–24
961:
to deal with certain issues on a national level, while helping state bureaucrats maintain the internationalism necessary to develop the nation's economy.
1457:
Yü, Bin, Yu, Bin, and Chung, Tsungting "Dynamics and
Dilemma: Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong in a Changing World", Nova Publishers, Taiwan, 1996, pp. 24
1448:
Yü, Bin, Yu, Bin, and Chung, Tsungting "Dynamics and
Dilemma: Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong in a Changing World", Nova Publishers, Taiwan, 1996, pp. 23
852:
1127:' countries were still in the 'Third World,' despite efforts towards economic gain characterized by developmentalism. This view is elaborated on by
1340:
Socio-anthropologists criticize the developmentalism as a form of social change implemented by an exogenous party. This creates what is called the
1232:
1585:
1566:
1311:, among others. Developmentalist ideas also portray the Western ideal of development and democracy as an evolutionary course of history. In
957:
the needs of the state and the importance of forming and maintaining strong international economic ties. The government, then, has the
1260:
1656:
691:
845:
1317:
1238:
1282:
The implementation of developmentalist ideologies has been critiqued in multiple lights, both by the right and by the left.
1115:
These problems eventually marked the decline of school of developmentalist theory in the late 1970s. Some scholars (such as
1156:. In that perspective, the 'under-developed' jurisdictions that need to be protected and stimulated are no longer in the
1092:" (developed) society as dysfunctional, and to draw clear empirical distinctions between traditional and modern societies
280:
838:
215:
1550:
Smith, Tony "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World
Studies?" World Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Jul., 1985) pp. 545–547
1541:
Smith, Tony "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World
Studies?" World Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Jul., 1985) pp. 542–544
1532:
Smith, Tony "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World
Studies?" World Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Jul., 1985) pp. 540–542
1523:
Smith, Tony "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies?" World Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Jul., 1985) pp. 538–539
1404:
Smith, Tony "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies?" World Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4 (July 1985), pp. 533–534
1250:
1600:
M. Haque, Shamsul “Restructuring Development Theories and Policies: A Critical Study” SUNY Press, New York, 1999
1422:
Smith, Tony "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies?" World Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Jul., 1985), pp.537
1341:
381:
826:
721:
441:
431:
751:
1582:
1563:
1651:
1646:
1285:
Developmentalism is often accused by the left (though not only by the left) of having an ideology of
674:
602:
23:
1609:
Wolf, Eric “Europe and the People Without History.” University of California Press, San Diego, 1982.
1353:
210:
1583:'Understanding Trumponomics', Revue Analyse Financière, 26 January 2017 – Supplement to Issue N°62
1564:'Understanding Trumponomics', Revue Analyse Financière, 26 January 2017 – Supplement to Issue N°62
1008:(comprising parts of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay) and the Andean country of Chile. As noted by
1383:
776:
726:
607:
335:
205:
1305:
1004:
During the 1950s and 1960s, developmentalism in practice did much to promote prosperity in the
937:
936:
First, there is the notion that the performance of a nation's economy is the central source of
786:
185:
1072:
The model of developmentalism proved to have two major reasons for decline within the school:
1514:
Klein, Naomi "The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism." Metropolitan Books, 2007.
1363:
1106:
965:
781:
426:
116:
86:
71:
1120:
1618:
Easterly, William. “The Ideology of Development.” Foreign Policy July/August 2007 pp. 30–35
1132:
1116:
990:
686:
494:
391:
355:
200:
133:
81:
8:
1368:
1337:’s Nicaragua, creating even more complex problems for the Western vision of development.
1168:
or parts of Northern France and Northern England are now suffering from the same kind of
1157:
1085:
885:
796:
741:
736:
669:
659:
345:
180:
1494:
1486:
1292:
1244:
1089:
877:
801:
761:
632:
537:
156:
138:
128:
121:
1148:, the notion of developmentalism has somehow started to resurface, this time amongst "
1498:
1358:
932:
There are four main ideas that are integrated behind the theory of developmentalism:
654:
406:
386:
173:
166:
161:
1188:
1131:, who asserts that the increasing number of developing countries that had turned to
1478:
1206:
986:
897:
647:
582:
567:
519:
509:
503:
476:
461:
232:
195:
1589:
1570:
1373:
1145:
1055:
1041:
1027:
1022:
869:
771:
731:
696:
592:
552:
547:
514:
360:
340:
330:
320:
305:
285:
220:
106:
31:
1329:
forces take hold of the government in response to Western intervention, such as
1469:
1286:
1128:
917:
756:
572:
466:
310:
1330:
1221:: a new kind of capital stewardship for the era of self-seeking capitalism..."
1640:
1378:
1334:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1005:
921:
905:
806:
791:
597:
587:
577:
562:
542:
471:
315:
237:
148:
111:
101:
91:
1076:
The model created a system that was too formal and structured, providing an
1467:
Smith, Tony (July 1985). "Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies?".
1326:
1202:
1197:
1153:
1077:
1031:
913:
901:
681:
557:
421:
416:
411:
396:
350:
325:
300:
295:
242:
96:
1308:
1301:
1173:
1152:" politicians in the developed world, in association with some degree of
1124:
1102:
1009:
881:
746:
701:
664:
642:
637:
250:
225:
1097:
A lack of cohesion within the models and the academic community itself.
1490:
998:
76:
44:
1629:
Anthropology and Development: Understanding Contemporary Social Change
1179:
This unconventional use of the term is used to justify some degree of
1312:
1214:
1184:
766:
290:
255:
190:
54:
49:
1482:
1210:
1149:
958:
143:
1433:
The End of ‘Globalization’? Economic Policy in the Post-Neocon Age
1218:
499:
275:
1164:
states/regions such as Pennsylvania and the Great Lakes in the
1161:
909:
821:
627:
1266:
1254:
1139:
1080:
and unilateral method for changing the third world.
1638:
982:Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies?
941:support the regime in power, granting it both
846:
927:
853:
839:
1558:
1556:
1160:but in the developed world itself, where
1400:
1398:
1510:
1508:
1639:
1553:
1172:difficulties once found mostly in the
1140:Partial revival in the developed world
1631:, Zed Books Ltd, New York NY, page 25
1627:Olivier de Sardan, Jean-Pierre 2005,
1466:
1395:
1318:Europe and the People without History
1239:International Development Association
1505:
13:
14:
1668:
1037:Toward A General Theory of Action
896:Though initially the preserve of
827:Business and economics portal
1251:Development Assistance Committee
820:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1575:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1657:International relations theory
1517:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1342:developmentalist configuration
1:
1389:
722:Commons-based peer production
442:Socialism of the 21st century
1581:M. Nicolas J. Firzli :
1562:M. Nicolas J. Firzli :
1277:
1047:Old Societies and New States
7:
1347:
1226:
989:catalyzed massive national
10:
1673:
1067:
972:
1146:2008–2012 Great Recession
928:Ideology and basic tenets
216:Socialist-oriented market
1588:11 February 2017 at the
1569:11 February 2017 at the
1437:Revue Analyse Financière
1196:"That bravado endeared
1015:
1384:Structuralist economics
1187:e.g. in the context of
1026:produced such works as
1224:
1191:in the United States:
980:writes in his article
1364:Development economics
1193:
1133:authoritarian regimes
1107:Alliance for Progress
966:international economy
1088:" (undeveloped) or "
1061:The Emerging Nations
1052:Donald L.M. Blackmer
991:liberation movements
752:Newly industrialized
495:Collective ownership
356:Vertical archipelago
1431:Nicolas J. Firzli,
1369:Market intervention
1298:Disaster capitalism
1293:disaster capitalism
1245:Truman’s Point Four
1158:Southern Hemisphere
1144:In the wake of the
886:import substitution
737:Inclusive Democracy
898:emerging economies
878:developing nations
675:Material balancing
157:Buddhist economics
1652:Political realism
1647:Economic theories
1359:Beijing Consensus
1333:'s Venezuela and
1300:, a term used by
1117:Samuel Huntington
863:
862:
373:By regional model
167:Sabbath economics
1664:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:(July 12, 2016).
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1207:Upstate New York
987:Second World War
866:Developmentalism
855:
848:
841:
825:
824:
583:Municipalization
568:Financialization
538:Collectivization
520:Social ownership
510:Private property
504:Common ownership
462:Common ownership
276:Closed (autarky)
233:State capitalism
211:Socialist market
196:Market socialist
32:Economic systems
19:
18:
16:Economic theory
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:Wayback Machine
1580:
1576:
1571:Wayback Machine
1561:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1483:10.2307/2010343
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1374:Neomercantilism
1350:
1280:
1229:
1201:preference for
1183:and industrial
1142:
1121:Jorge Domínguez
1070:
1056:Max F. Millikan
1042:Clifford Geertz
1028:Talcott Parsons
1023:social sciences
1018:
975:
930:
870:economic theory
859:
819:
812:
811:
777:Post-industrial
772:Post-capitalist
732:Hunter-gatherer
717:
709:
708:
623:
615:
614:
593:Nationalization
553:Demutualization
548:Corporatization
533:
525:
524:
515:State ownership
490:
482:
481:
457:
449:
448:
374:
366:
365:
336:Robinson Crusoe
271:
270:By coordination
263:
262:
247:Traditionalist
107:Neomercantilist
67:
59:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1574:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1504:
1477:(4): 532–561.
1470:World Politics
1459:
1450:
1441:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1287:neocolonialism
1279:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1141:
1138:
1129:Gabriel Almond
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1069:
1066:
1017:
1014:
974:
971:
970:
969:
962:
954:
950:
929:
926:
918:Bernie Sanders
861:
860:
858:
857:
850:
843:
835:
832:
831:
830:
829:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Resource-based
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
684:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
630:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Liberalization
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
497:
491:
489:Property types
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
445:
444:
438:Latin America
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
253:
245:
240:
235:
230:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
178:
177:
176:
171:
170:
169:
159:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
74:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
58:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1669:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Protectionism
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:Bretton-Woods
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:protectionism
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:socioeconomic
1167:
1166:United States
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:Southern Cone
1002:
1000:
997:The ensuing '
995:
992:
988:
983:
979:
967:
963:
960:
955:
951:
948:
944:
939:
935:
934:
933:
925:
923:
922:United States
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:Latin America
903:
899:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
873:
871:
867:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
816:
815:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
782:Post-scarcity
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:Expeditionary
725:
723:
720:
719:
713:
712:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
619:
618:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:Socialization
601:
599:
598:Privatization
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:Mutualization
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:Marketization
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
563:Expropriation
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Communization
541:
539:
536:
535:
529:
528:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
485:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
443:
440:
439:
437:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
377:
376:
370:
369:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:Decentralized
279:
277:
274:
273:
267:
266:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Social credit
236:
234:
231:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Participatory
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
123:
120:
118:
117:Social market
115:
113:
112:Protectionist
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
92:Laissez-faire
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
63:
62:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:
42:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1577:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1354:Arthur Lewis
1339:
1327:totalitarian
1323:
1316:
1306:post-Katrina
1297:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1203:Pennsylvania
1198:Donald Trump
1195:
1194:
1189:Trumponomics
1178:
1154:mercantilism
1143:
1114:
1078:ethnocentric
1071:
1059:
1045:
1035:
1032:Edward Shils
1019:
1003:
996:
981:
976:
946:
942:
931:
914:Donald Trump
902:Asia Pacific
895:
891:
874:
865:
864:
692:Peer-to-peer
687:Self-managed
622:Coordination
558:Deregulation
243:Distributist
97:Mercantilist
1309:New Orleans
1302:Naomi Klein
1174:Third World
1125:Third World
1103:Vietnam War
1086:traditional
1010:Naomi Klein
949:legitimacy.
882:Third World
797:Traditional
747:Manorialism
742:Information
716:Other types
702:Open access
665:Cybernetics
407:Anglo-Saxon
392:Singaporean
351:Underground
346:Subsistence
251:Corporatist
226:Syndicalist
186:Communalist
72:Associative
66:By ideology
39:Major types
1641:Categories
1390:References
1162:pauperized
999:Golden Age
978:Tony Smith
938:legitimacy
802:Transition
762:Plantation
670:Indicative
532:Transition
382:East Asian
153:Religious
129:Democratic
102:Neoliberal
87:Democratic
77:Capitalist
45:Capitalism
1499:153965287
1315:’s book,
1313:Eric Wolf
1278:Criticism
1253:(DAC) of
1215:Wisconsin
1185:dirigisme
953:interest.
767:Plutonomy
648:Regulated
477:Voluntary
403:European
256:Feudalism
201:Mutualist
191:Communist
181:Socialist
162:Christian
82:Corporate
55:Communism
50:Socialism
1586:Archived
1567:Archived
1348:See also
1227:Examples
1211:Michigan
1150:populist
1105:and the
959:autonomy
943:de facto
655:Planning
306:Informal
291:Dirigist
144:Georgist
139:Feminist
24:a series
22:Part of
1491:2010343
1219:Indiana
1068:Decline
973:History
947:de jure
920:in the
900:in the
697:Sharing
660:In kind
608:Marxist
500:Commons
467:Private
456:Sectors
427:Rhenish
397:Keralan
387:Chinese
361:Virtual
341:Sharing
331:Planned
321:Natural
286:Digital
174:Islamic
134:Fascist
122:Welfare
1497:
1489:
1335:Ortega
1331:Chávez
1269:(1965)
1263:(1958)
1261:SUNFED
1257:(1961)
1247:(1949)
1241:(1960)
1235:(1944)
1090:modern
1050:; and
910:Africa
904:area,
868:is an
757:Palace
633:Market
628:Barter
472:Public
432:Soviet
417:Nordic
412:German
378:Asian
311:Market
1495:S2CID
1487:JSTOR
1016:Goals
807:World
792:Token
682:Price
422:Dutch
316:Mixed
221:State
149:Green
1267:UNDP
1255:OECD
1217:and
1119:and
1054:and
1030:and
945:and
916:and
908:and
643:Open
638:Free
326:Open
301:Gift
296:Dual
1479:doi
1435:,
1058:'s
1044:'s
1034:'s
1643::
1555:^
1507:^
1493:.
1485:.
1475:37
1473:.
1397:^
1344:.
1296:.
1213:,
1209:,
1205:,
1176:.
1064:.
1040:;
924:.
26:on
1501:.
1481::
854:e
847:t
840:v
506:)
502:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.