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zero and five and their caregivers, eliciting a sense of safety and improving emotional regulation and behavior. Children with developmental disabilities have a higher risk of exposure to traumatic events than children within the general population. Child-parent psychotherapy can accommodate non-verbal communication, making it a good fit for children with a wide range of abilities. Child-parent psychotherapy has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in children with developmental disabilities and may help enhance caregivers' understanding of their children's disabilities and individual needs. Two 2014 case studies demonstrated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy with two children who were exposed to traumatic events. One of the children was 14 months with global developmental delays, and the other was six with autism spectrum disorder. At the time of this study, most studies that evaluated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy did not include any information about children with autism or intellectual disabilities. Both children and their families had about one year of weekly therapy, and both saw improvements in attachment relations, decreased trauma symptoms, and overall improvements in functioning.
589:
with developmental, and particularly intellectual, disabilities. Still, there is evidence that trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy can be adapted using metaphors and simplified examples to be accessible and beneficial for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities. In a 2016 case study, therapists used a metaphor to describe post-traumatic stress disorder and aid treatment for a young man diagnosed with an intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. They explained his symptoms by describing his brain as a kitchen cupboard and his traumatic memories as tins that had not been organized properly, and therefore kept falling out. The young man had a significant improvement in mood and symptoms after 12 sessions of adapted trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy.
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insensitivity of staff and services to the person's wishes and needs), environmental (physical aspects such as noise and lighting, or gaining access to preferred objects or activities), psychological (feeling excluded, lonely, devalued, labelled, disempowered, living up to people's negative expectations) or simply a means of communication. A lot of the time, challenging behavior is learned and brings rewards and it is very often possible to teach people new behaviors to achieve the same aims. Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities can often be associated with specific mental health problems.
970:). Support services are funded through government block funding (paid directly to service providers by the government), through individualized funding packages (paid directly to the individual by the government, specifically for the purchase of services) or privately by the individual (although they may receive certain subsidies or discounts, paid by the government). There also are a number of non-profit agencies dedicated to enriching the lives of people living with developmental disabilities and erasing the barriers they have to being included in their community.
712:
likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities". Common types of challenging behavior include self-injurious behavior (such as hitting, headbutting, biting, hair-pulling), aggressive behavior (such as hitting others, shouting, screaming, spitting, kicking, swearing, headbutting, hair-pulling), inappropriate sexualized behavior (such as public masturbation or groping), behavior directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviors (such as repetitive rocking,
1090:, adult family homes, congregate living facilities, etc.) with other people with similar assessed needs. These homes are usually staffed around the clock, usually house between three and fifteen residents, and tend to be highly structured. The prevalence of this type of support is gradually decreasing, however, as residential accommodation is replaced by at-home and community support, which can offer increased choice and self-determination for individuals. Some U.S. states still provide institutional care, such as the
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dissatisfaction with the failure of those providing services to focus on what kind of life makes the most sense to the person and is often the only recourse a developmentally disabled person has against unsatisfactory services or treatment and the lack of opportunities made available to the person. This is especially the case where the services deliver lifestyles and ways of working that are centered on what suits the service provider and its staff, rather than what best suits the person.
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intrusive treatment. Furthermore, exhaustion resulting from adaptation or stress could damage or disturb development. In addition, the highly stimulating hospital environment and the lack of social interactive experiences with the mother or the abundant interaction with others could add to the risk. In short, many reasons are conceivable that by itself or in different combinations could result in developmental problems of very preterm children.
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1186:
904:, sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role. Wolfensberger argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of "retardates" and provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population.
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1015:) requires educational institutions and training providers to make "reasonable adjustments" to curriculum and teaching methods in order to accommodate the learning needs of students with disabilities, wherever possible. There are also some vocational training centers that cater specifically to people with disabilities, providing the skills necessary to work in integrated settings, one of the largest being
930:, a number of scandalous revelations around the horrific conditions within state institutions created public outrage that led to change to a more community-based method of providing services. By the mid-1970s, most governments had committed to de-institutionalization, and had started preparing for the wholesale movement of people into the general community, in line with the principles of
1051:, and personal care such as showering, dressing and the administration of medication). The need for full 24-hour support is usually associated with difficulties recognizing safety issues (such as responding to a fire or using a telephone) or for people with potentially dangerous medical conditions (such as asthma or diabetes) who are unable to manage their conditions without assistance.
1152:. High functioning individuals with developmental disabilities can find it difficult to work in an environment that requires teamwork and direct communication due to their lack of social awareness. Working with employers to better understand the disorders and barriers that may come from the struggles associated with them, can greatly impact the quality of life for these individuals.
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improve understanding of treatment approaches. Frequent prompting, repetition of explanations, and developing detailed timelines of life events may also improve focus and engagement in psychological treatment. Providers should clearly understand individual needs and abilities and ensure that expectations for treatment are consistent with individual abilities and functioning.
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to focus solely on the provision of basic needs. Conditions in such institutions varied widely, but the support provided was generally non-individualized, with aberrant behavior and low levels of economic productivity regarded as a burden to society. Heavy tranquilization and assembly line methods of support (such as "birdfeeding" and cattle herding) were the norm, and the
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disorder across individuals with varying severity of intellectual disabilities; it has the most evidence for treating individuals with developmental disabilities based on numerous case studies. Eye-movement desensitization can be adapted for individuals with limited language abilities, making it accessible to a wide range of developmental disabilities.
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used a shield analogy, in which they encouraged the client to envision newly learned relaxation techniques and coping statements as a shield protecting her. They used modified exposure to reduce the risk of re-traumatizing the client; she imagined her nightmares and flashbacks rather than the trauma itself.
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In the United States, a variety of initiatives have been launched in the past decade to reduce unemployment among workers with disabilities—estimated by researchers at over 60%. Most of these initiatives are directed at employment in mainstream businesses. They include heightened placement efforts by
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in
Pennsylvania which housed 7,000 people through the 1960s), many of which were self-sufficient through the labor of the residents. Some of these institutions provided a very basic level of education (such as differentiation between colors and basic word recognition and numeracy), but most continued
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People with developmental disabilities (particularly autistic spectrum disorders) can exhibit challenging behavior, defined as "culturally abnormal behaviours of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is
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can reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with developmental disabilities. In a 2009 case study, a 24-year-old woman with an intellectual disability experienced a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following nine exposure therapy sessions. The therapists
33:
is a diverse group of chronic conditions, comprising mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in "language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living".
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Non-vocational day services are usually known as day centers, and are traditionally segregated services offering training in life skills (such as meal preparation and basic literacy), center-based activities (such as crafts, games and music classes) and external activities (such as day trips). Some
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is a short-term treatment that focuses on reducing and changing negative and unhelpful thought processes related to traumatic experiences and processing and managing associated negative emotions. Differences in language and thinking can make cognitive-based interventions challenging for individuals
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is a burgeoning support field for people with developmental disabilities. Advocacy groups now exist in most jurisdictions, working collaboratively with people with disabilities for systemic change (such as changes in policy and legislation) and for changes for individuals (such as claiming welfare
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and appropriate behavior and communication difficulties are strong contributing factors to the high incidence of abuse among this population. A study on the association between different types of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism has also shown that physical neglect during
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Child-parent psychotherapy is a relational treatment that focuses on improving child-parent relationships and functioning following a young child's exposure to one or more traumatic experiences. This treatment is designed to enhance the attachment relationships between children between the ages of
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and is characterized by negative thoughts, memories, or dreams about the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, adverse changes in thinking and mood, and heightened acute stress response. Post-traumatic stress disorder often goes undiagnosed among individuals with developmental disabilities
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Access to health care providers: in the United States, all federal- or state-funded residences require the residents to have annual visits to various health care providers. With consistent visits to health care providers more people with developmental disabilities are likely to receive appropriate
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Additionally, state-level initiatives are being launched to increase employment among workers with disabilities. In
California, the state senate in 2009 created the Senate Select Committee on Autism and Related Disorders. The committee has been examining additions to existing community employment
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Workers with developmental disabilities have historically been paid less for their labor than those in the general workforce, although this is gradually changing with government initiatives, the enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation and changes in perceptions of capability in the general
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The provision of specific employment opportunities within segregated business services. Although these are designed as "transitional" services (teaching work skills needed to move into integrated employment), many people remain in such services for the duration of their working life. The types of
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is a psychological treatment in which the patient's stress is reduced by associating traumatic experiences with bilateral stimulation such as rapid, rhythmic eye movements or tapping. Eye-movement desensitization is demonstrated to be highly effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress
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Some individuals with developmental disabilities may have difficulty understanding and articulating negative thought processes and emotions associated with traumatic events. Metaphors, simplified explanations, and explicit examples may help elucidate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and
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Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment approaches for post-traumatic stress disorder typically require verbal communication and insight into cognitions, emotions, and functioning. Individual differences in communication and intellectual ability among individuals with developmental, and particularly
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External monitoring factor: all federal- or state-funded residences are required to have some form of behavioral monitoring for each person with developmental disability at the residence. With this information psychological diagnoses are more easily given than with the general population that has
402:, are more likely to occur in people with developmental disabilities than in the general population, including amongst children who need the support of caregivers who have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support. A number of factors are attributed to the high incidence rate of dual diagnoses:
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among people with developmental disabilities as a group is estimated at 20 years below average, although this is improving. Society has advanced in its adaptive and medical technologies, and other methods to help people lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. In addition, some conditions (such as
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is associated with psychological disturbance. Sequeira, Howlin, & Hollins found that sexual abuse was associated with increased rates of mental illness and behavioral problems, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Psychological reactions to abuse were similar to those observed in the
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are among the most common treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Exposure therapy involves exposing a patient to a source of stress (such as a memory or reminder of a traumatic event) to increase tolerance to feared stimuli, overcome avoidance, and gradually reduce acute stress response
365:
Many physical health factors associated with developmental disabilities. For some specific syndromes and diagnoses, these are inherent, such as poor heart function in people with Down syndrome. People with severe communication difficulties find it difficult to articulate their health needs and,
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premature birth could already have resulted from earlier and longer existing difficulties. Second, being born at such an immature gestation could immediately have damaged the main organs (lungs and brain) or, third, such damage could arise in the neonatal period, for instance from the necessary
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Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities may be caused by a number of factors, including biological (pain, medication, the need for sensory stimulation), social (boredom, seeking social interaction, the need for an element of control, lack of knowledge of community norms,
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Programs are set up around the country in hopes to educate individuals with and without developmental disabilities. Studies have tested specific scenarios on the most beneficial way to educate people. Interventions are one way to educate people, but are also the most time-consuming: with busy
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Supports of this type also include assistance to identify and undertake new hobbies or to access community services (such as education), learning appropriate behavior or recognition of community norms, or with relationships and expanding circles of friends. Most programs offering at-home and
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Individuals with developmental disabilities may develop more intense symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder when compared to the general population due to maladaptive coping and neurological differences. These symptoms may manifest differently depending on the severity of the disability;
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is recognized as a significant, if misunderstood, problem. Rates of criminal offenses among people with developmental disabilities are also disproportionately high, and it is widely acknowledged that criminal justice systems throughout the world are ill-equipped for the needs of people with
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Developmental disabilities affect between 1 and 2% of the population in most western countries, although many government sources acknowledge that statistics are flawed in this area. The worldwide proportion of people with developmental disabilities is believed to be approximately 1.4%. Such
727:
Experience and research suggest that what professionals call "challenging behavior" is often a reaction to the challenging environments that those providing services create around people with developmental disabilities. "Challenging behavior" in this context is a method of communicating
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Individuals with developmental disabilities are not fully integrated into society. Person-centered planning and person-centered approaches are seen as methods of addressing the continued labeling and exclusion of socially devalued people, such as people with a developmental disability
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has been found to be effective in reducing specific challenging behavior. Recently, efforts have been placed on developing a developmental pathway model in the behavior analysis literature to prevent challenging behavior from occurring. This method is controversial according to the
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more progressive day centers also support people to access vocational training opportunities (such as college courses), and offer individualized outreach services (planning and undertaking activities with the individual, with support offered one-to-one or in small groups).
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Larson, Sheryl A.; Lakin, K. Charlie; Anderson, Lynda; Kwak Lee, Nohoon; Lee, Jeoung Hak; Anderson, Deborah (2001). "Prevalence of Mental
Retardation and Developmental Disabilities: Estimates from the 1994/1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplements".
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such as aggression and self-harm, and communication of symptoms may be limited by verbal ability. Mental health problems are often reported by proxy rather than self-report, which can increase the risk of underreporting and of psychological symptoms going undiagnosed.
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schedules, the intervention approach can be difficult. Another less beneficial but more realistic scenario, in the time sense, was the psychoeducational approach. It focuses on informing people on what abuse is, how to spot abuse, and what to do when it is spotted.
561:
symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Exposure therapy should be carefully tailored to the individual when treating individuals with developmental disabilities to reduce the risk of re-traumatization. There is preliminary evidence that exposure therapy paired with
1144:, to support students with autism on the college level. Other Committee efforts include mutual support employment efforts, such as disability job networks, job boards, and identifying business lines that build on the strengths of persons with disabilities.
833:, led to housing and care using the asylum model. People were placed by, or removed from, their families (usually in infancy) and housed in large institutions (of up to 3,000 people, although some institutions were home to many more, such as the
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disabilities are twice as common in males as in females, and some researchers have found that the prevalence of mild developmental disabilities is likely to be higher in areas of poverty and deprivation, and among people of certain ethnicities.
2983:
Brady, Nancy C.; Bruce, Susan; Goldman, Amy; Erickson, Karen; Mineo, Beth; Ogletree, Bill T.; Paul, Diane; Romski, Mary Ann; Sevcik, Rose; Siegel, Ellin; Schoonover, Judith; Snell, Marti; Sylvester, Lorraine; Wilkinson, Krista (1 March 2016).
865:. The eugenics movement was later thought to be seriously flawed and in violation of human rights and the practice of forced sterilization and prohibition from marriage was discontinued by most of the developed world by the mid 20th century.
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Support to access or participate in integrated employment, in a workplace in the general community. This may include specific programs to increase the skills needed for successful employment (work preparation), job placement assistance or a
145:
The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and remain unknown in a large proportion of cases. Even in cases of known etiology, the line between "cause" and "effect" is not always clear, leading to difficulty in categorizing causes.
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Around 61 million people (nearly one in four) people in the United States are living with some sort of disability. But people with disabilities are often excluded from social relationships, community participation, leisure activities, and
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Chaplin, Eddie; Paschos, Dimitrios; O'Hara, Jean; McCarthy, Jane; Holt, Geraldine; Bouras, Nick; Tsakanikos, Elias (2010). "Mental ill-health and care pathways in adults with intellectual disability across different residential types".
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community support are designed with the goal of increasing the individual's independence, although it is recognized that people with more severe disabilities may never be able to achieve full independence in some areas of daily life.
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Education and training opportunities for people with developmental disabilities have expanded greatly in recent times, with many governments mandating universal access to educational facilities, and more students moving out of
889:, which he described as a "snake pit" and the publication the next year of Christmas in Purgatory, a photoessay featuring photos covertly taken of institutions, shone a light on the inhumane conditions in public institutions.
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Though efforts are being made to integrate individuals with developmental disabilities into the workforce, businesses are still reluctant to employ individuals with IDD because of their poor communication skills and
351:
1411:
Anneloes L. van Baar, PhD, Aleid G. van
Wassenaer, MD, PhD, Judy M. Briët, PhD, Friedo W. Dekker, PhD, Joke H. Kok, MD, PhD, "Very Preterm Birth is Associated with Disabilities in Multiple Developmental Domains",
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In the United States, the segregation of people with developmental disabilities and the conditions of these institutions was not widely questioned by academics or policy-makers until the 1960s. US President
101:
is a genetic condition in which people are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra copy affects the development of the body and brain, causing a range of physical and mental impairments for the
34:
Developmental disabilities can be detected early on and persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Developmental disability that affects all areas of a child's development is sometimes referred to as
1031:
Many people with developmental disabilities live in the general community, either with family members, in supervised-group homes or in their own homes (that they rent or own, living alone or with
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Roane, H.S., Ringdahl, J.E., Vollmer, T.R., Whitmarsh, E.L. and Marcus, B.A. (2007). A Preliminary
Description of the Occurrence of Proto-injurious Behavior in Typically Developing Children.
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intellectual disabilities can limit identification and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Thus, diagnosis and treatment approaches should be modified to fit the individual.
149:
Genetic factors have long been implicated in causing developmental disabilities. These conditions are also believed to have a large environmental component, and the relative contributions of
87:) that cause difficulties in communications. Autistic spectrum disorders affect speech, understanding body language, social interactions, difficulty in understanding others in areas such as
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developmental disabilities, both as perpetrators and victims of crime. Failings in care have been identified in one in eight deaths of people with learning difficulties under NHS England.
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for family members caring for their loved ones with disabilities. This is slowly changing, however, as programs offered become more skills-based and focused on increasing independence.
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providers. Support services address most aspects of life for people with developmental disabilities, and are usually theoretically based in community inclusion, using concepts such as
540:
The following trauma-specific treatments have demonstrated efficacy among individuals with developmental disabilities, particularly when tailored to individual needs and presentation.
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934:. In most countries, this was essentially complete by the late 1990s, although the debate over whether or not to close institutions persists in some states, including Massachusetts.
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Spratt, Eve G.; Nicholas, Joyce S.; Brady, Kathleen T.; Carpenter, Laura A.; Hatcher, Charles R.; Meekins, Kirk A.; Furlanetto, Richard W.; Charles, Jane M. (January 2012).
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Throughout history, people with developmental disabilities have been viewed as incapable and incompetent in their capacity for decision-making and development. Until the
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From the 1960s to the present, most U.S. states have moved towards the elimination of segregated institutions. Along with the work of
Wolfensberger and others including
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work performed in business services include mailing and packaging services, cleaning, gardening and landscaping, timberwork, metal fabrication, farming, and sewing.
900:'s seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models", was very influential. This book posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as
136:(ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by executive dysfunction. It has effects on attention span, cognition, self-control, and emotional regulation.
5745:
2439:"Trauma Treatment in Young Children with Developmental Disabilities: Applications of the Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) Model to the Cases of "James" and "Juan""
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These problems are exacerbated by difficulties in diagnosis of mental health issues, and in appropriate treatment and medication, as for physical health issues.
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against governments and an increasing awareness of human rights and self-advocacy also contributed to this process, resulting in the passing in the U.S. of the
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Kupferstein, H. (2018), "Evidence of increased PTSD symptoms in autistics exposed to applied behavior analysis", Advances in Autism, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 19-29.
1798:
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Chaplin, E.; Gilvarry, C.; Tsakanikos, E. (2011). "Recreational substance use patterns in adults with intellectual disability and co-morbid psychopathology".
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childhood plays a critical role in the repeated crime, independent of mental-health problems for high-risk adults involved with the criminal justice system.
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Psychological disturbance associated with sexual abuse in people with learning disabilities. Case-control study. / Sequeira, H; Howlin, P; Hollins, S.In:
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or mental retardation, is defined as assessed to have an IQ below 70, along with limitations in adaptive functioning and onset before the age of 18 years.
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3304:
3638:
2623:"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a person with an Autism Spectrum Condition and Intellectual Disability: A Case Study"
124:
is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. They are the most common motor disability in childhood.
4405:
3696:
3921:
3376:
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Hemmings, C.; Underwood, L.; Tsakanikos E.; Holt, G.; Bouras, N. (2008). "Clinical predictors of challenging behaviour in intellectual disability".
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is known to be a predictor for potential developmental disabilities later in childhood, which complicates the question of nature versus nurture, as
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in Europe, care and asylum was provided by families and the Church (in monasteries and other religious communities), focusing on the provision of
166:
Current theories on causation focus on genetic factors; more than 1,000 known genetic conditions include developmental disabilities as a symptom.
1266:
Therapeutic services, such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, massage, aromatherapy, art, dance/movement or music therapy
3485:
Whitney, David J.; Warren, Christopher R.; Smith, Jenni; Arenales, Milady; Meyers, Stephanie; Devaney, Melissa; Christian, LeeAnn (2021-10-01).
3220:
2582:
Stenfert Kroese, Biza; Willott, Sara; Taylor, Frances; Smith, Philippa; Graham, Ruth; Rutter, Tara; Stott, Andrew; Willner, Paul (2016-09-05).
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is also increasing for people with these types of disabilities, although many programs offer only segregated "access" courses in areas such as
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benefits or when responding to abuse). Most advocacy groups also work to support people, throughout the world, to increase their capacity for
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5188:
4999:
4379:
916:
597:
214:
2158:"Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a high secure forensic learning disability population: future directions for practice"
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Wishart, Guy (2003-09-01). "The sexual abuse of people with learning difficulties: do we need a social model approach to vulnerability?".
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3198:
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Neef, N. A. (2001). "The Past and Future of
Behavior Analysis in Developmental Disabilities: When Good News is Bad and Bad News is Good".
2228:"Trauma-Specific Treatment for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature From 2008 to 2018"
1828:"A prospective study of the relationship between adverse life events and trauma in adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities"
1035:). At-home and community supports range from one-to-one assistance from a support worker with identified aspects of daily living (such as
4217:
1927:"Association between perceived social support and strain, and positive and negative outcome for adults with mild intellectual disability"
911:
in regard to these types of disabilities, and was the impetus for the development of government strategies for desegregation. Successful
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1140:, the former director of the state labor department, has established a program at the California state university system, starting at
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or elective incontinence). Such behaviors can be assessed to suggest areas of further improvement, using assessment tools such as the
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133:
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Specialist behavior support services, such as high-security services for people with high-level, high-risk challenging behaviors
1094:. The type of residential accommodation is usually determined by the level of developmental disability and mental health needs.
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prevailed. Services were provided based on the relative ease to the provider, not based on the human needs of the individual.
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Andrews, Erin E.; Forber-Pratt, Anjali J.; Mona, Linda R.; Lund, Emily M.; Pilarski, Carrie R.; Balter, Rochelle (May 2019).
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McLain, Kimberly B.; O'Hara-Leslie, Erin K.; Wade, Andrea C. (2016). "Working with People with
Developmental Disabilities".
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to a person, who may be classified by age group resulting from their test scores. This, in turn, can be used to calculate a
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Jones, Jessica (December 2007). "Persons with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system: Review of issues".
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6534:
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5377:
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4679:
4075:"Effects of the changes in legislation governing offenders with intellectual disabilities in Norway: A descriptive study"
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717:
2986:"Communication Services and Supports for Individuals With Severe Disabilities: Guidance for Assessment and Intervention"
2883:
2837:
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4969:
4573:
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3147:
2584:"Trauma-focussed cognitive-behaviour therapy for people with mild intellectual disabilities: outcomes of a pilot study"
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are a group of conditions caused prior to birth that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.
1974:"Relationships between Social Support, Stress and Mother-Child Interactions in Mothers with Intellectual Disabilities"
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84:
1799:"CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN ADULTS WITH LEARNING [INTELLECTUAL] DISABILITIES"
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2788:"Type of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism in adult probationers: a cross-sectional study"
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2583:
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Most people with developmental disabilities live with their parents or in residential accommodation (also known as
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Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C.; Elias, Ellen Roy; Feldman, Heidi M.; Coleman, William L. (April 28, 2009).
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Initial efforts focused around reforming the institution; however, that began to change by the late 1960s. The
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services, and also new employment approaches. Committee member Lou
Vismara, chairman of the MIND Institute at
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The social and developmental restrictions placed upon people with developmental disabilities (such as lack of
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5090:
5039:
4974:
4639:
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Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing
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and appropriate behavior, inability of those around to allow/understand expressions of grief and other human
4000:. Communications and Corporate Development, Research Branch.: Correctional Service of Canada. Archived from
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compared to the general population due to heightened vulnerability to negative life experiences, including:
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4441:
2526:"My shield will protect me against the ANTS: Treatment of PTSD in a client with an intellectual disability"
1926:
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1351:
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1132:, is pursuing the development of a planned community for persons with autism and related disorders in the
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the community agencies serving people with developmental disabilities, as well as by government agencies.
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2385:"Comparison of Self- and Proxy Report of Mental Health Symptoms in People With Intellectual Disabilities"
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Yoo, Ahrang; Kim, Monique; Ross, Melissa M.; Vaughn-Lee, Angela; Butler, Beverly; dosReis, Susan (2018).
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The movement towards individualism in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the opportunities afforded by the
658:
Constraint and restrictive practices (such as turning off an electric wheelchair so a person cannot move)
80:
66:
6499:
6436:
5351:
5004:
4715:
4507:
4343:
4255:
4203:
3962:
People with
Intellectual Disabilities: from Invisible to Visible Citizens of the EU Accession Countries
3616:
2669:
990:
908:
35:
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for the individual with a developmental disability, in communicating their needs, self-expression and
907:
The publication of this book may be regarded as the first move towards the widespread adoption of the
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6415:
5793:
5676:
5262:
5183:
5080:
5075:
4848:
4843:
4431:
4286:
2438:
2384:
732:
3994:
Persons with intellectual disability who are incarcerated for criminal offences: A literature review
942:, encouraging a focus on the person as someone with capacities and gifts, as well as support needs.
6494:
6410:
6405:
6102:
6065:
6057:
5875:
5844:
5570:
5127:
5122:
5014:
4798:
4608:
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4178:
3982:
1196:
996:
959:
927:
886:
179:
3806:
2334:
1629:"Engaging Caregivers in the Treatment of Youth with Complex Developmental and Mental Health Needs"
1525:
515:
due to providers' and caregivers' lack of understanding and differences in communication ability.
463:
treatment than the general population that is not required to visit various health care providers.
6431:
5938:
5788:
5783:
5740:
5557:
5215:
4722:
4669:
4664:
4593:
3392:
2525:
1683:
1200:
967:
878:
768:
570:
566:
127:
3785:
6309:
5948:
5839:
5798:
5773:
5681:
5162:
4898:
4858:
4705:
4598:
4085:(3). International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities: 229–235.
3415:
3190:
1149:
857:
for those with developmental disabilities in most of the developed world and was later used by
183:
50:
3332:"Crisis and Revolution in Developmental Disabilities: The Dilemma of Community Based Services"
6504:
6237:
6117:
6024:
6003:
5243:
5210:
5085:
5060:
4979:
4833:
4296:
3960:
3767:"Single-Session Intervention for Abuse Awareness Among People with Developmental Disabilities
1556:
1043:
or paying bills) to full 24-hour support (including assistance with household tasks, such as
830:
815:
706:
520:
150:
1827:
1272:
Short-stay respite services (for people who live with family members or other unpaid carers)
6329:
6242:
5998:
5818:
5419:
5399:
5137:
5132:
4878:
4868:
4828:
4629:
4613:
4578:
4512:
2670:"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder"
1165:
1000:
850:
811:
562:
511:
407:
187:
178:
Developmental disabilities can be initially suspected when a child does not reach expected
3749:
Melrose, Sherri; Dusome, Debra; Simpson, John; Crocker, Cheryl; Athens, Elizabeth (2015).
896:
movement began to gain ground in the US and internationally. In the US the publication of
612:
is a significant issue for people with developmental disabilities. They are regarded as a
8:
6379:
6361:
6324:
6314:
6168:
6070:
6047:
5895:
5887:
5666:
5644:
5372:
5055:
4913:
4893:
4873:
4791:
4762:
4281:
2437:
Harley, Eliza K.; Williams, Marian E.; Zamora, Irina; Lakatos, Patricia P. (2014-11-07).
2227:
1606:
1091:
3686:, 32+ Personnel Publications Ltd. Gale Academic OneFile Document Number: GALE|A397218906
2622:
1973:
881:
and was in an institution, created the President's Panel on Mental Retardation in 1961.
6042:
5639:
5491:
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4888:
4695:
4517:
4245:
4061:
4037:
3896:
3827:
3565:
3549:
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2985:
2965:
2928:
Challenging behaviour: analysis and intervention with people with learning difficulties
2814:
2787:
2685:
2650:
2561:
2412:
2310:
2277:
2255:
2103:
2067:
2048:
1972:
Feldman, Maurice A.; Varghese, Jean; Ramsay, Jennifer; Rajska, Danuta (December 2002).
1749:
1714:
1664:
1137:
963:
897:
823:
673:
Systemic abuse (denied access to an appropriate service due to perceived support needs)
105:
6288:
5813:
5803:
5735:
5661:
5545:
5233:
5229:
5117:
4883:
4649:
4552:
4502:
4313:
4135:
4096:
4091:
4074:
4053:
4045:
3876:
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3843:
3833:
3812:
3781:
3654:
3646:
3589:
3581:
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3557:
3508:
3460:
3452:
3276:
3270:
3143:
3118:
3015:
2957:
2819:
2728:
2689:
2642:
2603:
2553:
2545:
2506:
2486:
2460:
2416:
2404:
2362:
2354:
2315:
2297:
2259:
2247:
2177:
2138:
2128:
2095:
2087:
2040:
2032:
1993:
1989:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1855:
1847:
1765:
1757:
1706:
1656:
1648:
1628:
1479:
1471:
1108:
1062:(DSP). The DSP works in assisting the individual with their ADLs and also acts as an
979:
939:
882:
76:
5254:
4108:
4065:
4001:
2969:
2654:
2565:
2107:
2052:
2012:
1718:
6158:
6112:
6080:
5928:
5906:
5871:
5634:
5516:
5467:
5414:
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5384:
5341:
5329:
5102:
4742:
4737:
4634:
4547:
4291:
4127:
4086:
4029:
3941:
Rights of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Access to Education and Employment
3774:
3539:
3498:
3444:
3343:
3042:
3005:
2997:
2949:
2809:
2799:
2720:
2681:
2634:
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2537:
2498:
2450:
2396:
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2289:
2239:
2169:
2079:
2024:
1985:
1938:
1886:
1839:
1741:
1698:
1668:
1640:
1512:"Valuing People — A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century"
1463:
1305:
1067:
874:
861:
as rationale for the mass murder of intellectually disabled individuals during the
557:
6287:
2400:
2332:
6334:
6292:
6163:
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6097:
6092:
6075:
5955:
5750:
5722:
5523:
5346:
5285:
5152:
5112:
5070:
4918:
4908:
4863:
4451:
4183:
3977:
3925:
3422:
2028:
1702:
1530:
1387:
Improving health outcomes for children and youth with developmental disabilities,
1300:
870:
661:
644:
480:
Individuals with developmental disabilities have an increased risk of developing
379:
6384:
3503:
3486:
3163:
3001:
2491:
The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention
6319:
6260:
6184:
5993:
5960:
5943:
5933:
5147:
4933:
4928:
4700:
4308:
3939:
3448:
3266:
2724:
2599:
2350:
1875:"Life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities"
1745:
1580:. St. George's University of London/Down's Syndrome Association. Archived from
1262:
Other types of support for people with developmental disabilities may include:
986:
955:
620:
399:
121:
5035:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
4131:
3847:
3778:
3077:
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016/full/html
2953:
2804:
2541:
2333:
Fujiura, Glenn T.; the RRTC Expert Panel on Health Measurement (August 2012).
2293:
2013:"Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability"
1684:"Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability"
1644:
640:. The more serious the abuse, the more severe the symptoms that were reported.
6528:
6353:
6304:
5622:
5167:
4923:
4537:
4303:
4139:
4100:
4049:
4041:
4033:
3650:
3561:
3553:
3512:
3456:
3245:""Hell on Earth" two case studies on institutionalization that led to change"
3140:
War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race
2910:
2887:
2841:
2732:
2693:
2607:
2549:
2510:
2464:
2455:
2408:
2358:
2301:
2251:
2181:
2142:
2091:
2068:"#SaytheWord: A disability culture commentary on the erasure of "disability""
2036:
1997:
1950:
1898:
1851:
1761:
1753:
1652:
1497:
1475:
1251:
1055:
1020:
923:
819:
676:
Passive neglect (a caregiver's failure to provide adequate food, and shelter)
613:
395:
154:
98:
4073:
Søndenaa, Erik; Linaker, Olav Martin; Nøttestad, Jim Aage (September 2009).
3585:
3493:. Emploi et Handicap : Le vécu des personnes en situation de handicap.
3088:
2173:
1254:, teaching the skills necessary for people to advocate for their own needs.
6207:
5988:
5540:
5142:
5107:
4654:
4522:
4482:
4057:
3985:
Invisible Victims: Violence against persons with developmental disabilities
3658:
3593:
3464:
3073:
3019:
2961:
2823:
2646:
2557:
2366:
2319:
2099:
2044:
1958:
1906:
1859:
1769:
1710:
1660:
1483:
1169:
1048:
685:
648:
632:
448:
437:
opportunities, limited opportunities for fulfilling relationships, boredom)
375:
191:
3752:
Supporting Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities & Mental Illness
3544:
3527:
2939:
2122:
1377:, 4th Edition, Text Revision, American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1994)
826:
for people with epilepsy) were prominent in social attitudes of the time.
6192:
5923:
5654:
5404:
4732:
4147:
3272:
Willowbrook: A Report on How it is and Why it Doesn't Have to Be That Way
681:
667:
62:
4170:
3569:
3201:
from the original on Jul 11, 2010 – via Disability History Museum.
1417:
629:(withholding help when required, e.g., assistance with personal hygiene)
366:
without adequate support and education, might not recognize ill health.
6509:
6202:
6107:
5808:
5533:
5528:
5324:
4814:
4727:
4542:
4240:
4226:
2243:
2083:
1133:
1083:
782: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
693:
434:
419:
346:{\displaystyle DQ={\frac {Developmental\ age}{Chronological\ age}}*100}
58:
3297:"The Importance of Community Integration for People with Disabilities"
2638:
1843:
818:
such as food, shelter and clothing. Stereotypes such as the dimwitted
6462:
6394:
6212:
5671:
5409:
5334:
4903:
4527:
4022:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
3950:
The Definition and Prevalence of Intellectual Disability in Australia
3347:
3046:
2502:
1087:
1036:
862:
713:
426:
410:
events throughout their lifetime (such as abandonment by loved ones,
54:
3750:
3682:
Lewis, Grace. (2014, December). Business is still scared of autism.
1185:
757:
6197:
5867:
5834:
5760:
4659:
3933:
Real Lives: Contemporary supports to people with mental retardation
3195:
Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded
2709:"EMDR treatment for PTSD and Intellectual Disability: a case study"
1246:
1063:
1040:
1032:
1008:
1004:
854:
846:
637:
452:
441:
415:
367:
186:
may be used to diagnose an underlying disease, which may include a
92:
46:
4385:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
2124:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
740:, saying that this type of therapy can lead to the development of
4338:
4146:
Piper, Julia. (Michaelmas 2007). "The Case of the Pillow Angel".
2581:
2127:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
1873:
Hastings, R. P.; Hatton, C.; Taylor, J. L.; Maddison, C. (2004).
1044:
912:
901:
652:
626:
430:
371:
88:
3880:
3577:
3433:
3197:. President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C.
1338:
5915:
5730:
3859:
Levine, Melvin D; Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C. (1999).
2990:
American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
858:
664:(charging unnecessary fees, holding onto pensions, wages, etc.)
109:
91:
and other's feelings, and causes repetitive behaviors known as
72:
2389:
Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities
1578:"Health Guidelines for Adults with an Intellectual Disability"
1375:
DSM-IV - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
849:
movement became popular throughout the world. This led to the
6352:
5693:
4783:
4195:
3917:
A History of the Treatment of Persons with Mental Retardation
3788:
3487:"Work expectations of adults with developmental disabilities"
2335:"Self-Reported Health of People with Intellectual Disability"
1514:. Secretary of State (UK) for Health. March 2001. p. 16.
1102:
Employment support usually consists of two types of support:
950:
Today, support services are provided by government agencies,
731:
In general, behavioral interventions or what has been termed
616:
people in most jurisdictions. Common types of abuse include:
609:
411:
3331:
3170:. Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities
2786:
Kim, Eun Young; Park, Jiung; Kim, Bongseog (December 2016).
2278:"Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism"
2275:
1872:
1111:, assistive technology, or extra support from other workers.
5866:
4079:
Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities
3851:
3748:
3528:"United States Disability Policy in a Changing Environment"
3374:
3168:
Parallels In Time | A History of Developmental Disabilities
3061:
Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 3(4),
2436:
2232:
Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities
2065:
1971:
1468:
10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0231:POMRAD>2.0.CO;2
1452:
1400:
Introduction to special issue on developmental disabilities
3910:
US Administration on Developmental Disabilities fact sheet
3697:"Services For Individuals With Developmental Disabilities"
3484:
3093:
Parallels in Time: A History of Developmental Disabilities
2707:
Barrowcliff, Alastair L.; Evans, Gemma A. L (2015-03-02).
1275:
Transport services, such as dial-a-ride or free bus passes
197:
The degree of disability can be quantified by assigning a
5020:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
3115:
A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics
2982:
2914:
2011:
Martorell, Almudena; Tsakanikos, Elias (September 2008).
1731:
1605:. NSW Council for Intellectual Disability. Archived from
1567:, in turn citing Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.
4072:
3804:
2627:
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities
1978:
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities
1633:
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
1164:
Traditional day centers were based on the principles of
692:
In addition to abuse from people in positions of power,
447:
Developmental factors (such as lack of understanding of
390:
6139:
2713:
Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities
2588:
Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities
2162:
Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities
1402:. National Society of Genetic Counselors, Inc. 749-751.
3361:
3329:
2530:
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability
1681:
1011:
and other basic skills. Legislation (such as the UK's
370:, sensory problems (such as poor vision and hearing),
5284:
4375:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
3701:
New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services
2383:
Scott, Haleigh M.; Havercamp, Susan M. (2018-04-03).
2156:
Brackenridge, Irene; Morrissey, Catrin (2010-09-27).
2155:
1416:, Volume 30, Issue 3, April/May 2005, Pages 247–255,
822:, and potentially harmful characterizations (such as
217:
5030:
Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
4160:
3956:
2001 New Zealand Snapshot of Intellectual Disability
2911:
Failings in learning disability deaths, report finds
2487:"Exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder"
1626:
1429:
623:(withholding food, hitting, punching, pushing, etc.)
4950:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
3191:"The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models"
2866:"Family Violence and People with a Mental Handicap"
2010:
1786:. Mind (UK National Association for Mental Health).
1337:Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013).
684:and self-advocacy skills, lack of understanding of
45:Motor disorders, and learning difficulties such as
5302:
3858:
3791:1573-6717 Proquest Central document ID 1500659797.
1825:
345:
3948:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare paper
3416:Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services
2524:Fernando, Kumari; Medlicott, Louisa (June 2009).
2523:
470:
444:, illicit and prescribed drug and alcohol misuse)
108:, most frequent among males, is thought to cause
6526:
5711:
3901:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2706:
2120:
1603:"Health and People with Intellectual Disability"
1296:American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities
1026:
41:The most common developmental disabilities are:
3883:. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023
3265:
3156:
1784:"Learning Disabilities: Mental Health Problems"
1389:A literature review/Surrey Place Services, 2013
173:
6484:
3525:
2942:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
2886:. The Arc of the United States. Archived from
2872:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 4 July 2011.
2382:
1826:Wigham, S.; Taylor, J. L.; Hatton, C. (2014).
670:or civil abuse (restricted access to services)
519:post-traumatic stress disorder may present as
5270:
5000:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
4799:
4380:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
4211:
3765:Lund, Emily, & Hammond, Marilyn. (2014).
3609:"With Housing that Caters to All, We all Win"
3188:
2620:
2282:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
917:Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act
636:general population, but with the addition of
598:Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing
593:Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
4152:. University of Cambridge The Triple Helix.
3943:, bilingual reports on 14 European countries
3865:(3 ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
1924:
1796:
1430:"OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man"
1077:
3825:
3219:. Disability History Museum. Archived from
2339:Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
1931:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
1879:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
1832:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
1352:"Types of Developmental Delays in Children"
1281:Specialist relationships and sex education.
1214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
586:Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy
6174:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
5441:
5277:
5263:
4955:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
4806:
4792:
4768:
4569:Augmentative and alternative communication
4218:
4204:
3826:Gray, Barry; Jackson, Robin, eds. (2002).
3239:
3237:
2785:
2752:, Vol. 183, No. NOV., 11.2003, p. 451–456.
2621:Carrigan, Neil; Allez, Kate (March 2017).
2484:
604:
440:Biological factors (such as brain injury,
4090:
3543:
3502:
3381:. Foundations for Assisting in Home Care.
3081:
3009:
2870:National Clearinghouse on Family Violence
2813:
2803:
2674:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
2485:Joseph, Jeremy S.; Gray, Matt J. (2008).
2454:
2309:
1257:
1234:Learn how and when to remove this message
973:
798:Learn how and when to remove this message
744:and worsening of symptoms later in life.
378:are over-represented in this population.
360:
6437:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
6033:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
3990:
3526:Burkhauser, Richard; Daly, Mary (2002).
3189:Wolfensberger, Wolf (January 10, 1969).
3089:"Part One: The Ancient Era to the 1950s"
3074:https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016
134:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
4604:Disproportionality in special education
4117:
3636:
3606:
3301:United Disabilities Services Foundation
3234:
2930:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2443:Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy
2225:
1316:List of disability rights organizations
945:
700:
14:
6527:
3437:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3307:from the original on 21 September 2022
3112:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
1821:
1819:
1734:Research in Developmental Disabilities
1526:"Definition of DEVELOPMENTAL QUOTIENT"
1456:American Journal on Mental Retardation
6483:
6351:
6286:
6138:
5865:
5710:
5620:
5440:
5301:
5258:
5189:Neurological conditions and disorders
4960:American Neuropsychiatric Association
4787:
4199:
4019:
3983:The American Bar Association's paper
3773:1, 99-105. Netherlands NY: Springer.
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3393:"Direct Support Professionals (DSPs)"
3137:
2744:
2742:
2667:
2577:
2575:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2432:
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2428:
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2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1682:Martorell, A.; Tsakanikos E. (2008).
1418:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsi035
1333:
1331:
1097:
747:
391:Mental health issues (dual diagnoses)
27:Disability beginning before adulthood
5621:
3811:(4 ed.). Elsevier: RELX Group.
3032:
1212:adding citations to reliable sources
1179:
1142:California State University East Bay
845:Early in the twentieth century, the
780:adding citations to reliable sources
751:
406:The high likelihood of encountering
355:
6140:Physiological and physical behavior
5010:National Institute of Mental Health
4711:Disability in children's literature
3862:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics
3808:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics
2763:"The British Journal of Psychiatry"
1816:
1311:List of disability rights activists
1136:region. Another committee member,
718:Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form
24:
6086:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
5480:Emotional and behavioral disorders
4995:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
4970:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
4574:Emotional or behavioral disability
3970:Education and Employment in the UK
3798:
3471:
2739:
2686:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00142.x
2572:
2471:
2423:
2373:
2266:
2226:Keesler, John M. (December 2020).
2188:
1925:Lunsky, Y.; Benson, B. A. (2001).
1913:
1328:
1013:Disability Discrimination Act 1995
79:are a series of conditions called
25:
6546:
6266:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
4156:
1058:, a support worker is known as a
387:) do not affect life expectancy.
85:pervasive developmental disorders
5566:X-linked intellectual disability
5238:
5228:
4985:European Psychiatric Association
4965:American Psychiatric Association
4767:
4758:
4757:
4092:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2009.00206.x
3829:Advocacy and learning disability
3615:. Sacramento Bee. Archived from
3607:Vismara, Louis A. (2008-09-18).
3532:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1990:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00132.x
1943:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00334.x
1891:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2004.00584.x
1184:
756:
116:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
5395:Intermittent explosive disorder
5320:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
5239:
4990:Global Initiative on Psychiatry
4839:Child and adolescent psychiatry
4120:The Journal of Adult Protection
3914:Goode, David. (December 1998).
3759:
3742:
3713:
3689:
3676:
3637:Bernick, Michael (2009-08-04).
3630:
3600:
3519:
3427:
3409:
3385:
3368:
3354:
3330:Kormann & Petronko (2003).
3323:
3289:
3205:
3182:
3131:
3106:
3066:
3053:
3026:
2976:
2933:
2920:
2904:
2876:
2858:
2830:
2779:
2755:
2700:
2661:
2614:
2517:
2326:
2149:
2114:
2059:
2004:
1965:
1866:
1790:
1776:
1725:
1675:
1620:
1595:
1570:
1545:
1518:
1504:
1414:Journal of Pediatric Psychology
1155:
1130:University of California, Davis
767:needs additional citations for
153:have been debated for decades.
6038:Dissociative identity disorder
5303:Adult personality and behavior
5206:Psychiatric survivors movement
5096:Psychiatric survivors movement
5066:Controversies about psychiatry
5025:Royal College of Psychiatrists
4813:
4589:Disability and LGBT identities
4225:
4107:Byzek, Julie. (January 1998).
1801:. St. George's. Archived from
1490:
1446:
1422:
1405:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1344:
952:non-governmental organizations
742:post-traumatic stress disorder
738:Autistic Self Advocacy Network
482:post-traumatic stress disorder
471:Post-traumatic stress disorder
13:
1:
5091:Political abuse of psychiatry
5040:World Psychiatric Association
4975:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
4401:Services for mental disorders
3771:Sexuality and Disability (32)
2750:British Journal of Psychiatry
2401:10.1080/19315864.2018.1431746
2017:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
1691:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
1553:"developmental quotient (DQ)"
1321:
1027:At-home and community support
6442:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
5979:Generalized anxiety disorder
5712:Neurological and symptomatic
5357:Sexual relationship disorder
4406:Services for disabled people
3832:. London: Jessica Kingsley.
3613:Disability Rights California
3213:"Gunnar and Rosemary Dybwad"
3164:"The Reawakening 1950 -1980"
2029:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e
1703:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e
580:cognitive behavioral therapy
174:Diagnosis and quantification
112:and intellectual disability.
7:
6218:REM sleep behavior disorder
5687:Seasonal affective disorder
5485:Separation anxiety disorder
4689:Arts, media, culture, sport
3504:10.1016/j.alter.2020.06.010
3443:(2). Elsevier BV: 458–463.
3002:10.1352/1944-7558-121.2.121
1339:Developmental disabilities.
1289:
1175:
1060:direct support professional
1017:Dale Rogers Training Center
840:medical model of disability
835:Philadelphia State Hospital
680:Lack of education, lack of
459:less consistent monitoring.
81:autistic spectrum disorders
67:nonverbal learning disorder
10:
6551:
6535:Developmental disabilities
6485:Symptoms and uncategorized
5586:developmental disabilities
5352:Sexual maturation disorder
5005:Indian Psychiatric Society
4716:Disability in horror films
4508:Activities of daily living
3991:Endicott, Orville (1991).
3449:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.10.015
3336:The Behavior Analyst Today
3275:. New York: Random House.
3035:The Behavior Analyst Today
2725:10.1108/AMHID-09-2014-0034
2600:10.1108/AMHID-05-2016-0008
2351:10.1352/1934-9556-50.4.352
1746:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.002
1341:Retrieved October 18, 2013
977:
909:social model of disability
704:
544:Child–parent psychotherapy
36:global developmental delay
18:Developmental disabilities
6490:
6479:
6455:
6447:Simple-type schizophrenia
6424:
6416:Schizophreniform disorder
6393:
6372:
6368:
6347:
6300:
6282:
6251:
6228:
6182:
6149:
6145:
6134:
6056:
6023:
5971:
5914:
5905:
5886:
5882:
5861:
5827:
5794:Mild cognitive impairment
5779:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
5759:
5721:
5717:
5706:
5677:Major depressive disorder
5630:
5616:
5582:Psychological development
5581:
5556:
5453:
5449:
5436:
5365:
5312:
5308:
5297:
5224:
5176:
5081:Electroconvulsive therapy
5076:Biopsychiatry controversy
5048:
4942:
4849:Cross-cultural psychiatry
4844:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
4821:
4753:
4688:
4622:
4561:
4495:
4460:
4414:
4393:
4357:
4331:
4324:
4264:
4233:
4164:
4149:Science in Society Review
4132:10.1108/14668203200300021
4109:'Fighting to keep 'em in'
3779:10.1007/s11195-013-9335-3
3421:February 6, 2007, at the
2954:10.1007/s00127-008-0370-9
2805:10.1186/s12888-016-1001-8
2542:10.1080/13668250902845228
2294:10.1007/s10803-011-1214-0
2121:DSM-5 Task Force (2013).
2072:Rehabilitation Psychology
1645:10.1007/s11414-018-9604-0
1078:Residential accommodation
993:classrooms with support.
885:'s visit with TV crew to
733:applied behavior analysis
500:Diminished social support
140:
6495:Impulse-control disorder
6411:Schizoaffective disorder
6406:Brief reactive psychosis
6103:Mass psychogenic illness
6066:Body dysmorphic disorder
5845:Post-concussion syndrome
5455:Emotional and behavioral
5128:Psychiatric epidemiology
5123:Philosophy of psychiatry
5015:Philadelphia Association
4854:Developmental disability
4609:Sexuality and disability
4584:Disability and disasters
4496:Structural and assistive
4034:10.1177/0306624X07299343
3249:The Arc of Massachusetts
3117:(3rd ed.). Stroud.
2456:10.14713/pcsp.v10i3.1869
997:Post-secondary education
960:social role valorization
887:Willowbrook State School
558:Exposure-based therapies
494:Dependence on caregivers
385:Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
180:child development stages
31:Developmental disability
6432:Childhood schizophrenia
5784:Frontotemporal dementia
5741:High-functioning autism
5558:Intellectual disability
5194:Psychiatric medications
4723:Disability in the media
4594:Disability and religion
4533:Personal Care Assistant
3924:August 5, 2016, at the
3728:Alberta Health Services
3645:. Hearst. p. A-9.
3643:San Francisco Chronicle
3639:"College for Autistics"
3364:. Bloomfield Hills, MI.
2174:10.5042/amhid.2010.0544
1740:(6). Elsevier: 2981–6.
968:Person Centred Planning
879:intellectual disability
605:Abuse and vulnerability
567:cognitive restructuring
528:Psychological treatment
128:Intellectual disability
5949:Specific social phobia
5840:Organic brain syndrome
5682:Melancholic depression
5443:Childhood and learning
5163:Psychosomatic medicine
4899:Nutritional psychiatry
4859:Descriptive psychiatry
4706:Disability in the arts
4599:Disability and poverty
4538:Physical accessibility
3397:US Department of Labor
2884:"Criminal Justice FAQ"
2668:Feske, Ulrike (1998).
1258:Other types of support
1168:, and were created as
1150:emotional intelligence
974:Education and training
966:(using models such as
638:stereotypical behavior
361:Physical health issues
347:
205:developmental quotient
184:differential diagnosis
164:
6505:Psychomotor agitation
6295:and substance-related
6238:Postpartum depression
6118:Somatization disorder
6004:Acute stress reaction
5769:AIDS dementia complex
5086:Insulin shock therapy
5061:Clinical neuroscience
4980:Democratic Psychiatry
4834:Biological psychiatry
4297:driver rehabilitation
4126:(3). Emerald: 14–27.
3545:10.1257/0895330027067
3138:Black, Edwin (2012).
1557:TheFreeDictionary.com
831:Industrial Revolution
707:Challenging behaviour
563:relaxation techniques
521:challenging behaviors
476:Risks and development
400:psychiatric illnesses
348:
159:
151:nature versus nurture
6500:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
6330:Substance dependence
6243:Postpartum psychosis
5789:Huntington's disease
5571:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
5420:Personality disorder
5199:by condition treated
5138:Psychiatric hospital
5133:Psychiatric genetics
4879:Geriatric psychiatry
4869:Emergency psychiatry
4829:Addiction psychiatry
4630:Models of disability
4614:Youth and disability
4579:Invisible disability
4528:Orthotics and braces
4513:Assistive technology
4325:Rights, law, support
4113:Ragged Edge magazine
4028:(6). Sage: 723–733.
3113:Porter, Roy (1987).
1498:"Enable, Scotland -"
1208:improve this section
1166:occupational therapy
946:Services and support
851:forced sterilization
816:basic physical needs
776:improve this article
701:Challenging behavior
506:Stigma and prejudice
488:Interpersonal trauma
215:
188:physical examination
6380:Delusional disorder
6325:Stimulant psychosis
6315:Physical dependence
6169:Rumination syndrome
6071:Conversion disorder
6048:Psychogenic amnesia
5898:with depressed mood
5896:Adjustment disorder
5799:Parkinson's disease
5774:Alzheimer's disease
5667:Atypical depression
5503:Social functioning
5378:Munchausen syndrome
5373:Factitious disorder
5056:Behavioral medicine
4914:Palliative medicine
4894:Military psychiatry
4874:Forensic psychiatry
4282:Learning disability
3721:"Adult Day Program"
1398:Finucane, B.(2012)
1092:Texas State Schools
1001:vocational training
853:and prohibition of
51:Tourette's syndrome
6399:schizophrenia-like
6043:Dissociative fugue
5492:Movement disorders
5158:Psychopharmacology
4889:Liaison psychiatry
4696:Disability culture
4623:Disability studies
4518:Independent living
4246:Disability studies
3976:2009-09-27 at the
3920:. AHRC. New York.
3854:on 11 August 2020.
2926:Emerson, E. 1995.
2838:"Sexual Abuse FAQ"
2244:10.1111/jppi.12347
2084:10.1037/rep0000258
1797:Sally-Ann Cooper.
1269:Supported holidays
1109:career counselling
1098:Employment support
964:self-determination
898:Wolf Wolfensberger
824:demonic possession
748:Societal attitudes
343:
182:. Subsequently, a
106:Fragile X syndrome
6522:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6343:
6342:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6019:
6018:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5814:Vascular dementia
5736:Asperger syndrome
5702:
5701:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5546:Tourette syndrome
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5252:
5251:
5184:Counseling topics
5118:Pentylenetetrazol
4884:Immuno-psychiatry
4781:
4780:
4650:Neuroqueer theory
4553:Web accessibility
4503:Accessible toilet
4491:
4490:
4344:Disability rights
4339:Ableism/disablism
4193:
4192:
3684:People Management
3217:Beyond Affliction
2639:10.1111/jar.12243
2134:978-0-89042-554-1
1844:10.1111/jir.12107
1838:(12): 1131–1140.
1500:. 16 August 2023.
1244:
1243:
1236:
980:Special education
883:Robert F. Kennedy
808:
807:
800:
643:Psychological or
356:Associated issues
335:
324:
271:
209:(DQ) as follows:
199:developmental age
83:(formerly called
77:Asperger syndrome
16:(Redirected from
6542:
6481:
6480:
6370:
6369:
6349:
6348:
6284:
6283:
6159:Anorexia nervosa
6147:
6146:
6136:
6135:
6113:Psychogenic pain
6081:Globus pharyngis
5929:Childhood phobia
5912:
5911:
5884:
5883:
5863:
5862:
5719:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5618:
5617:
5517:Selective mutism
5468:Conduct disorder
5451:
5450:
5438:
5437:
5415:Trichotillomania
5390:Gender dysphoria
5385:Fear of intimacy
5342:Sexual anhedonia
5310:
5309:
5299:
5298:
5286:Mental disorders
5279:
5272:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5242:
5241:
5232:
5103:Imaging genetics
4808:
4801:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4771:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4743:Special Olympics
4635:Inspiration porn
4548:Universal design
4349:Pejorative terms
4329:
4328:
4292:Physical therapy
4220:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4162:
4161:
4143:
4104:
4094:
4069:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4006:
3999:
3906:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3855:
3850:. Archived from
3822:
3792:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3725:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3661:. Archived from
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3547:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3431:
3425:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:10.1037/h0099996
3327:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3303:. 2 March 2021.
3293:
3287:
3286:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3251:. Archived from
3241:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3142:. Dialog Press.
3135:
3129:
3128:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3085:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3047:10.1037/h0099950
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2840:. Archived from
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2503:10.1037/h0100457
2482:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2223:
2186:
2185:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1306:Disability abuse
1239:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1188:
1180:
803:
796:
792:
789:
783:
760:
752:
553:Exposure therapy
497:Lack of autonomy
352:
350:
349:
344:
336:
334:
322:
281:
269:
228:
207:
206:
21:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6514:
6486:
6467:
6451:
6420:
6398:
6389:
6364:
6339:
6296:
6293:substance abuse
6270:
6247:
6224:
6178:
6164:Bulimia nervosa
6141:
6122:
6098:Hypochondriasis
6093:False pregnancy
6076:Ganser syndrome
6058:Somatic symptom
6052:
6015:
5967:
5956:Specific phobia
5901:
5878:
5849:
5823:
5755:
5751:Savant syndrome
5723:Autism spectrum
5713:
5698:
5626:
5604:
5583:
5577:
5552:
5445:
5424:
5400:Dermatillomania
5361:
5347:Sexual anorexia
5304:
5293:
5283:
5253:
5248:
5220:
5216:Psychotherapies
5172:
5153:Psycho-oncology
5113:Neurophysiology
5071:Anti-psychiatry
5044:
4938:
4909:Neuropsychiatry
4864:Eating disorder
4817:
4812:
4782:
4777:
4749:
4684:
4618:
4557:
4487:
4461:Activist groups
4456:
4410:
4389:
4353:
4320:
4260:
4229:
4224:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4173:
4159:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3978:Wayback Machine
3926:Wayback Machine
3894:
3893:
3886:
3884:
3873:
3840:
3819:
3801:
3799:Further reading
3796:
3795:
3764:
3760:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3524:
3520:
3483:
3472:
3432:
3428:
3423:Wayback Machine
3414:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3328:
3324:
3310:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3267:Rivera, Geraldo
3264:
3258:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3031:
3027:
2981:
2977:
2948:(10): 824–830.
2938:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2740:
2705:
2701:
2666:
2662:
2619:
2615:
2580:
2573:
2522:
2518:
2483:
2472:
2435:
2424:
2381:
2374:
2331:
2327:
2274:
2267:
2224:
2189:
2154:
2150:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2064:
2060:
2009:
2005:
1970:
1966:
1923:
1914:
1871:
1867:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1730:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1531:Merriam-Webster
1524:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1301:Behavioral cusp
1292:
1260:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1205:
1189:
1178:
1158:
1138:Michael Bernick
1100:
1080:
1029:
987:special schools
982:
976:
948:
928:Rosemary Dybwad
873:, whose sister
871:John F. Kennedy
804:
793:
787:
784:
773:
761:
750:
709:
703:
662:Financial abuse
655:and belittling)
645:emotional abuse
607:
578:Trauma focused
571:problem-solving
473:
393:
380:Life expectancy
363:
358:
282:
229:
227:
216:
213:
212:
204:
203:
176:
143:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6548:
6538:
6537:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6402:
6400:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6366:
6365:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6320:Rebound effect
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6261:Hypersexuality
6257:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6006:
5996:
5994:Panic disorder
5991:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5961:Claustrophobia
5953:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5944:Anthropophobia
5936:
5934:Social anxiety
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5890:
5880:
5879:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5804:Pick's disease
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5562:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5447:
5446:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5294:
5290:Classification
5282:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5148:Psychoanalysis
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5049:Related topics
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4934:Telepsychiatry
4931:
4929:Sleep medicine
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4822:Subspecialties
4819:
4818:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4703:
4701:Disability art
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:Classification
4158:
4157:External links
4155:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4115:
4105:
4070:
4017:
4007:on 1 July 2013
3988:
3980:
3968:Policy brief:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3912:
3907:
3871:
3856:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3758:
3741:
3712:
3688:
3675:
3641:. Open forum.
3629:
3599:
3538:(1): 213–224.
3518:
3497:(4): 321–340.
3470:
3426:
3408:
3384:
3367:
3353:
3342:(4): 434–443.
3322:
3288:
3281:
3233:
3204:
3181:
3155:
3149:978-0914153290
3148:
3130:
3123:
3105:
3080:
3065:
3052:
3041:(4): 336–343.
3025:
2996:(2): 121–138.
2975:
2932:
2919:
2903:
2875:
2857:
2829:
2792:BMC Psychiatry
2778:
2767:Cambridge Core
2754:
2738:
2699:
2680:(2): 171–181.
2660:
2633:(2): 326–335.
2613:
2594:(5): 299–310.
2571:
2536:(2): 187–192.
2516:
2470:
2449:(3): 156–195.
2422:
2395:(2): 143–156.
2372:
2345:(4): 352–369.
2325:
2265:
2238:(4): 332–345.
2187:
2148:
2133:
2113:
2078:(2): 111–118.
2058:
2023:(5): 445–448.
2003:
1984:(4): 314–323.
1964:
1937:(2): 106–114.
1912:
1865:
1815:
1789:
1775:
1724:
1697:(5): 445–448.
1674:
1639:(3): 440–453.
1619:
1594:
1569:
1544:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1462:(3): 231–252.
1445:
1421:
1404:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1356:nyulangone.org
1343:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1242:
1241:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1157:
1154:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1096:
1079:
1076:
1028:
1025:
975:
972:
962:and increased
956:private sector
947:
944:
806:
805:
764:
762:
755:
749:
746:
705:Main article:
702:
699:
678:
677:
674:
671:
665:
659:
656:
641:
630:
624:
621:Physical abuse
606:
603:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
472:
469:
465:
464:
460:
456:
445:
438:
423:
392:
389:
362:
359:
357:
354:
342:
339:
333:
330:
327:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
280:
277:
274:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
226:
223:
220:
175:
172:
142:
139:
138:
137:
131:
125:
122:Cerebral palsy
119:
113:
103:
96:
70:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6547:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:Schizophrenia
6423:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6354:Schizophrenia
6350:
6346:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:Drug overdose
6303:
6302:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6253:Sexual desire
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6133:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5939:Social phobia
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5874:-related and
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5245:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Psychiatrists
5209:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5168:Psychosurgery
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:Organizations
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Psychotherapy
4922:
4920:
4919:Pain medicine
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
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4304:Special needs
4302:
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4287:Mainstreaming
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4280:
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4251:Medical model
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3839:1-281-32552-X
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3818:9780323809726
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3679:
3665:on 2009-08-06
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3619:on 2011-05-26
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3282:0-394-71844-5
3278:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3255:on 2010-07-11
3254:
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3223:on 2007-10-25
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2893:on 2007-01-06
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2847:on 2007-01-06
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2038:
2034:
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2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
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1936:
1932:
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1805:on 2009-04-15
1804:
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1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1609:on 2006-03-03
1608:
1604:
1598:
1584:on 2009-05-04
1583:
1579:
1573:
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1263:
1255:
1253:
1252:self-advocacy
1248:
1238:
1235:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1193:This section
1191:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1153:
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1139:
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1103:
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1057:
1056:United States
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1021:Oklahoma City
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
988:
981:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
943:
941:
935:
933:
932:normalization
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
894:normalization
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:village idiot
817:
813:
812:Enlightenment
802:
799:
791:
781:
777:
771:
770:
765:This section
763:
759:
754:
753:
745:
743:
739:
734:
729:
725:
721:
719:
715:
708:
698:
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690:
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683:
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669:
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439:
436:
432:
428:
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421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
403:
401:
397:
396:Mental health
388:
386:
381:
377:
376:dental health
373:
369:
353:
340:
337:
331:
328:
325:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
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224:
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218:
210:
208:
200:
195:
193:
192:genetic tests
189:
185:
181:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
155:Preterm birth
152:
147:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
99:Down syndrome
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
42:
39:
37:
32:
19:
6385:Folie Ă deux
6310:Intoxication
6291:substances,
6289:Psychoactive
6208:Night terror
6025:Dissociative
5989:Panic attack
5585:
5541:Tic disorder
5143:Psychiatrist
5108:Neuroimaging
4853:
4665:Anthropology
4655:Deaf studies
4645:Crip as verb
4523:Mobility aid
4483:Reach Canada
4256:Social model
4177:
4148:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4082:
4078:
4025:
4021:
4009:. Retrieved
4002:the original
3993:
3984:
3969:
3961:
3949:
3940:
3932:
3916:
3885:. Retrieved
3861:
3852:the original
3828:
3807:
3770:
3761:
3751:
3744:
3734:December 27,
3732:. Retrieved
3727:
3715:
3704:. Retrieved
3700:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3667:. Retrieved
3663:the original
3642:
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3617:the original
3612:
3602:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3494:
3490:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3411:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3377:
3370:
3356:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3316:
3311:21 September
3309:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3271:
3257:. Retrieved
3253:the original
3248:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3216:
3207:
3194:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3167:
3158:
3139:
3133:
3114:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:
3083:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3038:
3034:
3028:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2906:
2895:. Retrieved
2888:the original
2878:
2869:
2860:
2849:. Retrieved
2842:the original
2832:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2770:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2749:
2719:(2): 90–98.
2716:
2712:
2702:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2591:
2587:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2497:(4): 69–79.
2494:
2490:
2446:
2442:
2392:
2388:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2288:(1): 75–81.
2285:
2281:
2235:
2231:
2168:(3): 49–56.
2165:
2161:
2151:
2123:
2116:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1934:
1930:
1885:(1): 42–46.
1882:
1878:
1868:
1835:
1831:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1792:
1778:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1677:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:the original
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1547:
1536:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1506:
1492:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1284:
1261:
1245:
1230:
1224:October 2021
1221:
1206:Please help
1194:
1163:
1159:
1156:Day services
1146:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1101:
1081:
1072:
1053:
1030:
995:
983:
949:
936:
921:
906:
891:
867:
844:
828:
809:
794:
785:
774:Please help
769:verification
766:
730:
726:
722:
710:
691:
686:social norms
679:
649:verbal abuse
633:Sexual abuse
608:
596:
592:
591:
584:
577:
576:
556:
552:
551:
547:
543:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:
517:
509:
479:
475:
474:
466:
449:social norms
398:issues, and
394:
364:
211:
202:
198:
196:
177:
168:
165:
160:
148:
144:
40:
30:
29:
6358:schizotypal
6193:Hypersomnia
6183:Nonorganic
5924:Agoraphobia
5655:Cyclothymia
5650:Bipolar NOS
5625:(affective)
5497:Stereotypic
5405:Kleptomania
4738:Paralympics
4733:Deaflympics
4543:Prosthetics
4234:Main topics
3755:. BCcampus.
3318:employment.
1120:community.
1084:group homes
682:self-esteem
374:, and poor
102:individual.
63:dyscalculia
6510:Stereotypy
6373:Delusional
6362:delusional
6335:Withdrawal
6203:Parasomnia
6108:Nosophobia
5888:Adjustment
5876:somatoform
5809:Sundowning
5662:Depression
5645:Bipolar II
5534:Stuttering
5529:Cluttering
5325:Paraphilia
4815:Psychiatry
4728:Parasports
4265:Approaches
4241:Disability
4227:Disability
3872:0721671543
3848:1193378085
3706:2023-12-28
3669:2011-05-14
3623:2011-05-14
3402:2023-12-28
3378:Pressbooks
3259:2010-06-29
3227:2010-06-29
3174:28 January
3098:28 January
2897:2006-02-11
2851:2006-02-11
2798:(1): 294.
2772:2019-10-23
1809:2006-02-11
1613:2006-02-11
1588:2006-02-11
1562:2014-11-09
1538:2014-11-09
1533:Dictionary
1439:2019-10-23
1361:2023-12-28
1322:References
1134:Sacramento
1088:care homes
991:mainstream
978:See also:
694:peer abuse
614:vulnerable
503:Harassment
435:employment
433:, limited
420:harassment
59:dysgraphia
6463:Catatonia
6395:Psychosis
6230:Postnatal
6213:Nightmare
5819:Wandering
5672:Dysthymia
5640:Bipolar I
5595:Pervasive
5410:Pyromania
5335:Voyeurism
5330:Fetishism
4904:Narcology
4675:Education
4670:Geography
4314:education
4277:Inclusion
4140:1466-8203
4101:1741-1130
4050:0306-624X
4042:1552-6933
3897:cite book
3786:0146-1044
3651:1932-8672
3562:0895-3309
3554:1944-7965
3513:1875-0672
3457:0891-4222
2733:2044-1282
2694:1468-2850
2608:2044-1282
2550:1366-8250
2511:2155-8655
2465:1553-0124
2417:149115957
2409:1931-5864
2359:1934-9491
2302:0162-3257
2260:225777520
2252:1741-1122
2182:2044-1282
2143:830807378
2092:1939-1544
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