558:, an island in the Detroit River. In what is considered a communal disorder, youths fought intermittently through the afternoon. The brawl eventually grew into a confrontation between groups of whites and blacks on the long Belle Isle Bridge, crowded with more than 100,000 day trippers returning to the city from the park. From there the riot spread into the city. Sailors joined fights against blacks. The riot escalated in the city after a false rumor spread that a mob of whites had thrown a black mother and her baby into the Detroit River. Blacks looted and destroyed white property as retaliation. Whites overran Woodward to Veron where they proceeded to tip over 20 cars that belonged to black families. The whites also started to loot stores while rioting.
421:, as many settled in the northern city or used it as a means to get to Canada. During World War II, it was sought out as a refuge for blacks seeking to escape the lingering effects of the Jim Crow era. The promise of employment and escape from the violent racial tensions in the South drew in many African American workers to the North. Before the war, black workers in Detroit were scarce: even in 1942, 119 of 197 Detroit manufacturers surveyed did not have any black employees. However, by 1943, Detroit's labor shortage had become so severe that companies finally began employing African Americans. A report in 1944 showed that with the 44% increase of wartime employment, black employment increased by 103%.
538:. Although whites had long worked with blacks in the same plant, many wanted control of certain jobs and did not want to work right next to blacks. Harold Zeck remembers seeing a group of white women workers coming into the assembly line to convince the white men workers to walk out of work to protest black women using the white women's bathroom. Zeck remembers one of the women saying "They think their fannies are as good as ours." The protest ended when the men refused to leave work. There was a physical confrontation at Edgewood Park. In this period, racial riots also broke out in Los Angeles,
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up just before the families were to move in. White residents protested the project in the name of "protecting" their neighborhoods and property value. These efforts continued throughout the day as more people attempted to move in and tensions continued to rise. More than a thousand people showed up that day, and fighting erupted between the supporters and opponents. Over a dozen police came onto the scene, but the situation worsened. The fighting resulted in over 40 injured and 220 arrested. Of those arrested, 109 were held for trial, only three of whom were white.
493:(FHA) refused to insure any mortgage loans in the area after the announcement of the project, many of the residents in the area believed that this project would decrease nearby property values and reduce their ability to build on nearby vacant lots. On the other side, civil rights groups and pro-public housing groups rallied for the federal government to keep its promise to allow black residents in Sojourner Truth housing and address the housing shortage. There was only one other housing project in the city for African Americans at this time.
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ministers as a screening process to obtain recommendations for the best potential workers. This ensured that Ford only employed reliable long-term workers who would be willing to do the most labor-intensive jobs. Around 1910, Ford gave a salary of $ 5 per day to its workers, which is equivalent to $ 162 per day in 2023. Because of the city's growth in population and employment opportunities, Detroit became a symbol of cultural rebirth. The statement "when I die, bury me in
Detroit" became popular among the black community for these reasons.
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670:, then with the NAACP, assailed the city's handling of the riot. He charged that police unfairly targeted blacks while turning their backs on white atrocities. He said 85 percent of those arrested were black while whites overturned and burned cars in front of the Roxy Theater with impunity as police watched. "This weak-kneed policy of the police commissioner coupled with the anti-Negro attitude of many members of the force helped to make a riot inevitable."
465:. They had no choice but to live in substandard housing in downtown Detroit in an area more commonly known as Black Bottom. Properties in the city had high values for what residents were getting: single-family apartments crowded with multiple families, outstanding maintenance and, in many cases, no indoor plumbing. The influx of African-Americans to Detroit exacerbated racial tensions already present in the city and culminated at the introduction of the
617:. Although most of the black men they studied had jobs and had been in Detroit an average of more than 10 years, Akers and Fox characterized them as unskilled and unsettled; they stressed the men's southern heritage as predisposing them to violence. Additionally, a commission was established to determine the cause of the riot, despite the unequal amount of violence toward blacks, the commission blamed the riot on blacks and their community leaders.
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481:(DHC) approved the construction of the Sojourner Truth Project with 200 units for black defense workers. The original location for this housing project was chosen by the DHC to be in the Seven Mile-Fenelon neighborhood in northeast Detroit. They believed that this location would be uncontroversial because of its proximity to an already existing African American neighborhood. However, this decision was met with immense backlash.
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years or more. They fought closer to home, mainly acting independently to defend their homes, persons or neighborhood, and sometimes looting or destroying mostly white-owned property there in frustration. Where felonies occurred, whites were more often arrested for use of weapons and blacks for looting or failing to observe the curfew imposed. Whites were more often arrested for misdemeanors.
410:, slavery became illegal. Former slaves and their descendants still faced severe discrimination. As a result, many former slaves could only find low paying work in agriculture or domestic service. Southern blacks migrated north in the 20th century in hopes of leaving the oppressive culture in the South. Many considered Detroit to be the place of paradise, calling Detroit the "New
389:, carrying with them southern prejudices. Rumors circulated among ethnic white groups to fear African Americans as competitors for housing and jobs. Indeed, Black residents had to compete for low-level jobs with numerous European immigrants or their descendants, in addition to rural southern whites. Black families were excluded from all of the limited public housing except the
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and rest of the group had hunted the city for blacks prior to the murder. Trani was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 5.5 years to 15 years in prison. Two other youths were convicted, Armando
Mastantuono and Ralph Tancredi. Mastantuono was sentenced to 2.5 years to 15 years in prison, and Tancredi was sentenced to 1.5 years to 15 years in prison.
734:. This book talks about the entire riot. It also talks about how blacks were considered hoodlums and the whites were known as hillbillies. This book also covers the blacks struggle for racial equality in World War II. This also explains the rioters to be the transforming figures of racial violence in the 20th century.
286:, and later some traveled in armed groups explicitly to attack the black neighborhood in Paradise Valley. The black participants were often older, established city residents, who in many cases had lived in the city for more than a decade. They also looted and destroyed white-owned property in their neighborhood.
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Detroit's black leaders identified numerous other substantive causes, including persistent racial discrimination in jobs and housing, frequent police brutality against blacks and the lack of black representation on the force, and the daily animosity directed at their people by much of
Detroit's white
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By 1920, Detroit had become the fourth-largest city in the United States, with an industrial and population boom driven by the rapid expansion of the automobile industry. Detroit was unique among northern cities by the 1940s for its exceptionally high percentage of
Southern-born residents, both black
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on June 20, 1943; the unrest spread to other areas of the city and was exacerbated by false rumors of racial attacks in both the black and white communities. It continued until June 22. It was suppressed after 6,000 federal troops were ordered into the city to restore peace. A total of 34 people were
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A late 20th-century analysis of the facts collected on the arrested rioters has drawn markedly different conclusions. It notes that the whites who were arrested were younger, generally unemployed, and had traveled long distances from their homes to the black neighborhood to attack people there. Even
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Detroit officials postponed the movement of
African-Americans defense workers into the housing project in order to keep the peace. This created a problem for the workers who did not have any place to live. The one other public housing that housed blacks was able to take up some of the residents, but
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As the first
African-Americans workers and their families attempted to move into their new homes in February 1942, large crowds of both black supporters and white opponents surrounded the area. A billboard announcing "We Want White Tenants in our White Community" with American flags attached was put
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claimed deeper causes: a shortage of affordable housing, discrimination in employment, lack of minority representation in the police, and white police brutality. A late 20th-century analysis of the rioters showed that the white rioters were younger and often unemployed (characteristics that the riot
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to escort and protect the
African-American workers and their families as they moved into their new homes. The riot led the DHC to establish a new policy mandating racial segregation in all future public housing projects and promised that future housing projects would not "change the racial patterns
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which prohibited racial discrimination within the defense industry, he was then preoccupied with providing adequate housing for the new additions to the workforce. Housing in many cities was substandard, especially for people of color. Housing in
Detroit was strained as both blacks and whites moved
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Later in the second stage, whites continued to act in groups and were prepared for action, carrying weapons and traveling miles to attack the black ghetto along its western side at
Woodward Avenue. Blacks who were arrested were older, often married and working men, who had lived in the city for 10
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The first casualty was a white civilian who was struck by a taxi. Later, four young white males shot and killed a 58-year-old black civilian, Moses Kiska, who was sitting at the bus stop. The triggerman, 16-year-old Aldo Trani, later said he shot Kiska since he "wanted to kill myself a Nigger." He
561:
Historian
Marilyn S. Johnson argues that this rumor reflected black male fears about historical white violence against black women and children. An equally false rumor that blacks had raped and murdered a white woman on the Belle Isle Bridge swept through white neighborhoods. Angry mobs of whites
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leaders took this opportunity to speak with President Roosevelt about expanding opportunities for African-Americans by outlawing discrimination in the defense industry. At first, the president was hesitant to agree because of his political alignments but changed his mind when Randolph threatened a
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Other officials drew similar conclusions, despite discovering and citing facts that disproved their thesis. Dr. Lowell S. Selling of the Recorder's Court Psychiatric Clinic conducted interviews with 100 black offenders. He found them to be "employed, well-paid, longstanding (of at least 10 years)
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were to blame as instigators of the riots. Governor Kelly called together a fact finding commission to investigate and report on the causes of the riot. Its mostly white members blamed black youths, "unattached, uprooted, and unskilled misfits within an otherwise law-abiding black community," and
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The clashes escalated to the point where mobs of whites and blacks were "assaulting one another, beating innocent motorists, pedestrians and streetcar passengers, burning cars, destroying storefronts and looting businesses." Both sides were said to have encouraged others to join in the riots with
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In response to the uproar in the local community, the federal government changed its decision on the racial occupancy of the housing project multiple times. In January 1941, the DHC and federal officials declared that Sojourner Truth would have white occupants, but quickly decided instead that it
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and were exploited by landlords and forced to pay rents two to three times higher than those paid by families in the less densely populated white districts. Like other poor migrants, they were generally limited to the oldest, substandard housing. By the summer of 1943, after the United States had
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Leaders on both sides had explanations for the violence, effectively blaming the other side. White city leaders, including the mayor, blamed young black hoodlums and persisted in framing the events as being caused by outsiders, people who were unemployed and marginal. Mayor Jeffries said, "Negro
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and ordered in federal troops. About 6,000 troops imposed a curfew, restored peace and occupied the streets of Detroit. Over the course of three days of rioting, 34 people had been killed; 25 were African Americans, of which 17 were killed by the police (their forces were predominantly white and
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was the leading manufacturer in black employment: half of all blacks in the auto industry in the U.S. were employed by Ford, and 12% of all Ford workers were black. Ford made sure to develop close ties with African Americans, being in contact with leading clergy at major black churches and using
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beating blacks as they were getting off street cars on their way to work. They also went to the black neighborhood of Paradise Valley, one of the oldest and poorest neighborhoods in Detroit, attacking black civilians who were trying to defend their homes. Blacks attacked white-owned businesses.
489:. These two groups formed an alliance and organized the resistance to the Sojourner Truth Project. These groups protested by meeting with city officials, sending thousands of angry letters to the government and lobbying with their congressmen against the project, among other things. Since the
310:(KKK) in the 1920s established a substantial presence in Detroit during its early 20th-century revival. The KKK became concentrated in midwestern cities rather than exclusively in the south. It was primarily anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish in this period, but it also supported
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A doctor went to a house call in a black neighborhood. He then was hit in the back of the head with a rock and beaten to death by black rioters. A couple years after the riot, a monument was dedicated to this doctor at the streets of East Grand Boulevard and Gratiot Avenue.
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between 1941 and 1943. The migrants competed for space and jobs against the city's residents as well as against European immigrants and their descendants. The riot escalated after a false rumor spread that a mob of whites had thrown a black mother and her baby into the
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residents of the city", with some education and a history of being law abiding. He attributed their violence to their southern heritage. This view was repeated in a separate study by Elmer R. Akers and Vernon Fox, sociologist and psychologist, respectively, at the
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was ongoing, and the response to the riots hurt morale in African-American units—most significantly the 1511th Quartermaster Truck regiment, whose Black enlisted men fought against white officers and military police on June 24 while stationed in England, in the
461:
from southern states to Detroit to work in the booming manufacturing industry in the city. African-Americans were unable to buy houses in the suburbs during the majority of the 20th century because of racially biased practices, such as redlining and restrictive
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killed, 25 of them black and most at the hands of the white police force, while 433 were wounded (75 percent of them black), and property valued at $ 2 million (worth $ 30.4 million in 2020) was destroyed. Most of the riot took place in the black area of
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commissions had falsely attributed to blacks despite evidence to the contrary). If working, the whites often held semi-skilled or skilled positions. Whites traveled long distances across the city to join the first stage of the riot near the bridge to
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dominated by ethnic whites); 13 deaths remain unsolved.; nine deaths reported were white, and out of the 1,800 arrests made, 85% of them were black, and 15% were white. Of the approximately 600 persons injured, more than 75% were black people.
353:
In 1941, Detroit's Black population numbered nearly 150,000 of the total population of 1,623,452. This total population would reach nearly 2 million by 1943, absorbing more than 400,000 whites and some 50,000 black migrants, mostly from
329:; high wages were offered, attracting large numbers of workers and their families from outside of Michigan. The new workers found little available housing, and competition among ethnic groups was fierce for both jobs and housing. With
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would be occupied by black war workers just two weeks later. Ultimately, it was decided that the Sojourner Truth project would house black residents as originally promised, much to the frustration of the local white community.
624:
Following the violence, Japanese propaganda officials incorporated the event into its materials that encouraged black soldiers not to fight for the United States. They distributed a flyer titled "Fight Between Two Races". The
1289:
The Michigan Companion: A Guide to the Arts, Entertainment, Festivals, Food, Geography, Geology, Government, History, Holidays, Industry, Institutions, Media, People, Philanthropy, Religion, and Sports of the Great State of
345:. Roosevelt called upon all groups to support the war effort. The executive order was applied irregularly, and blacks were often excluded from numerous industrial jobs, especially more skilled and supervisory positions.
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White residents in the surrounding area formed an improvement association, the Seven Mile-Fenelon Improvement Association, and they were soon joined by the residents of the middle-class African American neighborhood,
318:, was also active in the Detroit area. In 1936 and 1937, some 48 members were convicted of numerous murders and attempted murders, thus ending Black Legion's run. Both organizations stood for white supremacy.
210:, from the evening of June 20 through to the early morning of June 22. It occurred in a period of dramatic population increase and social tensions associated with the military buildup of U.S. participation in
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had been incorporating blacks as part of the rank and file. These changes in the defense industry had been directed by executive order by President Roosevelt and had begun to open opportunities for blacks.
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entered World War II, tensions between the white and black communities in Detroit were escalating; resistance to economic and political repression as well as the oppression and violence of the mostly white
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regarded the events as an unfortunate incident. They made these judgments without interviewing any of the rioters, basing their conclusions on police reports, which were limited.
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false claims that one of "their own" had been attacked unjustly. Blacks were outnumbered by a large margin and suffered many more deaths, personal injuries, and property damage.
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of a neighborhood." It also established the precedent that white community groups could utilize the threat of violence to their advantage in future housing debates.
1248:"The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, December 30, 1944, Page PAGE TEN, Image 10 - Chronicling America - The Library of Congress"
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440:. The defense industry was growing rapidly because the country was immersed in a military buildup to provide assistance to their European and Asian allies. On the
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444:, African-Americans were subjected to low-level jobs with little security or protection against the discrimination and prejudice they faced in the work place.
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314:. The KKK contributed to Detroit's reputation for racial antagonism, and there were violent incidents dating from 1915. Its lesser-known offshoot,
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218:. Existing social tensions and housing shortages were exacerbated by racist feelings about the arrival of nearly 400,000 migrants, both
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530:, in keeping with the anti-segregation policy required for the defense industry. In response, 25,000 whites walked off the job in a
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to Veron where they proceeded to violently attack black community members and tip over 20 cars that belonged to black families.
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in the early stage of the riots near Belle Isle Bridge, white youths traveled in groups to the riot area and carried weapons.
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638:, after the officers and MPs attempted to enforce Jim Crow laws on a pub in the village where locals welcomed the Black GIs.
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winning radio drama "An Open Letter on Race Hatred" broadcast on the CBS network on July 24, 1943. The drama is narrated by
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Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century,
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to the already established Black community in the poor and overcrowded east side of the city. A 60-block area east of
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many others had to find housing in other places. After about 2 months protesting had reduced, and Detroit Mayor
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644:, head of the NAACP, noted that there was no rioting at the Packard and Hudson plants, where leaders of the
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1045:(First Princeton Classic ed.). Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 73–75.
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Untold Tales, Unsung Heroes : An Oral History of Detroit's African American Community, 1918-1967
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In 1941, in an attempt to lessen the severity of the housing crisis, the federal government and the
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At the time, white commissions attributed the cause of the riot to black people and youths, but the
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hoodlums started it, but the conduct of the police department, by and large, was magnificent." The
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spilled onto Woodward Avenue near the Roxy Theater around 4 a.m. on June 21, in the actual area of
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respectively. These more recent African American arrivals were driven by de facto segregation and
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Capeci, Dominic J. Jr., and Martha Wilkerson. "The Detroit Rioters of 1943: A Reinterpretation,"
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510:
466:
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Untold Tales, Unsung Heroes: an Oral History of Detroit's African American Community, 1918–1967
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Dominic J. Capeci, Jr., and Martha Wilkerson, "The Detroit Rioters of 1943: A Reinterpretation"
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1514:, 17 Apr. 2000, www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/clio/detroit_riot/DetroitNewsRiots1943.htm.
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Dominic J. Capeci, Jr. and Martha Wilkerson wrote a book about the Detroit Race Riot, called
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Guide to the Michigan Governor's Committee to Investigate the Detroit Race Riot Records 1943
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The effect of World War II in Europe and Asia was felt heavily in the U.S. even before the
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was driven by the economic and political repression across the South exacerbated by the
1588:"Mayor Jeffries and Governor Kelly's June 21, 1943 radio speeches addressing the riots"
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Marilynn S. Johnson, "Gender, Race, and Rumours: Re-Examining the 1943 Race Riots,"
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White American migrants came largely from agricultural areas and especially rural
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Sign posted in response to proposed Sojourner Truth Housing Project, February 1942
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Five-volume Set, ed. Paul Finkelman, Oxford University Press, US, 2009, pp. 59–60
948:(First Princeton Classics ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 25–27.
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In this era of continuing high immigration from southern and eastern Europe, the
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The riots lasted three days and ended only after Mayor Jeffries and Governor
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May 1969, Vol. 53 Issue 3, pp 183–206, reprinted in John Hollitz, ed.
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Elaine Latzman Moon gives a brief overview about the riot in her book
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1498:. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Archives
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The Detroit riot was one of five that summer; it followed others in
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I Heard It Through the Grapevine: Rumor in African-American Culture
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An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy
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finally promoted three blacks to work next to whites in the
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and destroyed white property as retaliation. Whites overran
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Norman Prady. "The Story of How Mother Catered The Riots".
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During the Civil War, Detroit was an important stop on the
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University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
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Altercations between youths started on June 20, 1943, on
1322:"When the American military said sorry to Bamber Bridge"
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214:, as Detroit's automotive industry was converted to the
1521:, www.detroits-great-rebellion.com/Detroit---1943.html.
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asked President Roosevelt to intervene. He invoked the
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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Racially motivated violence against African Americans
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Capeci, Dominic J. Jr., and Martha Wilkerson (1991).
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Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces
973:"Executive Order 8802 | United States history"
629:publicized the riot as a sign of Western decline.
534:at Packard, effectively slowing down the critical
1447:Thinking Through The Past: Volume Two: since 1865
1304:"Japanese Pamphlet – "A Fight Between Two Races""
1287:Woodford, Arthur (2012). "Detroit Riot of 1943".
915:. Detroit News. February 11, 1999. Archived from
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1441:Sitkoff, Harvard. "The Detroit Race Riot 1943,"
1423:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
1355:"WW2 People's War – The Battle of Bamber Bridge"
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986:
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931:"$ 5 in 1910 → 2024 | Inflation Calculator"
1398:, on goodreads.com Retrieved November 18, 2015.
1093:"Rearview Mirror: The 1943 Detroit race riots"
1070:. Princeton University Press. pp. 73–74.
1526:Layered Violence: the Detroit Rioters of 1943
1458:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1421:Layered Violence: The Detroit Rioters of 1943
1091:Vivian M. Baulch; Patricia Zacharias (2000).
983:
962:
840:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1967, pp. 127–129
732:Layered Violence: The Detroit Rioters of 1943
265:The rioting in Detroit began among youths at
1512:Rearview Mirror: The 1943 Detroit Race Riots
1276:. Wayne State University Press. p. 119.
1222:"Article clipped from Detroit Evening Times"
830:
828:
1633:African-American riots in the United States
1562:Vivian M. Baulch & Patricia Zacharias.
1274:Working Detroit: The Making of a Union Town
710:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pxf_PHDSFac
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1524:Capeci, Dominic J., and Martha Wilkerson.
1436:The Detroit Race Riot: A Study in Violence
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1673:White American riots in the United States
1196:"Article clipped from Detroit Free Press"
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604:prosecutor believed that leaders of the
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837:The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930
382:and had aging and substandard housing.
14:
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1542:. Wayne State University Press, 1994.
1449:(Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005) ch 8.
1434:Shogan, Robert, and Tom Craig (1964).
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993:Vivian M. Baulch; Patricia Zacharias.
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902:Sitkoff, "The Detroit Race Riot 1943"
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453:large march on the nation's capital.
1653:June 1943 events in the United States
1517:"1943 – A Race Riot There Would Be."
863:General Article: "Detroit Riots 1943"
822:Jan 1990, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp. 49–72.
794:
692:Radio producer, writer, and director
348:
717:, then writing under his real name,
1668:Riots and civil disorder in Detroit
1528:. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2010.
1416:Jan 1990, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp 49–72
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1001:. The Detroit News. Archived from
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432:World War II and housing shortages
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25:
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615:State Prison of Southern Michigan
337:on June 25, 1941, had prohibited
155:Civilians engaged in self-defense
1623:1943 crimes in the United States
1330:. April 12, 2012. Archived from
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360:African American Great Migration
327:converted to military production
1643:Appalachian culture in Michigan
1510:"The 1943 Detroit Race Riots."
1496:"What Caused the Detroit Riot?"
1455:The Origins of the Urban Crisis
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1170:"What Caused the Detroit Riot?"
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1068:The Origins of the Urban Crisis
1043:The Origins of the Urban Crisis
946:The Origins of the Urban Crisis
467:Sojourner Truth Housing Project
321:Soon after the U.S. entry into
1438:. Philadelphia: Chilton Books.
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923:
905:
843:
666:Future Supreme Court Justice,
509:called the Detroit police and
491:Federal Housing Administration
325:, the automotive industry was
13:
1:
1638:Anti-black racism in Michigan
1564:"The 1943 Detroit race riots"
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995:"The 1943 Detroit race riots"
913:"The 1943 Detroit race riots"
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1228:. August 2, 1943. p. 13
1133:Patricia A. Turner, (1994).
594:
7:
1414:Michigan Historical Review,
1202:. August 4, 1943. p. 3
820:Michigan Historical Review,
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27:Racial violence in Michigan
10:
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1648:Belle Isle Park (Michigan)
1452:Sugrue, Thomas J. (1996).
1252:chroniclingamerica.loc.gov
1041:Sugrue, Thomas J. (2005).
479:Detroit Housing Commission
358:. This second wave of the
228:Southeastern United States
853:, New York: 1941, p. 568
772:Detroit race riot of 1863
524:Packard Motor Car Company
396:Detroit Police Department
391:Brewster Housing Projects
185:
177:
169:
164:
147:Detroit Police Department
106:
101:
75:
59:
51:
39:
34:
18:Detroit race riot of 1943
1531:"Detroit Mob Violence."
787:
687:
675:Reinterpretation in 1990
580:Insurrection Act of 1807
1533:San Francisco Chronicle
1327:Lancashire Evening Post
1066:Sugrue, Thomas (2014).
977:Encyclopedia Britannica
944:Sugrue, Thomas (2014).
636:Battle of Bamber Bridge
549:
511:Michigan National Guard
473:Sojourner Truth Project
456:After Roosevelt signed
1538:Moon, Elaine Latzman.
1519:Detroit Race Riot 1943
1272:Babson, Steve (1986).
868:March 1, 2017, at the
672:
518:Assembly line tensions
438:attack on Pearl Harbor
299:
35:1943 Detroit race riot
1471:"The 1943 Race Riots"
1379:Detroit Riots of 1943
1226:Detroit Evening Times
1152:"The 1943 Race Riots"
664:
339:racial discrimination
335:Franklin D. Roosevelt
297:
458:Executive Order 8802
419:Underground Railroad
331:Executive Order 8802
46:The Second World War
1658:Mass murder in 1943
1574:on October 29, 2013
1481:on January 21, 2013
1158:, February 10, 1999
1124:(1998): 10:252–277.
1099:on October 29, 2013
1005:on October 29, 2013
878:American Experience
777:Harlem riot of 1943
123:European immigrants
1396:Trouble Follows Me
1200:Detroit Free Press
1122:Gender and History
724:Trouble Follows Me
446:A. Philip Randolph
425:Ford Motor Company
356:the American South
349:Growing population
300:
151:United States Army
1443:Michigan History,
1353:Pollins, Harold.
999:www.mtholyoke.edu
874:Eleanor Roosevelt
835:Kenneth Jackson,
767:1967 Detroit riot
694:William N. Robson
668:Thurgood Marshall
224:White Southerners
200:Detroit race riot
193:
192:
160:
159:
16:(Redirected from
1680:
1595:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1568:The Detroit News
1558:
1555:The Detroit News
1507:
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1477:. Archived from
1475:The Detroit News
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659:The Detroit News
366:and codified in
364:Great Depression
343:defense industry
341:in the national
220:African-American
108:
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55:June 20–22, 1943
32:
31:
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1628:1943 in Detroit
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870:Wayback Machine
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849:Gunnar Myrdal,
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759:Michigan portal
757:
752:
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696:introduced his
690:
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544:Beaumont, Texas
540:Mobile, Alabama
520:
507:Edward Jeffries
475:
434:
404:
402:Great Migration
398:grew steadily.
380:Paradise Valley
376:Woodward Avenue
351:
312:white supremacy
292:
284:Belle Isle Park
272:Paradise Valley
267:Belle Isle Park
260:Mobile, Alabama
256:Beaumont, Texas
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96:street fighting
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1592:LiveDetroit.tv
1584:
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1547:External links
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715:Ross Macdonald
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536:war production
532:wildcat strike
528:assembly lines
522:In June 1943,
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368:Jim Crow laws
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233:Detroit River
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1591:
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1572:the original
1567:
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1502:February 16,
1500:. Retrieved
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1479:the original
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1180:February 16,
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
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1156:Detroit News
1155:
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1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
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704:, featuring
702:Jackson Beck
691:
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665:
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642:Walter White
640:
623:
621:population.
619:
611:
602:Wayne County
598:
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450:civil rights
435:
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352:
333:, President
323:World War II
320:
316:Black Legion
308:Ku Klux Klan
305:
301:
276:
264:
245:
212:World War II
199:
196:
194:
145:
135:Black youths
130:
117:White youths
112:
42:civil unrest
40:Part of the
29:
1578:October 27,
1103:October 27,
1009:October 27,
627:Axis powers
576:Harry Kelly
303:and white.
252:Los Angeles
226:, from the
1618:1943 riots
1612:Categories
1464:0691058881
1429:0878055150
1407:References
1292:: 168–169.
1257:August 15,
1232:August 15,
1206:August 15,
564:Brush Park
556:Belle Isle
448:and other
442:home front
406:After the
387:Appalachia
290:Background
216:war effort
165:Casualties
1308:Pinterest
595:Aftermath
463:covenants
408:Civil War
372:redlining
235:. Blacks
1535:, 1943.
1364:April 4,
1290:Michigan
1174:Archives
1139:, p. 51.
866:Archived
745:See also
241:Woodward
208:Michigan
186:Arrested
178:Injuries
170:Death(s)
69:Michigan
60:Location
1601:at the
1338:June 2,
204:Detroit
120:Sailors
102:Parties
92:assault
88:looting
80:Rioting
76:Methods
65:Detroit
44:during
1462:
1427:
1074:
1049:
952:
412:Canaan
258:; and
237:looted
880:, PBS
788:Notes
688:Media
606:NAACP
279:NAACP
189:1,800
84:arson
1580:2013
1504:2017
1487:2006
1460:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1366:2017
1340:2017
1259:2023
1234:2023
1208:2023
1182:2017
1105:2013
1072:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1011:2013
950:ISBN
648:and
550:Riot
542:and
414:."
222:and
197:1943
195:The
52:Date
1359:BBC
708:.
650:CIO
646:UAW
181:433
1614::
1590:.
1566:.
1473:.
1381:,
1357:.
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1154:,
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254:;
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1080:.
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979:.
958:.
933:.
726:.
20:)
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