181:. White workers from the Pennsylvania Shipyard in Beaumont attacked local black residents and destroyed their property following a rumor that a white woman had been raped by a black man. Two black men and one white man were killed in the widespread violence and more than 50 were injured. More than 200 were arrested and black residents were temporarily banned from going to work.
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declared the city off limits for all military personnel. Black workers were banned from going to work, although the curfew was lifted by the end of June 16. Mayor Gary closed liquor stores, parks, and playgrounds to prevent any gathering of large crowds. After the mayor ended the curfew on June 16, the guardsmen left town.
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where suspects were held. By the time they reached the jail, the mob numbered 4,000. The woman was unable to identify any prisoner as her alleged assailant. Breaking into small groups, white mobs attacked and terrorized black neighborhoods near the jail in the central and north parts of the city, and destroyed 100 homes.
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of 1941; he wanted to encourage all
American citizens to support the war effort. From 1940 to 1943, Beaumont had grown more than 36% from 59,000 to 80,000 persons; both African Americans and whites flocked to the city for the industrial jobs. As the population grew, African Americans maintained their
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The
Beaumont event was one of several riots in the summer of 1943 in which black people suffered as victims and had the greatest losses in property damage. They were related to social competition and tensions arising from the wartime build-up. Some cities were struggling to accommodate the influx of
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By June 20, a military tribunal had reviewed the cases of the 206 arrested. Twenty-nine cases were turned over to police authorities on charges of assault and battery, unlawful assembly, and arson. The remainder of suspects were released. No one was prosecuted for the deaths that occurred during the
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Beaumont had become a destination for tens of thousands of workers in the defense industry; from 1940 to 1943 the city had grown from 59,000 to 80,000 persons, with
African Americans maintaining a proportion of roughly one third of the total. Workers were attracted to the buildup of high-paying jobs
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In the immediate event, starting June 15, 1943, a white woman in
Beaumont said she had been raped by a black man. Learning of the charge, white workers confronted blacks at the Pennsylvania Shipyard and violence erupted. About 2,000 white workers, joined by 1,000 more whites, advanced on the jail
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of the State House, established a curfew and martial law. A total of about 1,800 guardsmen, 100 state highway police, and 75 Texas
Rangers were ordered in to the city. The state highway police closed it off to prevent whites from outside entering the city to join the violence. The armed forces
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were not unusual, but wartime conditions made matters worse. More serious than the economic restrictions were service problems in the city caused by the huge increase in population. The city transportation could not keep up, and crowds added to the tensions between passengers on the segregated
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Martial law was maintained by state units until June 20, during which more violence took place. By the end of the violence, one black man and one white man were dead, 50 persons were injured, and more than 200 were arrested. Another black man died from his injuries months later.
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by
Southern states since the turn of the century, they sought the high-paying defense jobs at the shipyards, as had thousands of white workers. The yards employed thousands of workers; Pennsylvania Shipyard was one of the largest, with 8500 workers.
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affected more people. This aggravated interracial tensions in
Beaumont. Economic restrictions limited the availability of consumer goods, but defense workers were making good money and were ready for some goods after the privations of the
263:, was shot four times and clubbed by Beaumont police as they removed him from a bus following a minor complaint of his knees sticking into the 'white section.' His military unit protested to the
205:, and African Americans sought a share of opportunities in the high-paying jobs in Texas. New residents in Beaumont competed for jobs and housing in the crowded town, where whites had imposed
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was an anti-Black terrorist event that erupted on June 15, 1943 and ended two days later. It was related to wartime tensions in the overcrowded city, which had been
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294:). Adjutant General A. B. Knickerbocker of Texas sent one battalion of Texas Defense Guard from Beaumont and two battalions from Port Arthur, and acting governor
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Four unrelated events amplified the mounting racial tensions in
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system. On June 30, 1942, there were confrontations on four separate buses: blacks were forced to stand or take inferior seats under
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Although public facilities were racially segregated under state law and
African Americans had been
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is a 2016 short film about the riot written by Gordon S. Williams and directed by Wyatt Cagle.
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announced a policy to end discrimination in employment in the defense industries through his
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riots. Gradually blacks were allowed to return to work and defense production was resumed.
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black and white defense workers, dealing with shortages in housing and strained services.
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1976 Vol. 14, Issue 1, Article 8, available at
ScholarWorks, accessed September 20, 2015.
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James A. Burran, "Violence in an 'Arsenal of Democracy': The Beaumont Race Riot, 1943"
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in the defense industry, concentrated at the shipyard, as Beaumont was located on the
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The mayor requested assistance from the Texas Defense Guard (Later known as
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El Paso Herald-Post (El Paso, Texas) · 16 Jun 1943, Wed · Page 12 - via
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practices. In one altercation on July 27, Charles J. Reco, a black
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Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II
16:
1943 period of racial violence in Beaumont, Texas, United States
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was issued by the president to prohibit discrimination among
64:
2581:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
575:
The Nazi Hydra in America: Suppressed History of a Century
436:"Recollections: Revisiting the Beaumont Race Riot of 1943"
239:
proportion of roughly one third of the total population.
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National Museum of African American History and Culture
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uploaded on June 10, 2010, accessed September 18, 2015.
337:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
3065:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
621:
3021:
2242:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
553:
636:List of lynching victims in the United States
607:
572:
2672:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
2643:
2488:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
2218:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
614:
600:
52:Alleged rape of white woman by a black man
3060:White American riots in the United States
2964:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
2424:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
1202:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
250:Racial animosity and friction during the
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
2793:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
433:
394:James S. Olson, "Beaumont Riot of 1943"
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
3022:
556:Black Unionism in the Industrial South
534:
3045:June 1943 events in the United States
2430:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
2336:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
2027:
633:
595:
466:"One Dead, 11 Hurt In Beaumont Riots"
349:
3005:Lynching deaths in the United States
2135:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
2028:
573:Yeadon, Glen; Hawkins, John (2007).
518:THE EXAMPLE: HISTORICAL FICTION FILM
376:
267:over the treatment by local police.
2666:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
2442:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
2224:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
13:
577:. Joshua Tree: Progressive Press.
558:. Texas A&M University Press.
528:
209:, as was common across the South.
14:
3081:
3070:Riots and civil disorder in Texas
2566:American Crusade Against Lynching
2212:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
171:1943 race riot in Beaumont, Texas
3040:1943 crimes in the United States
2778:America's Black Holocaust Museum
2561:American anti-lynching activists
2533:Nadir of American race relations
2123:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2059:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
278:, and the surrounding counties.
2984:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2618:National Conference on Lynching
2176:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2053:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
1394:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
554:Obadele-Starks, Ernest (2001).
419:. January 17, 1943 – via
265:United States Department of War
2100:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
539:. Cambridge University Press.
506:
494:
482:
458:
427:
411:"Civil Rights' Case Is Closed"
403:
371:East Texas Historical Journal,
1:
3000:Lynching in the United States
2301:Springfield race riot of 1908
719:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
623:Lynching in the United States
342:
212:
2894:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
2825:And you are lynching Negroes
2677:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
2412:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
2318:Harris County, GA, lynchings
2260:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
2106:New Orleans massacre of 1866
474:. June 16, 1943 – via
310:
193:northeast of Houston on the
7:
2803:Southern Poverty Law Center
2448:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2076:? Lachenais and four others
1514:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
831:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
330:
10:
3086:
3055:Anti-black racism in Texas
3050:History of Beaumont, Texas
2284:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2254:Phoenix, SC, election riot
2230:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
2182:Benjamin and Mollie French
319:
281:
24:Beaumont race riot of 1943
2992:
2811:
2770:
2689:
2591:William O'Connell Bradley
2551:
2505:
2501:
2330:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2082:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2065:New York City draft riots
2034:
2023:
1772:
1041:
646:
642:
629:
501:"Beaumont Race Riot, 1943
416:Lubbock Avalanche-Journal
398:Handbook of Texas Online,
159:
151:
143:
138:
118:
113:
79:
74:
56:
48:
36:
28:
23:
2855:Deaths in police custody
2342:Jenkins County, GA, riot
2153:Chinese massacre of 1871
2071:Detroit race riot (1863)
1706:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
1498:Dick Rowland (attempted)
2836:Battle of Liberty Place
2831:Attack on John Shillady
2819:James Allen (collector)
2652:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
2436:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
2360:Omaha race riot of 1919
2348:Longview, TX, race riot
2324:Newberry, FL, lynchings
2266:Julia and Frazier Baker
2248:Porter and Spencer (MS)
2200:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
2158:Meridian, MS, race riot
2141:Opelousas, LA, massacre
1114:Paul Reed and Will Cato
799:Big Nose George Parrott
535:Kryder, Daniel (2001).
221:conditions worsened as
2970:United States v. Shipp
2722:Rebecca Latimer Felton
2553:Anti-lynching movement
2470:Freedom Summer Murders
2400:Rosewood, FL, massacre
2365:Knoxville riot of 1919
1234:Laura and L. D. Nelson
2941:Summer in Mississippi
2888:Mississippi Cold Case
2842:The Birth of a Nation
2783:Civil Rights Memorial
2712:Sidney Johnston Catts
2690:Defenders of lynching
2376:Duluth, MN, lynchings
2354:Elaine, AR, race riot
2312:Laura and L.D. Nelson
2278:Watkinsville lynching
2236:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
2194:Hamburg, SC, massacre
2170:Election riot of 1874
2117:Camilla, GA, massacre
2039:Death of Joseph Smith
663:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
503:, Black Past website.
434:Lippold, Pam (2006).
232:Franklin D. Roosevelt
207:segregated facilities
2659:Costigan-Wagner Bill
2596:Ella Barksdale Brown
2394:Perry, FL, race riot
2306:Slocum, TX, massacre
2206:Mart and Tom Horrell
2164:Colfax, LA, massacre
2147:Bear River City riot
1997:James Craig Anderson
1797:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
1402:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
236:Executive Order 8802
199:Executive Order 8802
96:Texas Highway Patrol
2901:The Ox-Bow Incident
2881:Mississippi Burning
2732:John Trotwood Moore
2388:Tulsa race massacre
2382:Ocoee, FL, massacre
1877:Mack Charles Parker
1805:Willie James Howard
203:defense contractors
2915:Reconstruction era
2727:John Temple Graves
2571:Jessie Daniel Ames
2518:Indiana White Caps
2188:Ellenton, SC, riot
2111:Reno Brothers Gang
1861:Judge Edward Aaron
1058:Ballie Crutchfield
261:military policeman
175:flooded by workers
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
2958:They Won't Forget
2875:Lynching postcard
2788:The Legacy Museum
2757:James K. Vardaman
2697:Theodore G. Bilbo
2685:
2684:
2576:Martin C. Ansorge
2497:
2496:
2482:Michael Schwerner
2289:Kemper County, MS
2129:Pulaski, TN, riot
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
1722:Shedrick Thompson
1602:Bernice Raspberry
1322:Name unknown (MS)
1226:Name unknown (TX)
847:Joseph Vermillion
815:John Wesley Heath
584:978-0-930852-43-6
292:Texas State Guard
272:African Americans
223:wartime shortages
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92:Texas State Guard
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2752:Benjamin Tillman
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529:Further reading
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296:A. M. Aikin Jr.
284:
244:disenfranchised
215:
130:
125:
105:
104:Black civilians
103:
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94:
86:
44:
42:Beaumont, Texas
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2747:Goodloe Sutton
2744:
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2737:John T. Morgan
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2707:Julian S. Carr
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855:George Meadows
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481:
476:Newspapers.com
471:The Paris News
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421:Newspapers.com
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375:
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3035:1943 in Texas
3033:
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2930:Silent Parade
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2869:Hang 'Em High
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2629:Strange Fruit
2626:
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2523:Jim Crow laws
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2002:
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1562:Fred N. Selak
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1050:Fred Rochelle
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1015:F. W. Stewart
1012:
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999:John Anderson
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935:Alfred Blount
932:
928:
927:John Peterson
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783:Michael Green
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695:Henry Plummer
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679:Pancho Daniel
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546:0-521-00458-6
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219:socioeconomic
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100:Texas Rangers
97:
93:
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85:White rioters
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62:
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51:
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31:
27:
22:
19:
2976:
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2947:Sundown town
2939:
2907:
2899:
2886:
2879:
2867:
2860:
2849:The Clansman
2847:
2840:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2635:Ida B. Wells
2623:Paul Robeson
2528:Ku Klux Klan
2474:James Chaney
2464:Anniston, AL
2435:
2088:Plummer Gang
2043:Joseph Smith
1941:Henry Marrow
1901:Frank Morris
1829:Willie Earle
1738:Cordie Cheek
1666:Henry Choate
1586:Dan Anderson
1546:Raymond Byrd
1530:Samuel Smith
1482:Willie Baird
1362:Frank Little
1354:Paulo Boleta
1282:Robert Perry
1258:Mary Jackson
1218:King Johnson
1170:James Hodges
1090:George White
1074:Walker Davis
975:Jacob Henson
903:Robert Lewis
863:Ellen Watson
751:Jim Williams
727:Wyatt Outlaw
574:
555:
536:
517:
508:
496:
484:
469:
460:
448:. Retrieved
443:
439:
429:
414:
405:
397:
370:
324:
323:
314:
305:
299:
289:
285:
269:
252:Jim Crow era
249:
241:
230:. President
216:
191:Neches River
187:
183:
177:from across
170:
168:
90:
18:
2979:(1999 film)
2863:(1936 film)
2742:James Rolph
2644:Legislation
2607:Flag Salute
2047:Hyrum Smith
1893:Lemuel Penn
1885:Louis Allen
1853:Emmett Till
1837:Lamar Smith
1813:Recy Taylor
1746:Claude Neal
1594:Will Sherod
1578:John Carter
1554:James Clark
1506:Henry Lowry
1378:Ell Persons
1266:Rob Edwards
1242:Will Porter
1098:David Wyatt
1066:George Ward
943:Henry Smith
839:Amos Miller
823:Eliza Woods
759:David Jones
703:Bill Sketoe
687:Joshua Boyd
647:Before 1900
325:The Example
3030:1943 riots
3024:Categories
2993:Categories
2920:Red Summer
2613:N.A.A.C.P.
2538:Red Shirts
2370:Red Summer
1909:James Reeb
1781:Felix Hall
1773:After 1940
1522:Joe Pullen
1490:Roy Belton
1442:Will Brown
1346:Jeff Brown
1306:John Evans
1290:? Anderson
1194:"Pie" Hill
1162:Jim Miller
1138:Slab Pitts
1130:Ed Johnson
967:Amos Hicks
887:Dick Lundy
879:Jim Taylor
440:Touchstone
343:References
298:, speaker
213:Background
195:Gulf Coast
139:Casualties
2910:(musical)
1626:Joe Smith
1570:Tom Payne
1538:L. Q. Ivy
1466:Jay Lynch
1314:Leo Frank
1042:1900–1940
450:March 24,
311:Aftermath
217:In 1942,
179:the South
49:Caused by
2977:Vendetta
2513:Lynching
2484:) (1964)
2049:) (1844)
1023:Sam Hose
331:See also
257:Jim Crow
160:Arrested
152:Injuries
144:Death(s)
37:Location
2506:General
895:Joe Coe
767:Jo Reed
446:: 52–65
320:In film
300:pro tem
282:Rioting
75:Parties
61:rioting
57:Methods
2908:Parade
2896:(1965)
2771:Memory
2490:(1964)
2466:(1961)
2460:(1952)
2450:(1946)
2444:(1945)
2438:(1943)
2432:(1937)
2426:(1933)
2420:(1932)
2414:(1930)
2408:(1927)
2402:(1923)
2396:(1922)
2390:(1921)
2384:(1920)
2378:(1920)
2372:(1919)
2356:(1919)
2350:(1919)
2344:(1919)
2338:(1918)
2332:(1917)
2326:(1916)
2320:(1912)
2314:(1911)
2308:(1910)
2297:(1908)
2291:(1906)
2280:(1905)
2274:(1899)
2268:(1898)
2262:(1898)
2256:(1898)
2250:(1897)
2244:(1892)
2238:(1892)
2232:(1891)
2226:(1880)
2220:(1879)
2214:(1879)
2208:(1878)
2202:(1878)
2196:(1876)
2190:(1876)
2184:(1876)
2178:(1874)
2166:(1873)
2160:(1871)
2149:(1868)
2143:(1868)
2137:(1868)
2131:(1868)
2125:(1868)
2119:(1868)
2113:(1868)
2102:(1866)
2096:(1866)
2090:(1864)
2084:(1864)
2078:(1863)
2067:(1863)
2061:(1862)
2055:(1858)
2007:(2020)
1999:(2011)
1991:(1998)
1983:(1989)
1975:(1981)
1967:(1979)
1959:(1978)
1951:(1975)
1943:(1970)
1935:(1968)
1927:(1967)
1919:(1966)
1911:(1965)
1903:(1964)
1895:(1964)
1887:(1964)
1879:(1959)
1871:(1957)
1863:(1957)
1855:(1955)
1847:(1955)
1839:(1955)
1831:(1947)
1823:(1946)
1815:(1944)
1807:(1944)
1799:(1943)
1791:(1943)
1783:(1941)
1764:(1940)
1756:(1940)
1748:(1934)
1740:(1933)
1732:(1933)
1724:(1932)
1716:(1931)
1708:(1931)
1700:(1930)
1692:(1930)
1684:(1928)
1676:(1927)
1668:(1927)
1660:(1927)
1652:(1927)
1644:(1927)
1636:(1927)
1628:(1927)
1620:(1927)
1612:(1927)
1604:(1927)
1596:(1927)
1588:(1927)
1580:(1927)
1572:(1927)
1564:(1926)
1556:(1926)
1548:(1926)
1540:(1925)
1532:(1924)
1524:(1923)
1516:(1922)
1508:(1921)
1500:(1921)
1492:(1920)
1484:(1920)
1476:(1919)
1468:(1919)
1460:(1919)
1452:(1919)
1444:(1919)
1436:(1919)
1428:(1918)
1420:(1918)
1412:(1918)
1404:(1918)
1396:(1918)
1388:(1918)
1380:(1917)
1372:(1917)
1364:(1917)
1356:(1916)
1348:(1916)
1340:(1916)
1332:(1916)
1324:(1915)
1316:(1915)
1308:(1914)
1300:(1914)
1292:(1913)
1284:(1913)
1276:(1912)
1268:(1912)
1260:(1912)
1252:(1911)
1244:(1911)
1236:(1911)
1228:(1911)
1220:(1911)
1212:(1910)
1204:(1909)
1196:(1909)
1188:(1909)
1180:(1909)
1172:(1909)
1164:(1909)
1156:(1907)
1148:(1907)
1140:(1906)
1132:(1906)
1124:(1906)
1116:(1904)
1108:(1904)
1100:(1903)
1092:(1903)
1084:(1903)
1076:(1903)
1068:(1901)
1060:(1901)
1052:(1901)
1033:(1899)
1025:(1899)
1017:(1898)
1009:(1898)
1001:(1898)
993:(1897)
985:(1897)
977:(1896)
969:(1894)
961:(1894)
953:(1894)
945:(1893)
937:(1893)
929:(1893)
921:(1893)
913:(1892)
905:(1892)
897:(1891)
889:(1891)
881:(1891)
873:(1890)
865:(1889)
857:(1889)
849:(1889)
841:(1888)
833:(1886)
825:(1886)
817:(1884)
809:(1882)
801:(1881)
793:(1879)
785:(1878)
777:(1877)
769:(1875)
761:(1872)
753:(1871)
745:(1870)
737:(1870)
729:(1870)
721:(1868)
713:(1864)
705:(1864)
697:(1864)
689:(1863)
681:(1858)
673:(1851)
665:(1837)
657:(1836)
581:
562:
543:
514:"News"
114:Number
69:pogrom
2454:Harry
129:1,975
124:4,000
65:arson
2951:list
2861:Fury
2543:Jews
2456:and
2172:(AL)
579:ISBN
560:ISBN
541:ISBN
452:2007
169:The
163:200+
29:Date
274:in
155:50+
3026::
2480:,
2476:,
2045:,
516:.
468:.
444:25
442:.
438:.
413:.
396:,
378:^
369:,
351:^
197:.
67:,
63:,
2953:)
2949:(
2827:"
2823:"
2631:"
2627:"
2609:"
2605:"
2472:(
2041:(
615:e
608:t
601:v
587:.
568:.
549:.
520:.
478:.
454:.
423:.
147:3
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