384:) is a voluntary action set up in the past, almost uniquely, by commercial partners who believe that the standardisation will permit easier exchanges of products and goods. This implied very often that the acceptance of the standards is also voluntary and triggered by expected commercial benefits. Only to a very limited extent consumer representatives did participate in standardisation. On the other hand, laws in many countries are referring more and more to the required acceptance of several standards (e.g. on safety or on ecological aspects). The net result of this need for standards is that nowadays many standardisation initiatives are stimulated (= subsidised) by public bodies or, in Europe, directly and indirectly by the European Commission. Also many guidelines have been created by stakeholder groups.
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and
Disability (EIDD),to enhance the quality of life through Design for All, it changed its name in 2006 to bring it into line with its core business. EIDD – Design for All Europe disseminates the application of Design for All to business and administration communities previously unaware of its benefits and currently (2009) has active member organisations in 22 European countries. The aim of EIDD is to encourage active interaction and communication between professionals interested in the theory and practice of Design for All and to build bridges between, on the one hand, these and other members of the design community and, on the other hand, all those other communities where Design for All can make a real difference to the quality of life for everyone.
512:"Life-long learning is a critical area where emphasis should be placed, in the "knowledge" society of the future. It entails a continuous engagement in the acquisition of knowledge and skills to facilitate and sustain equitable participation in the Information Society. New technologies may play a catalytic role in providing new educational mechanisms and structures, thus allowing learning to become an inseparable part of life-long human activities in the context of knowledge-intensive learning communities, and social interaction amongst groups of people.
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universally accessible and usable products and services and suitable support functionalities in the environment. These products and services must be capable of accommodating individual user requirements in different contexts of use, independent of location, target machine, or runtime environment. Therefore, the approach aiming to grant the use of equipment or services is generalized, seeking to give access to the
Information Society as such. Citizens are supposed to live in environments populated with
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different contexts, including public places, homes, classrooms, etc., and provide the means for ubiquitous and nomadic access. Environmental control will also become increasingly important. Smart environments will progressively penetrate a wide range of human activities in hospitals, hotels, public administration buildings, etc. Teleoperation of such environments will also gain increasing attention to facilitate responsiveness to unforeseen events, enhanced mobility and security.
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activities (...) security, privacy and control are central themes in the evolution of a socially acceptable
Information Society and should receive immediate attention. At the same time, they will increasingly constitute more complex targets to accomplish, as they span across different levels of the telecommunications infrastructure, from network services to application services (such as business transactions and entertainment), terminals and information appliances."
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field. The objectives of the
Directive on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society are to adapt legislation on copyright and related rights to reflect technological developments and to transpose into Community law the main international obligations arising from the two treaties on copyright and related rights adopted within the framework of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) in December 1996.
24:
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The project aims at further develop
Ambient Assisted Living products and services that are affordable, easy to use and commercially viable. The project develops an integrated technological platform that seamlessly links up the different products and services for social inclusion, for support in daily
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EIDD – Design for All Europe is a 100% self-financed
European organisation that covers the entire area of theory and practice of Design for All, from the built environment and tangible products to communication, service and system design. Originally set up in 1993 as the European Institute for Design
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is not necessarily obvious. Modern technology, which is a result of design, is able to collect significant amounts of personal information. The user has an interest in that information being correct and in it being used appropriately. The person may want to keep something confidential and have access
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can be a problem in this situation. On the other hand, copyright is an essential part of the sustainability of a creative society. This conflict of interests must be solved somehow in order to ensure the
Information Society is a Society for All. There is international and European legislation in this
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Finally, a broad range of transaction services (e.g., banking, advertising, entertainment), social services for the citizens (e.g., administration, health care, education, transport), and electronic commerce applications, will become increasingly important in reshaping business and residential human
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This directive established the basic principles for the collection, storage and use of personal data which should be respected by governments, businesses and any other organizations or individuals engaged in handling personal data. Within the context of Design for All (in ICT), privacy protection is
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in Europe is the i2010 initiative. The "i2010 – A European
Information Society for growth and employment" initiative was launched by the European Commission as a framework for addressing the main challenges and developments in the information society and media sectors up to 2010. It promotes an open
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more and more legislative actions are put in place to require public bodies and companies to make sure that their products and services are accessible and usable not only by "standard" users but also by others such as elderly persons or people with an impairment. As it would be unwise to write down
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A masters level programme which aims to enable students to have the relevant knowledge, personal and professional skills & competencies to design, develop, implement, evaluate and manage a wide range of ICT systems products and services that adhere to the principles and practices of Design for
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One major lever to improve awareness and practice in Design for All is the development of education and training programs. Professionals are needed who have acquired comprehensive specialist knowledge and skills in Design for All; in addition those professionals who currently work in ICT industry
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provides guidance on how to embed accessibility concerns into organisation's policies and digital production processes. The
Standard provides non-technical website owners a better understanding of the value of inclusive design, and a framework for how to use guidelines like WCAG 2.0 to help them
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provide an alternative way to reach different floor levels. Modern accessible elevators use information and communication technology to adapt themselves to any user imaginable. The closing speed of the doors is adjustable so people can safely enter quickly or slowly as required. Controls of the
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Another important application area and a critical short-term target is the development of general purpose public information systems, terminals and information appliances, (e.g., information kiosks for access to community-wide information services). These are expected to be used in increasingly
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is a technical standard that covers a wide range of recommendations for making Web content more accessible. Following these guidelines will make content accessible to a wider range of people with disabilities, including blindness and low vision, deafness and hearing loss, learning disabilities,
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and equality. It should not be conceived of as an effort to advance a single solution for everybody, but as a user-centred approach to providing products that can automatically address the possible range of human abilities, skills, requirements, and preferences. Consequently, the outcome of the
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This is a support project to EDeAN. The project aims to develop an exemplary training course for Design for all targeted to the
Industry, course structures and curricula for studying Design for All in undergraduate and postgraduate levels as well as an online knowledge base on Design for All.
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of information and telecommunications technologies by anyone at any place and at any time and their inclusion in any living context. It aims to enable equitable access and active participation of potentially all people in existing and emerging computer-mediated human activities, by developing
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The complementary approach of training for professionals in ICT industry has also been tackled by the DfA@eInclusion project. A comprehensive curriculum for such trainings has been recommended and is currently subject to a CEN workshop negotiation. The CEN workshop "Curriculum for training
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The implementation of such programmes is already under way in a few places, for example at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, the Middlesex University, UK, University of Linz, Austria and the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. Core topics include an
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and competitive digital economy and emphasises ICT as a driver of inclusion and quality of life. The initiative contains a range of EU policy instruments to encourage the development of the digital economy, such as regulatory instruments, research and partnerships with stakeholders.
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design process is not intended to be a singular design, but a design space populated with appropriate alternatives, together with the rationale underlying each alternative, that is, the specific user and usage context characteristics for which each alternative has been designed.
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The significance of the application domains reflects their role in establishing a coherent and socially acceptable Information Society, but also the diverse range of human activities affected. The critical application domains for Design for All, can be summarised as follows:
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Stephanidis, C. (Ed.), Salvendy, G., Akoumianakis, D., Bevan, N., Brewer, J., Emiliani, P.L., Galetsas, A., Haataja, S., Iakovidis, I., Jacko, J., Jenkins, P., Karshmer, A., Korn, P., Marcus, A., Murphy, H., Stary, C., Vanderheiden, G., Weber, G., & Ziegler, J. (1998):
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life activities, for early risk detection, for personal protection from health and environmental risks, for support in mobility and displacements within his neighbourhood/town, all of which make a life of freedom worth living within their families and within the society.
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The White Paper "Toward an Information Society for All: An International R&D Agenda" (1998) published by the International Scientific Forum "Towards an Information Society for All" (ISF-IS4ALL), has discussed the significance of these application domains:
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There is a long tradition of European legislation with regard to telecommunications. In 2002, the European Union adopted a new regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services, covering all forms of fixed and wireless telecoms,
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Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive) [Official Journal L 108 of 24 April
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For a thorough discussion of the challenges and benefits of Design for All in the context of ICT, see also the EDeAN White Paper (2005) and the "Report on the impact of technological developments on eAccessibility" of the DfA@eInclusion project.
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professionals in Universal Design (UD-Prof)" has been implemented in May 2009. Following the general rules for CEN workshops, it offers all interested stakeholders an opportunity to discuss and improve this DfA curriculum for ICT professionals.
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Little evidence can be found of university degree programmes that specialize in Design for All (or Universal Design) or that explicitly includes a module about this. This lack was tackled in the project DfA@eInclusion, which devised curricula:
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A bachelor level introductory course which aims to enable students to have an understanding of the ethical and social issues of Design for All, and the role of Design for All as an enabler of accessibility and participation in the information
235:, full participation of people with disabilities, and mainstreaming disability in policy formulation. Non-discrimination is also one of the general principles of the "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities", adopted by the
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Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic
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The project seeks to mainstream the accessibility of consumer goods and services. The aim is to develop technology platforms that allow elderly and disabled people to continue living in their own homes and stay in their communities.
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Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – “i2010 – A European Information Society for growth and employment” {SEC(2005)
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The European Design for All e-Accessibility Network – EDeAN is a network of 160 organisations in European Union member states. The goal of the network is to support all citizens' access to the Information Society. EDeAN provides:
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guidelines, for example, or national guidelines have been used. In the future it will be easier to find suitable standards. Mandate M/376 has been given by the European Commission to the European Standardisation Organisations
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The new directives make it possible to take accessibility needs into account at several stages of a procurement process. It is most convenient to refer to standards when making technical specifications. There are already many
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Whitney G, Keith S (2008) European Developments in the Design and Implementation of Training for eInclusion. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Computers Helping People with Special Needs (Book) Volume 5105/2008 pp.
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understanding of the principles of human rights, the development of standards, regulations and legislation, the design and development of assistive technologies as well as improved access of mainstream products and services.
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Disability Strategy is a society that is open and accessible to all. The barriers need to be identified and removed. The European Union Disability Strategy has three main focuses: co-operation between the Commission and the
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As DfA standardisation was explicitly mentioned in the eEurope2002 and i2010 Action Plans of the European Union, several new actions were established since then. Four major recent strategies can be distinguished:
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The project aims at creating modeling and simulation supporting tools to optimize user interaction design and accessibility and usability validation process when developing Ambient Assisted Living solutions.
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cognitive limitations, limited movement, speech disabilities, photosensitivity and combinations of these. Following these guidelines will also often make your Web content more usable to users in general.
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Council of The European Union Commission of the European Communities: E-Europe2002: An Information Society For All Action Plan prepared by the Council and the European Commission for the Feira European
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are good examples for Design for All because they enable people to read a book. Virtually anyone who does not have a hearing disability can use audiobooks for leisure, learning, and information.
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Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (Framework Directive)
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elevator provide visual and audible feedback to the user so that people with different sensory abilities can operate the elevator without assistance. Blind people profit from tactile keys.
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The network is coordinated by the EDeAN Secretariat, which rotates annually and the corresponding National Contact Centres which are the contact points for EDeAN in each EU member state.
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Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: e Accessibility, Brussels 2005
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labeling is located besides the keys so that they are not accidentally pushed while reading them. The emergency intercom system operates aurally and visually. Wireless tagging (e.g.
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uses information and communication (ICT) technology to provide and improve government services, transactions and interactions with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.
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Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society.
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is an important economic force, and therefore it is an important tool to promote accessibility. The legislative package of public procurement Directives, approved in 2004 by the
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are the Directive on a common regulatory framework and the Directive on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (
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Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI in support of European accessibility requirements for public procurement of products and services in the ICT domain
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to the information that has been collected. In other words, privacy is desired. In 1995 the European Union adopted a Directive on the processing of personal data.
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Not all products are accessible for persons with disabilities. When producing audio books, or certain other accessible works, an additional copy is created, and
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This project is looking at the next generation of assistive devices which will help hearing-impaired people to participate fully in the Information Society.
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Communication on e-Accessibility, identified a core of practical challenges, as well as market, legal and policy issues towards improving eAccessibility and
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The project aims to train end-users in standardisation related issues and to enable them to participate in standardisation activities in the area of ICT.
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This project is developing scalable and adaptive 'add-ons' which will allow assistive technologies to be integrated into intelligent ICTs for the home.
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The application domains of Design for All in the context of ICT, practically include every field involving Information and Communication Technologies.
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The project aims to develop an adaptable web browser interface for people with reduced cognitive skills, which can be used at home and at work.
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CogKnow aims to develop and prototype a cognitive prosthetic device to help those struggling with dementia to perform their daily activities.
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Towards an Information Society for All: An International R&D Agenda. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10 (2), 107-134
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136:, interpersonal communication, and environmental control. Citizens must be given the possibility of carrying them out easily and pleasantly.
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Tools to allow for added-value information services (e.g., creation, storage, retrieval and exchange of user experiences, traces and views)
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Keith, S., G. Whitney, and J. Wilson, Design For All @ eInclusion: Best Practice in Education And Training, in AAATE '09. 2009: Florence.
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is an important component of accessing the information society and information and guidance is offered by the World Wide Web Consortium's
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technical – and therefore time-bound – requirements into a law, legislative texts preferably refer to (international) standards.
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SHARE-IT: Supported Human Autonomy for Recovery and Enhancement of cognitive and motor abilities using Information Technologies
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The project seeks to develop a universal remote console that will allow networked access to everyday appliances in the home.
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standards which can be used for this purpose and many sources which can be useful in practice. Likewise, guidelines like the
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User Interfaces for All: Concepts, Methods and Tools. Constantine Stephanidis, (Ed.) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001
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was designed with the commitment to be used by as many people as possible thus following a Design for All approach.
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ETSI EG 202 116 V1.2.1 (2002-09): Human Factors (HF); Guidelines for ICT products and services; "Design for All"
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products has been a technical approach to obtain adaptations. Universal Access implies the accessibility and
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create products which are Designed for All. The Standard's lead-author, Jonathan Hassell, has created a
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Public information systems, terminals and information appliances (e.g. kiosks, smart home environments)
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The Inclusive Design Toolkit presents examples of how Design for All principles can be implemented.
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Social services for the citizens (e.g., administration, elderly, transport, health care, awareness)
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Other examples of Design for All in ICT are presented in EDeAN's Education and Training Resource.
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the introduction of specific legislative measures to complement and enhance existing legislation,
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and the EU's Council of Ministers, will help simplify and modernize procurement procedures.
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Klironomos, Iosif; Antona, Margherita; Basdekis, Ioannis; Stephanidis, Constantine (2006).
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VAALID: Accessibility and Usability Validation Framework for AAL Interaction Design Process
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I2Home: Intuitive interaction for everyone with home appliances based on industry standards
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CEN Workshop on 'Curriculum for training professionals in Universal Design' (WS/UD-PROF)
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Licenciatura and master degree in Rehabilitation Engineering and Accessibility at UTAD
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the establishment of standardisation related discussion fora open for non-specialists.
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General Assembly on 13 December 2006 and was opened for signatures on 30 March 2007.
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DIADEM: Delivering Inclusive Access for Disabled or Elderly Members of the Community
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Human Factors (HF); Guidelines for ICT products and services; "Design for All"
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a European forum for Design for All issues, supporting EU's e-inclusion goals
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Design for All is design for human diversity (such as that described in the
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need to acquire additional knowledge and skills concerning Design for All.
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Exemplary Training Modules on eAccessibility for industry training, 2009
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European Commission Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General (2005):
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to help organisations better understand how the standard can help them.
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and broadcasting. From a Design for All perspective, the most important
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International Scientific Forum "Towards an Information Society for All"
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Website of the European Design for All e-Accessibility Network (EDeAN)
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819:"White Paper: Promoting Design for All and e-Accessibility in Europe"
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Recent developments in DfA related standardisation (formal standards)
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Report on the impact of technological developments on eAccessibility
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Examples of EU-funded research projects addressing ICT and inclusion
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In that respect, the challenges that need to be addressed include:
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European Commission – Information Society Portal, Design for All
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the democratisation of the standardisation processes themselves;
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the increasing impact of non-formal standardisation bodies and;
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CogKnow: Helping people with mild dementia navigate their day
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the set up of coordinating working groups and organisations;
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The production of syllabi for a range of DfA courses in ICT
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in Europe, and elaborated a three-fold approach based on:
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problems have been solved with adaptations and the use of
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European Design for All e-Accessibility Network – EDeAN
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PERSONA: Perceptive Spaces promoting Independent Aging
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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awareness raising in the public and private sectors
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65:Learn how and when to remove this message
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431:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0
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1517:Website of EIDD – Design for All Europe
350:In the US, Australia, Japan and in the
184:addressing and motivating the industry,
3425:
1117:
467:
204:addressing future research activities.
105:diversity in the workplace or business
3111:
3071:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
2814:
2259:
1586:
1530:
1130:
1127:, November 2008. Accessed 2009-06-20.
1018:
955:
725:: User Empowerment in Standardisation
263:
209:Legislative and regulative background
1238:
488:Transaction services (e.g., banking)
439:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
329:The relationship between design and
100:adaptations, or specialised design.
17:
173:better use of existing legislation.
13:
3112:
3015:American Institute of Graphic Arts
757:Design for All (design philosophy)
636:online resources on Design for All
14:
3454:
3025:Design and Industries Association
1500:
1244:Schmidt-Belz, B. and Y. Mohamad,
1146:Master of Universal Design of ICT
359:Standardisation: general overview
346:Relevant guidelines and standards
92:-related technologies, including
807:EIDD Stockholm Declaration, 2004
417:ETSI EG 202 116 V1.2.2 (2009-03)
22:
1587:
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1465:
1446:
1427:
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1389:
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1320:Education and Training Resource
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1202:
1177:
1158:
1139:
1095:
1062:
1050:
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222:Equality and non-discrimination
3020:Chartered Society of Designers
2260:
1358:DfA@eInclusion project website
1233:Opera Web Standards Curriculum
911:
887:
875:DfA@eInclusion project website
868:
849:
810:
801:
658:Design for all for e-Inclusion
160:accessibility requirements in
1:
3091:Prince Philip Designers Prize
1734:Architectural lighting design
1187:Institut Integriert Studieren
782:
616:Related networks and projects
2897:Electronic design automation
2880:Virtual home design software
1852:Automotive suspension design
1277:Austrian e-Government portal
906:The i2010 initiative website
556:Web Accessibility Initiative
411:DfA in ICT related standards
311:
7:
1756:Environmental impact design
1190:' at the University of Linz
750:
258:Universal Service Directive
10:
3459:
3035:International Forum Design
2405:Engineering design process
1556:
3370:
3118:
3107:
3048:
3007:
2950:
2840:
2836:
2810:
2266:
2255:
2157:Integrated circuit design
2092:
2079:Stage/set lighting design
2011:
1968:Hardware interface design
1927:
1884:Hardware interface design
1835:
1717:
1597:
1593:
1582:
1564:
1289:Greek e-Government Portal
835:10.1007/s10209-006-0021-4
566:Examples of good practice
494:applications and services
2992:Industrial design rights
2980:Fashion design copyright
2892:Design quality indicator
2341:Creative problem-solving
2132:Electrical system design
1988:Sonic interaction design
1899:Photographic lens design
1773:Healthy community design
1415:SHARE-IT project website
1344:11 December 2003 at the
1306:26 November 2009 at the
1301:Inclusive Design Toolkit
1263:13 December 2009 at the
1195:12 December 2009 at the
1074:29 November 2011 at the
935:20 November 2009 at the
3188:New product development
3153:Enterprise architecture
3081:IF Product Design Award
3040:Design Research Society
2592:Reliability engineering
1491:PERSONA project website
1458:3 December 2009 at the
1453:CogKnow project website
1420:15 January 2010 at the
1401:27 October 2019 at the
1363:31 October 2009 at the
1151:6 February 2015 at the
144:Benefits and challenges
3438:Information technology
2644:Top-down and bottom-up
1993:User experience design
1894:Packaging and labeling
1867:Electric guitar design
1805:Landscape architecture
1481:, Accessed 2009-12-10.
1477:26 August 2009 at the
1472:VAALID project website
1462:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1443:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1439:3 October 2009 at the
1424:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1405:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1396:I2Home project website
1386:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1377:DIADEM project website
1367:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1348:, Accessed 2009-08-04.
1329:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1310:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1291:, Accessed 2009-08-17.
1267:, Accessed 2009-06-09.
1248:, Accessed 2009-06-20.
1235:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
1223:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
1199:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1186:
1174:, Accessed 2009-10-06.
1155:, Accessed 2014-06.02.
1092:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
1078:. Accessed 2010-12-07.
1059:. Accessed 2009-07-24.
1047:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
1028:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
1015:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
1002:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
989:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
977:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
965:, Accessed 2009-10-09.
952:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
939:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
920:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
908:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
896:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
884:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
865:, Accessed 2009-10-05.
798:, Accessed 2019-05-14.
767:Computer accessibility
525:Education and training
522:
380:
374:
368:
3433:Computing and society
3173:Innovation management
3056:European Design Award
2822:Intellectual property
2639:Theory of constraints
2602:Responsibility-driven
2442:For manufacturability
2346:Creativity techniques
2184:Nuclear weapon design
1998:User interface design
1862:Corrugated box design
1783:Interior architecture
1493:, Accessed 2009-12-10
1382:30 April 2009 at the
1279:. Accessed 2009-08-17
1123:Keith S., Whitney G.
1104:, Accessed 2009-10-05
880:25 April 2010 at the
644:Design for All Europe
510:
325:Protection of privacy
194:providing harmonised
134:access to information
3218:Unintelligent design
3198:Philosophy of design
2912:Design specification
2865:Comprehensive layout
2437:For behaviour change
2410:Probabilistic design
2172:Power network design
1709:Visual merchandising
1666:Instructional design
1644:Postage stamp design
1211:Accessed 2013-11-12.
1043:27 July 2011 at the
861:25 July 2011 at the
712:Ambient Intelligence
691:HaH: Hearing at Home
121:assistive technology
35:confusing or unclear
3138:Creative industries
3061:German Design Award
2970:Design infringement
2855:Architectural model
2194:Organization design
2189:Nucleic acid design
2137:Experimental design
1690:Traffic sign design
1434:HaH project website
1325:2 July 2009 at the
572:Opera (web browser)
492:Electronic commerce
468:Application domains
273:European Parliament
215:Information Society
150:European Commission
130:intelligent objects
43:clarify the article
3203:Process simulation
3178:Intelligent design
2502:Intelligence-based
2497:Integrated topside
2427:Framework-oriented
2112:Behavioural design
1983:Information design
1661:Information design
603:facial recognition
481:Life-long learning
462:summary of BS 8878
269:Public procurement
264:Public procurement
162:public procurement
80:in the context of
3420:
3419:
3366:
3365:
3133:Conceptual design
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3086:James Dyson Award
2942:Website wireframe
2932:Technical drawing
2806:
2805:
2654:Transgenerational
2395:Ecological design
2271:Activity-centered
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2229:Spacecraft design
2023:Public art design
1961:Video game design
1939:Experience design
1909:Production design
1889:Motorcycle design
1847:Automotive design
1751:Ecological design
1629:Film title design
552:Web accessibility
340:Privacy by Design
250:data transmission
75:
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67:
3450:
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3405:
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2986:Geschmacksmuster
2960:Community design
2838:
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2812:
2811:
2572:Process-centered
2368:Design–bid–build
2336:Cradle-to-cradle
2316:Concept-oriented
2257:
2256:
2234:Strategic design
2204:Processor design
2179:Mechanism design
2147:Geometric design
2107:Algorithm design
2047:Jewellery design
1978:Immersive design
1872:Furniture design
1817:Landscape design
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710:: Mainstreaming
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2708:Value sensitive
2698:User innovation
2577:Public interest
2542:Object-oriented
2262:
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2224:Software design
2214:Research design
2167:Physical design
2122:Database design
2096:
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2059:Game art design
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47:the talk page
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31:This article
29:
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16:
3213:STEAM fields
3183:Lean startup
3168:Indie design
2984:
2951:Intellectual
2703:Value-driven
2681:Use-centered
2668:
2587:Regenerative
2567:Policy-based
2527:Mind mapping
2432:For assembly
2373:Design–build
2291:By committee
2276:Adaptive web
2074:Sound design
2032:glass design
2030: /
2015:applied arts
1956:Level design
1827:Urban design
1778:Hotel design
1729:Architecture
1704:Video design
1697: /
1688: /
1656:Illustration
1649:Print design
1619:Brand design
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189:benchmarking
176:
147:
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114:
102:
98:a posteriori
97:
77:
76:
61:
52:
41:Please help
32:
15:
3251:competition
3208:Slow design
3158:Form factor
3128:Concept art
2937:HTML editor
2617:Sustainable
2452:For testing
2296:By contract
2152:Work design
2127:Drug design
2099:engineering
1973:Icon design
1951:Game design
1929:Interaction
1877:Sustainable
1810:Sustainable
1699:Type design
1676:Photography
1671:News design
1614:Book design
1609:Advertising
1588:Disciplines
829:: 105–119.
422:ETSI Guide
378:; Spanish:
154:e-Inclusion
3427:Categories
3411:Wiktionary
3404:Wikisource
3358:technology
3328:principles
2927:Storyboard
2753:management
2748:leadership
2713:Privacy by
2552:Parametric
2522:Metadesign
2492:Integrated
2482:High-level
2467:Generative
2462:Functional
2331:Continuous
2326:Contextual
2301:C-K theory
2261:Approaches
2003:Web design
1857:CMF design
1837:Industrial
1695:Typography
783:References
777:Knowbility
578:Audiobooks
441:(WCAG) 2.0
372:; German:
254:Directives
187:effective
37:to readers
3397:Wikiquote
3383:Wikibooks
3333:rationale
3298:knowledge
3273:education
3193:OODA loop
2917:Prototype
2902:Flowchart
2860:Blueprint
2728:computing
2664:Universal
2612:Safe-life
2517:Low-level
2507:Iterative
2487:Inclusive
2472:Geodesign
2363:Defensive
2311:Co-design
2281:Affective
950:2002]
590:Elevators
318:copyright
312:Copyright
125:usability
3390:Wikinews
3323:paradigm
3303:language
3283:engineer
3278:elements
3268:director
2953:property
2798:thinking
2788:strategy
2773:research
2733:controls
2691:Empathic
2622:Systemic
2582:Rational
2537:New Wave
2351:Critical
1574:Designer
1475:Archived
1456:Archived
1437:Archived
1418:Archived
1399:Archived
1380:Archived
1361:Archived
1342:Archived
1323:Archived
1304:Archived
1261:Archived
1193:Archived
1168:Archived
1149:Archived
1072:Archived
1041:Archived
933:Archived
878:Archived
859:Archived
843:31000149
751:See also
503:Security
94:Internet
90:computer
3376:Commons
3348:studies
3293:history
3261:student
3246:classic
3234:Design
3148:.design
3076:Graphex
2778:science
2768:pattern
2763:methods
2738:culture
2721:Design
2532:Modular
2385:Diffuse
2306:Closure
2028:Ceramic
1686:Signage
1569:Outline
1221:W3C-WAI
1114:156–161
1013:Council
595:Braille
539:society
338:called
331:privacy
302:CENELEC
33:may be
3353:studio
3338:review
3318:museum
3241:change
3049:Awards
2922:Sketch
2907:Mockup
2887:CAutoD
2828:Awards
2793:theory
2783:sprint
2758:marker
2723:choice
2097:&
2095:design
1931:design
1839:design
1721:design
1639:Motion
1601:design
1558:Design
841:
708:MonAmi
3236:brief
3123:Agile
2842:Tools
2819:Tools
2457:For X
2093:Other
2012:Other
839:S2CID
381:norma
3313:load
3308:life
3288:firm
2875:CAID
2743:flow
2659:TRIZ
2547:Open
1026:717}
723:USEM
599:RFID
543:All.
437:The
375:Norm
306:ETSI
304:and
287:and
285:ETSI
148:The
2870:CAD
2850:AAD
2627:SOD
2607:RWD
2477:HCD
1944:EED
1793:EID
831:doi
601:),
298:CEN
293:WAI
289:ITU
281:CEN
260:).
170:and
107:),
88:in
3429::
837:.
825:.
821:.
426:.
342:.
300:,
283:,
1550:e
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1536:v
1184:'
845:.
833::
827:5
198:,
191:,
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
49:.
39:.
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