109:, there to remain three nights and to have none other sustenance but bread and water; and after the said three days and three nights, to be had out and set at large and to be commanded to avoid the town." As historian Mark Rathbone has discussed in his article "Vagabond!", this act of Parliament relied on a very loose definition of a vagabond and did not make any distinction between those who were simply unemployed and looking for employment and those who chose to live the life of a vagabond. In addition, the act failed to recognise the impotent poor; those who could not provide for themselves. These included the sick, the elderly, and the disabled. This lack of a precise definition of a vagabond would hinder the effectiveness of the Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494 for years to come.
80:
124:
500:
756:
521:
40:
185:
293:" were not spared these gruesome acts of deterrence. This law punished all able bodied men "without land or master" who would neither accept employment nor explain the source of their livelihood. In this newly established definition of what constituted a vagabond, men who had been discharged from the military, released servants, and servants whose masters had died were specifically exempted from the act's punishments. This legislation did not establish any means to support these individuals.
1223:
665:
346:
251:
713:
653:
364:, were seen to be deserving, whereas those who were physically able but were too lazy to work were considered as "idle" and were seen as of bad moral character, and thus undeserving of help. Most poor relief in the 17th century came from voluntary charity which mostly was in the form of food and clothing. Parishes distributed land and animals. Institutionalized charities offered loans to help craftsmen to
176:, was passed by Parliament which did make some provision for the different classes of the poor. The sick, the elderly, and the disabled were to be issued with licences to beg. But those who were out of work and in search of employment were still not spared punishment. Throughout the 16th century, a fear of social unrest was the primary motive for much legislation that was passed by Parliament.
383:, which was one of the longest-lasting achievements of her reign, left unaltered until 1834. This law made each parish responsible for supporting the legitimately needy in their community. It taxed wealthier citizens of the country to provide basic shelter, food and clothing, though they were not obligated to provide for those outside of their community.
63:. Over the centuries, various authorities have needed to decide whose poverty deserves relief and also who should bear the cost of helping the poor. Alongside ever-changing attitudes towards poverty, many methods have been attempted to answer these questions. Since the early 16th century legislation on poverty enacted by the
394:, also known as the Settlement Act, was implemented. This created many sojourners, people who resided in different settlements that were not their legal one. The Settlement Act allowed such people to be forcefully removed, and garnered a negative reaction from the population. In order to fix the flaws of the 1662 act, the
265:. After determining the amount of funds needed to provide for the poor of each parish, justices of the peace were granted the authority to determine the amount of the donation from each parish's more wealthy property-owners. This act finally turned these donations into what was effectively a local tax.
328:
Two years after the Poor Act 1575 was passed into law, yet more dramatic changes were made to the methods to fight vagabondage and to provide relief to the poor. The Act of 1578 transferred power from the justices of the peace to church officials in the area of collecting the new taxes for the relief
767:
experienced a severe potato blight that lasted from 1845 to 1849 and killed an estimated 1.5 million people. The effects of the famine lasted until 1851. During this period the people of
Ireland lost much land and many jobs, and appealed to the Westminster Parliament for aid. This aid generally came
398:
came into effect such that it presented methods by which people could gain settlement in new locations. Such methods included "owning or renting property above a certain value or paying parish rates, but also by completing a legal apprenticeship or a one-year service while unmarried, or by serving a
622:
called the
Speenhamland System a "universal system of pauperism". The system allowed employers, including farmers and the nascent industrialists of the town, to pay below subsistence wages, because the parish would make up the difference and keep their workers alive. So the workers' low income was
610:
devised the system as a means to alleviate the distress caused by high grain prices. The increase in the price of grain most probably occurred as a result of a poor harvest in the years 1795–96, though at the time this was subject to great debate. Many blamed middlemen and hoarders as the ultimate
435:
in the agricultural and manufacturing arenas started to emerge, and trade abroad significantly increased. Despite this flourishing of expansion, sufficient employment rates had yet to be attained by the late 1600s. The population increased at alarming rates, outpacing the increase in productivity,
355:
Starting as early as 1590, public authorities began to take a more selective approach to supporting the poor. Those who were considered to be legitimately needy, sometimes called the "deserving poor" or "worthy poor", were allowed assistance, while those who were idle were not. People incapable of
614:
The authorities at
Speenhamland approved a means-tested sliding scale of wage supplements in order to mitigate the worst effects of rural poverty. Families were paid extra to top up wages to a set level according to a table. This level varied according to the number of children and the price of
231:
as a source of funds to combat the increasing poverty epidemic. This statute appointed two "overseers" from each parish to collect money to be distributed to the poor who were considered to belong to the parish. These overseers were to 'gently ask' for donations for poor relief; refusal would
545:, but by the end of the 18th century the situation changed as masters became less willing to apprentice children, and factory owners then set about employing them to keep wages down. This meant that there were not many jobs for adult labourers. For those who could not find work there was the
268:
In addition to creating these new imposed taxes, the
Vagabonds Act 1572 created a new set of punishments to inflict upon the population of vagabonds. These included being "bored through the ear" for a first offense and hanging for "persistent beggars". Unlike the previous brutal punishments
206:
with a 'V' was the penalty for the first offense, and attempts to run away were to be punished by lifelong slavery and, there for a second time, execution." However, "there is no evidence that the Act was enforced." In 1550 these punishments were revised in a new act that was passed. The
513:
540:
in terms of production of goods, manner of markets and concepts of economic class. In some cases, factory owners "employed" children without paying them, thus exacerbating poverty levels. Furthermore, the Poor Laws of this era encouraged children to work through an
171:
rather than medical institutions) were also closed, as they "had come to be seen as special types of religious houses". This left many of the elderly and sick without accommodation or care. In 1531, the
Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494 was revised, and a new act, the
247:, and continued refusal could lead to imprisonment until contribution was made. However, even the Poor Act 1562 still suffered from shortcomings, because individuals could decide for themselves how much money to give in order to gain their freedom.
439:"The boom-and-bust nature of European trade in woolen cloth, England's major manufacture and export" caused a larger fraction of the population of England to fall under poverty. With this increase in poverty, all charities operated by the
272:
However, despite its introduction of such violent actions to deter vagabonding, the
Vagabonds Act 1572 was the first time that Parliament had passed legislation which began to distinguish between different categories of vagabonds.
469:
in 1723 introduced a "workhouse test", which meant that a person who wanted to receive poor relief had to enter a workhouse and undertake a set amount of work. The test was intended to prevent irresponsible claims on a parish's
567:
aimed to organise poor relief on a county basis, counties being organised into parishes which could set up workhouses between them. However, these workhouses were intended to help only the elderly, sick and orphaned, not the
133:
The problem of poverty in
England was exacerbated during the early 16th century by a dramatic increase in the population. This rose "from little more than 2 million in 1485, ... about 2.8 million by the end of
389:
responsible for their own community caused problems because some were more generous than others. This caused the poor to migrate to other parishes that were not their own. In order to counteract this problem, the
67:, poor relief has developed from being little more than a systematic means of punishment into a complex system of government-funded support and protection, especially following the creation in the 1940s of the
325:" in every county for the punishment of those who refused work. This was the first time Parliament had attempted to provide labour to individuals as a means to combat the increasing numbers of "vagabonds".
154:
in
England and Wales: the assets of hundreds of rich religious institutions, including their great estates, were taken by the Crown. This had a devastating impact on poor relief. According to the historian
211:
makes a reference to the limited enforcement of the punishments established by the
Vagabonds Act 1547 by stating "the extremity of some have been occasion that they have not been put into use."
167:
before 1537 ; and that sum was not made good by private benefactions until after 1580." In addition to the closing of the monasteries, most hospitals (which in the 16th century were generally
1479:
699:. The differences between the two was that outdoor relief was a monetary contribution to the needy, whereas indoor relief meant the individual was sent to one of the workhouses.
1353:
619:
1057:
Anne Winter. 2008. "Caught between Law and
Practice: Migrants and Settlement Legislation in the Southern Low Countries in a Comparative Perspective, c. 1700–1900".
138:'s reign (1509)". The population was growing faster than the economy's ability to provide employment opportunities. The problem was made worse because during the
1494:
236:, who would 'induce and persuade' the recalcitrant parishioners. However, at times even such a meeting with the bishop would often fail to achieve its object.
208:
414:. In this way, the law offered relief to people who were unable to work, mainly those who were elderly, blind, or crippled or otherwise physically infirm.
105:. This provided for officers of the law to arrest and hold "all such vagabonds, idle and suspect persons living suspiciously and them so taken to set in
436:
which resulted inevitably in inflation. Concurrently, wages decreased, declining to a point roughly half that of average wages of a century before.
779:
In other parts of the United Kingdom, amendments to and adoptions of poor laws came in and around the same time. In Scotland, for example, the
1466:
1071:
769:
1337:
417:
The able-bodied poor were to be set to work in a House of Industry. All materials necessary for this work were to be provided for them.
329:
of poverty established in the Vagabonds Act 1572. In addition, this Act of 1578 also extended the power of the church by stating that "
301:
A system to support individuals who were willing to work, but who were having difficulty in finding employment, was established by the
1578:
602:
at the end of the 18th century and during the early 19th century. The system was named after a 1795 meeting at the Pelican Inn in
1568:
1527:
1423:
147:
89:
In the late 15th century, Parliament took action on the growing problem of poverty, focusing on punishing people for being "
1098:
Honeyman, K. (2007). "The Poor Law, the Parish Apprentice, and the Textile Industries in the North of England, 1780–1830".
1403:
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established by the Vagabonds Act 1547, these extreme measures were enforced with great frequency.
146:
severed the ecclesiastical governance of his kingdoms of England and Ireland and made himself the
1474:
603:
337:." By eliminating the need for the involvement of the Justices, law enforcement was streamlined.
1222:
243:, in 1563, and once this act took effect parishioners could be brought by the bishop before the
1441:
1169:
1079:
929:
Rushton, N. S.; Sigle-Rushton, W. (2001). "Monastic Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century England".
750:
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in the form of establishing more workhouses as indoor relief. Some people argue that as the
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135:
98:
83:
516:
Girl pulling a coal tub in mine. From an official report of a UK parliamentary commission.
8:
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after studying the conditions found in 1832. Over the next decade they began phasing out
585:
421:
322:
139:
239:
Sensing that voluntary donation was ineffective, Parliament passed new legislation, the
159:, prior to the Dissolution "it has been estimated that monasteries alone provided 6,500
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33:
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1061:
19, no. 2: 137–162. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed August 1, 2010).
1018:
McIntosh, M. K. (2005). "Poverty, Charity, and Coercion in Elizabethan England".
877:
440:
333:
were to be summarily whipped and returned to their place of settlement by parish
286:
853:
755:
576:
whereas the able-bodied poor were provided with poor relief in their own homes.
1436:
1408:
1398:
1378:
1317:
942:
882:
878:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
773:
688:
647:
595:
542:
203:
184:
160:
431:
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the population of England nearly doubled.
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1111:
1031:
776:, it could have given more aid in the form of money, food or rent subsidies.
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302:
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240:
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52:
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34, no. 10: 5. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 1 August 2010).
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812:
494:
1327:
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Milton D. Speizman, "Speenhamland: an experiment in guaranteed income."
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664:
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The impotent poor (people who could not work) were to be cared for in an
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607:
432:
365:
334:
156:
143:
1373:
1291:
573:
546:
471:
411:
407:
290:
198:. A new level of punishment was introduced in the Duke of Somerset's
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were authorized to provide any town which needed it with a stock of
386:
330:
1145:
Thomas E. Hachey, Joseph M. Hermon, Jr. and Lawrence J McCaffery.
345:
250:
783:
revised the Poor Laws that were implemented under the 1601 Acts.
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692:
623:
unchanged and the poor rate contributors subsidised the farmers.
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318:
274:
94:
60:
668:
652:
278:
228:
106:
27:
British government and ecclesiastical action to relieve poverty
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524:
Advertisement for builders to build a new poorhouse in north
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provided the first complete code of poor relief, established
261:
A more structured system of donations was established by the
792:
314:
310:
164:
512:
59:
refers to government and ecclesiastical action to relieve
620:
Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832
637:
1001:
Slack, Paul. 1984. "Poverty in Elizabethan England".
340:
194:
This fear of social unrest carried into the reign of
43:
Woodcut-16th century: gentleman giving alms to beggar
928:
763:
Following the reformation of the Poor Laws in 1834,
402:The main points of this system were the following:
1184:
759:The Famine Memorial in Dublin, Republic of Ireland
399:public office" for that identical length of time.
572:. The sick, elderly and infirm were cared for in
112:
1560:
420:The idle poor and vagrants were to be sent to a
360:, the elderly, and the mentally and physically
906:Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England
1170:
702:
1053:
1051:
1049:
532:By the mid to late 18th century most of the
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214:
864:
847:
770:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1338:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
1177:
1163:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1078:. Robert Gordon University. Archived from
1013:
1011:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
1046:
874:inflation figures are based on data from
722:needs attention from an expert in history
427:Pauper children would become apprentices.
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1017:
851:
754:
663:
651:
519:
511:
498:
356:providing for themselves, such as young
344:
249:
232:ultimately result in a meeting with the
183:
122:
78:
38:
32:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1528:Timeline of the English Poor Law system
1147:The Irish Experience: A Concise History
1086:
1008:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
922:
824:
626:
14:
1561:
1149:; (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996) 92–93
897:
732:may be able to help recruit an expert.
579:
1158:
903:
875:
563:The 1782 poor relief law proposed by
450:
148:Supreme Head of the Church of England
1020:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
986:
931:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
706:
443:were abolished due to the impact of
973:The Later Tudors: England 1547–1603
638:Indoor relief versus outdoor relief
179:
24:
1538:List of poor law unions in England
1072:"British social policy, 1601-1948"
341:End of the Elizabethan Era to 1750
321:could be employed and to erect a "
25:
1590:
296:
1543:List of poor law unions in Wales
1394:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
1221:
1076:An introduction to Social Policy
711:
681:Parliament of the United Kingdom
552:
1579:Poor Law in Britain and Ireland
1523:Historiography of the Poor Laws
1139:
1126:
536:was involved in the process of
488:
97:. In 1495, during the reign of
1569:1495 establishments in England
1517:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1452:Huddersfield workhouse scandal
1242:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
1185:Poor laws of the British Isles
1064:
965:
317:, or other materials on which
219:Following the revision of the
152:Dissolution of the Monasteries
119:Dissolution of the Monasteries
113:Dissolution of the Monasteries
103:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
13:
1:
1548:List of Irish poor law unions
818:
803:Poverty in the United Kingdom
379:and was later amended by the
1500:National Assistance Act 1948
1364:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
781:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
611:architects of the shortage.
227:. This focused on using the
202:. "Two years' servitude and
74:
7:
1359:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
1277:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
1267:Relief of the Poor Act 1696
975:. Oxford University Press.
786:
724:. The specific problem is:
675:Following the onset of the
633:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
618:In 1834, the Report of the
559:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
463:Parliament of Great Britain
305:. As provided for in this,
10:
1595:
1480:Royal Commission (1905–09)
943:10.1162/002219501750442378
748:
703:The Great Famine (Ireland)
658:Southwell, Nottinghamshire
641:
630:
606:, where a number of local
583:
556:
549:as a means of sustenance.
492:
481:
454:
116:
31:
1508:
1465:
1447:Andover workhouse scandal
1422:
1389:Outdoor Labour Test Order
1346:
1310:
1234:
1219:
1190:
478:The Industrial Revolution
215:Parliament and the parish
101:, Parliament enacted the
1112:10.1179/174587007X208263
1032:10.1162/0022195052564234
971:Williams, Penry (1998):
223:, Parliament passed the
1475:Liberal welfare reforms
1457:Union Chargeability Act
1354:Royal commission (1832)
876:Clark, Gregory (2017).
852:Rathbone, Mark (2005).
604:Speenhamland, Berkshire
1442:Local Government Board
1191:Poor laws by territory
860:. History Today: 8–13.
760:
751:Great Famine (Ireland)
672:
661:
529:
517:
509:
505:Coalbrookdale by Night
445:protestant reformation
352:
350:Elizabeth I of England
258:
191:
130:
86:
44:
1467:Decline and abolition
1134:Social Service Review
758:
677:Industrial Revolution
667:
655:
598:intended to mitigate
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515:
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484:Industrial Revolution
467:Sir Edward Knatchbull
377:overseers of the poor
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307:justices of the peace
255:Palace of Westminster
253:
187:
128:Henry VIII of England
126:
82:
65:Parliament of England
42:
1287:Overseer of the poor
1272:Poor Relief Act 1722
1262:Poor Relief Act 1662
1257:Poor Relief Act 1601
1252:Poor Relief Act 1597
1136:40.1 (1966): 44-55.
904:Slack, Paul (1988).
685:Poor Relief Act 1601
627:New Poor Law of 1834
461:A law passed by the
457:Poor Relief Act 1722
396:Poor Relief Act 1691
392:Poor Relief Act 1662
381:Poor Relief Act 1601
373:Poor Relief Act 1597
189:Edward VI of England
150:. This involved the
84:Henry VII of England
1432:Poor Law Commission
1282:House of correction
908:. London: Longman.
730:WikiProject History
592:Speenhamland system
586:Speenhamland system
580:Speenhamland system
422:House of Correction
323:house of correction
257:in the 16th century
140:English Reformation
1424:Changes after 1834
1414:Scottish poorhouse
1384:Board of guardians
1228:Nantwich workhouse
872:Retail Price Index
774:prime as an empire
761:
673:
662:
530:
518:
510:
451:Workhouse Test Act
353:
263:Vagabonds Act 1572
259:
221:Vagabonds Act 1547
209:Vagabonds Act 1549
200:Vagabonds Act 1547
192:
174:Vagabonds Act 1530
131:
87:
45:
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1555:
1229:
1198:England and Wales
808:Poverty reduction
747:
746:
538:industrialization
465:and sponsored by
34:Poverty reduction
16:(Redirected from
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1495:Interwar poverty
1369:Less eligibility
1227:
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1179:
1172:
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1100:Northern History
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1082:on 20 July 2007.
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726:citation needed.
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691:and pushing the
570:able-bodied poor
180:Slavery law 1547
21:
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1533:Poor Relief Act
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1490:Minority Report
1485:Majority Report
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1399:Poor law unions
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1247:Tudor poor laws
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671:Work House 1744
656:The Workhouse,
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642:Main articles:
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368:and hospitals.
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287:fortune tellers
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1125:
1106:(2): 115–140.
1085:
1063:
1045:
1026:(3): 457–479.
1007:
985:
964:
937:(2): 193–216.
921:
914:
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883:MeasuringWorth
863:
858:History Review
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689:outdoor relief
679:, in 1834 the
648:Outdoor relief
639:
636:
631:Main article:
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594:was a form of
584:Main article:
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565:Thomas Gilbert
557:Main article:
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18:Deserving poor
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1059:Rural History
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1003:History Today
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981:0-19-288044-6
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720:This article
718:
709:
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697:indoor relief
694:
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659:
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644:Indoor relief
634:
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612:
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600:rural poverty
597:
593:
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553:Gilbert's Act
550:
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534:British Isles
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303:Poor Act 1575
294:
292:
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281:, workmen on
280:
276:
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266:
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248:
246:
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241:Poor Act 1562
237:
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225:Poor Act 1551
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69:welfare state
66:
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58:
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50:
41:
35:
30:
19:
1515:
1347:New Poor Law
1323:Speenhamland
1302:Buttock mail
1296:
1235:Old Poor Law
1146:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1103:
1099:
1080:the original
1075:
1066:
1058:
1023:
1019:
1002:
972:
967:
934:
930:
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905:
899:
887:. Retrieved
881:
866:
857:
813:Public works
778:
762:
738:October 2019
735:
725:
721:
683:revised the
674:
617:
613:
591:
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562:
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495:Child labour
489:Child labour
460:
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300:
271:
267:
260:
238:
234:local bishop
218:
193:
132:
88:
56:
46:
29:
1328:Labour Rate
1297:Poor relief
1213:Isle of Man
854:"Vagabond!"
798:Debt relief
772:was in its
608:magistrates
366:alms houses
362:handicapped
57:poor relief
1563:Categories
1404:Opposition
819:References
574:poorhouses
433:Capitalism
424:or prison.
335:constables
169:almshouses
163:a year in
157:Paul Slack
144:Henry VIII
93:" and for
1374:Workhouse
1333:Roundsman
1292:Poor rate
1120:159489267
1040:144864528
547:workhouse
472:poor rate
412:poorhouse
408:almshouse
291:minstrels
196:Edward VI
136:Henry VII
91:vagabonds
75:Tudor era
55:history,
1203:Scotland
951:19035026
787:See also
695:towards
387:Parishes
331:vagrants
275:Peddlers
245:justices
229:parishes
204:branding
1574:Welfare
1208:Ireland
983:. p. 48
959:7272220
765:Ireland
693:paupers
615:bread.
358:orphans
319:paupers
279:tinkers
95:begging
61:poverty
53:British
49:English
1118:
1038:
979:
957:
949:
912:
669:Exeter
528:, 1829
508:, 1801
289:, and
283:strike
161:pounds
107:stocks
1509:Other
1116:S2CID
1036:S2CID
955:S2CID
889:7 May
526:Wales
410:or a
977:ISBN
947:PMID
910:ISBN
891:2024
793:Alms
660:, UK
646:and
590:The
371:The
315:hemp
311:flax
165:alms
51:and
1108:doi
1028:doi
939:doi
870:UK
47:In
1565::
1114:.
1104:44
1102:.
1088:^
1074:.
1048:^
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1024:35
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1010:^
988:^
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945:.
935:32
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880:.
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826:^
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941::
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893:.
740:)
736:(
273:"
36:.
20:)
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