1043:. The Decree included formal accusations of Nazi collaboration, anti-Soviet acts, and terrorism. The Kalmyks were given 12 hours to pack their belongings. They were allowed to carry up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of property per family, and multiple families had to share space in one truck. Soviet soldiers searched the Kalmyk houses and confiscated firearms, anti-Soviet literature, and foreign currency. Every person of Kalmyk ethnicity, including women, children and the elderly, were loaded onto trucks and sent to nearby railway stations. Only non-Kalmyks and Kalmyk women married to men of ethnic groups, not subject to deportation, were allowed to stay. Soviet forces surrounded Kalmyk settlements from the outset to prevent any potential resistance. At the start of the deportation, 750 Kalmyks were arrested as "gang members" or "
1079:
slept on the floor of the wagons. They made a hole on the floor, placed suitcases around it and used it as a toilet. Meals were available, though only once per day. Some deportees shared their food during the long transit. The trains would occasionally stop to release the people inside, though only for a short amount of time. The deportation was completed on 31 December. A majority of them (91,919) were deported by the end of the year, though an additional 1,014 people were also evicted in
January 1944. The entire operation was guided by Beria and Serov. Other officials who participated in it included Victor Grigorievich Nasedkin, Head of the
715:
1223:
49:
902:
945:
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composition of the region, reducing the number of ethnic
Kalmyks in the population from 75% in 1926 to 45% in 1989. A record low was in 1959 when the Kalmyks made up only 35% of the population. Conversely, the share of Russians in Kalmykia increased from 10.7% in 1926 to 55.9%. Many Kalmyks were grateful to Khrushchev for restoring their lands, and a street in Elista was named in his honor.
1123:
issued a decree on 26 November 1948, titled "On
Criminal Accountability for Escapes from Places of Compulsory and Permanent Settlement by Persons Exiled to Remote Regions of the Soviet Union during the Period of the Great Patriotic War". The decree formally stated that all deported ethnic groups must
1144:
Upon arrival at the camps, male and female deportees were separated, washed, and forced to line up outside in the winter cold. Living conditions were minimal and cramped, with many having to share beds and sleep on the floor. 45,985 Kalmyk deportees were registered as laborers, including 28,107 in
1115:
described the deportation as involving four distinct stages: (1) deportations in the Kalmyk region; (2) deportations in the Rostov Region; (3) deportations in the
Stalingrad region; and (4) deportations of active duty Kalmyks serving in the Red Army. The final stage took place between 1944 and 1948,
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and loaded onto 46 east-bound trains. They were sent on a journey to remote areas of over a thousand miles away. One witness recalled that they traveled for two weeks, with no opportunity to practice basic hygiene. Another witness described that the children slept on the bunks, while the grown ups
1197:
This deportation action was not dictated by any military considerations. Thus, already at the end of 1943, when there occurred a permanent breakthrough at the fronts... a decision was taken and executed concerning the deportation of all the
Karachay from the lands on which they lived. In the same
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to discuss the resettlement of the
Kalmyks to these areas. The Kalmyk region, including its largest town of Elista, was divided into several operative districts. An NKVD operative was assigned to each district and required to develop plans to carry out the deportations, including mapping railway
1148:
Of the 93,139 deported
Kalmyks, approximately 1,400 died in transit and a similar number became gravely ill. Hunger, cold, work conditions, and infections resulted in many additional fatalities at the forced labor camps. Soviet sources indicate that 83,688 Kalmyks were registered in the special
1088:, 21,164 to Krasnoyarsk Krai, 20,858 to Altai Krai, and 18,333 to Novosibirsk Oblast. Alternative sources indicate that, beginning in 1944, 6,167 Kalmyk families were in the Altai, 7,525 in the Krasnoyarsk, 5,435 in Novosibirsk and 8,353 in the Omsk Region. 660 families were also located in the
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overturned the decree of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1948, which ordered that all the evicted ethnic groups must remain in permanent exile. The Kalmyks were officially released from special settlement supervision on 17 March 1956. On 9 January 1957, a Soviet decree established the
1233:
By 1959, more than 60% of deported
Kalmyks had returned to their home region. Even though 72,665 persons returned by that year, there were still 33,401 of them outside Kalmykia. By 1989, nearly 85% of Soviet Kalmyks resided in Kalmykia. However, the deportations permanently altered the ethnic
1116:
and involved not only
Kalmyks, but also the Karaychs, Meskhetian Turks, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingush and Balkars serving in the Red Army â all were discharged and exiled to the special settlements. Ethnic Russians were settled in the previously Kalmyk areas, changing their identity.
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since groups were targeted on the basis of their ethnicity. It also noted that none of these ethnic groups were given any kind of compensation for the harm caused by the deportations. Social anthropologist Valeriya Gazizova similarly concluded that the Kalmyks were subject to Soviet
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Of the ethnic groups subjected to forced deportation by Soviet authorities, the Kalmyks suffered the greatest relative losses. The 1959 census listed 106,100 Kalmyks, down from 134,400 as of the 1939 census, meaning a more than 20% decline within a single generation.
1290:, lends the strongest evidence that all the deportations were a part of a larger concealed Soviet foreign policy rather than a response to any "universal mass treason". Scholar Nelly Bekus assumes that one of the motivations for the Soviet forced transfer was the
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The deportation was given the code name "Operation Ulusy" and affected 93,139 Kalmyks, including 26,359 families. Only three Kalmyk families avoided deportation. The operation proceeded as planned, with no security incidents reported. The Kalmyks were packed into
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settlements as of early 1945, meaning that more than 13,000 people had died or disappeared in the first two years of the deportation. In 1945, 3,735 Kalmyk children died (a 9.3 percent mortality rate) while only 351 Kalmyk children were born.
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and Commissar of the State Security of the 3rd degree, and Dmitri Vasilevich Arkadiev, the Head of the Transport Department of the USSR NKVD. The Kalmyks were sent to various locations in Siberiaâby January 1944, 24,352 had been sent to the
694:. By 1959, more than 60% of the remaining Kalmyks had returned home. The loss of life and socioeconomic upheaval of the deportations, however, had a profound impact on the Kalmyks that is still felt today. On 14 November 1989 the
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and announced that the Kalmyks would be deported. When asked for the reason, Serov stated that it was because the Kalmyks "left the front and joined the Germans". That same month, NKVD deputy V.V. Chernyshov held a meeting in
1325:, a bronze sculpture around 3 metres (120 in) high. In 2012, over 1,800 Kalmyks filed a request for compensation from the government as victims of the deportation. The Elista City Court rejected their application.
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for underdeveloped and inhospitable regions of the Soviet Union. Deportees routinely worked twelve hours a day, seven days a week. They suffered from exhaustion, cold, and hunger, with food rations tied to work quotas.
879:. When the German forces withdrew, many Kalmyks evacuated with them. The Red Army recaptured Elista on 31 December 1942. Once back under Soviet control, the Kalmyks were accused of being disloyal and fighting alongside
1202:
was liquidated. In April 1944, all Balkars were deported to faraway places from the territory of the Kalbino-Balkar Autonomous Republic and the Republic itself was renamed the Autonomous Kabardin Republic.
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that affected several million Soviet citizens from ethnic minority groups between the 1930s and the 1950s. The specific targeting of Kalmyks was based on a number of factors, including the group's alleged
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concluded that, while there were some Kalmyks who collaborated with Nazi Germany, "the majority of Kalmyks not only remained loyal to the system but fought to defend it, arms in hands". Professor
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Official Soviet archives recorded approximately 16,000 deaths among the deported Kalmyks, a more than 17% mortality rate. Unofficial NKVD estimates placed the mortality rate even higher, at 19%.
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The Soviet government initially employed 4,421 NKVD agents, 1,226 soldiers, and 1,355 trucks as part of the operation. This number increased to 10,000 servicemen from the NKVD-
409:
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period, at the end of December 1943, the same lot befell whole population of the Autonomous Kalmyk Republic. In March all the Chechen and Ingush peoples were deported and the
814:, an American academic and historian, described Stalin's era as "by far the bloodiest of Soviet, or even Russian history". In the 1930s, the Soviet government initiated an
1207:
807:
1286:, in spite of their lands never coming close to the scene of combat during World War II and which coincided with the deportation of other ethnic groups from Caucasus and
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serving as the capital. According to the 1939 Soviet census, 131,271 Kalmyks were registered in the USSR. An alternative source lists 134,400 Kalmyks during that time.
262:
875:. The fighting resulted in the destruction of many buildings and widespread looting, with total damages in the region estimated to be as high as 1,070,324,789
682:
The deportation contributed to more than 16,000 deaths, resulting in a 17% mortality rate for the deported population. The Kalmyks were rehabilitated in 1956 after
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424:
299:
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625:. Kalmyk women married to non-Kalmyk men were exempted from the deportations. The government's official reason for the deportation was an accusation of
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855:, consisting of approximately 5,000 men under the leadership of former intelligence officer Dr. Rudolf Otto Doll. The Corps fought against the
507:
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512:
497:
194:
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871:. Thus, Kalmyks fought on both sides in World War II. Around a quarter of the Kalmyk population fled across the Volga river to escape the
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declared all of Stalin's deportations "illegal and criminal". Contemporary historical analyses consider these deportations an example of
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690:. In 1957, the Kalmyks were released from special settlements and allowed to return to their home region, which was formalized as the
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36:
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32:
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the agriculture sector, 1,632 in the mining and gold extraction industry, 784 in coal mining, and 259 in the timber industry.
3603:
Chetyrova, Lyubov B. (2011). "The Idea of Labor Among Deported Kalmyks: Kalmyk Resilience Through Celebration in the Gulag".
3320:
Nationalism And Policy Toward The Nationalities In The Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship To Post-stalinist Society
402:
272:
959:, championed the Kalmyk deportation, stating that the Kalmyks were "unreliable". The decision was formally advanced by the
792:
4046:
3987:
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Stalin and the Lubianka: A Documentary History of the Political Police and Security Organs in the Soviet Union, 1922â1953
1298:", with Service opining it aimed to "stigmatize particular ethnic groups as posing a special danger to the Soviet state"
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arrived in Elista to begin preparations for the mass deportation. He met local party members at the office of the former
695:
609:, and non-Kalmyk women with Kalmyk husbands, on 28â31 December 1943. Families and individuals were forcibly relocated in
382:
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Richardson, Curtis (2002). "Stalinist terror and the Kalmyks' national revival: A cultural and historical perspective".
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377:
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World War 2 and the Soviet People: Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies
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4041:
3832:"The Nature of Anti-Soviet Armed Resistance, 1942-44: The North Caucasus, the Kalmyk Autonomous Republic, and Crimea"
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registered in the Russian Empire in 1917, all were destroyed by 1940. In 1935, the Soviet government established the
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1025:
311:
282:
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Grannes, Alf (1991). "The Soviet deportation in 1943 of the Karachays: a Turkic Muslim people of North Caucasus".
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considered all the deportations of entire ethnic groups during Stalin's era, including those from the Caucasus, a
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of these areas. Historians Hugo Service and Curtis Richardson described the deportation as an example of Soviet "
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On the morning of 28 December 1943, NKVD agents entered the homes of the Kalmyks and announced the Decree of the
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On 13 December 1953, a Kalmyk delegation headed by Djab Naminov-Burkhinov lodged a formal complaint with the
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During World War II, eight ethnic groups were expelled from their native lands by the Soviet government: the
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40:
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1996:
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1028:, formally determining the resettlement of the Kalmyks, was adopted on 28 December 1943. It was signed by
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in June 1941. On 26 August 1942, Nazi forces captured Elista in Kalmykia and soon after established the
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863:, and protected Kalmyk livestock from Soviet forces. At the same time, 23,540 Kalmyks served in the
3475:"The Empires Pays a Visit: Gulag Returnees, East European Rebellions, and Soviet Frontier Politics"
3415:
Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945
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was formally abolished by the Soviet government. Parts of its former territory were assigned to
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Ivanova, Galina Mikhailovna; Raleigh, Donald J.; Mikhailovna, Galina; Flath, Carol A. (2015).
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region in 1943 and 1944 and a total of 3,332,589 people were deported during the entire war.
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2006:
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1354:
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956:
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323:
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164:
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Kreindler, Isabelle (1986). "The soviet deported nationalities: A summary and an update".
8:
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355:
121:
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Germans to Poles: Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing After the Second World War
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3937:"Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations"
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3744:
3706:
3654:
3646:
3612:
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3562:
3379:"New Information about the Deportation of Ethnic Groups in the USSR during World War 2"
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1302:
1029:
993:
837:, making it the first instance of Stalin's policy of resettling an entire nationality.
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537:
78:
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with Article 2 denouncing all mass deportations as "Stalin's policy of defamation and
1024:. The former capital of Elista was renamed to Stepnoy. Resolution No. 1432 425 of the
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182:
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637:. The government refused to acknowledge that more than 23,000 Kalmyks served in the
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3843:
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3736:
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3675:
3638:
3583:
3518:
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Chechnya's Terrorist Network: The Evolution of Terrorism in Russia's North Caucasus
3015:
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Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
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1005:
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753:
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591:
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125:
70:
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Kalmykia in Russia's Past and Present National Policies and Administrative System
2534:
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819:
648:
467:
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1665:
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3624:
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The Civic and the Tribal State: The State, Ethnicity, and the Multiethnic State
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457:
219:
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Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
4035:
3995:
3777:
3465:
2946:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
2592:. In Havnevik, Hanna; HĂŒsken, Ute; Teeuwen, Mark; Tikhonov, Vladimir (eds.).
2524:
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1226:
Memorial "To the victims of Stalinist repression" from the Kalmyk people, in
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918:
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876:
803:
659:
606:
174:
3947:
3793:
Sinclair, Tara (2008). "Tibetan Reform and the Kalmyk Revival of Buddhism".
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Buddhist Modernities: Re-inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World
2036:
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1374:
48:
3161:
2857:
Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941-1945
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1264:
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845:
841:
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776:
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based on the approximately 5,000 Kalmyks who fought in the Nazi-affiliated
630:
618:
610:
599:
3847:
3441:
3011:
Honoring Differences: Cultural Issues in the Treatment of Trauma and Loss
2779:
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Struggle Over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarusianness"
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66:
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process of its agricultural and herding practices in the 1920s, forming
3964:
3514:
The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation
2982:
981:
968:
937:, and the Kalmyks. Approximately 650,000 people were deported from the
652:
74:
16:
1943 forced resettlement of the Kalmyk minority within the Soviet Union
3831:
3740:
3650:
2978:
The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers
944:
2662:
1588:
1586:
926:
772:
737:
4005:"All Roads Lead to Siberia': Two Stories of the Kalmyk. Deportation"
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routes and identifying the number of trucks and soldiers necessary.
3135:
3073:
From Conquest to Deportation: The North Caucasus under Russian Rule
2886:
An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present
2717:
2516:
2491:
Buckley, Cynthia J.; Ruble, Blair A.; Hofmann, Erin Trouth (2008).
1749:
1747:
1745:
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declared all of Stalin's deportations "illegal and criminal". On 26
1193:
on 24 February 1956, Khrushchev condemned the ethnic deportations:
1021:
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914:
864:
856:
784:
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91:
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2611:
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2152:
2150:
1583:
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The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements
2728:
Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System
1824:
1822:
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1040:
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745:
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and eventually becoming a differentiated ethnic group called the
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109:
53:
Map of the deportation of people from Kalmykia to Siberia in 1943
3889:"Prayers of Resistance: Kalmyk Women's Covert Buddhist Practice"
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2704:
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1742:
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unveiled his monument to the deported Kalmyks in Elista, titled
4021:
3896:
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
3479:
The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s
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2147:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1287:
1050:
977:
827:
729:
720:
3574:
Bormanshinov, Arash (1963). "The Kalmyks in America 1952â62".
2883:
Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkina, L.; Perepelkin, Lev (1996).
2724:
2042:
1819:
1390:
3959:. Apollo, the Cambridge University institutional repository.
1441:
1439:
1227:
1080:
492:
234:
1932:
1930:
1928:
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1208:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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and approved by Stalin in October 1943. On 27 October 1943,
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Painting of dogs howling after deportation of Kalmyks, Hoton
808:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2422:"Kalmyk Victims of Stalin's Deportations Seek Compensation"
2012:
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described all of the Soviet mass deportations as a form of
1059:
989:
964:
666:
troops participated in the deportation. It was part of the
663:
644:
160:
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Nader, Kathleen; Dubrow, Nancy; Stamm, B. Hudnall (1999).
2625:
Stalin's Curse: Battling for Communism in War and Cold War
2137:
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1925:
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became the new Soviet Premier and undertook a process of
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Forced migration in the Soviet Union during World War II
3863:
Terentyev, Andrey (1996). "Tibetan Buddhism in Russia".
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1969:
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1473:
1471:
1360:
Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
1132:
The Kalmyks were placed under the administration of the
655:
implemented the forced relocation on direct orders from
3627:(2002). "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments".
2402:
2363:
2259:
2130:
2084:
2082:
1509:
137:(between ~17 and ~19 percent of their total population)
2854:
Maslov, Aleksander A. (2016). David, M. Glantz (ed.).
2339:
2327:
1986:
1984:
1714:
1704:
1702:
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Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
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1610:
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in 1920, with a significant proportion emigrating to
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1947:
1945:
1641:
1598:
1426:
1424:
1159:
1039:, requiring the immediate deportation of Kalmyks to
3957:"Polina Fedorova, About Cattle Breeding in Siberia"
3720:"Stalin's genocide against the "Repressed Peoples""
3044:
The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953
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2024:
1981:
1899:
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2241:
2168:
2156:
1957:
1891:
1753:
1406:
1380:
740:regions migrated further west, settling along the
3553:Mongolia Society (1962). "The American Kalmyks".
1942:
1421:
867:and eight were ultimately awarded recognition as
641:and fought against Axis forces at the same time.
4033:
3552:
3007:
1903:
1462:
787:. The Kalmyks who remained in the newly formed
3283:
1907:
1828:
3477:. In Kozlov, Denis; Gilburd, Eleonory (eds.).
3348:Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia
3284:Shearer, David R.; Khaustov, Vladimir (2014).
2530:The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union
1215:and on 29 July 1958, it officially became the
1054:Cattle wagons used for the Soviet deportations
833:In September and October 1937, around 172,000
3954:
3381:. In Garrard, John; Healicon, Alison (eds.).
2914:The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929-1953
2749:Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny
2494:Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia
2294:Mastyugina, Perepelkina & Perepelkin 1996
1936:
1066:. State Security Major General Markeyev, the
973:First Secretary of the Kalmyk Communist Party
563:
3668:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal
3573:
1445:
2558:Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis
1217:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1002:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
824:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
799:groups that continued to fight until 1926.
692:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
3755:
3576:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
2654:
2396:
2317:
2124:
2018:
1765:
1340:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
1256:On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples
570:
556:
4002:
3977:"Kalmykia: From Oblivion to Reassertion?"
3862:
3686:
3602:
2821:Maksimov, Konstantin Nikolaevich (2008).
2655:Gouchinova, Elza-Bair Mataskovna (2013).
2618:
1975:
1919:
1527:
1515:
1247:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic
4072:Political repression in the Soviet Union
3955:Gedeeva, Darina; Babaev, Andrei (2016).
3792:
3507:
3127:
3105:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
2911:
2820:
2711:
2587:
2408:
2369:
2265:
2141:
1679:
1675:
1631:
1503:
1335:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1221:
1049:
943:
900:
713:
662:. Up to 10,000 servicemen from the NKVD-
37:Political repression in the Soviet Union
3829:
3665:
3250:
3225:
3102:Ethnic Cleansing in the Ussr, 1937-1949
3069:
3040:
2942:
2778:
2384:
2345:
2333:
1691:
1659:
1604:
1491:
1479:
1189:, reversing many of previous policies.
1127:
893:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
33:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
4034:
3623:
3472:
3411:
3196:
3160:
2971:
2853:
2357:
2277:
2253:
2225:
2176:
2057:
1879:
1647:
1619:
1577:
1560:
1544:
1400:
897:Forced settlements in the Soviet Union
179:forced settlements in the Soviet Union
151:forced settlements in the Soviet Union
3883:
3440:
3345:
3316:
2745:
2679:
2551:
2523:
2457:
2305:
2213:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2030:
2002:
1990:
1856:
1840:
1809:
1793:
1777:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1671:
1415:
1245:April 1991 the Supreme Soviet of the
1070:NKVD Chief, oversaw the deportation.
3971:
3717:
3376:
3098:
2172:
2069:
1963:
1951:
1895:
1430:
1396:
1384:
818:against Kalmyk Buddhism. Of the 175
724:(community hall), early 20th century
3988:European Centre for Minority Issues
3450:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3076:. London: Oxford University Press.
2714:Deutsche und Kalmyken 1942 bis 1945
2590:"Buddhism in Contemporary Kalmykia"
1284:deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
1253:, followed suit and passed the law
1239:Supreme Council of the Soviet Union
696:Supreme Council of the Soviet Union
425:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
13:
4012:Forum for Anthropology and Culture
3229:Heroes of the Soviet Union 1941â45
1200:Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic
448:GermanâSoviet population transfers
14:
4083:
3172:Central European University Press
2829:Central European University Press
2466:Central European University Press
2190:"Soviet policy in Eastern Europe"
1900:Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann 2008
1593:Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann 2008
1160:Rehabilitation, return and legacy
420:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
415:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
4020:
1181:. After Stalin's death in 1953,
1094:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
679:sentiment and Buddhist culture.
668:Soviet forced settlement program
263:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
47:
3555:The Mongolia Society Newsletter
2445:
2414:
2182:
1121:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
1037:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
980:with NKVD representatives from
767:, many of them fought with the
759:The Kalmyks became part of the
3047:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2949:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2889:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2689:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1904:Nader, Dubrow & Stamm 1999
1317:On 28 December 1996, sculptor
1102:Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
886:
605:of more than 93,000 people of
81:(destination of the deportees)
1:
4003:Guchinova, Elza-Bair (2006).
3346:Uyama, Tomohiko, ed. (2007).
3203:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
1365:
1136:. These settlements provided
1106:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
1026:Soviet of People's Commissars
771:White Russian army. When the
709:
523:Massive labor force transfers
3758:Journal of Genocide Research
3728:Journal of Genocide Research
835:Soviet Koreans were deported
41:Soviet Union in World War II
7:
3830:Statiev, Alexander (2005).
3643:10.1080/0966813022000017177
3483:University of Toronto Press
3170:. Budapest; New York City:
2918:Manchester University Press
2588:Gazizova, Valeriya (2017).
2499:Woodrow Wilson Center Press
1908:Shearer & Khaustov 2014
1829:Shearer & Khaustov 2014
1328:
1124:remain in permanent exile.
584:Kalmyk deportations of 1943
10:
4088:
4047:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
4027:Deportation of the Kalmyks
3807:10.1163/000000008793066713
3259:Cambridge University Press
2790:. New Haven, Connecticut:
2712:Hoffmann, Joachim (1974).
2563:Greenwood Publishing Group
1163:
1062:troops, diverted from the
890:
869:Heroes of the Soviet Union
763:and during the subsequent
203:Forced population transfer
122:forced population transfer
24:Deportation of the Kalmyks
3908:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.86
3770:10.1080/14623520220152005
3703:10.1080/09668138608411648
3680:10.1080/02666959108716187
3588:10.1080/03068376308731819
3412:Travis, Hannibal (2013).
3070:Perovic, Jeronim (2018).
3041:Parrish, Michael (1996).
1937:Gedeeva & Babaev 2016
651:and his deputy commissar
595:
253:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
170:
156:
141:
131:
115:
105:
97:
87:
46:
30:
23:
4062:Persecution of Buddhists
4042:1943 in the Soviet Union
3197:Rywkin, Michael (1994).
3128:Pokalova, Elena (2015).
2754:Rowman & Littlefield
2596:. Taylor & Francis.
1350:Persecution of Buddhists
1237:On 14 November 1989 the
1213:Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast
849:invaded the Soviet Union
777:many Kalmyks left Russia
361:Kurds from Transcaucasia
3354:, Hokkaido University.
3317:Simon, Gerhard (2019).
3226:Sakaida, Henry (2012).
2943:Minahan, James (2000).
2912:Mawdsley, Evan (1998).
2242:Human Rights Watch 1991
2169:Human Rights Watch 1991
2157:Human Rights Watch 1991
1892:Human Rights Watch 1991
1754:Human Rights Watch 1991
1381:Human Rights Watch 1991
1170:Rehabilitation (Soviet)
961:State Defense Committee
853:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
816:anti-religious campaign
635:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
533:Twenty-five-thousanders
4067:Persecution of Mongols
3718:Pohl, J. Otto (2000).
3352:Slavic Research Center
3251:Service, Hugo (2013).
3099:Pohl, J. Otto (1999).
2746:Leong, Albert (2002).
1269:crime against humanity
1230:
1204:
1055:
949:
906:
752:dialect and practiced
748:. The Kalmyks spoke a
728:In the 1630s, several
725:
704:crime against humanity
410:Polish and Soviet Jews
4029:at Wikimedia Commons
3848:10.1353/kri.2005.0029
3473:Weiner, Amir (2013).
3292:Yale University Press
3234:Bloomsbury Publishing
2973:MĂŒller, Rudolf-Dieter
2792:Yale University Press
2458:Bekus, Nelly (2010).
1463:Mongolia Society 1962
1307:collective punishment
1263:". Russian historian
1249:, under its chairman
1225:
1195:
1185:started a process of
1053:
1032:but not made public.
947:
904:
732:tribes from the west
717:
543:Virgin Lands campaign
3509:Williams, Brian Glyn
3200:Moscow's Lost Empire
1355:Buddhism in Kalmykia
1301:In its 1991 report,
1206:In August 1953, the
1191:In his secret speech
1176:UN Secretary-General
1128:Exile and death toll
1000:On 27 December, the
957:Soviet secret police
672:population transfers
165:Soviet secret police
135:16,017â16,594 people
4057:History of Kalmykia
3885:Tsomo, Karma Lekshe
3630:Europe-Asia Studies
3377:Tolz, Vera (1993).
2360:, pp. 125â126.
2043:Ivanova et al. 2015
1282:concluded that the
1280:Brian Glyn Williams
1134:special settlements
806:emerged as the new
615:special settlements
268:Chechens and Ingush
205:in the Soviet Union
101:28â31 December 1943
3984:Ecmi Working Paper
3965:10.17863/CAM.18278
3933:Human Rights Watch
1303:Human Rights Watch
1231:
1104:and 1,760 in the
1056:
1030:Vyacheslav Molotov
950:
907:
726:
627:Axis collaboration
607:Kalmyk nationality
538:NKVD labor columns
493:POW Administration
230:Forced settlements
177:, cheap labor for
79:Novosibirsk Oblast
4025:Media related to
3865:The Tibet Journal
3741:10.1080/713677598
3605:Mongolian Studies
3385:. New York City:
2620:Gellately, Robert
2533:. New York City:
2021:, pp. 30â31.
1723:, pp. 65â66.
1446:Bormanshinov 1963
1345:Soviet war crimes
1276:Alexander Nekrich
1183:Nikita Khrushchev
873:German occupation
765:Russian Civil War
684:Nikita Khrushchev
580:
579:
473:Operation Vistula
188:
187:
183:Anti-Mongolianism
4079:
4024:
4015:
4009:
3999:
3981:
3968:
3951:
3941:
3919:
3893:
3880:
3859:
3826:
3789:
3752:
3724:
3714:
3683:
3662:
3637:(7): 1151â1172.
3620:
3599:
3570:
3540:
3504:
3469:
3437:
3408:
3373:
3342:
3313:
3280:
3247:
3222:
3193:
3157:
3124:
3095:
3066:
3037:
3016:Psychology Press
3004:
2968:
2939:
2908:
2879:
2850:
2817:
2789:
2775:
2742:
2721:
2708:
2676:
2651:
2615:
2584:
2548:
2520:
2487:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2427:The Moscow Times
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2186:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1864:
1854:
1848:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1807:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1323:Exile and Return
1319:Ernst Neizvestny
1296:ethnic cleansing
1244:
1187:de-Stalinization
1179:Dag Hammarskjöld
935:Meskhetian Turks
861:Soviet partisans
820:Buddhist temples
793:collectivization
754:Tibetan Buddhism
688:de-Stalinization
597:
596:ĐпДŃĐ°ŃĐžŃ Â«ĐŁĐ»ŃŃŃ»
572:
565:
558:
463:Operation Priboi
443:June deportation
383:Meskhetian Turks
190:
189:
126:ethnic cleansing
71:Krasnoyarsk Krai
64:
58:
51:
21:
20:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4032:
4031:
4018:
4007:
3979:
3939:
3922:
3891:
3722:
3625:Ellman, Michael
3543:
3529:
3493:
3458:
3426:
3397:
3362:
3331:
3302:
3269:
3244:
3211:
3182:
3146:
3113:
3084:
3055:
3026:
2993:
2957:
2928:
2897:
2868:
2839:
2806:
2764:
2739:
2697:
2673:
2640:
2604:
2573:
2545:
2535:Nova Publishers
2509:
2476:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2397:Richardson 2002
2395:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2318:Gouchinova 2013
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2175:, p. 168;
2167:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2125:Gouchinova 2013
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2019:Gouchinova 2013
2017:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:, p. 159;
1902:, p. 204;
1898:, p. 168;
1890:
1886:
1878:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1766:Gouchinova 2013
1764:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1674:, p. 106;
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1567:
1563:, p. 1158.
1559:
1555:
1543:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1399:, p. 267;
1395:
1391:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1331:
1242:
1172:
1166:Khrushchev Thaw
1162:
1130:
1100:, 2,796 in the
953:Lavrentiy Beria
905:Map of Kalmykia
899:
889:
712:
649:Lavrentiy Beria
588:Operation Ulusy
576:
547:
517:
477:
468:Operation Vesna
453:Operation North
429:
239:
204:
136:
118:
83:
82:
62:
60:
56:
54:
26:Operation Ulusy
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4017:
4016:
4000:
3973:Grin, François
3969:
3952:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3881:
3860:
3842:(2): 285â318.
3827:
3801:(2): 241â259.
3790:
3764:(3): 441â451.
3753:
3735:(2): 267â293.
3715:
3697:(3): 387â405.
3690:Soviet Studies
3684:
3663:
3621:
3600:
3582:(2): 149â151.
3571:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3527:
3505:
3491:
3470:
3456:
3438:
3424:
3409:
3395:
3374:
3360:
3343:
3329:
3314:
3300:
3281:
3267:
3248:
3242:
3223:
3209:
3194:
3180:
3158:
3144:
3125:
3111:
3096:
3082:
3067:
3053:
3038:
3024:
3005:
2991:
2969:
2955:
2940:
2926:
2909:
2895:
2880:
2866:
2851:
2837:
2818:
2804:
2776:
2762:
2743:
2737:
2722:
2709:
2695:
2677:
2671:
2652:
2638:
2616:
2602:
2585:
2571:
2549:
2543:
2525:Bugay, Nikolay
2521:
2508:978-0801890758
2507:
2488:
2474:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2430:. 24 July 2012
2413:
2411:, p. 104.
2401:
2399:, p. 441.
2389:
2374:
2372:, p. 386.
2362:
2350:
2348:, p. 320.
2338:
2336:, p. 285.
2326:
2310:
2308:, p. 342.
2298:
2286:
2270:
2268:, p. 315.
2258:
2256:, p. 199.
2246:
2234:
2218:
2206:
2181:
2161:
2146:
2144:, p. 309.
2129:
2117:
2115:, p. 197.
2105:
2093:
2091:, p. 281.
2078:
2062:
2060:, p. 314.
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1995:
1980:
1978:, p. 248.
1976:Guchinova 2006
1968:
1956:
1941:
1924:
1922:, p. 197.
1920:Gellately 2013
1912:
1910:, p. 261.
1884:
1882:, p. 145.
1865:
1849:
1833:
1831:, p. 261.
1818:
1802:
1786:
1770:
1758:
1741:
1725:
1713:
1696:
1694:, p. 107.
1684:
1678:, p. 16;
1664:
1652:
1640:
1624:
1622:, p. 144.
1609:
1597:
1595:, p. 204.
1582:
1580:, p. 246.
1565:
1553:
1532:
1530:, p. 387.
1528:Kreindler 1986
1520:
1516:Terentyev 1996
1508:
1506:, p. 241.
1496:
1494:, p. 511.
1484:
1482:, p. 360.
1467:
1450:
1448:, p. 149.
1435:
1420:
1405:
1389:
1387:, p. 168.
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1161:
1158:
1129:
1126:
1068:Ivanovo Oblast
955:, head of the
931:Crimean Tatars
888:
885:
802:In the 1920s,
769:anti-communist
761:Russian Empire
711:
708:
677:anti-communist
657:Soviet Premier
578:
577:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
549:
548:
546:
545:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
519:
518:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
486:
485:
483:WWII POW labor
479:
478:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
458:Operation Osen
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
393:NKVD operation
385:
380:
375:
374:
373:
371:NKVD operation
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
337:
336:
334:NKVD operation
326:
321:
320:
319:
317:NKVD operation
309:
308:
307:
305:NKVD operation
302:
292:
291:
290:
288:NKVD operation
280:
278:Crimean Tatars
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
220:Dekulakization
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:
199:
198:
186:
185:
172:
168:
167:
158:
154:
153:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
61:
59: Kalmykia
55:
52:
44:
43:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4084:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4014:(3): 239â285.
4013:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:. Flensburg:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3528:9789004121225
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3492:9781442618954
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3457:9780195187694
3453:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3425:9780415531252
3421:
3418:. Routledge.
3417:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3396:9781349227969
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3361:9784938637422
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3330:9780429713118
3326:
3323:. Routledge.
3322:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3301:9780300210712
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3268:9781107671485
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3243:9781780966939
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:9781315287713
3206:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3181:9789639241688
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3162:Polian, Pavel
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3145:9781440831553
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3112:9780313309212
3108:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3083:9780190934675
3079:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3054:9780275951139
3050:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3025:9780876309346
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2992:9781780760728
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:9780313309847
2952:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:9780719046001
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:9780313293153
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2867:9781135252427
2863:
2860:. Routledge.
2859:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:9789639776173
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2805:9780300100983
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2763:9780742520585
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2738:9781317466642
2734:
2731:. Routledge.
2730:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2716:(in German).
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2696:9780313291456
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2681:Gross, Feliks
2678:
2674:
2672:9781135778873
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2639:9780199668045
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2603:9781134884759
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2572:9780275964818
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2544:9781560723714
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2475:9789639776685
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2409:Gazizova 2017
2405:
2398:
2393:
2387:, p. 37.
2386:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2370:Williams 2001
2366:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2296:, p. 86.
2295:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2266:Maksimov 2008
2262:
2255:
2250:
2244:, p. 62.
2243:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2216:, p. 37.
2215:
2210:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2179:, p. 67.
2178:
2174:
2171:, p. 9;
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2142:Maksimov 2008
2138:
2136:
2134:
2127:, p. 31.
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2103:, p. 99.
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2045:, p. 56.
2044:
2039:
2033:, p. 93.
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1993:, p. 68.
1992:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1966:, p. 65.
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:, p. 8;
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1768:, p. 24.
1767:
1762:
1756:, p. 61.
1755:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1711:, p. 58.
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1682:, p. 71.
1681:
1680:Mawdsley 1998
1677:
1676:Pokalova 2015
1673:
1668:
1662:, p. 55.
1661:
1656:
1650:, p. 88.
1649:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1632:Maksimov 2008
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1518:, p. 60.
1517:
1512:
1505:
1504:Sinclair 2008
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1433:, p. 48.
1432:
1427:
1425:
1418:, p. 42.
1417:
1412:
1410:
1403:, p. 82.
1402:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1383:, p. 9;
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:Russification
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:Boris Yeltsin
1248:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1113:Nikolay Bugay
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:, 648 in the
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:Eastern Front
1061:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Volga Germans
903:
898:
894:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:Joseph Stalin
800:
798:
794:
791:resisted the
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
723:
722:
716:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Joseph Stalin
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:cattle wagons
608:
604:
601:
593:
589:
585:
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
551:
550:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
527:
524:
521:
520:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
484:
481:
480:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
438:
437:
433:
432:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:Ingrian Finns
327:
325:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
243:
242:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
201:
200:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
176:
175:Russification
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
80:
76:
72:
68:
50:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4019:
4011:
3983:
3902:(1): 86â98.
3899:
3895:
3871:(3): 60â70.
3868:
3864:
3839:
3835:
3798:
3794:
3761:
3757:
3732:
3726:
3694:
3688:
3674:(1): 55â68.
3671:
3667:
3634:
3628:
3611:(1): 17â31.
3608:
3604:
3579:
3575:
3558:
3554:
3513:
3478:
3446:
3442:Viola, Lynne
3414:
3382:
3347:
3319:
3286:
3253:
3228:
3199:
3166:
3130:
3101:
3072:
3043:
3010:
2977:
2945:
2913:
2885:
2856:
2823:
2785:
2780:Kiernan, Ben
2748:
2727:
2713:
2685:
2657:
2624:
2593:
2557:
2553:Cohen, Ariel
2529:
2493:
2460:
2446:Bibliography
2432:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2385:Service 2013
2365:
2353:
2346:Perovic 2018
2341:
2334:Statiev 2005
2329:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2221:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2184:
2164:
2159:, p. 3.
2120:
2108:
2096:
2065:
2038:
2026:
2014:
1998:
1971:
1959:
1954:, p. 5.
1915:
1887:
1852:
1836:
1805:
1789:
1773:
1761:
1728:
1716:
1692:Parrish 1996
1687:
1667:
1660:Grannes 1991
1655:
1643:
1627:
1607:, p. 8.
1605:Sakaida 2012
1600:
1556:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1492:Kiernan 2007
1487:
1480:Minahan 2000
1465:, p. 6.
1392:
1322:
1316:
1300:
1273:
1265:Pavel Polian
1254:
1236:
1232:
1205:
1196:
1173:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:forced labor
1131:
1118:
1110:
1090:Tomsk Region
1076:cattle carts
1072:
1057:
1034:
999:
951:
908:
846:Nazi Germany
842:World War II
839:
832:
801:
789:Soviet Union
758:
727:
719:
681:
643:
631:World War II
619:forced labor
587:
583:
581:
340:
300:from Romania
157:Perpetrators
149:deported to
18:
2658:The Kalmyks
2517:2008-015571
2358:Polian 2004
2278:Polian 2004
2254:Polian 2004
2226:Polian 2004
2177:Rywkin 1994
2058:Weiner 2013
1880:Polian 2004
1648:Maslov 2016
1620:Polian 2004
1578:MĂŒller 2012
1561:Ellman 2002
1545:Polian 2004
1401:Travis 2013
1312:persecution
1086:Omsk Oblast
1047:elements".
1045:anti-Soviet
994:Novosibirsk
986:Krasnoyarsk
887:Deportation
881:Axis forces
812:Ben Kiernan
775:prevailed,
742:Volga river
700:persecution
603:deportation
586:, codename
378:Lithuanians
117:Attack type
67:Omsk Oblast
4036:Categories
3795:Inner Asia
3561:(1): 6â8.
3537:2001035369
3501:2013431527
3434:2012025946
3370:2007329127
3339:1105105526
3310:2014012361
3277:2013008430
3190:2003019544
3154:2014038634
3092:2017278194
3001:2012451154
2983:I.B.Tauris
2936:2003046365
2876:2001028004
2847:2007052048
2814:2007001525
2794:. p.
2772:2002001982
2648:2012028768
2612:2016047550
2484:2010008736
2434:4 November
2320:, p.
2306:Simon 2019
2280:, p.
2228:, p.
2214:Gross 1998
2199:13 October
2113:Uyama 2007
2101:Viola 2007
2089:Leong 2002
2072:, p.
2031:Cohen 1998
2005:, p.
2003:Bugay 1996
1991:Bugay 1996
1859:, p.
1857:Bugay 1996
1843:, p.
1841:Bugay 1996
1812:, p.
1810:Bugay 1996
1796:, p.
1794:Bugay 1996
1780:, p.
1778:Bugay 1996
1735:, p.
1733:Bugay 1996
1721:Bugay 1996
1709:Bugay 1996
1672:Bugay 1996
1634:, p.
1547:, p.
1416:Bekus 2010
1366:References
1274:Historian
1164:See also:
1111:Historian
1010:Stalingrad
969:Ivan Serov
891:See also:
781:Yugoslavia
773:Bolsheviks
710:Background
653:Ivan Serov
598:) was the
508:Hungarians
434:Operations
324:Harbinites
225:Evacuation
75:Altai Krai
3996:1435-9812
3916:152191913
3856:161159084
3823:153445591
3778:1469-9494
3711:153386939
3596:176863052
3466:456302666
2663:Routledge
2173:Tolz 1993
2070:Tolz 1993
1964:Pohl 1999
1952:Grin 2000
1896:Tolz 1993
1431:Pohl 1999
1397:Pohl 2000
1385:Tolz 1993
1096:, 522 in
1018:Stavropol
1006:Astrakhan
927:Karachays
797:guerrilla
750:Mongolian
738:Dzungaria
718:A Kalmyk
513:Romanians
403:1955â1959
398:1944â1946
346:Karachays
283:Estonians
3975:(2000).
3948:25705762
3935:(1991).
3887:(2016).
3877:43300586
3815:23615096
3786:70653368
3749:59194258
3659:43510161
3617:43194557
3567:43194607
3547:Journals
3511:(2001).
3444:(2007).
3405:92010827
3387:Springer
3219:93029308
3164:(2004).
3136:ABC-CLIO
3121:98046822
3063:94038565
3034:99011369
2975:(2012).
2965:99046040
2905:96007141
2782:(2007).
2718:Freiburg
2705:98012329
2683:(1998).
2632:Oxford.
2622:(2013).
2581:95043730
2555:(1998).
2527:(1996).
1329:See also
1261:genocide
1022:Dagestan
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