745:) was far too familiar, however, given the country's history of war. During World War II, the word "refugee" was replaced by "evacuee"; the shift in wording indicated government resignation to the displacement of its citizens. Reasons for controlling the displaced population varied. Despite some preference for considering themselves evacuees, the term referred to different individuals. Some were privileged elites, such as scientists, specialized workers, artists, writers and politicians, who were evacuated to the interior of the country. Other evacuees were viewed with suspicion. The evacuation process, despite best Soviet efforts, was far from organized; the state considered most of those heading east as suspicious. Since most were self-evacuating, they had not been assigned a location for displacement. Officials feared that disorder made it easy for deserters to flee. Evacuees who did not fall into the "privileged elite" category were seen as potentially contaminating the rest of the population, epidemically and ideologically.
782:
765:
eventually housed tens of thousands of refugees. Due to the large number of refugees, train stations were overcrowded and the distribution of train tickets could take days. Even with the war drawing to an end, evacuees who were desperate to go back home were not granted permission. The repatriation policy was written around those not working in industry; those citizens lost residency in their city of origin, and were not part of the repatriation process. Anybody who tried to return without consent faced imprisonment. Despite many roadblocks and other issues, the Soviet Union evacuated millions of its citizens to safety in the rear.
412:
757:
572:
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559:. Party offices popped up throughout the evacuation cities and regions to better regulate and look after the dispersed evacuees. Their agents were in charge of ensuring that the evacuees were well taken care of in their new locations and their concerns (including housing, employment, food, health care and child care) were being met. By early 1942, still less than a year since the start of the invasion, the Moscow government had already spent three billion
749:
strategies. Preparation for future war began during the early 1920s, but it was not until the war scare of 1927 that the
Soviets began developing defensive measures (including evacuation policies). These policies were not developed for humanitarian reasons, but as a way for the country to defend itself. They needed to avoid past issues such as hindered military movement, communicable disease, demoralization of units, and strains on the economy. The
824:. Another 120,000 Jews migrated into newly annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from the remainder of Romania. By the late spring of 1941, as many as 415,000 Jews lived in Soviet-annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Around 10,000 of these newly-Soviet Jews were deported to the interior for a variety of reasons, many ending up in the Red Army. The creation of the
956:, about 2,500 kilometers east of Moscow, was the chosen destination. In June 1941, his body was encased in paraffin and placed in a wooden coffin which was nested inside a larger wooden crate. With the body were sent chemicals and implements necessary for its continued preservation. The crate was placed on a dedicated train, secured by a select group of
551:
allowed them to receive lodging, food rations, and temporary employment. Evacuees were told that they were allowed to bring personal belongings with them as long as they did not hinder the ability of authorities to get them from the evacuated site to the refugee centre. Family members' belongings could not exceed 40 kilograms in weight.
719:
resources for the factories and plants associated with the war effort. The Urals, in central Russia, developed an impressive array of iron and steel factories as well as agriculture and chemical plants. Siberian industries relied on the coal mines and copper deposits in the
Kuznetzk coal basin to support the Soviet war machine.
523:. It identified cities on major train routes from which people could be removed and brought east. By September, three months after the start of the invasion, the evacuation council had 128 centers identified and operating. Major cities which received evacuated citizens (as well as other resources and industry) included
748:
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Russia had been engulfed in wars. If this war-bred society learned anything, it was the importance of mobilizing its industry and its civilian population. The
Russian Civil War and World War I gave the Bolsheviks experience which shaped their future evacuation
722:
Some evacuations and the transfer of machine tools and skilled workers to "shadow factories" in the east began much earlier. The U.S. military attachƩ reported significant transfers of machinery and men from the Moscow area to the east in late 1940 and early 1941. The rapid growth in production early
718:
The GKO oversaw the relocation of more than 1,500 plants of military importance to the Urals, Siberia, and
Central Asia. These areas offered safety to their inhabitants due to their isolated locations (out of reach of damaging Axis airstrikes), and they offered Soviet industries a massive quantity of
550:
Further measures were enacted by the party to help dispersed evacuees settle into life in their new location. Upon their arrival in a new city, they were instructed to contact local authorities so they could be accounted for. After this, they received certificates declaring their evacuee status which
476:
was chosen as the alternative capital of the Soviet Union if Moscow fell to the invading
Germans. During the summer of 1943, everything was moved back to Moscow. Soviet towns and cities inland or in the east received the bulk of the new refugees and high-priority war factories, with locations such as
629:
absolved all blame from the
Germans during his time leading the Communist Party. It is believed that the Volga Germans were not permitted to be resettled because the area had already been settled by other Soviet civilians since the end of the war. The same belief is held about why the Crimean Tatars
772:
As winter approached and the war intensified around Moscow, the Moscow Oblast committee of the
Communist Party and the executive committee of the Moscow Oblast Council found it very important to evacuate women and children from the suburbs. They asked the Evacuation Council of the Soviet Council of
554:
Another instruction from the
Central Committee in August and September was for regional governments to build temporary housing for the newcomers if there was not enough in that region already. This preceded a measure, enacted in November, in which the party established an evacuation administration;
768:
With a shortage of labor, the
Commissariat of Justice and the Council of People's Commissars forced evacuees to work in enterprises, organizations and on collective farms to help the war effort. Those chosen for the labor force were those deemed socially unproductive. People who did not work for a
710:
The speed of the initial German advance threatened not only Soviet territories and factories (civilian and military), but the wholesale collapse of the nation's civilian economy. Even with 1930s contingency plans and the formation in 1941 of evacuation committees such as the
Council for Evacuation
714:
Short-sighted preparation in the overall mobilization of the Western front led many in these councils to scour Moscow libraries for resources pertaining to evacuations during the First World War. Local committees eventually used a five-year-plan structure, with 3,000 agents controlling movement.
484:
Despite early German successes in seizing control of large swaths of western USSR territory throughout 1943 and sketchy contingency plans by the Soviets for mobilization in the east, Soviet industries eventually outpaced the Germans in arms production; a total of 73,000 tanks, 82,000 aircraft and
617:
minority, and the party suspected that they would choose religion over state. Historians often trace the Soviet persecution and elimination of the Tatars in Crimea to the inter-war years, after the establishment of the Soviet state. It is reported that from 1917 to 1933, an estimated half of the
828:
is evidence that the Soviet government made some effort to incorporate displaced Jewish citizens into Soviet society. Many Jews living in Romania and Nazi-occupied Poland were reluctant to move to Russia, whose policies toward religion did not favor them. Many underestimated the dangers of the
764:
Operation Barbarossa displaced millions of Russians. The exact number is hard to pinpoint, since many evacuated themselves. Some put the number at about sixteen and a half million. One of the most welcome sights for refugees during the evacuations was Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, which
769:
set wage, such as artists, writers and artisans, were excluded from this new decree. Problems arose with worker motivation; some were unhappy with their wages when they returned to their homes, saying that the government paid almost as much in subsidies as they would earn from working.
841:
into locations such as Kazakhstan; it is unknown how many were Jewish. In February 1942, as many as 45,000 displaced Jewish citizens from these territories lived in Uzbekistan. An estimated 80,000 to 85,000 Jews from these territories were moved to other Soviet states by early 1942.
923:
disagreed. When Stalin called a meeting of Politburo members and generals at which the final decision was made, however, they all said that the city should be defended. During the German approach to Moscow, the Politburo spent a great deal of time working underground in the
829:
impending Nazi war machine, and were murdered; Jews who fled to Russia from Germany, however, said "better Stalin than Hitler". During World War II, an estimated 700,000 to 3,000,000 Jews were killed in the Nazi-occupied territories of the Soviet Union by the
836:
When Germany invaded Russia in 1941, most Jewish citizens were murdered by the Nazis; some Jewish families, however, fled east into Russia. Although the Soviet Union did not keep records specifically related to Jews, an estimated 300,000 people
516:, a Moscow party member on the city's evacuation committee, submitted a plan (rejected by Stalin) which would have removed about one million Muscovites. Not until the actual invasion did the party enact a real evacuation plan.
1387:
6. Manley, Rebecca, and Rebecca Manley. "To the Tashkent Station Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War." To the Tashkent Station Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War, Cornell University Press, 2009,
1377:
5. Manley, Rebecca, and Rebecca Manley. "To the Tashkent Station Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War." To the Tashkent Station Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War, Cornell University Press, 2009,
877:(far from the fighting). She refused, and they never saw each other again. Svetlana and the other children instead travelled to Sochi with Anna Redens (Nadezhda's sister), where they remained until the front approached them.
625:, and were settled in Kazakhstan and Central Asia during the war. In 1956, over a decade after the end of the World War II, all the groups except the Volga Germans and the Crimean Tatars were resettled in their native lands.
856:
598:, eventually grew to affect as many as 3.3 million people and 52 nationalities. The rest of the evacuation of supposedly-disloyal nationalities took place later in the war, between 1943 and 1944. Because the
881:
900:), supported Moscow's defence when he asked for her opinion in front of other Politburo members, and Svetlana wrote a letter to him which could be interpreted as also encouraging defence. Stalin asked
963:
On arrival in Tyumen, the body was housed in a dilapidated building on the campus of the Tyumen Agricultural Institute. Conditions necessitated additional chemicals and distilled water from
1487:
M. M. Gorinov, V. N. Parkhachev, and A. N. Ponomarev, eds. Moskva prifrontovaia, 1941 1942: Arkhivnye dokumenty i materialy. (Moscow: Izdatel stvo ob edineniia Mosgorarkhiv, 2001), p. 161.
1478:
M. M. Gorinov, V. N. Parkhachev, and A. N. Ponomarev, eds. Moskva prifrontovaia, 1941 1942: Arkhivnye dokumenty i materialy. (Moscow: Izdatel stvo ob edineniia Mosgorarkhiv, 2001), p. 254.
1368:
M. M. Gorinov, V. N. Parkhachev and A. N. Ponomarev, eds. Moskva prifrontovaia, 1941 1942: Arkhivnye dokumenty imaterialy. (Moscow: Izdatel stvo ob edineniia Mosgorarkhiv, 2001), p. 254.
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instead of evacuees, particularly those whom the party feared would switch loyalties and fight on the German side. This trend, which began with a 1941 decree dealing with the removal of
519:
Two days after the German invasion, on June 24, 1941, the Party created an evacuation council in an attempt to develop a procedure for the evacuation of Soviet citizens living near the
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3001:
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where it had been on display since 1924. Lenin's body was removed in secret and sent far from the front lines, away from industrial areas threatened by German bombers. The city of
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and the State Department Committee (GKO), most evacuations were handled by local Soviet organizations which dealt with industrial movements just ahead of impending German attacks.
448:
Along with the eastern exodus of civilians and industries, other unintended consequences of the German advance saw the execution of previously held western civilians by Soviet
238:
2283:
2266:
505:
1550:
Kaganovitch, A. (2013). "Estimating the Number of Jewish Refugees, Deportees, and Draftees from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in the Non-Occupied Soviet Territories".
2313:
1442:
20. Manley, Rebecca. "The Perils of Displacement: The Soviet Evacuee between Refugee and Deportee." Contemporary European History, vol. 16, no. 04, Nov. 2007, p. 509.,
1416:
16. Manley, Rebecca. "The Perils of Displacement: The Soviet Evacuee between Refugee and Deportee." Contemporary European History, vol. 16, no. 04, Nov. 2007, p. 495.,
838:
91:
2256:
253:
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128:
445:. Nearly sixteen million Soviet civilians and over 1,500 large factories were moved to areas in the middle or eastern part of the country by the end of 1941.
809:
391:
248:
243:
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351:
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960:. The body, in a private car, was guarded around the clock. Additional soldiers were posted along the tracks and stations on the train's route east.
851:
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After the outbreak of the German-Soviet war, in June 1941, thousands of prisoners have been murdered in mass executions in prisons (among others in
512:
would eventually turn on the Soviet Union; plans were made before Operation Barbarossa, and were launched to begin the evacuation as a precaution.
384:
781:
1433:
To the Tashkent Station. Evacuation and survival in the Soviet Union at war, by Rebecca Manley, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 2009
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The Soviet Union had added nearly 2,000,000 Jews to its population between 1939 and 1940 from recently invaded Poland and other areas. After the
123:
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336:
2208:
1821:
341:
326:
23:
1874:
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The Crimean Tatars were an exception to the party rule which assumed that suspected nationalities would be pro-German; the Tatars were a
331:
226:
216:
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2610:
2520:
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1847:
179:
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2533:
2405:
2191:
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Harrison, Mark. Soviet and East European Studies, Soviet Planning in Peace and War 1938-1945, Cambridge University Press, 1985, p.79
3011:
2543:
2460:
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189:
81:
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31:
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276:
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58:
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were not granted resettlement as a part of the 1956 order. The Crimean Tatar National Movement Organization, organized during
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2009:
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1634:
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231:
101:
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556:
211:
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206:
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2885:
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2580:
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1910:
1814:
1766:
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1716:
1659:
1124:
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804:, the USSR and Germany took over large portions of Eastern Europe (including Poland, the Baltic region, and parts of
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157:
106:
2915:
2903:
2727:
2717:
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1996:
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in the 1980s, finally received word from the Soviet government that their people could return to Crimea. After the
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140:
111:
2920:
2908:
2764:
2749:
2663:
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1967:
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194:
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15. Harrison, Mark. Soviet planning in peace and war, 1938-1945. Cambridge ; Cambridge University Press, c1985.
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in 1812) and consulted those close to him. His housekeeper, Valentina (his mistress, according to historian
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2203:
2098:
1899:
1807:
1020:
981:
904:, who was in charge of the Russian army, whether Moscow could be held; Zhukov answered in the affirmative.
750:
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520:
221:
174:
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2415:
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1937:
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801:
145:
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675:
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receiving more than 140,000 refugees and many factories due to its location away from the front lines.
169:
86:
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During the first ten days of the invasion, Stalin invited Yevgenia "Zhenya" Zemlyanitsyn (the wife of
2846:
2819:
2722:
893:
606:) who were never returned to their homeland after the war ended, modern historians interpret this as
2814:
1321:
18. Manley, Rebecca. "The Perils of Displacement: The Soviet Evacuee between Refugee and Deportee."
1186:
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of the Soviet Union, about 250,000 Crimean Tatars returned and settled in Crimea (which was part of
2927:
1683:
1626:
1589:
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People's Commissariats to evacuate 300,000 people via the People's Commissariat of Transportation.
1290:
Dunn, Walter S. Jr., The Soviet Economy and the Red Army 1930-1945, Praeger Publishers, 1995, p.32
2176:
1161:
1458:
Manley, Rebecca. "The Perils of Displacement: The Soviet Evacuee between Refugee and Deportee".
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1618:
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715:
Evacuation of industrial plants began in August 1941, and continued until the end of the year.
361:
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1947:
371:
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In the face of the German advance and amidst the evacuations of industry and civilians, the
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should stay to defend the city or evacuate. He read history books (including a biography of
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1932:
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1235:
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133:
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1857:
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524:
184:
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2059:
1972:
1862:
1852:
1521:
920:
805:
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366:
2939:
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2140:
1942:
1927:
1869:
1762:
1737:
1712:
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1655:
1630:
1593:
1525:
1120:
1072:
817:
785:
626:
301:
1504:
Asher, Harvey (14 November 2003). "The Soviet Union, the Holocaust, and Auschwitz".
967:, 600 kilometers east of Tyumen. Lenin's body was returned to Moscow in April 1945.
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1922:
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1736:(Rev. and updated paperback ed.). London: Profile Books. pp. 94ā95.
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and other Soviet administrations were in charge of drafting these policies.
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1830:
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To the Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War
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To the Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War
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To the Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War
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this removed power from regional authorities and centralized it within the
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1711:(Rev. and updated paperback ed.). London: Profile Books. p. 94.
1654:(Rev. and updated paperback ed.). London: Profile Books. p. 94.
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A large number of Soviet civilians who were evacuated were classified as
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949:
813:
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1889:
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880:
Stalin remained in Moscow during the invasion, uncertain whether the
528:
416:
1299:
Gregory L. Russia, A History, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 330.
2678:
2223:
1957:
1917:
663:
486:
1236:"Institutional Development of the Crimean Tatar National Movement"
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From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939-1941
820:(where an estimated 250,000 Jews lived at the time), but also the
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2074:
641:
614:
591:
1117:
Stalin's World War II Evacuations: Triumph and Troubles in Kirov
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1088:
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The deported nationalities generally came from regions near the
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Crimean Tatar population was eliminated by death or relocation.
953:
649:
575:
461:
457:
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2371:
1359:. Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 362. War by any means.
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912:
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321:
63:
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1286:
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741:) was a new word which was not used by everyone. "Refugee" (
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before the war, with the percentage of Tatars in each region
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2381:
1038:
964:
449:
998:
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were one of two deported nationalities (the other was the
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2410:
1281:
1267:
536:
3007:
Forced migration in the Soviet Union during World War II
3002:
Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II
1613:
1611:
1609:
485:
nearly 324,000 artillery pieces were distributed to the
839:
were deported from the territories annexed from Romania
1759:
Tombs of the great leaders : a contemporary guide
1606:
1506:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
1357:
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
1045:) and during the evacuation (so-called death marches)
723:
in 1942 suggests that the evacuation began in 1940.
566:
433:
citizens and its industries eastward as a result of
1355:Geyer, Michael et al. "Ch 9/State of Expectation".
2988:
2679:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1674:
1617:
1576:
1462:, vol. 16, no. 04, November 2007, pp. 504-505.,
911:argued that they should be evacuated beyond the
1761:. London: Reaktion Books, Limited. p. 42.
1734:Moscow 1941 : a city and its people at war
1709:Moscow 1941 : a city and its people at war
1652:Moscow 1941 : a city and its people at war
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1325:, vol. 16, no. 04, November 2007, pp. 499-500,
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1136:
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419:and the Soviets in the first six months after
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732:
392:
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1731:
1706:
1649:
1549:
1532:
907:At a meeting from which Stalin was absent,
845:
792:in 1941; the holder was later evacuated to
1822:
1808:
1312:. Cornell University Press, 2009, pp. 7-8.
1008:. Cornell University Press, 2009, pp. 7-8.
726:
399:
385:
1050:
940:decided to evacuate the embalmed body of
873:, and the other children to his dacha in
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1391:
1346:. Cornell University Press, 2009, p. 13.
1258:
1142:
1110:
1108:
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1098:. Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 330.
780:
755:
570:
415:The front lines of fighting between the
410:
1829:
1061:; Manfred Zeidler; et al. (1997).
992:
2989:
1848:Index of Soviet Unionārelated articles
861:, the brother of Stalin's second wife
1803:
1756:
1503:
1101:
1004:Manley, Rebecca, and Rebecca Manley.
977:World War II evacuation and expulsion
869:. He asked her to take his daughter,
437:, the invasion of Russia launched by
1263:. Pearson Education. pp. 72ā73.
810:occupied and annexed eastern Romania
652:). Major wartime deportations were:
496:
1261:Stalin and Stalinism, Third Edition
1191:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
1166:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
1145:Stalin and Stalinism, Third Edition
254:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
13:
1114:
1071:. Berghahn Books. pp. 47ā79.
776:
429:was the mass migration of western
277:GermanāSoviet population transfers
16:Mass migration during World War II
14:
3023:
1795:Evacuation to Northern Kazakhstan
1778:
1680:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
1623:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
1582:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
1147:. Pearson Education. p. 132.
567:Deportation as part of evacuation
249:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
244:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
2971:
2970:
2958:
731:In 1941, the word "evacuation" (
92:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
3012:Evacuations during World War II
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1302:
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1252:
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931:
1552:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1212:"The Crimean Tatars: A Primer"
1204:
1187:"Orthodox Patriarch Appointed"
1179:
1119:. University of Kansas Press.
1011:
427:Evacuation in the Soviet Union
1:
2511:Political abuse of psychiatry
2303:Congress of People's Deputies
1460:Contemporary European History
1323:Contemporary European History
826:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
352:Massive labor force transfers
1732:Braithwaite, Rodric (2007).
1707:Braithwaite, Rodric (2007).
1650:Braithwaite, Rodric (2007).
982:Soviet evacuation of Tallinn
751:Council of Labor and Defense
464:, and the relocation of the
7:
2674:Academy of Medical Sciences
1682:(Footnote). Great Britain:
1162:"Deportation of Minorities"
970:
514:Vasilii Prokhorovich Pronin
489:in their fight against the
10:
3028:
1026:Zbrodnie Sowickie W Polsce
504:and the Communist Party's
32:Forced population transfer
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1986:
1838:
1757:Leick, Gwendolyn (2013).
1684:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1627:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1590:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1468:10.1017/s0960777307004146
1448:10.1017/s0960777307004146
1422:10.1017/s0960777307004146
1331:10.1017/s0960777307004146
1259:McCauley, Martin (2003).
1143:McCauley, Martin (2003).
894:French invasion of Russia
733:
82:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
2997:1941 in the Soviet Union
846:Stalin and the Politburo
441:in June 1941 as part of
190:Kurds from Transcaucasia
2965:Soviet Union portal
1404:2027/heb.05435.0001.001
802:MolotovāRibbentrop Pact
727:Evacuation of civilians
362:Twenty-five-thousanders
2857:Stalinist architecture
2611:Science and technology
2521:Ideological repression
2449:Soviet Airborne Forces
2387:Destruction battalions
898:Simon Sebag Montefiore
797:
761:
706:Evacuation of industry
579:
452:units, the removal of
423:
239:Polish and Soviet Jews
2639:List of metro systems
2192:Collective leadership
1518:10.1353/kri.2003.0049
902:General Georgy Zhukov
784:
759:
574:
477:the Siberian city of
414:
372:Virgin Lands campaign
2601:Net material product
2544:Censorship of images
2461:Political repression
2421:Soviet Border Troops
2354:First Deputy Premier
1938:1965 economic reform
1933:Soviet space program
1785:Evacuation 1941-1942
1629:. pp. 405ā411.
993:Notes and references
682:Chechens and Ingushi
435:Operation Barbarossa
421:Operation Barbarossa
2669:Academy of Sciences
2484:Population transfer
2428:Soviet Armed Forces
2291:Congress of Soviets
2272:Presidium/Politburo
2236:Soviet anti-Zionism
2085:West Siberian Plain
1963:Revolutions of 1989
1900:Great Patriotic War
1885:New Economic Policy
1094:Freeze, Gregory L.
1057:Gottfried Schramm;
863:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
563:on the evacuation.
97:Chechens and Ingush
34:in the Soviet Union
2314:Military Collegium
2182:Capital punishment
2060:Caucasus Mountains
1973:Post-Soviet states
1853:Russian Revolution
1790:Evacuation to Ural
1564:10.1093/hgs/dct047
1031:2006-05-21 at the
921:Vyacheslav Molotov
798:
794:Kuybyshev (Samara)
762:
650:Russian Federation
580:
424:
367:NKVD labor columns
322:POW Administration
59:Forced settlements
2984:
2983:
2948:
2947:
2940:Hammer and sickle
2882:and their groups
2880:Soviet dissidents
2659:Communist Academy
2576:Economic planning
2552:
2551:
2445:Soviet Air Forces
2364:Security services
2284:General Secretary
2267:Central Committee
2209:Political parties
2141:Brezhnev Doctrine
2136:Foreign relations
2093:
2092:
2034:Autonomous okrugs
1948:SovietāAfghan War
1928:Sino-Soviet split
1870:Russian Civil War
1693:978-1-4746-1481-8
1636:978-1-4746-1481-8
1625:. Great Britain:
1599:978-1-4746-1481-8
1342:Manley, Rebecca.
1308:Manley, Rebecca.
1115:Holmes, Larry E.
1096:Russia, A History
818:Northern Bukovina
786:Internal passport
627:Nikita Khrushchev
547:, and Kuibyshev.
506:Central Committee
497:Government policy
409:
408:
302:Operation Vistula
3019:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2711:
2710:
2619:
2474:Collectivization
2219:MarxismāLeninism
2104:
2103:
1993:
1992:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1729:
1723:
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1704:
1698:
1697:
1678:, Simon (2003).
1676:Sebag Montefiore
1672:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1621:, Simon (2003).
1619:Sebag Montefiore
1615:
1604:
1603:
1580:, Simon (2003).
1578:Sebag Montefiore
1574:
1568:
1567:
1547:
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1288:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1240:www.iccrimea.org
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1216:The New Republic
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
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1177:
1176:
1174:
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1054:
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1021:Encyklopedia PWN
1019:
1015:
1009:
1002:
890:abandoned Moscow
860:
736:
735:
700:Meskhetian Turks
608:ethnic cleansing
466:Hermitage Museum
401:
394:
387:
292:Operation Priboi
272:June deportation
212:Meskhetian Turks
19:
18:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
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2985:
2980:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2892:
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2786:
2700:
2645:
2617:
2591:Internet domain
2586:Five-year plans
2548:
2515:
2455:
2358:
2320:
2252:Communist Party
2240:
2199:Passport system
2089:
2065:European Russia
2043:
1982:
1923:Khrushchev Thaw
1902:(World War II)
1880:Creation treaty
1834:
1828:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1755:
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1730:
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1694:
1686:. p. 377.
1673:
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1607:
1600:
1592:. p. 377.
1575:
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1033:Wayback Machine
1017:
1016:
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999:
995:
987:Strategic depth
973:
934:
917:Georgy Malenkov
909:Lavrentiy Beria
886:Mikhail Kutuzov
854:
852:Pavel Alliluyev
848:
779:
777:Jewish families
760:Evacuation card
729:
708:
646:2014 annexation
569:
557:Communist Party
499:
405:
376:
346:
306:
297:Operation Vesna
282:Operation North
258:
68:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3025:
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2634:Rail transport
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2629:Railway system
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2349:Deputy Premier
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2332:Heads of state
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2297:Supreme Soviet
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2214:State ideology
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2080:Ural Mountains
2077:
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2070:North Caucasus
2067:
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2019:
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1780:
1779:External links
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1558:(3): 464ā482.
1531:
1512:(4): 886ā912.
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958:Kremlin guards
942:Vladimir Lenin
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867:Kuntsevo Dacha
847:
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831:Einsatzgruppen
790:Lithuanian Jew
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688:Crimean Tatars
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1911:The Holocaust
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623:Eastern Front
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2956:
2728:Demographics
2718:Antisemitism
2571:Central Bank
2489:Forced labor
2437:Spetsnaz GRU
2257:organisation
2165:Human rights
2114:Constitution
1997:Subdivisions
1905:
1875:Russian SFSR
1831:Soviet Union
1758:
1752:
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1260:
1254:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1193:. 2015-06-18
1190:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1168:. 2015-06-18
1165:
1144:
1116:
1095:
1067:
1063:Bernd Wegner
1059:Jan T. Gross
1052:
1046:
1024:
1013:
1005:
1000:
962:
935:
932:Lenin's body
926:Moscow Metro
919:agreed, but
906:
879:
849:
835:
812:, including
808:). The USSR
799:
788:issued to a
771:
767:
763:
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730:
721:
717:
713:
709:
631:
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612:
581:
553:
549:
518:
500:
483:
454:Lenin's body
447:
443:World War II
439:Nazi Germany
426:
425:
129:from Romania
53:
2832:Phraseology
2777:Prohibition
2765:Linguistics
2750:Drug policy
2743:1989 census
2664:Cybernetics
2566:Agriculture
2479:Great Purge
2441:Soviet Navy
2433:Soviet Army
2305:(1989ā1991)
2299:(1938ā1991)
2293:(1922ā1936)
2277:Secretariat
2148:Gun control
2055:Caspian Sea
2039:Closed city
1968:Dissolution
1953:Perestroika
1895:Great Purge
1018:(in Polish)
892:during the
855: [
739:evakuatsiia
633:perestroika
545:Cheliabinsk
491:Axis powers
479:Novosibirsk
207:Lithuanians
2991:Categories
2872:Opposition
2862:Television
2842:Propaganda
2815:Literature
2689:Naukograds
2684:Sharashkas
2618:(currency)
2596:Inventions
2539:Censorship
2469:Red Terror
2153:Government
2027:Autonomous
2010:Autonomous
1943:Stagnation
1906:Evacuation
1407:. pg 71-72
1245:2018-04-18
1221:2018-04-18
1197:2018-04-16
1172:2018-04-16
950:Red Square
888:, who had
814:Bessarabia
644:until its
596:Kazakhstan
541:Sverdlovsk
508:knew that
470:Sverdlovsk
337:Hungarians
263:Operations
153:Harbinites
54:Evacuation
2933:Republics
2921:Republics
2909:Republics
2760:Languages
2624:Transport
2506:Holodomor
2399:Militsiya
2337:President
2229:Stalinism
2131:Elections
2005:Republics
1988:Geography
1978:Nostalgia
1890:Stalinism
1526:159670251
1043:Berezwecz
938:Politburo
882:Politburo
865:) to the
743:bezhenets
734:ŃŠ²Š°ŠŗŃŠ°ŃŠøŃ
584:deportees
529:Iaroslavl
493:by 1945.
474:Kuybyshev
417:Wehrmacht
342:Romanians
232:1955ā1959
227:1944ā1946
175:Karachays
112:Estonians
2976:Category
2529:Religion
2416:Chairmen
2262:Congress
2224:Leninism
2204:Propiska
2099:Politics
1958:Glasnost
1918:Cold War
1858:February
1029:Archived
971:See also
871:Svetlana
664:Karachai
638:collapse
487:Red Army
327:Japanese
195:Latvians
40:Policies
24:a series
22:Part of
2897:Symbols
2810:Fashion
2792:Culture
2706:Society
2651:Science
2616:Rouble
2558:Economy
2534:Science
2344:Premier
2325:Offices
2187:Leaders
2107:General
2075:Siberia
2048:Regions
2022:Oblasts
1863:October
1840:History
1065:(ed.).
806:Romania
676:Balkars
670:Kalmyks
648:by the
642:Ukraine
592:Siberia
332:Germans
180:Koreans
170:Kalmyks
124:Germans
102:Chinese
87:Balkars
73:Peoples
2916:Emblem
2904:Anthem
2852:Sports
2805:Cinema
2800:Ballet
2782:Racism
2755:Family
2245:Bodies
1833:topics
1765:
1740:
1715:
1690:
1658:
1633:
1596:
1524:
1123:
1075:
954:Tyumen
698:1944:
694:Greeks
692:1944:
686:1944:
680:1944:
674:1944:
668:1943:
662:1943:
656:1941:
615:Muslim
576:Crimea
561:rubles
510:Hitler
502:Stalin
462:Tyumen
458:Moscow
431:Soviet
185:Kumyks
141:Greeks
2847:Radio
2825:Opera
2820:Music
2723:Crime
2494:Gulag
2372:Cheka
2017:Krais
1522:S2CID
944:from
913:Volga
875:Sochi
859:]
533:Gorky
525:Kirov
456:from
217:Poles
64:Gulag
2928:Flag
2886:List
2694:List
2606:OGAS
2499:List
2382:NKVD
2170:LGBT
2158:List
2124:1977
2119:1936
1763:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1388:p.13
1378:p.13
1121:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1041:and
1039:Lviv
965:Omsk
816:and
594:and
450:NKVD
2411:KGB
2406:MGB
2394:MVD
2377:GPU
2177:Law
1560:doi
1514:doi
1464:doi
1444:doi
1418:doi
1399:hdl
1327:doi
948:in
590:to
537:Ufa
460:to
2993::
2443:ā¢
2439:ā¢
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1588::
1584:.
1556:27
1554:.
1534:^
1520:.
1508:.
1492:^
1283:^
1269:^
1238:.
1214:.
1189:.
1164:.
1153:^
1135:^
1103:^
1087:^
1035::
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928:.
915:.
857:ru
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543:,
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531:,
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1809:v
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1566:.
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1466::
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1420::
1401::
1333:.
1329::
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1224:.
1200:.
1175:.
1129:.
1081:.
796:.
400:e
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386:v
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