104:
386:
838:
2753:
651:
1091:
3576:
128:
1501:, these circumstances favor increased body mass for maintaining heat in cold temperatures. Despite the many key adaptations deinotheres developed for effective foraging, the continued aridification that progressed throughout the Miocene eventually led to the extinction of the group, which failed to survive without readily available food sources matching their diet. Populations in Western Europe were the first to disappear, followed later by those in Eastern Europe. While European lineages of
1485:. The reasons for this rapid increase in body size is interpreted to have had multiple factors influencing it. On the one hand, increased size is an effective predator deterrent, especially during the Miocene when carnivorans had reached a great diversity including hyaenodonts, amphicyonids and large cats. Secondly, continued aridification during the Miocene increasingly split up woodlands, with greater distances of open landscape stretching between the food sources of browsers such as
1439:
779:
3563:
660:
591:
395:
3570:
1812:
813:
is evident thanks to the size and shape of the external nares, the exact shape and size of this trunk is a matter that has long been debated. Historic depictions commonly portray it as very elephantine with a long trunk and tusks breaking through the skin below an elephantine lower lip. In the early
818:
contesting these ideas, instead suggesting an alternative soft tissue reconstruction. In the first of these publications the authors argue that, due to the origin of these animal's tusks, the lower lip should be situated beneath them as they evolved their classic downturned appearance. They further
982:
is distinguished by a more robust dentition as well as p4-m3 intravalley tubercles and found across the Indian subcontinent (India and
Pakistan) during the Middle and Late Miocene. It disappeared from the fossil record about 7 million years ago (Late Miocene). Although it is generally regarded as
858:
Throughout the long history of deinotheriid research, 31 species have been described and assigned to the family, many on the basis of poorly sampled material, especially teeth of varying size. The amount of species recognized by authors differs depending on researchers, but the three species most
805:
missing entirely. The curvature is initially formed by the mandible itself, with the teeth themselves erupting at only the halfway point of the curve. The degree to which the tusks follow the direction predetermined by the mandible varies between specimens, with some tusks following the curve and
1856:
was not a permanent resident in some areas it inhabited. In
Austria it has been suggested that they traversed areas on a regular basis, while in Germany there is evidence for the animals range shifting with changing climatic conditions, present during subtropical climate conditions and absent in
637:
is similar to that of modern elephants with pillar-like limbs, although proportionally longer and more slender than those of other proboscideans. The bones of the toes are longer and less robust than in elephants and the neck likewise differs notably in that it is relatively longer, though still
819:
suggest that, while a trunk would be present, it would likely not resemble that of modern elephants and instead be more robust and muscular, which they reason is evidenced by the lack of a proper insertion surface. Although later research concurs that the trunk or proboscis of
1122:
from
Bulgaria, another notably large deinothere, described in 2006 but usually lumped into other European species by subsequent publications. The state of Asian species is especially complex, with a multitude of specimens being described from poor remains. These include
910:, which states that animals at lower latitudes are typically smaller than relatives at higher latitudes. However Markov and colleagues suggest that the similar mandibular anatomy may be a case of parallel evolution between late European species and
364:. They were primarily browsing animals, with a diet largely consisting of leaves. The genus most likely went extinct due to environmental changes, such as forested areas gradually being replaced by open grasslands, during the latter half of the
2528:
Konidaris, G. E.; Roussiakis, S. J.; Athanassiou, A.; Theodorou, G. E. (2017). "Reprint of: The huge-sized deinothere
Deinotherium proavum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene localities Pikermi and Halmyropotamos (Greece)".
1884:
would have used a powerful tongue (inferred based on a notable trough at the front of the symphysis) to further manipulate its food. Different tusk anatomy in young individuals would suggest altered feeding strategies in juveniles.
806:
pointing backwards, forming an almost semicircular shape, while in other specimens the tusks continue down almost vertically. The tusks have a roughly oval cross-section and could reach a length of 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in).
1848:, allowing for a more agile mode of locomotion and allowing for easier travel across open landscapes in the search of food, which coincides with the widespread breakup of forests and expansion of grasslands during the time
1843:
a slightly more raised head posture, and their teeth, which strongly resemble those of modern tapirs, animals that predominantly feed on fruits, flowers, bark and leaves. Their limbs show some notable differences to
823:
was likely notably different from those of modern proboscideans, the idea of a short tapir-like trunk is questioned. In particular, it is pointed out that the tall stature and still relatively short neck of
1834:
has been associated with wet and warm, low-energy woodland and in
Portugal deinotheriid remains were found in regions corresponding with moist, tropical to subtropical woodland conditions likened to modern
1175:
species. Other researchers, however, argue that the anatomical differences, the difference in size in particular, are not enough to properly distinguish the two, which would subsequently render species of
828:
would render it very difficult for the animal to drink without assuming a more complex posture. Thus it is suggested that the trunk must have been at least long enough for the animal to effectively drink.
1083:
during the late
Vallesion to Turolian, with early members of the species still being similar in size to its ancestor before surpassing it later during its range. However, the assignment of specimens to
775:
was long and the rostral fossa broad. The mandibular symphyses (the lower jaw-bone) were very long and curved downward, which, with the backward-curved tusks, is a distinguishing feature of the group.
625:
has been estimated to have had a shoulder height of 3.65 m (12.0 ft) and a weight of 10.5 tonnes (11.6 short tons). However, both these species are smaller than a 45-year-old male of
1876:, leaving use in feeding as their most likely function. These tusks exhibit patterns of wear, in particular on their medial and caudal sides. In a 2001 paper Markov and colleagues argue that
1222:. In Europe fossils are especially common in the southeast, with up to half of known specimens in the region originating in Bulgaria. Especially significant specimens include those found in
424:
has a long history, possibly dating back as early as the 17th century when a French surgeon named
Matsorier found the bones of large animals in an area known as the "field of giants" near
723:
759:
and rear premolars were vertical shearing teeth, and suggest that deinotheres became an independent evolutionary branch very early on; the other premolars were used for crushing. The
753:
1088:
is largely based on stratigraphy and size, making the differentiation between species difficult, especially with some research suggesting that the two species continued to coexist.
902:, however most specimens are smaller than those of the European species. To explain this, two hypotheses are suggested, one that they share a common ancestor and the other that
528:
remains have been found from 1897 onward, with one particular fossil of an almost complete animal found in 1965. These remains were officially described in
December of 2006 as
845:
617:
were around 3.63–4.0 m (11.9–13.1 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed 8.8–12 tonnes (8.7–11.8 long tons; 9.7–13.2 short tons). This is similar to adult males of
1880:
could have used its tusks to remove branches that would have gotten in the way of feeding, while using the proboscis to transport leaf material into its mouth. From there
1962:"The Deinotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia): an abnormal tusk from Lisbon, the Miocene record in Portugal and the first appearance datum. Evidence from Lisbon, Portugal"
1458:
965:
1403:
1343:
229:
1399:
763:
was short, low, and flattened on the top, in contrast to more advanced proboscideans, which have a higher and more domed forehead, with very large, elevated
115:
621:, one of which weighed 10.3 tonnes (10.1 long tons; 11.4 short tons) and was 3.59 m (11.8 ft) tall at the shoulder. The average male and female
879:
1243:
1391:
1912:
1234:. Romania likewise yielded significant remains, with one notably large specimen being found by Grigoriu Ștefănescu near Mânzați (type specimen of
1139:(Koch 1845), all of which are generally considered dubious by publications of the 21st century. Only one other species from Africa was described,
3698:
3185:
2671:
Aiglstorfer, Manuela; Bocherens, Hervé; Böhme, Madelaine (2014). "Large mammal ecology in the late Middle
Miocene Gratkorn locality (Austria)".
3215:
1473:
displays relatively little change in morphology throughout its evolution, but a steady increase in body size from 2 meters shoulder height in
995:
One hypothesis opposing this three-species model suggests that, rather than being a single consistent species lasting throughout the
Miocene,
2930:
2224:
Poulakakis, N.; Lymberakis, P.; Fassoulas, C. (2005). "Deinotherium giganteum (Proboscidea, Deinotheriidae) from the Late Miocene of Crete".
1505:
had gone extinct with the onset of the Pliocene, the genus managed to survive notably longer in its southern range in Africa. The last known
991:
create a geographic link between European populations and the Indian specimens, concluding that they may be one single wide ranging species.
2815:
2264:"Reconstruction of the facial morphology of Deinotherium gigantissimum Stefanescu, 1892 based on the material from Ezerovo, South Bulgaria"
1239:
103:
437:
2593:"Appraisal of dental enamel hypoplasia in the middle Miocene Deinotheriidae: implications of the Siwalik paleoenvironment of Pakistan"
2567:
Vergiev, S.; Markov, G. N. (2010). "A mandible of Deinotherium (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from Aksakovo near Varna, Northeast Bulgaria".
3837:
3772:
3685:
1250:
and even on the island of Crete, indicating that the large animal had traveled there over a potential landbridge. Towards the east
886:, until the early Pleistocene roughly 1 million years ago. It is characterized by a narrower rostral trough, a smaller but higher
629:, at 4.01 m (13.2 ft) tall at the shoulder and 13.2 tonnes (13.0 long tons; 14.6 short tons). The most recent species,
1830:
was a folivorous, browsing proboscidean that preferred open woodland habitats and fed on the leaves of the tree canopy. In Asia
3842:
3822:
3817:
3777:
771:
reached a length of 120–130 cm (47–51 in). The nasal opening was retracted and large, indicating a large trunk. The
3832:
2731:
633:, was around 3.6 m (12 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed 9 metric tons (9.9 short tons). The general anatomy of
3812:
2308:
Harris, J. M. (2009). "Cranial and dental remains of Deinotherium bozasi (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from East Rudolf, Kenya".
348:
which grew down and curved back from the mandible, as opposed to the forward-growing maxillary tusks of extant elephants.
3802:
3797:
850:
2185:"Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans"
3787:
3782:
3767:
1025:
by some researchers, others propose that it is a stratigraphically distinct chronospecies and the earliest of European
890:, a higher and narrower cranium, and a shorter mandibular symphysis than the other two species. In a 2013 publication
3807:
491:. Further remains were discovered and named, including many that would later come to be considered part of the genus
532:, making it the most recently named species, although later studies synonymize it with the other European species'.
3792:
2808:
2425:
Singh, N. P.; Jukar, A. M.; Patnaik, R.; Sharma, K. M.; Singh, N. A.; Singh, Y. P. (2020). "The first specimen of
701:
3762:
2649:
Sankhyan, A. R.; Sharma, S. L. (2014). "In situ dental remains of Deinotherium from Northwest Indian Siwaliks".
2627:
Zhan-Xiang, Qiu; Ban-Yue, Wang; Hong, Li; Tao, Deng; Yan, Sun (2007). "First discovery of deinothere in China".
2477:
Alba, D. M.; Gasamans, N.; Pons-Monjo, G.; Luján, À. H.; Robles, J. M.; Obradó, P.; Casanovas-Vilar, I. (2020).
2237:
1852:
lived in Europe. Fossil finds from the Austrian Gratkorn locality and the Mainz Basin in Germany indicate that
1342:
and Germany. Some of the earliest and most significant finds in Germany have been made in the Dinotheriensande (
3827:
3757:
2263:
1457:. Initially restricted to Africa, the continued northward movement of the African Plate eventually caused the
731:
2344:
Pickford, Martin; Pourabrishami, Zeinolabedin (2013). "Deciphering Dinotheriensande deinotheriid diversity".
837:
385:
3575:
755:), with vertical cheek tooth replacement. Two sets of bilophodont and trilophodont teeth were present. The
2786:
Harris, J.M. (1976) Evolution of feeding mechanisms in the family Deinotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea).
999:
actually represents multiple chronospecies, with the type species only applying to the intermediate form.
2801:
1021:
recovered from sediments dating to the late Astaracian to Aragonian. While it is considered a synonym of
127:
509:
extended the range of the genus outside of Europe. Fossils of an exceptionally large specimen found in
2025:"The record of Deinotheriidae from the Miocene of the Swiss Jura Mountains (Jura Canton, Switzerland)"
436:
as the supposed bones of a French monarch, until he was exposed and the bones were handed over to the
2714:
Tessy, Pascal (1990). "The "Proboscidean Datum Event:" How Many Proboscideans and How Many Events?".
2125:
Hutchinson, J. R.; Delmer, C.; Miller, C. E.; Hildebrandt, T.; Pitsillides, A. A.; Boyde, A. (2011).
1451:
The origin of deinotheriids can be found in the Oligocene of Africa with the relatively small bodied
1223:
1118:(depending on how many species are recognized by the respective author). The situation is similar in
578:, following latinization of the first element of the name. Although pronunciation remains unchanged,
2127:"From Flat Foot to Fat Foot: Structure, Ontogeny, Function, and Evolution of Elephant "Sixth Toes.""
1041:
stage of the Miocene, after which the two species continued to coexist until the formers extinction.
2090:
3562:
987:
and that the later name would take precedence. Pickford, for instance, argues that fossils from
932:
was found in Europe from the Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene. However, the exact extinction of
613:
was a large-bodied proboscidean displaying continued growth between species. Two adult males of
3752:
3729:
3663:
3625:
3703:
2478:
3724:
3716:
2126:
472:
3672:
3588:
2776:
2680:
2538:
2494:
2438:
2353:
2141:
1461:, during which proboscideans diversified and spread into Eurasia, among them the ancestral
3569:
8:
3176:
2758:
2388:
1961:
1295:
361:
2718:. NATO ASI Series (Series A: Life Sciences). Vol. 180. Springer. pp. 237–252.
2684:
2542:
2498:
2442:
2357:
2145:
1513:, were found in sediments dating to the Pleistocene, approximately 1 million years ago.
2696:
2510:
2454:
2369:
2321:
2241:
2206:
2165:
2040:
1935:
1498:
122:
3711:
3538:
3407:
2766:
2727:
2592:
2514:
2458:
2373:
2169:
2157:
2064:
2044:
1992:
1939:
1873:
1482:
1427:
1259:
1211:
772:
764:
282:
272:
252:
225:
2700:
2245:
2210:
1993:"A reconstruction of the facial morphology and feeding behaviour of the deinotheres"
1913:"Deinotherium thraceiensis sp. nov. from the Miocene near Ezerovo, Plovdiv District"
3264:
2719:
2688:
2604:
2546:
2502:
2446:
2400:
2361:
2317:
2233:
2196:
2149:
2105:
2032:
1927:
1354:, described by Kaup in the early 1800s, stems from this part of Europe. Outside of
440:. In 1775 researchers recognized the bones as belonging to an animal "similar to a
2793:
2506:
1350:, named for their great abundance of deinothere remains. The holotype specimen of
3598:
3593:
3206:
3054:
3038:
2723:
2550:
2065:"Systematics and Taxonomy of the European Deinotheriidae (Proboscidea, Mammalia)"
1839:. A browsing lifestyle is supported by the inclination of the occiput that gives
1820:
1639:
1444:
1307:
1231:
1110:
from Romania is typically considered to be a larger specimen belonging either to
907:
891:
726:
493:
372:
thrived the longest in Africa, where they were found into the early Pleistocene.
2429:(Mammalia, Proboscidea, Deinotheriidae) from the late Miocene of Kutch, India".
3528:
3360:
3236:
3192:
3101:
3071:
3015:
2961:
1931:
1331:
1319:
1090:
1060:
937:
802:
793:. Unlike in modern proboscideans, which possess tusks that grow from the upper
205:
192:
2692:
2365:
2036:
3746:
3648:
3608:
3518:
3498:
3451:
3435:
3421:
3414:
3374:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3318:
3292:
3229:
3024:
2985:
2951:
2900:
1704:
1666:
1580:
1453:
1363:
1299:
1255:
756:
691:
540:
445:
292:
61:
2153:
1497:
coincided with falling temperatures during the middle Miocene. According to
1489:. This also accounts for the morphological adaptations seen in the limbs of
1438:
1210:
was a widespread genus, found across vast areas of East Africa, Europe, the
778:
3462:
3367:
3285:
3257:
3162:
3091:
3001:
2941:
2910:
2161:
2110:
1720:
1407:
1395:
1375:
1302:. The easternmost occurrence of the genus appears to be in the province of
325:
237:
2609:
2201:
2184:
814:
2000s Markov and colleagues published papers on the facial soft tissue of
3657:
3603:
3508:
3390:
3325:
3308:
3271:
3250:
3243:
3141:
2994:
2879:
2864:
2825:
1872:
suggests that these tusks were likely not used for digging, nor are they
1604:
1542:
1493:, better suited for long distance travel. Furthermore, the appearance of
1347:
1327:
1271:
915:
650:
590:
502:
353:
333:
179:
36:
1079:
species. For this hypothesis it has been suggested that it evolved from
3690:
3278:
3222:
3155:
3125:
2920:
2855:
2527:
2450:
2405:
1556:
1215:
81:
46:
1151:. However his research was published posthumously and was predated by
801:
grow from the lower incisors, with upper incisors and upper and lower
789:
These tusks are without doubt the most immediately visible feature of
464:
that used its tusks to anchor itself to the sea floor while sleeping.
3488:
3478:
3332:
3134:
1997:
The World of Elephants. Proceedings of the 1st International Congress
1868:
are their downturned tusks and their function. Research conducted on
1858:
1371:
1219:
1144:
1038:
953:
941:
564:
550:
341:
340:
possessed a notably more flexible neck, with limbs adapted to a more
139:
86:
3619:
2591:
Ameen, M.; Khan, A. M.; Ahmad, R. M.; Iqbal, A.; Akhtar, M. (2021).
2024:
968:, during a time when the island was still connected to the mainland.
3642:
3444:
3081:
2971:
2843:
1379:
1367:
1335:
1246:, Romania respectively. Multiple specimens have also been found in
1238:). The fossils of the two now-invalid species are displayed at the
1148:
945:
794:
673:
639:
522:
488:
476:
461:
412:
321:
159:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
394:
3471:
3400:
3111:
2389:"On a Deinotherium (Proboscidea) finding in the Neogene of Crete"
2124:
1836:
1653:
1530:
1355:
1323:
1315:
1287:
914:
in response to aridification and an increased need for effective
887:
659:
514:
510:
441:
433:
365:
329:
91:
66:
3677:
936:
in Europe is unknown. The last known occurrences in Central and
809:
Although the presence of an elephant-like proboscis or trunk in
3148:
2849:
2837:
1680:
1411:
1263:
1247:
949:
517:
between the late 19th and early 20th century were described as
429:
357:
169:
149:
2288:
Göhlich, U.B. (2010). "Tertiäre Urelefanten aus Deutschland".
1811:
672:
based on their comparison of size and shape similar to modern
336:. Although its appearance is reminiscent of modern elephants,
2223:
1415:
1383:
1339:
1303:
1283:
1279:
961:
883:
760:
557:
543:
484:
449:
408:
407:
material might have belonged to either an extinct species of
345:
570:
meaning "beast"). Some authors have on occasion referred to
2476:
2238:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0732:DGPDFT]2.0.CO;2
2023:
Gagliardi, Fanny; Maridet, Olivier; Becker, Damien (2020).
1291:
988:
483:
was at the time thought to be an evolutionary link between
425:
2670:
983:
valid, some researchers argue that it is synonymous with
428:. Matsorier is said to have exhibited these bones across
2626:
2261:
1990:
1163:
species recognized by science is the state of the genus
2424:
2091:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
1362:
is found in East Africa, with specimens known from the
1067:. Other research meanwhile proposes that it, alongside
2022:
2343:
1465:, thought to be the direct predecessor of the larger
734:
704:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3432:
3385:
3303:
3203:
3173:
3122:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3012:
2982:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2748:
1991:
Markov, G. N.; Spassov, N.; Simeonovski, C. (2001).
448:
hypothesized that they actually belonged to a large
116:
Azov Museum of History, Archaeology and Paleontology
2823:
2590:
2262:Markov, G.N.; Spassov, N.; Simeonovski, C. (2002).
638:quite short compared to other modern browsers like
582:remains the valid spelling as it was coined first.
747:
717:
1244:Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History
3744:
1314:spans most of West and Central Europe including
1002:Other species that have been described include:
497:. These additional remains also helped solidify
2058:
2056:
2054:
1959:
1910:
952:might extend the range of the species to MN15 (
898:has mandibles anatomically similar to those of
2648:
2281:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1159:Another matter that complicates the amount of
444:" and during the late 18th/early 19th century
2809:
2566:
2072:Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Wien
2082:
2051:
1481:species and a mass far exceeding even large
1240:National Museum of Natural History, Bulgaria
1184:instead. This would create the combinations
1171:is a distinct genus ancestral to the larger
1075:, is part of a single anagenetic lineage of
859:commonly considered valid are listed below.
718:{\displaystyle {\frac {0.0.2.3.}{1.0.2.3.}}}
2386:
1946:
1390:remains have also been found in the Kenyan
668:The restoration of two separate species of
2877:
2816:
2802:
2290:Elefantenreich – Eine Fossilwelt in Europa
2088:
479:discovered in Germany. The type specimen,
456:. Another early hypothesis suggested that
452:with upwards curving tusks which he named
102:
2673:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
2608:
2404:
2346:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
2200:
2109:
1911:Kovachev, Dimitar; Nikolov, Ivan (2006).
438:French National Museum of Natural History
2062:
1810:
1437:
1143:(Osborn, 1936), based on teeth from the
1089:
836:
777:
748:{\displaystyle {\frac {0.0.3.}{1.0.3.}}}
589:
2666:
2664:
2644:
2642:
2622:
2620:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2562:
2560:
2287:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
3745:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2257:
2255:
2182:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1864:One of the most enigmatic features of
960:have also been found on the island of
3624:
3623:
2797:
2783:, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
2771:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
2713:
2380:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1826:Several key adaptations suggest that
375:
352:was a widespread genus, ranging from
2661:
2639:
2617:
2579:
2557:
2003:
1960:Antunes, M.T.; Ginsburg, L. (2003).
1410:. An additional tooth is known from
1029:. In accordance to this hypothesis,
2707:
2597:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia
2521:
2465:
2413:
2328:
2296:
2252:
2217:
2176:
1895:
13:
2744:
2716:European Neogene Mammal Chronology
2487:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2322:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02263.x
2226:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2118:
1979:
14:
3854:
328:that lived from about the middle-
3574:
3568:
3561:
2751:
1167:. One prevailing theory is that
658:
649:
505:and finds in India described as
393:
384:
126:
34:
32:Middle Miocene–Early Pleistocene
3838:Taxa named by Johann Jakob Kaup
3773:Miocene genus first appearances
1806:
1334:), France ("Field of Giants"),
1294:and multiple localities on the
1254:is known from finds in Russia (
475:to describe a fossil skull and
1290:. Fossils are also known from
1033:would eventually give rise to
874:was the last known species of
585:
320:is an extinct genus of large,
1:
3843:Fossil taxa described in 1829
3823:Pleistocene mammals of Europe
3818:Pleistocene mammals of Africa
3778:Pleistocene genus extinctions
2507:10.1080/02724634.2020.1775624
2189:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2098:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1888:
1382:, and multiple localities in
1278:being found on the island of
1270:furthermore extends over the
1055:is a large bodied species of
3833:Prehistoric placental genera
2781:Evolution of the Vertebrates
2724:10.1007/978-1-4899-2513-8_16
2551:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.038
2271:Historia Naturalis Bulgarica
1433:
1418:and it's possible that both
1155:, described two years prior.
1131:(Sahni and Tripathi, 1957),
846:Natural History Museum Mainz
565:
551:
7:
3813:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
1477:to up to 4 meters in later
403:Early scientists suggested
10:
3859:
3803:Pliocene mammals of Europe
3798:Pliocene mammals of Africa
1932:10.52321/GeolBalc.35.3-4.5
832:
558:
544:
3788:Miocene mammals of Europe
3783:Miocene mammals of Africa
3768:Pleistocene proboscideans
3632:
3583:
3558:
3461:
3431:
3384:
3302:
3202:
3172:
3121:
3063:
3052:
3011:
2981:
2892:
2888:
2873:
2832:
2693:10.1007/s12549-013-0145-5
2366:10.1007/s12549-013-0115-y
2037:10.1101/2020.08.10.244061
1815:Historic illustration of
1718:
1701:
1694:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1625:
1618:
1601:
1594:
1577:
1570:
1553:
1546:
1528:
1521:
1224:Ezerovo, Plovdiv Province
1017:is a European species of
265:
260:
243:
236:
123:Scientific classification
121:
110:
101:
23:
3808:Pliocene mammals of Asia
2531:Quaternary International
2387:Athanassiou, A. (2004).
1459:Proboscidean Datum Event
1426:coexisted in the Kenyan
870:Known from East Africa,
767:. The largest skulls of
16:Extinct genus of mammals
3793:Miocene mammals of Asia
2431:Journal of Paleontology
2154:10.1126/science.1211437
2089:Larramendi, A. (2016).
1310:. The western range of
1274:, with the holotype of
948:), while material from
556:meaning "terrible" and
114:skeleton cast from the
3763:Pliocene proboscideans
2773:, WH Freeman & Co.
2629:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
2111:10.4202/app.00136.2014
1823:
1448:
1098:
1065:Deinotherium giganteum
940:appear to be in MN13 (
855:
842:Deinotherium giganteum
786:
749:
719:
607:
471:was coined in 1829 by
344:lifestyle, as well as
247:Deinotherium giganteum
3828:Prehistoric elephants
3758:Miocene proboscideans
3725:Paleobiology Database
2610:10.4072/rbp.2021.4.06
2202:10.4202/app.2007.0036
2063:Huttunen, K. (2002).
1814:
1509:remains, assigned to
1441:
1326:(Gratkorn Locality),
1322:(Františkovy Lázně),
1135:(Pilgrim, 1908), and
1093:
964:in the upper Miocene
906:may be an example of
840:
781:
750:
720:
593:
473:Johann Jakob von Kaup
3589:Plesielephantiformes
2824:Genera of the order
2481:Deinotherium proavum
2427:Deinotherium indicum
1404:Koobi Fora Formation
1344:Eppelsheim Formation
966:Faneroméni Formation
732:
702:
539:is derived from the
356:, north to southern
3177:Choerolophodontidae
2788:Zool. J. Linn. Soc.
2759:Paleontology portal
2685:2014PdPe...94..189A
2543:2017QuInt.445....5K
2499:2020JVPal..40E5624A
2443:2020JPal...94..788S
2358:2013PdPe...93..121P
2292:. pp. 340–372.
2183:Delmer, C. (2009).
2146:2011Sci...334R1699H
2140:(6063): 1699–1703.
1920:Geologica Balcanica
1442:Mount of ancestor,
1400:Kubi Algi Formation
1360:Deinotherium bozasi
1296:Indian Subcontinent
978:The Asian species,
878:, surviving in the
872:Deinotherium bozasi
362:Indian subcontinent
2451:10.1017/jpa.2020.3
2310:Journal of Zoology
1874:sexually dimorphic
1824:
1449:
1226:(type specimen of
1127:(Lydekker, 1880),
1099:
856:
787:
765:occipital condyles
745:
715:
608:
376:History and naming
360:, and east to the
3740:
3739:
3712:Open Tree of Life
3626:Taxon identifiers
3617:
3616:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3539:Stegotetrabelodon
3408:Paratetralophodon
3048:
3047:
2733:978-1-4899-2513-8
2651:Himalayan Geology
1969:Ciencias da Terra
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1483:African elephants
1428:Ngorora Formation
1398:, as well as the
1212:Arabian Peninsula
1192:(both European),
928:The type species
880:Kanjera Formation
743:
713:
627:D. "thraceiensis"
596:D. "thraceiensis"
454:Tapir gigantesque
313:
312:
232:
3850:
3733:
3732:
3720:
3719:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3693:
3681:
3680:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3621:
3620:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3536:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3434:
3387:
3305:
3265:Progomphotherium
3205:
3175:
3124:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3014:
2984:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2738:
2737:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2474:
2463:
2462:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:10.4267/2042/311
2384:
2378:
2377:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2020:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1917:
1908:
1697:
1696:
1673:
1672:
1646:
1645:
1621:
1620:
1597:
1596:
1573:
1572:
1549:
1548:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1236:D. gigantissimum
1198:P. pentapotamiae
1108:D. gigantissimus
1103:D. gigantissimus
1049:(Eichwald, 1831)
854:
754:
752:
751:
746:
744:
736:
724:
722:
721:
716:
714:
706:
662:
653:
568:
561:
560:
554:
547:
546:
519:D. gigantissimum
501:position within
397:
388:
332:until the early
307:(Eichwald, 1831)
224:
217:
204:
191:
131:
130:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3628:
3618:
3613:
3599:Elephantimorpha
3594:Numidotheriidae
3579:
3560:
3544:
3457:
3427:
3389:
3388:"Tetralophodont
3380:
3307:
3298:
3207:Amebelodontidae
3198:
3168:
3117:
3057:
3055:Elephantiformes
3044:
3039:Prodeinotherium
3007:
2977:
2882:
2869:
2828:
2822:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:Further reading
2742:
2741:
2734:
2712:
2708:
2669:
2662:
2647:
2640:
2625:
2618:
2589:
2580:
2565:
2558:
2526:
2522:
2493:(2): e1775624.
2475:
2466:
2423:
2414:
2385:
2381:
2342:
2329:
2306:
2297:
2286:
2282:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2222:
2218:
2181:
2177:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2021:
2004:
1989:
1980:
1964:
1958:
1947:
1915:
1909:
1896:
1891:
1846:Prodeinotherium
1821:Heinrich Harder
1809:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1640:Elephantiformes
1499:Bergmann's rule
1475:Prodeinotherium
1463:Prodeinotherium
1445:Prodeinotherium
1436:
1424:Prodeinotherium
1308:Northwest China
1266:. The range of
1228:D. thraceiensis
1200:, and possibly
1178:Prodeinotherium
1169:Prodeinotherium
1165:Prodeinotherium
1137:D. anguistidens
1120:D. thraceiensis
1011:(Jourdan, 1861)
892:Martin Pickford
848:
835:
797:, the tusks of
735:
733:
730:
729:
705:
703:
700:
699:
688:
687:
686:
685:
665:
664:
663:
655:
654:
606:(left to right)
602:specimens, and
588:
530:D. thraceiensis
494:Prodeinotherium
419:
418:
417:
416:
400:
399:
398:
390:
389:
378:
301:(Jourdan, 1861)
256:
250:
223:
215:
202:
189:
125:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3721:
3708:
3695:
3682:
3669:
3654:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3529:Stegodibelodon
3522:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3361:Rhynchotherium
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3237:Archaeobelodon
3233:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3193:Choerolophodon
3189:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3102:Palaeomastodon
3095:
3085:
3075:
3072:Dagbatitherium
3064:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3016:Deinotheriidae
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2962:Phosphatherium
2955:
2945:
2935:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:Colbert, E. H.
2774:
2763:
2762:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2706:
2679:(1): 189–213.
2660:
2638:
2616:
2603:(4): 357–368.
2578:
2569:Paleodiversity
2556:
2520:
2464:
2412:
2379:
2352:(2): 121–150.
2327:
2295:
2280:
2251:
2232:(3): 732–736.
2216:
2195:(4): 561–580.
2175:
2117:
2081:
2050:
2002:
1978:
1945:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:Deinotheriidae
1624:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1435:
1432:
1392:Chemoigut Beds
1332:Jura Mountains
1320:Czech Republic
1157:
1156:
1105:
1100:
1061:junior synonym
1059:that may be a
1050:
1042:
1012:
993:
992:
976:
969:
956:). Fossils of
938:Western Europe
926:
919:
888:nasal aperture
868:
834:
831:
742:
739:
712:
709:
690:The permanent
667:
666:
657:
656:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
587:
584:
499:Deinotherium's
402:
401:
392:
391:
383:
382:
381:
380:
379:
377:
374:
311:
310:
309:
308:
302:
296:
286:
276:
263:
262:
258:
257:
251:
241:
240:
234:
233:
213:
209:
208:
206:Deinotheriinae
200:
196:
195:
193:Deinotheriidae
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3855:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Deinotheriids
3751:
3750:
3748:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3610:
3609:Elephantoidea
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3519:Selenetherium
3513:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:Palaeoloxodon
3493:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3452:Stegolophodon
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3436:Stegodontidae
3430:
3424:
3423:
3422:Tetralophodon
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:Pediolophodon
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3375:Stegomastodon
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:Notiomastodon
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:Gomphotherium
3344:
3342:
3341:
3340:Gnathabelodon
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:Blancotherium
3316:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:"Trilophodont
3301:
3295:
3294:
3293:Torynobelodon
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:Aphanobelodon
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:Afrochoerodon
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:Chilgatherium
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2986:Barytheriidae
2980:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:Numidotherium
2946:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:Arcanotherium
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:Carroll, R.L.
2765:
2764:
2760:
2749:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2635:(4): 261–277.
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:(3–4): 5–40.
1925:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:Gomphotherium
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:Elephantoidea
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:Numidotherium
1575:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:. Generally,
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1454:Chilgatherium
1447:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:Olduvai Gorge
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Siwalik Hills
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Rostov-on-Don
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
990:
986:
981:
977:
975:
974:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
925:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
867:
866:
862:
861:
860:
852:
847:
844:model at the
843:
839:
830:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
740:
737:
728:
710:
707:
697:
693:
692:tooth formula
683:
679:
675:
671:
661:
652:
643:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
601:
597:
594:Skeletons of
592:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
567:
555:
553:
542:
541:Ancient Greek
538:
533:
531:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:George Cuvier
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
410:
406:
396:
387:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:proboscideans
323:
319:
318:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
267:
266:
264:
259:
254:
249:
248:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
221:
214:
211:
210:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
3664:Deinotherium
3634:Deinotherium
3633:
3567:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3470:
3463:Elephantidae
3450:
3443:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3391:gomphotheres
3373:
3368:Sinomastodon
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3309:gomphotheres
3291:
3286:Stenobelodon
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3258:Platybelodon
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3216:Afromastodon
3214:
3191:
3184:
3163:Zygolophodon
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3110:
3100:
3092:Hemimastodon
3090:
3080:
3070:
3037:
3032:Deinotherium
3031:
3030:
3023:
3002:Omanitherium
3000:
2993:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2942:Moeritherium
2940:
2929:
2919:
2911:Daouitherium
2909:
2899:
2860:
2854:Superorder:
2787:
2780:
2770:
2715:
2709:
2676:
2672:
2654:
2650:
2632:
2628:
2600:
2596:
2572:
2568:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2490:
2486:
2483:from Europe"
2480:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2396:
2393:Carnets Geol
2392:
2382:
2349:
2345:
2316:(1): 57–75.
2313:
2309:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2028:
1996:
1972:
1968:
1923:
1919:
1882:Deinotherium
1881:
1878:Deinotherium
1877:
1870:Deinotherium
1869:
1866:Deinotherium
1865:
1863:
1861:conditions.
1854:Deinotherium
1853:
1850:Deinotherium
1849:
1845:
1841:Deinotherium
1840:
1831:
1828:Deinotherium
1827:
1825:
1817:Deinotherium
1816:
1807:Paleoecology
1721:Elephantidae
1719:
1703:
1702:
1679:
1678:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1626:
1603:
1602:
1579:
1578:
1555:
1554:
1529:
1510:
1507:Deinotherium
1506:
1503:Deinotherium
1502:
1495:Deinotherium
1494:
1491:Deinotherium
1490:
1487:Deinotherium
1486:
1479:Deinotherium
1478:
1474:
1471:Deinotherium
1470:
1467:Deinotherium
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1420:Deinotherium
1419:
1396:Lake Baringo
1387:
1376:Middle Awash
1359:
1351:
1312:Deinotherium
1311:
1298:such as the
1275:
1268:Deinotherium
1267:
1252:Deinotherium
1251:
1235:
1227:
1208:Deinotherium
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:D. bavaricum
1185:
1182:Deinotherium
1181:
1177:
1173:Deinotherium
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:Deinotherium
1160:
1158:
1152:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:D. sindiense
1124:
1119:
1115:
1112:D. giganteum
1111:
1107:
1102:
1096:D. giganteum
1095:
1085:
1081:D. giganteum
1080:
1077:Deinotherium
1076:
1072:
1069:D. giganteum
1068:
1064:
1057:Deinotherium
1056:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1035:D. giganteum
1034:
1030:
1027:Deinotherium
1026:
1023:D. giganteum
1022:
1019:Deinotherium
1018:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:D. giganteum
996:
994:
984:
979:
972:
971:
958:D. giganteum
957:
934:D. giganteum
933:
930:D. giganteum
929:
923:D. giganteum
922:
921:
911:
908:Allen's rule
903:
899:
895:
876:Deinotherium
875:
871:
864:
863:
857:
841:
826:Deinotherium
825:
821:Deinotherium
820:
816:Deinotherium
815:
811:Deinotherium
810:
808:
799:Deinotherium
798:
791:Deinotherium
790:
788:
784:Deinotherium
783:
769:Deinotherium
768:
696:D. giganteum
695:
689:
682:D. giganteum
681:
677:
670:Deinotherium
669:
635:Deinotherium
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:D. giganteum
614:
611:Deinotherium
610:
609:
603:
600:D. giganteum
599:
595:
580:Deinotherium
579:
575:
572:Deinotherium
571:
563:
549:
537:Deinotherium
536:
534:
529:
526:Deinotherium
525:
518:
506:
498:
492:
481:D. giganteum
480:
469:Deinotherium
468:
466:
458:Deinotherium
457:
453:
422:Deinotherium
421:
420:
405:Deinotherium
404:
370:Deinotherium
369:
350:Deinotherium
349:
338:Deinotherium
337:
317:Deinotherium
316:
315:
314:
304:
298:
288:
279:D. giganteum
278:
268:
246:
244:
238:Type species
220:Deinotherium
219:
218:
112:D. giganteum
111:
25:Deinotherium
24:
18:
3658:Wikispecies
3604:Elephantida
3509:Primelephas
3326:Cuvieronius
3272:Protanancus
3251:Konobelodon
3244:Eurybelodon
3142:Losodokodon
2995:Barytherium
2931:Khamsaconus
2880:Proboscidea
2865:Tethytheria
2826:Proboscidea
2790:56: 331-362
2657:(1): 75–81.
1605:Barytherium
1543:Proboscidea
1408:East Rudolf
1352:Deintherium
1348:Mainz Basin
1328:Switzerland
1272:Middle East
1230:) and near
1141:D. hopwoodi
916:mastication
894:notes that
849: [
680:(left) and
676:relatives:
586:Description
576:Dinotherium
503:Proboscidea
354:East Africa
334:Pleistocene
305:D.? proavum
199:Subfamily:
180:Proboscidea
3747:Categories
3587:See also:
3279:Serbelodon
3223:Amebelodon
3156:Sinomammut
3126:Mammutidae
2921:Eritherium
2856:Afrotheria
2575:: 241–247.
2437:(4): 1–8.
2277:: 141–144.
2078:: 237–250.
1999:: 652–655.
1975:: 173–190.
1889:References
1832:D. indicum
1557:Eritherium
1276:D. indicum
1202:D. sinense
1196:(Africa),
1194:D. hobleyi
1190:D. cuvieri
1133:D. naricum
1129:D. orlovii
1116:D. proavum
1086:D. proavum
1053:D. proavum
1046:D. proavum
985:D. proavum
980:D. indicum
973:D. indicum
900:D. proavum
623:D. proavum
619:D. proavum
604:D. proavum
507:D. indicum
489:mastodonts
467:The genus
411:(left) or
299:D.? levius
289:D. indicum
3489:Mammuthus
3479:Loxodonta
3333:Eubelodon
3135:Eozygodon
2836:Kingdom:
2515:222215203
2459:213316461
2374:129506763
2170:206536505
2045:221141900
1940:255676762
1859:subboreal
1511:D. bozasi
1434:Evolution
1388:D. bozasi
1372:Omo Basin
1346:) of the
1286:) in the
1220:East Asia
1153:D. bozasi
1145:Omo Basin
1094:Skull of
1073:D. levius
1039:Vallesian
1031:D. levius
1015:D. levius
1008:D. levius
954:Ruscinian
942:Messinian
912:D. bozasi
904:D. bozasi
896:D. bozasi
865:D. bozasi
782:Teeth of
727:deciduous
678:D. bozasi
631:D. bozasi
535:The name
342:cursorial
273:Arambourg
269:D. bozasi
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
3643:Wikidata
3445:Stegodon
3082:Eritreum
2972:Saloumia
2850:Mammalia
2844:Chordata
2842:Phylum:
2838:Animalia
2779:(1969),
2769:(1988),
2701:55030720
2537:: 5–22.
2479:"Oldest
2246:86014255
2211:55095894
2162:22194576
1380:Ethiopia
1368:Tanzania
1336:Portugal
1242:and the
1204:(Asia).
1149:Ethiopia
946:Zanclean
795:incisors
711:1.0.2.3.
708:0.0.2.3.
684:(right).
674:elephant
640:giraffes
523:Bulgaria
477:mandible
462:sirenian
413:sirenian
322:elephant
293:Falconer
261:Species
186:Family:
170:Mammalia
160:Chordata
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
3717:4943204
3704:1032671
3691:4825894
3678:4529125
3649:Q376401
3472:Elephas
3401:Anancus
3112:Phiomia
2848:Class:
2681:Bibcode
2539:Bibcode
2495:Bibcode
2439:Bibcode
2354:Bibcode
2142:Bibcode
2134:Science
2029:bioRxiv
1837:Senegal
1654:Phiomia
1531:Sirenia
1394:around
1356:Eurasia
1324:Austria
1316:Hungary
1288:Red Sea
1260:Georgia
1037:by the
833:Species
803:canines
773:rostrum
761:cranium
566:therion
515:Romania
511:Manzati
442:mammoth
434:Germany
415:(right)
366:Neogene
330:Miocene
295:, 1845)
285:, 1829)
275:, 1934)
212:Genus:
176:Order:
166:Class:
3149:Mammut
2730:
2699:
2513:
2457:
2372:
2244:
2209:
2168:
2160:
2043:
1938:
1681:Mammut
1412:Sahabi
1370:, the
1318:, the
1264:Turkey
1262:, and
1248:Greece
950:Russia
757:molars
741:1.0.3.
738:0.0.3.
598:, two
559:θηρίον
552:deinos
545:δεινός
485:sloths
460:was a
430:France
358:Europe
324:-like
255:, 1829
3730:43280
3699:IRMNG
2861:Clade
2697:S2CID
2511:S2CID
2455:S2CID
2399:(5).
2370:S2CID
2267:(PDF)
2242:S2CID
2207:S2CID
2166:S2CID
2130:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
2068:(PDF)
2041:S2CID
1965:(PDF)
1936:S2CID
1916:(PDF)
1416:Libya
1384:Kenya
1340:Spain
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