476:
621:
670:
754:
1010:
3162:
187:
1026:
331:
774:
235:, agreed with Kerr that dazzle's aim was confusion rather than concealment, but disagreed about the type of confusion to be sown in the enemy's mind. What Wilkinson wanted to do was to make it difficult for an enemy to estimate a ship's type, size, speed, and heading, and thereby confuse enemy ship commanders into taking mistaken or poor firing positions. An observer would find it difficult to know exactly whether the stern or the bow was in view; and it would be correspondingly difficult to estimate whether the observed vessel was moving towards or away from the observer's position.
799:
488:
1047:
1073:
36:
277:
239:
1149:
accepted forms of a ship are broken up by masses of strongly contrasted colour, consequently making it a matter of difficulty for a submarine to decide on the exact course of the vessel to be attacked." For example, an enemy submarine might position itself poorly, leaving itself at long range or out of range altogether. Wilkinson further wrote that dazzle was designed "not for low visibility, but in such a way as to break up her form and thus confuse a submarine officer as to the course on which she was heading".
418:
141:
109:. Each ship's dazzle pattern was unique to avoid making classes of ships instantly recognisable to the enemy. The result was that a profusion of dazzle schemes was tried, and the evidence for their success was, at best, mixed. So many factors were involved that it was impossible to determine which were important, and whether any of the colour schemes were effective. Experiments were carried out on aircraft in both World Wars with little success.
261:
dropped in favour of an admittedly non-scientific approach, led by the socially well-connected
Wilkinson. Kerr's explanations of the principles were clear, logical, and based on years of study, while Wilkinson's were simple and inspirational, based on an artist's perception. The decision was likely because the Admiralty felt comfortable with Wilkinson, in sharp contrast to their awkward relationship with the stubborn and pedantic Kerr.
532:
said "I make no claim to have invented the principle of parti-colouring, this principle was, of course, invented by nature". He agreed also that he had not suggested anywhere in his letters that his system would "create an illusion as to the course of the vessel painted". In
October 1920 the Admiralty told Kerr that he was not seen as responsible for dazzle painting. In 1922 Wilkinson was awarded the sum of £2000 for the invention.
577:, but it was nonetheless adopted both in the UK and North America. In 1918, the Admiralty analysed shipping losses, but was unable to draw clear conclusions. Dazzle ships had been attacked in 1.47% of sailings, compared to 1.12% for uncamouflaged ships, suggesting increased visibility, but as Wilkinson had argued, dazzle was not attempting to make ships hard to see. Suggestively, of the ships that were struck by
541:
203:
Whether through this mixing of goals, or the
Admiralty's scepticism about "any theory based upon the analogy of animals", the Admiralty claimed in July 1915 to have conducted "various trials" and decided to paint its ships in monotone grey, not adopting any of Kerr's suggestions. It had made up its mind, and all Kerr's subsequent letters achieved nothing.
311:, operated by a human to compute the range. The operator adjusted the mechanism until the two half-images of the target lined up in a complete picture. Dazzle, Sumrall argued, was intended to make that hard, as clashing patterns looked abnormal even when the two halves were aligned, something that became more important when
224:
demonstrations of his theory around the country. He had a warm welcome from Kerr in
Glasgow, and was so enthused by this show of support that he avoided meeting the War Office, who he had been intending to win over, and instead sailed home, continuing to write ineffective letters to the British and American authorities.
596:
in 1919. About 1,256 ships were painted in dazzle between 1 March 1918 and the end of the war on 11 November that year. Among
American merchantmen 2,500 tons and over, 78 uncamouflaged ships were sunk, and only 18 camouflaged ships; out of these 18, 11 were sunk by torpedoes, 4 in collisions and 3 by
588:
With hindsight, too many factors (choice of colour scheme; size and speed of ships; tactics used) had been varied for it to be possible to determine which factors were significant or which schemes worked best. Thayer did carry out an experiment on dazzle camouflage, but it failed to show any reliable
1148:
Wilkinson said "The primary object of this scheme was not so much to cause the enemy to miss his shot when actually in firing position, but to mislead him, when the ship was first sighted, as to the correct position to take up. Dazzle was a method to produce an effect by paint in such a way that all
839:, in patches of black and four shades of grey. It described this as "dazzle camouflage", making the ship the first Royal Navy vessel to have such a paint scheme since the Second World War. It stated that the scheme was "more about supporting the unique identity of the squadron" than for concealment.
584:
Similarly, 41% of the dazzle ships were struck amidships, compared to 52% of the uncamouflaged. These comparisons could be taken to imply that submarine commanders had more difficulty in deciding where a ship was heading and where to aim. Furthermore, the ships painted in dazzle were larger than the
260:
Dazzle was created in response to an extreme need, and hosted by an organisation, the
Admiralty, which had already rejected an approach supported by scientific theory: Kerr's proposal to use "parti-colouring" based on the known camouflage methods of disruptive coloration and countershading. This was
379:
It was not until she was within half a mile that I could make out she was one ship steering a course at right angles, crossing from starboard to port. The dark painted stripes on her after part made her stern appear her bow, and a broad cut of green paint amidships looks like a patch of water. The
202:
Similarly, he advised painting shaded parts of the ship white, and brightly lit parts in grey, again with smooth grading between them, making shapes and structures invisible. Kerr was thus hoping to achieve both a measure of invisibility and a degree of confusion for the enemy using a rangefinder.
531:
After the war, starting on 27 October 1919, an
Admiralty committee met to determine who had priority for the invention of dazzle. Kerr was asked whether he thought Wilkinson had personally benefited from anything that he, Kerr, had written. Kerr avoided the question, implying that he had not, and
256:
Wilkinson advocated "masses of strongly contrasted colour" to confuse the enemy about a ship's heading. Thus, while dazzle, in some lighting conditions or at close ranges, might actually increase a ship's visibility, the conspicuous patterns would obscure the outlines of the ship's hull (though
367:
dazzle scheme as an example, that different mechanisms could have been at work. The contradictory patterns on the ship's funnels could imply the ship was on a different heading (as
Wilkinson had said). The curve on the hull below the front funnel could seem to be a false bow wave, creating a
194:
Taking up the zebra example, Kerr proposed that the vertical lines of ships' masts be disrupted with irregular white bands. Hiding these would make ships less conspicuous, and would "greatly increase the difficulty of accurate range finding". However, in the same letter, Kerr also called for
223:
The
Admiralty noted that the required camouflage would vary depending on the light, the changing colours of sea and sky, the time of day, and the angle of the sun. Thayer made repeated and desperate efforts to persuade the authorities, and in November 1915 travelled to England where he gave
713:
threat). Dazzle measures were used until 1945; in
February 1945 the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet decided to repaint its ships in non-dazzle measures against the kamikaze threat, while the Atlantic Fleet continued to use dazzle, ships being repainted if transferred to the Pacific.
1182:
Wilkinson said that dazzle was a "method to produce an effect by paint in such a way that all accepted forms of a ship are broken up by masses of strongly contrasted colour, consequently making it a matter of difficulty for a submarine to decide on the exact course of the vessel to be
475:
514:. Wilkinson was put in charge of a camouflage unit which used the technique on large groups of merchant ships. Over 4000 British merchant ships were painted in what came to be known as "dazzle camouflage"; dazzle was also applied to some 400 naval vessels, starting in August 1917.
528:, even without practical visual assessment protocols for improving performance by modifying designs and colours. The dazzle camouflage strategy was adopted by other navies. This led to more scientific studies of colour options which might enhance camouflage effectiveness.
402:
travelling that distance in half a second would strike 90 cm (35 in) from the intended aiming point, or 7% of the distance moved by the target. This might be enough to save lives in the dazzle-patterned vehicle, and perhaps to cause the missile to miss entirely.
471:
reverted to plain grey paint schemes, informing Kerr in July 1915 that "various trials had been undertaken and that the range of conditions of light and surroundings rendered it necessary to modify considerably any theory based upon the analogy of animals".
727:. A wide range of patterns were authorised, but most commonly black and white diagonal stripes were used. Most patterns were designed to hide ships in harbour or near the coast; they were often painted over with plain grey when operating in the Atlantic.
199:, the use of paint to obliterate self-shading and thus to flatten out the appearance of solid, recognisable shapes. For example, he proposed painting ships' guns grey on top, grading to white below, so the guns would disappear against a grey background.
647:, dazzle paint schemes reappeared in January 1940. These were unofficial, and competitions were often held between ships for the best camouflage patterns. The Royal Navy's Camouflage Department came up with a scheme devised by a young naval officer,
359:
argued that since Wilkinson knew it was impossible to make a ship invisible with paint, the "extreme opposite" was the answer, using conspicuous shapes and violent colour contrasts to confuse enemy submarine commanders. Willis pointed out, using the
220:, and advocating painting ships white to make them invisible. His ideas were considered by the Admiralty, but rejected along with Kerr's proposals as being "freak methods of painting ships ... of academic interest but not of practical advantage".
708:
Not all United States Navy measures involved dazzle patterns; some were simple or even totally unsophisticated, such as a false bow wave on traditional Haze Gray, or Deck Blue replacing grey over part or all of the ship (the latter to counter the
97:
but to make it difficult to estimate a target's range, speed, and heading. Norman Wilkinson explained in 1919 that he had intended dazzle primarily to mislead the enemy about a ship's course and so cause them to take up a poor firing position.
389:
In 2011, the scientist Nicholas E. Scott-Samuel and colleagues presented evidence using moving patterns on a computer that human perception of speed is distorted by dazzle patterns. However, the speeds required for
564:
with bold disrupting lines similar to those of their ship camouflage. The effect remained dubious, but was found to reduce the incidence of the planes being targeted by anti-aircraft gunners on their own side.
753:
1241:
As Buskirk claimed, less than 1% of the US merchant ships painted in dazzle were lost; but without knowing the number of non-camouflaged ships, it is not possible to calculate the comparative rates of loss.
893:
The abstract patterns in dazzle camouflage inspired artists including Picasso. He claimed credit for camouflage experiments, which seemed to him a quintessentially Cubist technique. In a conversation with
705:. The designs (known as Measures, each identified with a number) were not arbitrary, but were standardised in a process which involved a planning stage, then a review, and then fleet-wide implementation.
2356:
In mid-1940, Barclay prepared designs for experimental camouflage for different types of Navy combat aircraft. Evaluation tests, however, showed that pattern camouflage was of little, if any, use for the
190:
Eyepiece image of a warship in a naval rangefinder, image halves not yet adjusted for range. The target's masts are especially useful for rangefinding, so Kerr proposed disrupting these with white bands.
1216:
The equivalent for naval artillery at a range of 7,000 m (7,700 yd) would require a ship to travel at 7000 × 90/70 = 9,000 km/h (4,900 kn; 5,600 mph) to achieve motion dazzle.
874:
2778:
521:. A foreman then scaled up their designs for the real thing. Painters, however, were not alone in the project. Creative people including sculptors, artists, and set designers designed camouflage.
632:
However effective dazzle camouflage may have been in World War I, it became less useful as rangefinders and especially aircraft became more advanced, and, by the time it was put to use again in
156:, drawing attention to the ship rather than hiding it. The approach was developed after Allied navies were unable to develop effective means to hide ships in all weather conditions. The British
666:. Dazzle patterns were tested on small model ships at the Royal Navy's Directorate of Camouflage in Leamington Spa; these were painted and then viewed in a shallow tank on the building's roof.
299:
In 1973, the naval museum curator Robert F. Sumrall (following Kerr) suggested a mechanism by which dazzle camouflage may have sown the kind of confusion that Wilkinson had intended for it.
1046:
460:, both as used by animals. A general order to the British fleet issued on 10 November 1914 advocated use of Kerr's approach. It was applied in various ways to British warships such as
2369:
171:
in 1914 explaining the goal was to confuse, not to conceal, by disrupting a ship's outline. Kerr compared the effect to that created by the patterns on a series of land animals, the
747:
to make it difficult for the enemy to gauge the shape and position of the aircraft. The camouflaged aircraft were flown in combat, but the effect was found not to be satisfactory.
1363:, Longmans, Green and Co, 1919. p. 46. "You look long and hard at this dazzle-ship. She doesn't give you any sensation of being dazzled; but she is, in some queer way, all wrong".
3436:
691:
615:
216:. Seeing the opportunity to put his theory into service, Thayer wrote to Churchill in February 1915, proposing to camouflage submarines by countershading them like fish such as
1009:
517:
All British patterns were different, first tested on small wooden models viewed through a periscope in a studio. Most of the model designs were painted by women from London's
507:
promoted a system of stripes and broken lines "to distort the external shape by violent colour contrasts" and confuse the enemy about the speed and dimensions of a ship.
2339:
467:, where officers noted approvingly that the pattern "increased difficulty of accurate range finding". However, following Churchill's departure from the Admiralty, the
2108:
943:
exhibited its rediscovered collection of lithographic printed plans for the camouflage of American World War I merchant ships, in an exhibition titled "Bedazzled".
264:
Wilkinson claimed not to have known of the zoological theories of camouflage of Kerr and Thayer, admitting only to having heard of the "old invisibility-idea" from
1098:
The designer Adam Harvey has similarly proposed a form of camouflage reminiscent of dazzle for personal camouflage from face-detection technology, which he calls
773:
398:
vehicle at a range of 70 m (77 yd), travelling at 90 km/h (56 mph). If such a dazzling target causes a 7% confusion in the observed speed, a
1025:
902:, who supervised dazzle camouflage painting in the war, created a series of canvases after the war based on his dazzle work on ships. His work later inspired
2786:
394:
are much larger than were available to First World War ships: Scott-Samuel notes that the targets in the experiment would correspond to a dazzle-patterned
3421:
1110:". It uses occlusion, covering certain facial features; transformation, altering the shape or colour of parts of the face; and a combination of the two.
898:
shortly after he first saw a painted cannon trundling through the streets of Paris he remarked, "Yes it is we who made it, that is cubism". In Britain,
3587:
368:
misleading impression of the ship's speed. And the striped patterns at bow and stern could create confusion about which end of the ship was which.
2138:
924:
painted canvases of United States Navy ships in dazzle camouflage at sea. The historian of camouflage Peter Forbes comments that the ships had a
620:
2849:
210:
had developed a theory of camouflage based on countershading and disruptive coloration, which he had published in the controversial 1909 book
163:
proposed the application of camouflage to British warships in the First World War, outlining what he believed to be the applicable principle,
3446:
2983:
2901:
2443:
510:
Wilkinson, then a lieutenant commander on Royal Navy patrol duty, implemented the precursor of "dazzle" beginning with the merchantman SS
3261:
212:
2978:
2713:
2659:
2470:
3426:
3411:
2779:"The Anti-Surveillance State: Clothes and Gadgets Block Face Recognition Technology, Confuse Drones and Make You (Digitally) Invisible"
1003:, which he called "Everybody Razzle Dazzle", combining his trademark motifs (stars, targets etc.) with First World War dazzle designs.
3176:
2495:
1511:"Cubist Slugs. Review of DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material; An Encyclopedia of Camouflage: Nature – Military – Culture by Roy Behrens"
1129:
2391:
1553:
1309:
3017:
2266:
585:
uncamouflaged ships, 38% of them being over 5000 tons compared to only 13% of uncamouflaged ships, making comparisons unreliable.
3462:
2417:
499:
inaugurated its Camouflage Section for land use at the end of 1916. At sea in 1917, heavy losses of merchant ships to Germany's
3845:
2605:
3654:
2955:
2930:
2910:
2825:
2686:
2343:
2296:
3059:
1160:
1032:
2120:
3785:
560:
to make their angle and direction difficult to judge for an enemy gunner. Similarly the Royal Navy painted some of their
3287:
86:, it consisted of complex patterns of geometric shapes in contrasting colours interrupting and intersecting each other.
3851:
2636:
2323:
2062:
853:
833:
2728:
2871:
2521:
2471:"Russia is painting dark stripes on its warships to make them look smaller and confuse Ukrainian drones, says expert"
1114:
907:
1867:
1651:
1347:'A few broad stripes': Perception, Deception, and the 'Dazzle Ship' phenomenon of the First World War", pp. 190–202.
3109:
1720:
1192:
903:
246:
commander's periscope view of a merchant ship in dazzle camouflage (left) and the same ship uncamouflaged (right),
669:
124:, who supervised the camouflaging of over 2,000 ships during the First World War, painted a series of canvases of
3336:
624:
Dazzle under development: the "Outside Viewing-tank" on the roof of the Directorate of Camouflage Naval Section,
3857:
3323:
935:
In 2007, the art of camouflage, including the evolution of dazzle, was featured as the theme for a show at the
500:
1173:
Kerr thought this because, as shown in the rangefinder eyepiece image, masts provide ideal verticals to align.
3032:
940:
228:
2244:"Camouflage Instructions – Carriers, Cruisers, Destroyers, Destroyer Escorts, Assigned to the Pacific Fleet"
2243:
3918:
3803:
1226:
699:
2514:
1948:
3863:
3797:
3642:
3630:
2542:
878:
437:
4005:
3372:
3141:
3076:
1994:
1125:
653:
257:
admittedly not the superstructure), disguising the ship's correct heading and making it harder to hit.
1822:
248:
3726:
3720:
3297:
3136:
2968:
2579:
1408:
504:
480:
232:
145:
76:
3161:
1698:
1095:
car was painted in a scheme intended to confound rival teams' ability to analyse its aerodynamics.
825:; the pattern was described variously as "dazzle" and "disruptive". In 2021, the Royal Navy painted
3995:
3312:
3052:
2447:
1232:
was painted in a dazzle pattern, perhaps the first Royal Navy vessel to be camouflaged in this way.
399:
611:
186:
3702:
3612:
3255:
1629:
1549:
673:
330:
300:
281:
207:
735:
In 1940, the US Navy conducted experiments with dazzle-type camouflage for aircraft. The artist
4000:
3756:
3672:
3247:
3241:
3131:
1121:
1099:
885:
painted "dark stripes on its warships to make them look smaller and confuse Ukrainian drones".
856:
836:
822:
760:
740:
2313:
877:" paint scheme during a deployment to Singapore in 2013. It was also reported that during the
487:
3869:
3839:
3821:
3618:
3218:
3104:
3002:
2993:
2988:
2922:
1625:
815:
518:
461:
457:
164:
798:
3956:
3678:
3121:
3099:
2010:
1995:
Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E; Baddeley, Roland; Palmer, Chloe E; Cuthill, Innes C (June 2011).
1925:
1758:
1510:
1416:
1196:
1052:
989:
974:
912:
780:
744:
640:
further reduced its effectiveness. However, it may still have confounded enemy submarines.
27:
3206:
2499:
8:
3575:
3406:
3401:
3386:
3114:
3045:
1872:
1117:
has used dazzle patterns on its fleet since 2009 for recognition rather than camouflage.
1080:
In civilian life, patterns reminiscent of dazzle camouflage are sometimes used to mask a
1072:
947:
936:
867:
811:
445:
2014:
1762:
3962:
3666:
3531:
3472:
3367:
3211:
3011:
2831:
2808:
Feng, Ranran; Prabhakaran, Balakrishnan (2013). "Facilitating fashion camouflage art".
2084:
2057:
2033:
1996:
1889:
1781:
1746:
1686:
1479:
1433:
1409:"The Dazzling Zoologist: John Graham Kerr and the Early Development of Ship Camouflage"
981:
966:
863:
764:
736:
724:
687:
593:
553:
106:
2197:
380:
weather was bright and visibility good; this was the best camouflage I have ever seen.
3690:
3606:
3282:
3126:
3094:
2951:
2926:
2906:
2821:
2319:
2292:
2089:
2038:
1893:
1786:
1437:
1195:
had recorded "Venetian blue" (bluish-green, the same colour as the sea) was used for
955:
847:
525:
441:
391:
168:
102:
35:
540:
276:
3762:
3696:
3292:
3201:
3151:
2835:
2813:
2079:
2071:
2028:
2018:
1881:
1776:
1766:
1491:
1425:
1081:
1059:
1037:
970:
951:
899:
826:
552:
In the First World War, experiments were conducted on British aircraft such as the
238:
160:
121:
83:
2690:
2609:
1084:
during trials, to make determining its exterior design difficult. During the 2015
3967:
3525:
3484:
3431:
3331:
3146:
3027:
3021:
2943:
2917:
2023:
1771:
1102:. Its intention is to block detection by facial recognition technologies such as
1089:
840:
574:
421:
371:
That dazzle did indeed work along these lines is suggested by the testimony of a
304:
61:
39:
3833:
3744:
3478:
3307:
3302:
3186:
3089:
1981:
895:
625:
561:
545:
449:
196:
2515:"The Group of Seven and the Halifax Harbour Explosion: Focus on Arthur Lismer"
148:
intended dazzle camouflage to cause the enemy to take up poor firing positions
3989:
3924:
3648:
3543:
3537:
3362:
3191:
2220:
2159:
Sumrall, Robert F. (February 1973). "Ship Camouflage (WWII): Deceptive Art".
1742:
1356:
1204:
1092:
1016:
925:
921:
917:
557:
453:
129:
113:
73:
20:
2817:
2632:
694:, and applied it to many ship classes, from patrol craft and auxiliaries to
3972:
3732:
3624:
3555:
3508:
3502:
3490:
3317:
2664:
2093:
2075:
2042:
1790:
1429:
1207:
had sent his scout ships to gather intelligence along the coast of Britain.
1000:
962:
882:
719:
633:
496:
417:
265:
140:
69:
2660:"First world war dazzle painting revived on ships in Liverpool and London"
1885:
3684:
3636:
3496:
3352:
3274:
2751:
2198:"Directorate of Camouflage (Naval Section) at Work, Leamington Spa, 1941"
1973:
1655:
1200:
993:
821:
was painted in a 1944 pattern to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the
695:
648:
412:
361:
334:
65:
2973:
1841:
3897:
3714:
3581:
3084:
3068:
2421:
2175:
1716:
739:
designed "pattern camouflage" schemes for US Navy aircraft such as the
644:
468:
395:
356:
347:'s sister ship, in dazzle camouflage while in service as a World War I
153:
90:
2568:. Thames & Hudson with Imperial War Museum. pp. Inside cover.
2342:. US Naval History and Heritage Command. 31 March 2015. Archived from
965:
with bright multi-coloured dazzle artwork, as part of the city's 2014
581:, 43% of the dazzle ships sank, compared to 54% of the uncamouflaged.
3708:
3549:
1826:
1557:
1085:
929:
348:
318:
included such rangefinders. Patterns sometimes also included a false
315:
312:
2872:"Manchester United reveals dazzle camouflage kit for 2020/21 season"
1495:
1482:(1911). "Revealing and concealing coloration in birds and mammals".
3791:
3357:
2139:"Leamington camouflage unit to be celebrated in new art exhibition"
2001:
1103:
920:
used dazzle ships in some of his wartime compositions. In America,
710:
680:
597:
mines. No US Navy ships (all camouflaged) were sunk in the period.
319:
217:
2810:
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Multimedia
2392:"New HMCS Regina paint job harkens back to Battle of the Atlantic"
806:(P233) painted in the 2021 Royal Navy version of dazzle camouflage
3930:
3902:
3827:
3196:
3181:
2055:
1949:"Inventing the Invisible Airplane – When camouflage was fine art"
1740:
1374:
Culture in Camouflage: War, Empire, and Modern British Literature
578:
341:
172:
157:
94:
80:
2979:
Artists and other contributors to camouflage in the 20th century
322:
to make it difficult for an enemy to estimate the ship's speed.
3809:
3781:
3750:
3738:
3660:
1741:
Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E.; Baddeley, Roland; Palmer, Chloe E.;
985:
616:
World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy
573:
Dazzle's effectiveness was highly uncertain at the time of the
372:
308:
243:
180:
117:
2969:
Newly discovered dazzle plans at Rhode Island School of Design
503:
campaign led to new desire for camouflage. The marine painter
3037:
2418:"HMS Tamar dazzles as iconic wartime paint scheme is revived"
637:
176:
3033:
Catalogue of US Navy World War II ships in Dazzle Camouflage
252:, 1922. The conspicuous markings obscure the ship's heading.
1978:
Camouflage: the history of concealment and deception in war
1868:"False Colors: Art, Design, and Modern Camouflage (review)"
2583:
1303:
1301:
3815:
2919:
Naval camouflage, 1914–1945: a complete visual reference.
1532:
Wilkinson, Norman (4 April 1939). "Letters. Camouflage".
2714:"Razzle Dazzle Mersey Ferry unveiled by Sir Peter Blake"
2286:
1307:
1298:
1062:
in 2014 to commemorate the use of dazzle in World War I
483:
of a moonlit convoy wearing his dazzle camouflage, 1918
2850:"Sea Shepherd Fleet Gets Ready for Upcoming Campaigns"
2580:"Fleet Library Special Collections: Dazzle Camouflage"
1842:"The Development of Naval Camouflage 1914–1945 Part I"
1717:"How did an artist help Britain fight the war at sea?"
1279:. Thames and Hudson / Imperial War Museum. p. 74.
448:
which he called "parti-colouring". He argued both for
26:"Dazzle Ships" redirects here. For the OMD album, see
1341:
Contested Objects: Material Memories of the Great War
2729:"Lamborghini kör med vidvinkel-extraljus i Norrland"
2113:
Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society
1015:
Two American ships in dazzle camouflage, painted by
132:
similarly painted a series of dazzle ship canvases.
3422:
List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing
2752:"Formula One Testing:Tom Clarkson's Jerez Round-Up"
2444:"USS Freedom due at Pearl on way home to San Diego"
1478:
946:In 2014, the Centenary Art Commission backed three
651:, a wildlife artist, which were developed into the
2315:Camouflage Australia: Art, nature, science and war
2190:
2158:
1676:
1484:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
992:was commissioned to design exterior paintwork for
988:, to commemorate the use of dazzle, a century on.
524:Wilkinson's dazzle camouflage was accepted by the
152:At first glance, dazzle seems an unlikely form of
2633:"SJ3489 : Dazzle Ship, Canning Graving Dock"
1640:. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences: 35–39.
1289:
928:look, their designs succeeding as avant-garde or
3987:
1330:, Oxford University Press, 2011, vol. 1, p. 401.
242:Claimed effectiveness: Artist's conception of a
2807:
1823:"Secret history: how surrealism can win a war,"
325:
112:Dazzle attracted the notice of artists such as
2154:
2152:
2132:
2130:
2056:Stevens, M.; Yule, D.H.; Ruxton, G.D. (2008).
427:displaying a coat of dazzle camouflage in 1918
3053:
2974:The development of naval camouflage 1914–1945
2468:
2318:. Sydney University Press. pp. 186–188.
2049:
1406:
1339:Saunders, Nicholas J.; Cornish, Paul. (eds).
1076:Red Bull RB11 racing car in camouflage livery
491:Official report on a camouflaged ship in 1918
2902:Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage
2332:
2289:German Naval Camouflage Volume One 1939–1941
2241:
1997:"Dazzle Camouflage Affects Speed Perception"
1988:
1972:
1747:"Dazzle Camouflage Affects Speed Perception"
1618:
1407:Murphy, Hugh; Bellamy, Martin (April 2009).
859:has been painted in this Dazzle Camouflage.
548:, finished in a naval black and white scheme
79:, though with a rejected prior claim by the
3262:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
2657:
2563:
2149:
2127:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1274:
692:camouflage painting program in World War II
213:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
3427:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
3412:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago
3060:
3046:
2948:Ship Shape: A Dazzle Camouflage Sourcebook
1968:
1966:
1308:Campbell-Johnson, Rachel (21 March 2007).
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
294:
128:after the war, based on his wartime work.
3643:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)
2749:
2496:"Omd Discography | Albums 1980 - 84"
2384:
2161:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
2083:
2032:
2022:
1780:
1770:
1710:
1708:
1545:
1543:
1531:
1472:
1402:
1400:
1398:
660:Admiralty Intermediate Disruptive Pattern
3012:Destroyer Escort Historical Museum: USS
2218:
2173:
1609:
1587:
1578:
1564:
1444:
1379:
1071:
797:
763:in experimental "pattern camouflage" by
668:
619:
539:
486:
474:
416:
329:
275:
237:
185:
139:
72:and afterwards. Credited to the British
34:
2372:. US Naval History and Heritage Command
2106:
2100:
1963:
1926:"Camouflage during the First World War"
1376:. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 46.
1255:
662:came into use, followed in 1944 by the
3988:
2370:"NH 96165 Douglas TBD-1 torpedo Plane"
2136:
1946:
1705:
1654:. Navy Yard Associates. Archived from
1624:
1540:
1508:
1395:
1328:The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art
271:
3041:
3028:US Navy PT Boats in Dazzle Camouflage
2776:
2711:
2630:
2311:
2235:
2058:"Dazzle coloration and prey movement"
1865:
1679:Ship Camouflage (WWII): Deceptive Art
788:
535:
431:
2726:
2545:. Naval History and Heritage Command
2264:
1677:Sumrall, Robert F. (February 1973).
1161:Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool
1033:Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool
939:. In 2009, the Fleet Library at the
793:
135:
93:, the intention of dazzle is not to
3786:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform
2287:Asmussen, John; Leon, Eric (2012).
1502:
1343:, Routledge, 2014. Jonathan Black:
592:The American data were analysed by
13:
3003:"Fighting the U-Boat with Paint",
2994:"She's All Dressed Up For Peace",
2937:
2687:"HMS President Dazzle Ship London"
2543:""A Fast Convoy" by Burnell Poole"
2063:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1714:
723:first used camouflage in the 1940
14:
4017:
3177:As evidence for natural selection
3024:painted in 1945 Dazzle camouflage
2962:
2812:. MM '13. ACM. pp. 793–802.
2712:Jones, Catherine (2 April 2015).
2639:from the original on 22 June 2018
2522:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2512:
2246:. Navy Department Bureau of Ships
2242:Brand, C. L. (26 February 1945).
1866:Paulk, Ann Bronwyn (April 2003).
1839:
1554:"Now you see it... Now you don't"
1115:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
908:Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
3288:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
3160:
3110:Coincident disruptive coloration
2340:"McClelland Barclay (1891-1943)"
1721:British Broadcasting Corporation
1509:Wright, Patrick (23 June 2005).
1132:that resembled a dazzle design.
1045:
1024:
1008:
783:in experimental camouflage, 1940
772:
752:
589:advantage over plain paintwork.
568:
384:
2864:
2842:
2801:
2770:
2743:
2720:
2705:
2679:
2651:
2624:
2598:
2572:
2557:
2535:
2506:
2488:
2462:
2436:
2410:
2362:
2305:
2280:
2258:
2212:
2167:
1940:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1859:
1833:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1734:
1670:
1644:
1525:
1357:Newbolt, Sir Henry John Newbolt
1235:
1219:
1210:
1186:
1176:
1167:
948:dazzle camouflage installations
612:Ship camouflage in World War II
600:
452:(following the American artist
3858:Operational Camouflage Pattern
3324:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
3067:
2777:Burns, Janet (21 April 2015).
2727:Rabe, Mattias (9 March 2015).
2469:Mia Jankowicz (July 5, 2023).
2223:. Snyder and Short Enterprises
2137:Rodger, James (20 July 2016).
1366:
1350:
1333:
1320:
1283:
1152:
1142:
862:For concealment purposes, the
501:unrestricted submarine warfare
406:
120:like himself had invented it.
1:
3655:Australian Disruptive Pattern
2984:Camoupedia: dazzle camouflage
2852:. Sea Shepherd. 15 April 2011
2731:(in Swedish). Teknikens Värld
1634:The Brooklyn Museum Quarterly
1294:. Seeley Service. p. 79.
1248:
1067:
941:Rhode Island School of Design
285:
229:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
64:that was used extensively in
3919:Diffused lighting camouflage
3804:Universal Camouflage Pattern
3437:USN WWII camouflage measures
2658:Brown, Mark (14 July 2014).
2119:(5): 225–229. Archived from
2107:Buskirk, Harold Van (1919).
2024:10.1371/journal.pone.0020233
1772:10.1371/journal.pone.0020233
1361:Submarine and Anti-Submarine
628:. James Yunge-Bateman, 1943.
436:In 1914, Kerr persuaded the
326:Disguising heading and speed
68:, and to a lesser extent in
7:
3864:Netherlands Fractal Pattern
3798:Tactical Assault Camouflage
3631:Disruptive Pattern Material
2631:Dixon, David (1 May 2015).
2174:Warneke, Jon; Herne, Jeff.
879:Russian invasion of Ukraine
730:
679:wearing Measure 5, a false
438:First Lord of the Admiralty
105:in the UK, and then by the
10:
4022:
2893:
1951:. Air & Space Magazine
1290:Wilkinson, Norman (1969).
1106:"by creating an 'anti-face
906:'s cover and the title of
664:Admiralty Standard Schemes
609:
410:
101:Dazzle was adopted by the
45:in dazzle camouflage, 1918
25:
18:
3948:
3911:
3890:
3883:
3772:
3727:Camouflage Central-Europe
3721:Desert Camouflage Pattern
3597:
3568:
3518:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3394:
3385:
3345:
3273:
3234:
3227:
3169:
3158:
3137:Multi-spectral camouflage
3075:
2905:. Yale University Press.
2221:"USN Camouflage Measures"
2176:"Royal Navy Colour Chips"
1158:For example, Wadsworth's
980:, anchored since 1922 at
16:Family of ship camouflage
3313:Johann Georg Otto Schick
3007:(April 1919), pp. 17–19.
2989:Razzle dazzle camouflage
2916:Williams, David (2001).
2448:Honolulu Star Advertiser
2267:"Bismarck Paint Schemes"
1606:Forbes, 2009. pp. 98–100
1135:
703:-class aircraft carriers
605:
400:rocket propelled grenade
301:Coincidence rangefinders
19:Not to be confused with
3703:Desert Night Camouflage
3256:Abbott Handerson Thayer
2998:(February 1919), p. 55.
2818:10.1145/2502081.2502121
2291:. Seaforth Publishing.
1575:Forbes, 2009. pp. 90–91
1469:Forbes, 2009. pp. 87–89
954:covered the pilot ship
888:
562:Felixstowe flying boats
295:Disrupting rangefinding
282:coincidence rangefinder
249:Encyclopædia Britannica
208:Abbott Handerson Thayer
3248:The Colours of Animals
3242:Edward Bagnall Poulton
3132:Multi-scale camouflage
2899:Forbes, Peter (2009).
2076:10.1098/rspb.2008.0877
1626:Murphy, Robert Cushman
1515:London Review of Books
1490:(Article 8): 119–231.
1430:10.25071/2561-5467.330
1120:English football team
1100:computer vision dazzle
1077:
857:offshore patrol vessel
837:offshore patrol vessel
823:Battle of the Atlantic
807:
761:Douglas TBD Devastator
741:Douglas TBD Devastator
683:
629:
549:
492:
484:
428:
382:
352:
291:
253:
227:The marine artist and
191:
149:
89:Unlike other forms of
46:
3840:Multi-Terrain Pattern
3822:Airman Battle Uniform
3619:Rhodesian Brushstroke
3219:Underwater camouflage
3105:Disruptive coloration
2923:Naval Institute Press
2200:. Imperial War Museum
1928:. Imperial War Museum
1915:Williams, 2001. p. 40
1906:Williams, 2001. p. 35
1886:10.1353/mod.2003.0035
1075:
866:littoral combat ship
801:
672:
623:
610:Further information:
543:
519:Royal Academy of Arts
490:
478:
458:disruptive coloration
444:, to adopt a form of
420:
411:Further information:
377:
351:, from September 1915
333:
279:
241:
189:
165:disruptive camouflage
143:
38:
3957:Dazzled and Deceived
3122:Distractive markings
3100:Counter-illumination
2564:Newark, Tim (2007).
1615:Forbes, 2009. p. 92.
1417:The Northern Mariner
1275:Newark, Tim (2007).
1088:testing period, the
781:Brewster F2A Buffalo
745:Brewster F2A Buffalo
206:The American artist
28:Dazzle Ships (album)
3846:Australian Multicam
3649:U.S. "M81" Woodland
3407:Aircraft camouflage
3402:Military camouflage
3115:Disruptive eye mask
2693:on 15 February 2015
2586:on 16 November 2011
2070:(1651): 2639–2643.
2015:2011PLoSO...620233S
1873:Modernism/modernity
1812:Forbes, 2009. p. 88
1803:Forbes, 2009. p. 87
1763:2011PLoSO...620233S
1652:"Robert F. Sumrall"
1630:"Marine camouflage"
1584:Forbes, 2009. p. 97
1480:Roosevelt, Theodore
1392:Forbes, 2009. p. 96
1310:"Camouflage at IWM"
937:Imperial War Museum
812:Royal Canadian Navy
446:military camouflage
272:Possible mechanisms
116:, who claimed that
3963:Stealth technology
3473:Splittertarnmuster
3368:Thomas N. Sherratt
3020:2018-12-10 at the
2950:. Bobolink Books.
2450:. 13 December 2013
2398:. 11 November 2019
2312:Elias, A. (2011).
2143:Coventry Telegraph
1658:on 18 January 2016
1078:
982:Blackfriars Bridge
969:art festival; and
967:Liverpool Biennial
864:United States Navy
846:and most recently
808:
789:Since World War II
765:McClelland Barclay
737:McClelland Barclay
725:Norwegian campaign
688:United States Navy
684:
654:Western Approaches
630:
594:Harold Van Buskirk
554:Royal Flying Corps
550:
536:Royal Flying Corps
493:
485:
432:British Royal Navy
429:
353:
292:
254:
192:
150:
107:United States Navy
47:
4006:Dazzle camouflage
3983:
3982:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3879:
3878:
3691:Camouflage Daguet
3564:
3563:
3417:Dazzle camouflage
3381:
3380:
3283:Mary Taylor Brush
3127:Motion camouflage
3095:Active camouflage
2956:978-0-9713244-7-3
2931:978-1-55750-496-8
2911:978-0-300-17896-8
2827:978-1-4503-2404-5
2716:. Liverpool Echo.
2612:on 9 October 2014
2298:978-1-84832-142-7
1830:. 8 January 2006.
1743:Cuthill, Innes C.
1681:. pp. 67–81.
1292:A Brush with Life
1122:Manchester United
794:Renewed naval use
442:Winston Churchill
309:optical mechanism
169:Winston Churchill
167:, in a letter to
144:Depiction of how
136:Intended purposes
60:, is a family of
56:(in the U.S.) or
50:Dazzle camouflage
4013:
3888:
3887:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3392:
3391:
3298:Norman Wilkinson
3293:John Graham Kerr
3232:
3231:
3164:
3152:Urban camouflage
3062:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3038:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2785:. Archived from
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2689:. Archived from
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2608:. Archived from
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2582:. Archived from
2576:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2498:. Archived from
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2475:Business Insider
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2346:on 13 March 2015
2336:
2330:
2329:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2265:Asmussen, John.
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2026:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1628:(January 1917).
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1562:
1561:. 10 March 2007.
1547:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1326:Marter, Joan M.
1324:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1225:In August 1917,
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1109:
1060:Tobias Rehberger
1049:
1038:Edward Wadsworth
1028:
1012:
971:Tobias Rehberger
952:Carlos Cruz-Diez
900:Edward Wadsworth
776:
756:
505:Norman Wilkinson
481:Norman Wilkinson
290:
287:
233:Norman Wilkinson
161:John Graham Kerr
146:Norman Wilkinson
122:Edward Wadsworth
84:John Graham Kerr
77:Norman Wilkinson
52:, also known as
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3996:Ship camouflage
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3968:Cloaking device
3936:
3907:
3875:
3774:
3768:
3679:Type 87 (China)
3599:
3593:
3560:
3534:(1917 aircraft)
3526:Camouflage tree
3514:
3485:Rauchtarnmuster
3464:
3441:
3432:Ship camouflage
3377:
3341:
3337:Timothy O'Neill
3332:Geoffrey Barkas
3269:
3223:
3165:
3156:
3147:Snow camouflage
3142:Self-decoration
3071:
3066:
3022:Wayback Machine
3005:Popular Science
2996:Popular Science
2965:
2944:Behrens, Roy R.
2940:
2938:Further reading
2896:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2828:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:Clarkson, Tom.
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2424:. 27 April 2021
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2178:. Steelnavy.com
2172:
2168:
2157:
2150:
2135:
2128:
2105:
2101:
2054:
2050:
1993:
1989:
1982:Pen & Sword
1971:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1846:Ship Camouflage
1838:
1834:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1550:Glover, Michael
1548:
1541:
1530:
1526:
1507:
1503:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1445:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1380:
1372:Deer, Patrick.
1371:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1273:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1197:ship camouflage
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1107:
1070:
1063:
1050:
1041:
1029:
1020:
1013:
961:in Liverpool's
891:
796:
791:
784:
777:
768:
757:
733:
717:Nazi Germany's
618:
608:
603:
575:First World War
571:
538:
434:
415:
409:
387:
328:
305:naval artillery
297:
288:
274:
138:
62:ship camouflage
58:dazzle painting
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3745:wz. 93 Pantera
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3479:Platanenmuster
3476:
3469:
3467:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3373:Martin Stevens
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3310:
3308:Leon Underwood
3305:
3303:Everett Warner
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3187:Decorator crab
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Countershading
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2963:External links
2961:
2960:
2959:
2946:, ed. (2012).
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2863:
2841:
2826:
2800:
2769:
2742:
2719:
2704:
2678:
2650:
2623:
2606:"Dazzle Ships"
2597:
2571:
2556:
2534:
2513:Kelly, Gemey.
2505:
2502:on 2001-04-18.
2487:
2461:
2435:
2409:
2383:
2361:
2331:
2325:978-1920899738
2324:
2304:
2297:
2279:
2257:
2234:
2219:Short, Randy.
2211:
2189:
2166:
2148:
2126:
2123:on 2016-03-04.
2099:
2048:
1987:
1962:
1939:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1880:(2): 402–404.
1858:
1832:
1821:Fisher, Mark.
1814:
1805:
1796:
1733:
1704:
1669:
1643:
1617:
1608:
1586:
1577:
1563:
1539:
1524:
1501:
1471:
1443:
1424:(2): 171–192.
1394:
1378:
1365:
1349:
1332:
1319:
1297:
1282:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1218:
1209:
1185:
1175:
1166:
1151:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1130:2020–21 season
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1007:
958:Edmund Gardner
910:'s 1983 album
896:Gertrude Stein
890:
887:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
778:
771:
769:
758:
751:
732:
729:
690:implemented a
658:. In 1942 the
626:Leamington Spa
607:
604:
602:
599:
570:
567:
558:Sopwith Camels
546:Felixstowe F.2
537:
534:
479:A painting by
450:countershading
433:
430:
408:
405:
386:
383:
355:The historian
327:
324:
296:
293:
273:
270:
197:countershading
137:
134:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4018:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:Naval warfare
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:Yehudi lights
3923:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3544:Denison smock
3542:
3539:
3538:Telo mimetico
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Innes Cuthill
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Flower mantis
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2789:on 2016-11-17
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2544:
2538:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2268:
2261:
2245:
2238:
2222:
2215:
2199:
2193:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:(6): e20233.
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1950:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1847:
1843:
1840:Raven, Alan.
1836:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:(6): e20233.
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1715:Willis, Sam.
1711:
1709:
1700:
1688:
1680:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1205:Julius Caesar
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1061:
1058:, painted by
1057:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:Burnell Poole
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
922:Burnell Poole
919:
918:Arthur Lismer
916:. In Canada,
915:
914:
909:
905:
904:Peter Saville
901:
897:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
865:
860:
858:
855:
852:
851:
845:
844:
838:
835:
831:
830:
824:
820:
819:
813:
810:In 2019, the
805:
800:
782:
775:
770:
766:
762:
755:
750:
749:
748:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:
721:
715:
712:
706:
704:
702:
697:
693:
689:
682:
678:
677:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
655:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
627:
622:
617:
613:
598:
595:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
569:Effectiveness
566:
563:
559:
555:
547:
542:
533:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
489:
482:
477:
473:
470:
466:
465:
459:
455:
454:Abbott Thayer
451:
447:
443:
439:
426:
425:
419:
414:
404:
401:
397:
393:
392:motion dazzle
385:Motion dazzle
381:
376:
374:
369:
366:
365:
358:
350:
346:
345:
339:
338:
332:
323:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
283:
278:
269:
267:
262:
258:
251:
250:
245:
240:
236:
234:
230:
225:
221:
219:
215:
214:
209:
204:
200:
198:
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
147:
142:
133:
131:
130:Arthur Lismer
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
99:
96:
92:
87:
85:
82:
78:
75:
74:marine artist
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:razzle dazzle
51:
44:
43:
37:
33:
29:
22:
21:Motion dazzle
3973:Invisibility
3955:
3733:Soldier 2000
3613:Tiger stripe
3556:Ghillie suit
3509:Leibermuster
3503:Erbsenmuster
3491:Palmenmuster
3416:
3322:
3260:
3246:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2947:
2918:
2900:
2880:. Retrieved
2878:. 2020-09-08
2875:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2844:
2809:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:the original
2782:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2722:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:The Guardian
2663:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2635:. Geograph.
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:the original
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2574:
2565:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2508:
2500:the original
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2395:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2334:
2314:
2307:
2288:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2142:
2121:the original
2116:
2112:
2109:"Camouflage"
2102:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2006:
2000:
1990:
1977:
1974:Hartcup, Guy
1953:. Retrieved
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1902:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1845:
1835:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1754:
1750:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1678:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1646:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1611:
1580:
1556:
1533:
1527:
1521:(12): 16–20.
1518:
1514:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1421:
1415:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1126:football kit
1119:
1112:
1097:
1079:
1054:
1031:
1001:Mersey Ferry
995:
976:
963:Canning Dock
957:
950:in Britain:
945:
934:
913:Dazzle Ships
911:
892:
883:Russian Navy
869:
861:
849:
842:
828:
817:
809:
803:
734:
720:Kriegsmarine
718:
716:
707:
700:
685:
675:
663:
659:
652:
642:
634:World War II
631:
601:World War II
591:
587:
583:
572:
551:
530:
523:
516:
511:
509:
497:British Army
494:
463:
435:
423:
388:
378:
370:
363:
354:
343:
336:
298:
263:
259:
255:
247:
226:
222:
211:
205:
201:
193:
151:
126:dazzle ships
125:
111:
100:
88:
70:World War II
57:
53:
49:
48:
42:West Mahomet
41:
32:
3685:wz. 89 Puma
3637:wz. 68 Moro
3540:(1929 tent)
3497:Sumpfmuster
3353:Roy Behrens
3346:Researchers
3275:Camoufleurs
2762:22 February
1947:D'Alto, N.
1695:|work=
1201:Gallic Wars
1199:during the
1128:during the
990:Peter Blake
854:River-class
834:River-class
696:battleships
676:Northampton
649:Peter Scott
456:), and for
413:Camoufleurs
407:World War I
289: 1930
266:Roman times
66:World War I
3990:Categories
3912:Prototypes
3898:Berberys-R
3884:Technology
3715:Tropentarn
3582:Strichtarn
3455:Up to WWII
3212:Aggressive
3085:Camouflage
3069:Camouflage
2882:2023-04-07
2793:3 November
2758:. BBC News
2756:BBC Sports
2643:4 February
2566:Camouflage
2549:12 January
2454:7 November
2422:Royal Navy
1277:Camouflage
1249:References
1183:attacked."
1068:Other uses
875:Measure 32
873:used the "
645:Royal Navy
469:Royal Navy
464:Implacable
396:Land Rover
357:Sam Willis
316:periscopes
154:camouflage
91:camouflage
3709:Flecktarn
3598:Late 20th
3550:Frog Skin
3318:Hugh Cott
3207:Müllerian
3170:In nature
2856:5 January
2616:7 January
2590:7 January
2396:CKOM News
2357:aircraft.
2182:7 January
1894:143681624
1827:The Times
1726:7 January
1697:ignored (
1687:cite book
1662:7 January
1558:The Times
1534:The Times
1438:247298555
1314:The Times
1227:HMS
1086:Formula 1
1055:President
1053:HMS
977:President
975:HMS
930:Vorticist
926:Modernist
848:HMS
841:HMS
698:and some
674:USS
579:torpedoes
526:Admiralty
462:HMS
422:HMS
375:captain:
362:HMT
349:troopship
342:RMS
335:HMT
313:submarine
303:used for
158:zoologist
103:Admiralty
81:zoologist
40:USS
3891:Deployed
3870:Xingkong
3792:MultiCam
3784:(2001) (
3569:Post-war
3493:(c 1941)
3447:Patterns
3387:Military
3358:Tim Caro
3202:Batesian
3018:Archived
2783:AlterNet
2637:Archived
2480:July 11,
2428:12 April
2204:21 April
2163:: 67–81.
2094:18700203
2043:21673797
2002:PLoS ONE
1976:(1979).
1791:21673797
1751:PLOS ONE
1745:(2011).
1496:2246/470
1229:Alsatian
1193:Vegetius
1104:DeepFace
1090:Red Bull
1082:test car
996:Snowdrop
994:MV
973:painted
956:MV
814:frigate
779:US Navy
759:US Navy
743:and the
731:Aircraft
711:kamikaze
681:bow wave
512:Industry
320:bow wave
280:A naval
231:officer
218:mackerel
3949:Related
3931:Adaptiv
3903:Nakidka
3828:Type 07
3788:(2002))
3775:century
3600:century
3532:Lozenge
3197:Mimicry
3182:Crypsis
3077:Methods
2894:Sources
2836:1547688
2735:9 March
2671:14 July
2527:10 June
2402:22 June
2272:17 July
2250:8 April
2227:27 July
2085:2605810
2034:3105982
2011:Bibcode
1782:3105982
1759:Bibcode
1203:, when
1164:, 1919.
1124:used a
870:Freedom
656:Schemes
643:In the
364:Olympic
344:Titanic
337:Olympic
307:had an
173:giraffe
118:Cubists
114:Picasso
95:conceal
3933:(2011)
3927:(1943)
3921:(1941)
3872:(2019)
3866:(2019)
3860:(2015)
3854:(2015)
3852:HunCam
3848:(2014)
3842:(2010)
3836:(2008)
3830:(2007)
3824:(2007)
3818:(2007)
3812:(2006)
3810:ESTDCU
3806:(2004)
3800:(2004)
3794:(2002)
3782:MARPAT
3765:(1998)
3759:(1998)
3753:(1997)
3751:CADPAT
3747:(1993)
3741:(1993)
3739:TAZ 90
3735:(1993)
3729:(1991)
3723:(1990)
3717:(1990)
3711:(1990)
3705:(1990)
3699:(1990)
3693:(1989)
3687:(1989)
3681:(1987)
3675:(1984)
3669:(1984)
3663:(1983)
3661:TAZ 83
3657:(1982)
3651:(1981)
3645:(1981)
3639:(1969)
3633:(1969)
3627:(1967)
3621:(1965)
3615:(1962)
3609:(1958)
3607:Jigsaw
3590:(1968)
3584:(1960)
3578:(1947)
3576:Lizard
3552:(1942)
3546:(1941)
3528:(1915)
3511:(1945)
3505:(1944)
3499:(1943)
3487:(1939)
3481:(1937)
3475:(1931)
3463:German
3395:Topics
3228:People
3014:Slater
2954:
2929:
2909:
2876:Dezeen
2834:
2824:
2697:22 May
2376:5 June
2350:5 June
2322:
2295:
2092:
2082:
2041:
2031:
1955:5 June
1932:5 June
1892:
1851:22 May
1789:
1779:
1436:
1040:, 1919
1019:, 1918
986:London
881:, the
850:Medway
818:Regina
767:, 1940
373:U-boat
244:U-boat
181:jaguar
3763:Flora
3667:Dubok
3519:Other
3235:Early
2832:S2CID
2518:(PDF)
1890:S2CID
1434:S2CID
1412:(PDF)
1136:Notes
1036:, by
932:art.
829:Tamar
816:HMCS
804:Tamar
701:Essex
638:radar
606:Ships
424:Argus
177:zebra
3773:21st
3625:ERDL
3588:KLMK
3465:WWII
2952:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2858:2016
2822:ISBN
2795:2015
2764:2015
2737:2015
2699:2015
2673:2014
2645:2019
2618:2016
2592:2016
2551:2016
2529:2015
2482:2023
2456:2022
2430:2022
2404:2021
2378:2020
2352:2020
2320:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2274:2015
2252:2013
2229:2015
2206:2020
2184:2012
2090:PMID
2039:PMID
1957:2020
1934:2020
1853:2015
1787:PMID
1728:2016
1699:help
1664:2016
1113:The
1093:RB11
999:, a
889:Arts
868:USS
843:Spey
832:, a
827:HMS
802:HMS
686:The
614:and
495:The
179:and
3834:EMR
3816:M05
3757:M98
3697:M90
3673:M84
2814:doi
2080:PMC
2072:doi
2068:275
2029:PMC
2019:doi
1882:doi
1777:PMC
1767:doi
1638:4–6
1492:hdl
1426:doi
1422:XIX
984:in
3992::
2925:.
2874:.
2830:.
2820:.
2781:.
2754:.
2662:.
2520:.
2473:.
2446:.
2420:.
2394:.
2354:.
2151:^
2141:.
2129:^
2117:14
2115:.
2111:.
2088:.
2078:.
2066:.
2060:.
2037:.
2027:.
2017:.
2005:.
1999:.
1980:.
1965:^
1888:.
1878:10
1876:.
1870:.
1844:.
1785:.
1775:.
1765:.
1753:.
1749:.
1719:.
1707:^
1691::
1689:}}
1685:{{
1636:.
1632:.
1589:^
1566:^
1552:.
1542:^
1519:27
1517:.
1513:.
1488:30
1486:.
1446:^
1432:.
1420:.
1414:.
1397:^
1381:^
1359:.
1312:.
1300:^
1257:^
636:,
556:'
544:A
440:,
340:,
286:c.
284:,
268:.
183:.
175:,
3061:e
3054:t
3047:v
2958:.
2933:.
2913:.
2885:.
2860:.
2838:.
2816::
2797:.
2766:.
2739:.
2701:.
2675:.
2647:.
2620:.
2594:.
2553:.
2531:.
2484:.
2458:.
2432:.
2406:.
2380:.
2328:.
2301:.
2276:.
2254:.
2231:.
2208:.
2186:.
2145:.
2096:.
2074::
2045:.
2021::
2013::
2007:6
1984:.
1959:.
1936:.
1896:.
1884::
1855:.
1793:.
1769::
1761::
1755:6
1730:.
1701:)
1666:.
1536:.
1498:.
1494::
1440:.
1428::
1345:"
1316:.
1108:'
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.