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454:" with example values indicated and on the right is a simple table displaying the same values, along with additional information. Both representations convey essentially the same information, but the tabular representation is arguably more comprehensible to someone who is not familiar with the NFPA 704 standard. The tabular representation may not, however, be ideal for every circumstance (for example because of space limitations, or safety reasons).
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85:. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other places. The precise conventions and terminology for describing tables vary depending on the context. Further, tables differ significantly in variety, structure, flexibility, notation, representation and use. Information or data conveyed in table form is said to be in
484:
410:
The first column often presents information dimension description by which the rest of the table is navigated. This column is called "stub column". Tables may contain three or multiple dimensions and can be classified by the number of dimensions. Multi-dimensional tables may have super-rows - rows
991:
The concept of "dimension" is often applied to tables in different contexts and with different meanings. For example, what is described as a "Simple Table" in this article is alternatively described as a "two dimensional array". This is distinct from "multi-dimensional table" as presented in this
414:
In literature tables often present numerical values, cumulative statistics, categorical values, and at times parallel descriptions in form of text. They can condense large amount of information to a limited space and therefore they are popular in scientific literature in many fields of study.
682:
is prominent, emphasize their understandability, as well as the quality and cost advantages of a format allowing systematic inspection, while corresponding shortcomings experienced with a graphical notation were cited in motivating the development of at least two tabular approaches.
482:
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that describe additional dimensions for the rows that are presented below that row and are usually grouped in a tree-like structure. This structure is typically visually presented with an appropriate number of white spaces in front of each stub's label.
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In multi-dimensional tables, each cell in the body of the table (and the value of that cell) relates to the values at the beginnings of the column (i.e. the header), the row, and other structures in more complex tables. This is an
500:
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of information from an unlimited number of different social or scientific contexts. It provides a familiar way to convey information that might otherwise not be obvious or readily understood.
678:
in textual documents through to the use of tabular specification methodologies, examples of which include
Software Cost Reduction and Statestep. Proponents of tabular techniques, among whom
399:: each combination of the values of the headers row (row 0, for lack of a better term) and the headers column (column 0 for lack of a better term) is related to a unique cell in the table:
179:
The following illustrates a simple table with three columns and nine rows. The first row is not counted, because it is only used to display the column names. This is called a "header row".
674:
Tables have uses in software development for both high-level specification and low-level implementation. Usage in software specification can encompass ad hoc inclusion of simple
1188:
Leveson, Nancy G.; Heimdahl, Mats P. E.; Reese, Jon Damon (1999). "Designing
Specification Languages for Process-Control Systems: Lessons Learned and Steps to the Future".
308:
An example of a table containing rows with summary information. The summary information consists of subtotals that are combined from previous rows within the same column.
1100:
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For example, in the following diagram, two alternate representations of the same information are presented side by side. On the left is the NFPA 704 standard "
1163:
Janicki, Ryszard; Parnas, David Lorge; Zucker, Jeffery (1997). "Tabular representations in relational documents". In Brink, C.; Kahl, W.; Schmidt, G. (eds.).
1992:
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At a programming level, software may be implemented using constructs generally represented or understood as tabular, whether to store data (perhaps to
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Modern software applications give users the ability to generate, format, and edit tables and tabular data for a wide variety of uses, for example:
1633:
1054:
Milosevic N, Gregson C, Hernandez R, Nenadic G (February 2019). "A framework for information extraction from tables in biomedical literature".
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113:. This is a simplified description of the most basic kind of table. Certain considerations follow from this simplified description:
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93:). In books and technical articles, tables are typically presented apart from the main text in numbered and captioned
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There are several specific situations in which tables are routinely used as a matter of custom or formal convention.
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Proceedings of 21st
International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2016)
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1123:"Experience of using a lightweight formal specification method for a commercial embedded system product line"
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is also a part of basic terminology. Any "simple" table can be represented as a "multi-dimensional" table by
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The elements of a table may be grouped, segmented, or arranged in many different ways, and even nested
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73:, typically in rows and columns, or possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are widely used in
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is an archaic term for the
English institution which accounted for money owed to the
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has several common synonyms (e.g., field, parameter, property, attribute, stanchion);
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determining the flow of program execution in response to various events or inputs.
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Seventh ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the
Foundations on Software Engineering
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Database systems often store data in structures called tables; in which
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2017:
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1197:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1687. pp. 127–146.
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Research
Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit Management
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a column name can consist of a word, phrase or a numerical index;
27:
Arrangement of information or data, typically in rows and columns
1053:
1004:"Disentangling the Structure of Tables in Scientific Literature"
1001:
1309:
815:
304:
1474:
1282:"The Exchequer: a chequered history? - History of government"
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tables of stacks of coins are a concrete realization of this
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1103:. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from
1002:
Milosevic N, Gregson C, Hernandez R, Nenadic G (June 2016).
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70:
55:
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International
Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition
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Column 1 and row 2 will only correspond to cell (2,1) etc.
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Software
Engineering: Evolution and Emerging Technologies
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Column 1 and row 1 will only correspond to cell (1,1);
425:'s "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from
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519:
Risk levels of hazardous materials in this facility
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147:the intersection of a row and a column is called a
895:
443:As a communication tool, a table allows a form of
36:For information on table syntax in Knowledge, see
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927:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
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1236:"Early Accounting: The Tally and Checkerboard"
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105:A table consists of an ordered arrangement of
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324:. A common example of such a table is a
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1165:Relational Methods in Computer Science
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30:For sortable tables in Knowledge, see
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1013:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
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848:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
843:
722:Historical relationship to furniture
159:. Additionally, a table may include
100:
821:Dependent and independent variables
605:
123:has several common synonyms (e.g.,
24:
690:earlier results), for example, in
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25:
2244:
1302:
1240:The Accounting Historians Journal
1308:
1130:Requirements Engineering Journal
1099:Heitmeyer, Constance L. (2002).
898:Spss for Introductory Statistics
556:
1274:
1227:
902:. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
174:
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578:
13:
1:
1367:Biological data visualization
951:Zielinski, Krzysztof (2006).
831:
734:were covered with a piece of
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320:the data values into ordered
171:or other ancillary features.
32:Help:Sorting (disambiguation)
1023:10.1007/978-3-319-41754-7_14
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7:
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1407:Mathematical visualization
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432:Philosophical Transactions
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1402:Information visualization
1387:Educational visualization
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1252:10.2308/0148-4184.16.2.43
1142:10.1007/s00766-004-0209-1
1101:"Software Cost Reduction"
1578:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1427:Scientific visualization
1354:of technical information
955:. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
718:represent data records.
465:Standard Representation
1203:10.1007/3-540-48166-4_9
1121:Breen, Michael (2005).
894:Morgan, George (2004).
873:. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
468:Tabular Representation
300:Multi-dimensional table
1998:Christopher R. Johnson
1550:Technical illustration
1437:Software visualization
1234:Baxter, W. T. (1989).
869:McNabb, David (2002).
846:How to Conduct Surveys
738:cloth, to count money.
627:Information technology
488:
439:Generic representation
435:
309:
58:
1892:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
1705:Edward Walter Maunder
1629:Charles Joseph Minard
1447:User interface design
1422:Product visualization
923:Robey, David (2000).
844:Fink, Arlene (2005).
653:presentation software
632:Software applications
487:
421:
332:Multiplication table
307:
65:is an arrangement of
45:
2233:Tables (information)
2172:Scientific modelling
2147:Information graphics
1887:Clifford A. Pickover
1837:William S. Cleveland
1745:Henry Norris Russell
1730:Howard G. Funkhouser
1674:Florence Nightingale
1639:Francis Amasa Walker
1535:Statistical graphics
1457:Volume visualization
1432:Social visualization
1317:at Wikimedia Commons
1315:Tables (information)
786:Information graphics
714:are data fields and
670:Software development
658:tables specified in
592:Multiplication table
326:multiplication table
2152:Information science
2115:in computer science
1907:Sheelagh Carpendale
1842:George G. Robertson
1679:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
1614:André-Michel Guerry
1490:Graph of a function
1485:Engineering drawing
1286:history.blog.gov.uk
1167:. Springer Verlag.
520:
461:
333:
184:
131:, n-tuple, vector);
2192:Volume cartography
1956:Early 21st century
1852:Catherine Plaisant
1847:Bruce H. McCormick
1801:Mary Eleanor Spear
1791:Arthur H. Robinson
1725:Arthur Lyon Bowley
1698:Early 20th century
1545:Technical drawings
1417:Molecular graphics
1392:Flow visualization
1382:Data visualization
1107:on March 12, 2012.
981:Header (computing)
776:Abstract data type
585:Mathematical table
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2187:Visual perception
2137:Graphic organizer
2110:Computer graphics
2081:
2080:
2063:Martin Wattenberg
2038:Hanspeter Pfister
1993:Martin Krzywinski
1917:Jock D. Mackinlay
1897:Thomas A. DeFanti
1820:Late 20th century
1740:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1442:Technical drawing
1313:Media related to
1220:978-3-540-66538-0
1032:978-3-319-41753-0
781:Column (database)
572:Table of contents
570:Cross-reference (
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101:Basic description
46:An example table
16:(Redirected from
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2197:Volume rendering
2182:Visual analytics
2177:Spatial analysis
2157:Misleading graph
2008:David McCandless
1983:Gordon Kindlmann
1947:Alfred Inselberg
1942:Leland Wilkinson
1877:Michael Friendly
1811:Howard T. Fisher
1774:Mid 20th century
1715:W. E. B. Du Bois
1619:William Playfair
1609:Adolphe Quetelet
1583:Joseph Priestley
1566:Pre-19th century
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1530:Skeletal formula
1397:Geovisualization
1372:Chemical imaging
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1288:. 14 August 2013
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2142:Imaging science
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1978:Jessica Hullman
1951:
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1872:Ben Shneiderman
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2223:Infographics
2162:Neuroimaging
2122:CPK coloring
2105:Color coding
2043:Hans Rosling
2023:Miriah Meyer
1988:Aaron Koblin
1973:Jeffrey Heer
1867:Edward Tufte
1862:Pat Hanrahan
1832:Nigel Holmes
1710:Otto Neurath
1649:Oliver Byrne
1597:19th century
1539:
1290:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
1246:(2): 43–83.
1243:
1239:
1229:
1211:11299/217294
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1105:the original
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1062:(1): 55–78.
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811:Table (HTML)
750:checkerboard
739:
726:In medieval
725:
709:
685:
680:David Parnas
673:
635:
590:Arithmetic (
560:
527:Flammability
459:Fire diamond
452:fire diamond
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178:
175:Simple table
154:
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86:
62:
60:
2095:Cartography
2033:Ade Olufeko
2003:Manuel Lima
1932:Kwan-Liu Ma
1857:Stuart Card
1827:Borden Dent
1765:Erwin Raisz
1720:Henry Gantt
1017:: 162–174.
977:Page header
754:information
748:. Thus the
696:hash tables
662:or another
647:spreadsheet
611:Chemistry (
599:Truth table
579:Mathematics
524:Health Risk
322:hierarchies
318:normalizing
165:annotations
157:recursively
67:information
52:web browser
2217:Categories
2018:John Maeda
1796:John Tukey
1760:Harry Beck
1755:Fritz Kahn
1505:Photograph
1292:2023-04-13
1069:1902.10031
975:see e.g.,
832:References
620:tide table
565:Publishing
530:Reactivity
257:Athanasios
188:First name
183:Age table
38:Help:Table
18:Data table
2100:Chartjunk
2068:Bang Wong
1963:Polo Chau
1669:John Snow
1644:John Venn
1525:Schematic
1510:Pictogram
1260:0148-4184
741:Exchequer
736:checkered
706:Databases
314:dimension
265:Jon-Kabat
232:Olatunkbo
224:McGarrett
191:Last name
134:the term
117:the term
91:adjective
2086:Related
1495:Ideogram
1268:40697984
1150:16928695
1086:62880746
1041:19538141
992:article.
760:See also
533:Special
246:Anthoula
243:Adrienne
235:Chijiaku
202:Elejogun
161:metadata
89:format (
79:research
48:rendered
1968:Ben Fry
1480:Diagram
771:Diagram
746:monarch
712:columns
688:memoize
597:Logic (
544:Level 1
541:Level 2
538:Level 3
276:Thabang
111:columns
87:tabular
2088:topics
1559:People
1466:Image
1360:Fields
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816:Tensor
732:tables
730:, the
692:arrays
254:Axelia
213:Zapata
210:Javier
169:footer
136:column
125:record
81:, and
54:using
1540:Table
1475:Chart
1468:types
1264:JSTOR
1195:(PDF)
1146:S2CID
1126:(PDF)
1082:S2CID
1064:arXiv
1037:S2CID
1007:(PDF)
766:Chart
698:, or
290:Ellis
287:Rhian
279:Mosoa
129:tuple
63:table
50:in a
1515:Plot
1256:ISSN
1215:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1015:9612
957:ISBN
929:ISBN
904:ISBN
875:ISBN
850:ISBN
716:rows
660:HTML
268:Zinn
221:Lily
199:Tinu
194:Age
149:cell
127:, k-
109:and
107:rows
71:data
56:HTML
1500:Map
1248:doi
1207:hdl
1199:doi
1138:doi
1074:doi
1019:doi
979:or
694:or
429:in
293:12
282:15
271:22
260:22
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