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267:"Arrival at Kobbé ended for the traveller two months' journeying over a thousand of the most barren miles in Africa. The difficulties and trials of such travel are well summed up in the stiff language of the translator of Poncet's book. On leaving Kharga Oasis he says, ‘We were to pass thro' a Desart, where there was neither Brook nor Fountain. The Heat is so excessive, and the Sands of those Desarts so burning, that there is no marching bare-foot, without having one's Feet extremely Swell'd. Nevertheless, the nights are Cold enough, which occasions troublesome Distempers in those who Travel thro' that Country. Those vast Wildernesses, where there is neither to be found Bird, nor Wild Beast, nor Herbs, nor so much as a little Fly, and where nothing is to be seen but Mountains of Sand, and the Carcasses and Bones of Camels, Imprint a certain horrour in the Mind.'" —
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via the Sinnar-Shendi route, etc. A research team that visited Selima between 2011 and 2014 noted "how traces of the Darb El Arba'īn are still discernable, especially north of the oasis. Not only do bones and graves mark the road, but the tracks themselves are clearly visible." Wall carvings on an
278:
The use of the route for the transportation of slaves dates to ancient times and was reaffirmed by the
Islamic conquest of North Africa. As early as the 8th century the Coptic writer Abu al-Bishr Severus reported that Muslims were kidnapping Nubians and selling them in Egypt. Three major caravans
295:
regions of "Nubia." A handful of
European observers documented the route in the 18th century and estimated that between 3,000 and 12,000 slaves were trafficked along the route annually. The Sudanese slave trade was abolished and blockaded in the last decade of the 19th century by the
243:
mentioned the route in his writings, and the Romans established a chain of defenses to protect the route, such that "Darb El Arba'īn was the most favorable route for the long-running caravans from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD." Medieval traveler
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of less than 5 mm a year "and a frequency of 30 to 40 years between significant rainfall events, it is very likely the driest region on earth." The route is laid out so that water is always available within a two or three
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is approximately 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and usually took closer to 60 days due to the need to rest and water the herd. Traveling by the desert route was more direct, less expensive and safer than the Nile route.
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Permanent settlements were rarely established around the oases of northern Sudan; the watering places were "only sporadically" used as military outposts.
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The caravans, sometimes thousands of camels strong, then passed through the desert by one of two possible routes, heading to
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markets in Egypt; cars and trucks on asphalt roads are used in addition to camels and donkeys traveling over sand and rock.
547:). Wadi Howar was said to be visible from 15 km away because of the "line of trees growing in its bed." A 1933 map of
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1691:
1355:"Reconstructing the Ancient Caravan Route of Darb Al-Arbain in Greco-Roman Egypt: Heritage Value and Tourism Potential"
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532:. ("The uninhabited Sudanese oasis has a tiny palm grove and a meter-wide hole in the ground as a watering station").
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noted that wildlife-rich Wadi Howar was "much used by natives as a road from North West Darfur to Bir Natrun and
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60:, for the number of days the journey was said to take in antiquity) is the easternmost of the great north–south
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300:"thus bringing to a close a long chapter of suffering in the history of the peoples of East Bilad al-Sudan."
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1300:"The Dialogue between the River Nile and its Hinterlands: Al Khandaq - A Desert Terminal and a River Port"
64:. The Darb El Arba'īn route was used to move trade goods, livestock (camels, donkeys, cattle, horses) and
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1609:
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Southern terminus "Cobbe" is in the center of the mountains in the pink zone; the mapmaker notes that
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was the first
Englishman to ride with the camel caravan and document his observations. The Frenchman
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Map of Bir Natrun, a stop on the trade route that was known as a valuable source of rock salt (1925)
1397:"Gravel Spreads and Spaced Pebbles of the Darb El Arba'in Desert and a Means of Dune Stabilization"
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Middle Wadi Howar riverbed is visible on the left, in the center of
Northern Darfur state (1976)
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459:) means river valley, although the stream of water may be temporarily or permanently absent.
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were added as pack animals in North Africa sometime between 500 BC and the year zero of the
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1305:
Water, Culture and
Identity: Comparing Past and Present Traditions in the Nile Basin Region
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trade route in this part of Africa; a number of other transportation routes in the eastern
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and "no single waterless stage of the route exceeds 280 km." Darb Al Arba'īn was the main
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636:, the caravans would reach the Forty Days Road's northern terminus at the Nile city of
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485:, water source along one of the two possible routes between Kobbei and Al-Atrun (2016)
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1437:"Ancient desert roads: Towards establishing a new field of archaeological research"
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Selima was a fork point where some southbound caravans turned southeast toward the
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Solieman, Nashwa M.S.; Hafez, Marwa Farouk; Khattab, Ahmed
Mohamed (June 2019).
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Northbound caravans hit an easier stretch with better water supplies between
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went east–west, connecting the Nile settlements to the great oases of the
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Journal of
Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality
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528:). Bir Natrun was the most famous of the four wells in the vicinity of
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167:
139:
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77:
1481:"Some Aspects of the Arab Slave Trade from the Sudan 7th—19th Century"
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Modern archeologists studying the route have found watering stations,
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240:
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Proceedings of the
Geological Survey of Egypt Centennial Conference
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and the Roman era, and the bleached bones of camels and donkeys.
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The route is still extant, now used to drive camel herds to the
1551:"Archaeology at Selima Oasis, Northern Sudan - recent research"
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or Wahat Salima, the last of the oases before what is now the
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Illustration of 19th-century human trafficking in Sudan (1913)
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wrote about the Forty Days Road in the 10th century. In 1793,
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271:, quoting from the 1709 English translation of C.J. Poncet's
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Jesse, Friederike; Gradel, Coralie; Derrien, Franck (2015).
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Haynes, C. Vance; Stafford, T. W.; Maxwell, Ted A. (1998).
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322:
195:
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Soghayroun, Intisar
Soghayroun Elzein (1 February 2019).
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has "good water" contra nearby Mour's "bad water" (1818)
401:, rare vegetables, olive oil, vinegar, spices such as
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273:
A Voyage to
Ethiopia in the Years 1698, 1699 and 1700
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1441:
Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond
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1262:"Saudi Aramco World: Riding the Forty Days' Road"
1658:
640:, Egypt. Asyut was the gateway to commerce with
213:The route was likely extant at the time of the
333:, precious and semiprecious gemstones such as
317:The trade goods exchanged along the route via
1623:Burr, J. Millard; Collins, Robert O. (2006).
1434:
489:The southern terminus of Darb El Arba'īn was
1270:. Vol. 48, no. 5. pp. 16–27.
1622:
1439:. In Förster, Frank; Riemer, Heiko (eds.).
656:Coordinates (listed roughly south to north)
1627:. Princeton: Markus Wiener. pp. 6–7.
1297:
221:would have been used for transportation.
187:receiving tribute from a Nubian embassy.
1587:, Sudan, Khartoum: Survey Office, 1909,
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1415:from the original on 27 September 2022.
1226:"Darb El Arba'in. The Forty Days' Road"
648:. The road from Kharga to Asyut is now
1659:
1652:1889 map: Route des caravans du Darfur
1591:from the original on 27 September 2022
1435:Riemer, Heiko; Förster, Frank (2013).
1260:Stephens, Angela (1 September 1997) .
1562:Sudan Archaeological Research Society
1478:
1189:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
594:ancient building at the site are in "
535:The caravans would next traverse the
80:and thence to the rest of the world.
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1443:. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut.
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1515:Jobbins, Jenny (13 November 2003).
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1496:. University of Khartoum: 85–106.
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1625:Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster
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162:and used as wayfinding markers),
112:limestone plateau of Middle Egypt
1311:. BRIC Press. pp. 109–140.
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1302:. In Oestigaard, Terje (ed.).
632:Finally, after navigating the
236:Camels in Darfur, Sudan (2008)
1:
1672:History of transport in Egypt
1525:. Vol. 664. Cairo, Egypt
1194:
188:
83:The journey from what is now
263:traveled the route in 1698.
7:
1374:10.21608/jaauth.2019.196205
1167:
693:GPX (secondary coordinates)
10:
1708:
1479:Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1977).
412:
302:
145:
62:Trans-Saharan trade routes
1692:Trans-Saharan slave trade
1144:27.1783117°N 31.1859257°E
1060:25.4390388°N 30.5586043°E
1018:22.3124430°N 29.7375010°E
976:21.3666667°N 29.3166667°E
934:20.0620590°N 28.0323030°E
892:17.2150019°N 26.3052543°E
850:18.2166700°N 26.6333300°E
808:15.1194100°N 26.1970500°E
766:14.6833333°N 24.8500000°E
724:14.0666670°N 23.9666670°E
688:GPX (primary coordinates)
663:Map all coordinates using
305:Trans-Saharan slave trade
298:Anglo-Egyptian government
16:Trans-Saharan trade route
1517:"The 40 days' nightmare"
671:Download coordinates as:
509:, the modern capital of
408:
114:receives average annual
1489:Sudan Notes and Records
1231:Sudan Notes and Records
1102:25.948292°N 30.704181°E
598:of several periods and
435:Notes on nomenclature:
279:beginning in "Dar Fur,
110:in north Sudan and the
103:The desert between the
1608:: CS1 maint: others (
1149:27.1783117; 31.1859257
1065:25.4390388; 30.5586043
1023:22.3124430; 29.7375010
981:21.3666667; 29.3166667
939:20.0620590; 28.0323030
897:17.2150019; 26.3052543
855:18.2166700; 26.6333300
813:15.1194100; 26.1970500
771:14.6833333; 24.8500000
729:14.0666670; 23.9666670
704:Kobbei, Darfur, Sudan
563:
486:
474:
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254:Jacques-Charles Poncet
237:
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1677:History of the Sahara
830:Bir Natrun, El-Atrun
735:Kobbei, Darfur, Sudan
683:GPX (all coordinates)
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481:Aerial photograph of
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303:Further information:
250:William George Browne
235:
192: 1332 – 1323 BC
180:
72:from the interior of
40:
24:
1107:25.948292; 30.704181
566:The next stops were
549:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
447:) means water well.
185:Amenhotep called Huy
1687:African slave trade
1174:Caravan (travelers)
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650:Egypt's 60M highway
56:) (also called the
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584:Sudan-Egypt border
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227:Gregorian calendar
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76:to portage on the
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1667:History of Darfur
1558:Sudan & Nubia
1450:978-3-927688-41-4
1326:978-82-7453-080-5
903:Middle Wadi Howar
646:Mediterranean Sea
537:Middle Wadi Howar
93:Asyut Governorate
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182:Viceroy of Kush
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91:to what is now
68:via a chain of
58:Forty Days Road
46:Darb El Arba'īn
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1593:, retrieved
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1520:
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1278:27 September
1276:. Retrieved
1265:
1238:(1): 63–71.
1235:
1229:
1155:Asyut, Egypt
1082:Kharga Pass
1071:Kharga Oasis
987:Selima Oasis
788:Mahla Wells
670:
669:
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619:Kharga Oasis
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427:Kharga Oasis
423:Selima Oasis
395:senna leaves
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54:درب الاربعين
45:
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1403:: 391–398.
1184:Camel train
1147: /
1113:Kharga Pass
1105: /
1063: /
1021: /
979: /
937: /
895: /
853: /
819:Mahla Wells
811: /
769: /
746:Anka Wells
727: /
634:Kharga Pass
526:بئر النطرون
493:or Kabayh (
483:Malha Wells
391:Aleppo soap
269:W.B.K. Shaw
257: [
223:Dromedaries
172:New Kingdom
168:petroglyphs
125:north–south
105:Yellow Nile
1661:Categories
1529:22 October
1409:10088/6373
1195:References
1153: (
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419:Wadi Howar
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140:camel meat
78:Nile River
29:depicting
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1317:1956/3708
507:al-Fashir
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363:tamarinds
347:alabaster
321:included
241:Herodotus
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1168:See also
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154:(called
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627:الخارجة
607:Al-Shab
591:Red Sea
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399:lentils
383:incense
339:faience
319:caravan
219:donkeys
217:, when
146:History
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164:sherds
160:Arabic
156:alamat
152:cairns
129:Sahara
74:Africa
66:slaves
50:Arabic
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1498:JSTOR
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