315:"Because of their belief that European civilizations were superior, and therefore all others were inferior or savage, these writers reported the superior human rights practices of Amerindian civilization as if they were abnormal. Later, using these biased records as gospel, many White authors have written works about Mi'kmaq civilization that do not present a true picture. Their efforts were probably taken with sincerity and honesty, but many, if not all, are lacking in two respects: they ignore the Mi'kmaq perspective on civilization and fail to appreciate that the values of the two cultures were in most cases completely opposite... More contemporary authors who have written about Amerindian civilizations have also used European standards to evaluate the relative merits of these cultures. Thus their efforts are flawed."
173:(2013) and was the recipient of the Grand Chief Donald Marshall Memorial Elder Award (2007). He states: "High among the most appreciated honours that I've received during my career are the dozens of small items, Eagle Feathers, tobacco pouches, letters, mugs, etc., given and sent to me by students as thanks for helping them better understand the importance of according all Peoples human dignity and respect." During his active career, he has visited and lectured at most high schools, junior high schools, and elementary schools in
583:, "in a desperate attempt to prevent the complete annihilation of his people". According to historian William Wicken, the only written evidence connecting Cope with the treaty is his signing the treaty on behalf of ninety Mi’kmaq at Shubenacadie. Furthermore, these historians suggest no other Mi’kmaq leaders would endorse the treaty and that Cope himself tore it up six months after the treaty was ratified. The Crown did not formally renounce the Treaty until 1756.
375:
other First
Nations tribes. The work of these scholars has been used to address issues of legal reparation. There is also agreement among historians that bounties were placed on First Nations tribes during the period of frontier warfare during colonization, including the Mi'kmaq people. Paul's works have been cited as a key factor in highlighting the history of the bounty proclamations against Aboriginal tribes. In
39:
244:. In addition to publishing duties he initially wrote editorials for the paper and much of its copy. During his tenure at CMM, Paul also started a trust fund for the Confederacy, which would support financing legal issues for the six bands associated with the organization. His leadership helped resolve the Afton Band's 170-year-old treaty claim to old Summerside property.
1209:
897:
in 1749. Cornwallis reported that Mi'kmaq killed six unarmed woodcutters in
Dartmouth, after which Cornwallis set a bounty on the Mi'kmaq people. Paul asserts the Mi'kmaq would never have killed unarmed civilians and that the woodcutters were likely better armed than the Mi'kmaq that killed them and,
397:
Virtually all historians agree that during frontier wars, bounties were placed on the Mi'kmaq, with settlers who brought in scalps being financially compensated for doing so. In contrast to these scholars, however, Paul asserts that the Mi'kmaq leaders did not employ such tactics against the settlers
528:
While applauding the strengths of Paul's work, others have lamented that Paul continues the tradition perpetuated by
Canadian historians of downplaying certain actions of the Mi'kmaq militia during their resistance against European colonization. Many have claimed that Paul omits many accounts of the
493:
historian John G. Reid states, "I believe (genocide) is essentially a 20th-century term, and I'm not sure that it's the best way to understand 18th-century realities... What happened in the 18th century is a process of imperial expansion that was ruthless at times, that cost lives…. But to my mind,
374:
Paul's assertions in his publications have caused controversy with numerous scholars of colonial history. Along with Paul, most contemporary scholars of the colonial period in Nova Scotia document the illegal means in which colonial authorities in Nova Scotia confiscated lands of the Mi'kmaq and
505:', and that "t's understandable they try to minimize the horrors their ancestors committed." Paul also asserts that his work is largely responsible for the removal of the names of colonial figure's from Nova Scotian landmarks who were involved in frontier warfare against the Mi'kmaq. In
591:
finally affirmed and recognized its validity In this case, the Crown prosecutors argued that Cope had violated the treaty, which, in turn, made it null and void. Paul asserts, in contrast, that it was the Crown who violated the treaty - not the Mi'kmaq. In his book, Paul cites
325:
is unique, in chronological scope and the story it tells, covering the last three centuries of Mi'kmaq history in detail. Prior to the appearance of this book it was common for historians to downplay or even deny the violence inflicted on the Mi'kmaq people by
239:
A community activist, he was the founding
Executive Director of the Confederacy of Mainland Micmacs (CMM) from 1986 to 1994, and while in this position, initiated fundraising for a new community centre for the Indian Brook Reserve and founded and published the
342:
prices are now recognized as a historical problem worthy of investigation. Finally, it is important to recognize that we have far too few histories written by Native
American authors - very few indeed that cover as extensive a time span as this book
364:
to Mi'kmaqs and other Tribes for what we did to them over the centuries? Daniel Paul makes a convincing case that the time is now! It is a fact-filled read that will make North
Americans of European descent very uncomfortable. I highly recommend
220:
when he was fourteen and came face to face with the oddities of big-time city life for the first time. He laughs at his first memories of the adventure, saying good morning to all he encountered on the street and being fascinated by
586:
Despite the short-term fate of the 1752 peace treaty with hostilities continuing soon afterward, some Nova
Scotians continue to celebrate the signing of it annually on Treaty Day. As Paul also notes, in 1985, the
484:
Along with challenging Paul's assertion that the Mi'kmaq leadership did not use the standard warfare practice of the period, historians have also disagreed with Paul labeling the Mi'kmaq frontier wars as a
1260:
Patterson, Stephen E. 1744-1763: Colonial Wars and
Aboriginal Peoples. In Phillip Buckner and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1994.
1091:
608:. But they conveniently overlooked the facts that , by their refusal to prosecute two murderers , in clear violation of the treaty and that Chief Cope had had very little involvement in the affair."
1284:
Andra Bear
Nicholas. Settler Imperialism and the Dispossession of the Maliseet, 1758-1765. John Reid and Donald Savoie. (eds). Shaping An Agenda for Atlantic Canada. Fernwood Press. 2011
498:, states, "The word 'genocide' is today used by anybody, at any time — some people use it to get media attention or to support a cause," he said. "I think that’s a real problem."
469:.) Grenier indicates that frontier warfare against families was the standard practice by all parties through the six colonial wars which started in 1688 (see the four
205:, Nova Scotia. Paul was born on December 5, 1938, at Indian Brook, as the eleventh of fourteen children. During his childhood, he earned money through selling the
394:
in 1756. He also states that there is evidence some Mi'kmaq had even been targeted as early as in the governor of
Massachusetts' scalping proclamation of 1694.
1088:
542:
409:
Historians Geoffrey Plank and Stephen Patterson, however, offer evidence that indicates some of the Mi'kmaq leadership did support frontier warfare against
225:(elderly women who lived on the streets with their possession in shopping bags). He returned to Nova Scotia in 1960 to attend Success Business College in
1247:
Geoffrey Plank, "The Two Majors Cope: the boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia", Acadiensis, XXV, 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 18–40.
597:
538:
287:
Paul wrote numerous articles in newspapers and academic journals. He has written chapters for several books - two editions of the Mi'kmaq Anthology,
871:
604:) attempted to nullify the Treaty of 1752 in the courts by claiming that Chief Jean Baptiste Cope had violated the terms of the treaty during the
529:
Mi'kmaq using standard tactics of warfare used during the colonial period (such as killing civilians) and labels the Mi'kmaq warriors who did as "
236:
1971–1986. From 1981 to 1986 he was the department's Nova Scotia District Superintendent of Lands, Revenues, Trusts, and Statutory Requirements.
1382:
255:
for the province, and has been a member of the Nova Scotia Police Review Board for over 20 years. He has also written bi-weekly op-eds for the
725:
1342:
450:
360:
is a brilliant and painful account of how the Mi'kmaqs were treated by the Europeans. When will Canada and the United States begin paying
1357:
1337:
1377:
1352:
1007:
810:
509:, he mentions his participation in a successful 1998 campaign to change the name of a Nova Scotia highway that had been named after
1347:
1367:
1250:
Geoffrey Plank. An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2001
1021:
391:
352:, applaud Paul's efforts to render visible the harms conducted toward the Mi'kmaq people by European colonizers. Naylor writes:
232:
Paul's personal website lists his occupations since age 22, beginning as an accounts clerk in 1961 and employed by the Canadian
600:
regarding a resumption of hostilities the following spring, and concludes by noting: "n the 1980s, descendants of the , (i.e.,
182:
1387:
1275:
925:
1078:
882:
462:
248:
229:. He was mainly self-educated and asserted that he had at least a master's from the University of Life, possibly a Ph.D.
251:
and on the Nova Scotia Department of Justice's Court Restructuring Task Force, among other provincial commissions, as a
1051:
555:
In Paul's book, he addresses numerous issues. One of these is the validity of the Treaty of 1752 and the importance of
495:
361:
213:, seeds, and greeting cards, and painted the interior of houses. He married Victoria Oakley; they had three children.
154:
and, as such, served a valuable purpose in raising public consciousness about Miꞌkmaq history, identity, and culture."
398:
in defense of their traditional lands. He states that the renegade Mi'kmaq who did participate in such "crimes" were "
1372:
1066:
654:
1244:
John Grenier. The first way of war: American war making on the frontier, 1607-1814 Cambridge University Press. 2005
334:
colonizers. This work, more than any other piece of scholarly production, has headed off that consensus at a pass.
989:
949:
Baker, Emerson W.; Reid, John G. (January 2004). "Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal".
802:
466:
458:
454:
514:
311:, which is now in its fourth edition. Paul is critical of colonial historical accounts of the Mi’kmaq people:
429:'s work indicates that by the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax in 1749, there was a long history of the
162:
150:
1292:
1168:
406:. Paul asserts the people who acted "savagely" were primarily those of European descent - not the Mi'kmaq.
233:
130:
elder, author, columnist, and human rights activist. Paul was perhaps best known as the author of the book
1120:
1362:
747:
951:
671:
501:
In response to these challenges to his work, Paul writes that most objections to his work come from '
478:
384:
383:
and Nova Scotia governors' use of scalping proclamations against the Mi'kmaq. He specifically quotes
198:
216:
Paul attended the Indian Day School on Shubenacadie Indian Reserve to grade eight. He left home for
197:
Prior to Paul's birth, his parents Sarah Agnes (née Noel), and William Gabriel, were relocated from
166:
894:
522:
422:
257:
141:
1172:
588:
327:
137:
132:
692:
247:
In addition, he worked to resolve land claims for the Pictou Landing Band. He has served on the
494:
you can't just transfer concepts between centuries." Kyle Matthews, the lead researcher at the
470:
390:'s scalping proclamation of 1744, that of Cornwallis in 1749, and that of Nova Scotia governor
186:
617:
1265:
913:
1332:
1327:
474:
430:
265:
252:
170:
158:
122:
29:
8:
521:
from a junior high in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He has also advocated for the removal of the
1306:
1293:"Empire, the Maritime Colonies, and the Supplanting of Mi'kma'ki/Wulstukwik, 1780-1820"
1257:
By Stephen Hornsby, John G. Reid. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005. pp. 59–73
968:
931:
893:
In keeping with this position, for example, Paul dismisses Cornwallis's account of the
576:
556:
414:
331:
226:
145:
655:
Paul Bennett. How solid is the case against Cornwallis? Chronicle Herald. 29 June 2011
1271:
921:
704:
605:
518:
418:
403:
307:
was published 2017, as was his biography by Jon Tattrie. His most well-known work is
1253:
Geoffrey Plank. "New England Soldiers in the Saint John River Valley: 1758-1760" in
1022:
Kathryn Blaze Carlson. "European settlers sought 'genocide' on Mi'kmaq: historian".
935:
960:
666:
560:
402:
acting beyond the authority of their leaders", who were doing "dirty work" for the
1067:
http://activehistory.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Bennett-in-Chronicle-Herald.pdf
268:
for his contributions. In 2001, Paul was involved with a CBC documentary entitled
1095:
1055:
993:
806:
490:
387:
339:
202:
118:
63:
26:
537:". Reid remarks that Paul's work "undoubtedly traveled further down the road of
169:
an honorary Doctor of Letters degree (1997). He had an honorary law degree from
1083:
883:"Cornwallis's deeds: No excuse for barbarism in any age" | The Chronicle Herald
601:
502:
1321:
410:
349:
178:
1048:
1288:
426:
222:
1008:
Historian's Mi'kmaq genocide claim challenged. CBC News. 14 September 2011
811:"CBC - Historian's Mi'kmaq genocide claims challenged" - 14 September 2011
181:
and at many others elsewhere in Canada and the United States. His brother
136:. Paul asserts that this book is the first such history ever written by a
510:
438:
380:
174:
127:
67:
1310:
643:
1297:
986:
972:
796:
421:' decision to put a bounty on the Mi'kmaq was not based simply on the
580:
530:
399:
264:
On January 14, 2000, he received a millennium award from the city of
964:
898:
therefore, Cornwallis' bounty was unjustified. (See Daniel N. Paul,
1267:
Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior
1255:
New England and the Maritime provinces: connections and comparisons
579:
for negotiating the November 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty with
564:
486:
335:
828:, Andrea Bear Nicholas and John Reid as well as Plank and Grenier.
434:
987:
National Post, July 5, 2011 "300 Year feud plays out in Halifax"
442:
217:
1036:
140:
citizen. The book is seen as an important contribution to the
38:
534:
446:
545:
than many other historians would be comfortable in going…"
517:. Paul's efforts have also led to the removal of the name
279:
Paul died from cancer on June 27, 2023, at the age of 84.
1239:
The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.
726:"Mi'kmaw elder and author Daniel Paul has died at age 84"
496:
Montreal Institute For Genocide and Human Rights Studies
1128:
800:, July 5, 2011, "300 year feud plays out in Halifax"
449:
during conflict. (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns
126:, (December 5, 1938 – June 27, 2023) was a Canadian
1089:"Halifax junior high strips Cornwallis of his rank"
872:"Halifax junior high strips Cornwallis of his rank"
157:Among his many awards, Paul was conferred with the
1017:
1015:
914:"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples"
851:
849:
836:
834:
820:
818:
144:. One writer stated, "It's a Canadian version of
16:Canadian Mi'kmaw historian and writer (1938–2023)
1319:
319:Post-colonial historian Geoffrey Plank writes:
272:, and in Bear Paw Productions' (Eastern Tide's)
918:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History
177:, several out of province, all universities in
1012:
846:
831:
815:
433:(which included the Mi'kmaq) killing European
795:For historian John Grenier's response see
639:
637:
635:
633:
620:- Paul was entered in the publication in 2004
920:. University of Toronto Press. p. 148.
779:
777:
916:. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.).
596:a journal entered under oath by eyewitness
630:
548:
37:
1079:"Daniel Paul. No Excuse for Barbarianism"
1003:
1001:
948:
911:
809:. For historian John Reid's response see
774:
425:that immediately preceded it. Historian
348:Many post-colonial historians, such as
1320:
1263:
1134:
998:
825:
1149:
1287:
185:is the former long-serving chief of
1343:Members of the Order of Nova Scotia
379:, Paul outlines the history of the
297:Nova Scotia - Visions of the Future
249:Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission
13:
1358:20th-century Canadian male writers
1338:20th-century First Nations writers
771:-- We Were Not The Savages, p. 15.
107:Elder, author, columnist, activist
14:
1399:
1383:Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation people
1378:Canadian male non-fiction writers
752:Daniel N. Paul's Official Website
570:
1353:20th-century Canadian historians
1348:Officers of the Order of Canada
1270:. University of Toronto Press.
1241:Oklahoma University Press. 2008
1202:
1190:
1178:
1158:
1140:
1114:
1105:
1071:
1060:
1041:
1030:
979:
942:
905:
887:
876:
861:
789:
274:Expulsion and the Bounty Hunter
165:(CM) in 2005. He received from
1368:Canadian justices of the peace
1216:. Grey House Publishing Canada
912:Patterson, Stephen E. (1994).
765:
740:
718:
697:
686:
659:
648:
369:
142:North American Indian movement
1:
1231:
163:Member of the Order of Canada
151:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
1388:Deaths from cancer in Canada
242:Micmac/Maliseet Nations News
234:department of Indian Affairs
161:(ONS) in 2002 and appointed
7:
1264:Wicken, William C. (2002).
1049:The John Gorham Controversy
611:
10:
1404:
952:William and Mary Quarterly
843:, p. 102-3, 110, 146, 182.
672:Governor-General of Canada
786:, back cover endorsement.
748:"We Were Not the Savages"
705:"Daniel N. Paul - Resume"
282:
199:Saint John, New Brunswick
103:
95:
87:
75:
45:
36:
21:
1373:Writers from Nova Scotia
1171:, 2 SCR 387 (1985),
624:
523:Edward Cornwallis Statue
413:families, such as Chief
323:"We Were Not the Savages
258:Halifax Chronicle Herald
99:Success Business College
1197:We Were Not the Savages
1185:We Were Not the Savages
1122:We Were Not the Savages
1037:American Indian History
900:We Were Not the Savages
856:We Were Not the Savages
841:We Were Not the Savages
784:We Were Not the Savages
644:American Indian History
589:Supreme Court of Canada
550:We Were Not the Savages
377:We Were Not the Savages
358:We Were Not the Savages
309:We Were Not the Savages
192:
133:We Were Not the Savages
902:2000 ed., p. 111-112).
479:Father Le Loutre's War
471:French and Indian Wars
423:1749 Raid on Dartmouth
385:Massachusetts governor
187:Millbrook First Nation
167:Université Sainte-Anne
693:Canadian Encyclopedia
1210:"Canadian Who's Who"
1155:Plank, 1996, p.33-34
1087:. April 1, 2012 and
936:10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm
431:Wabanaki Confederacy
305:Chief Lightning Bolt
301:Power and Resistance
253:justice of the peace
171:Dalhousie University
159:Order of Nova Scotia
114:Daniel Nicholas Paul
50:Daniel Nicholas Paul
1102:. August 24, 2012).
728:. CBC. 27 June 2023
667:"Mr Daniel N. Paul"
575:Paul praised Chief
543:participant history
1363:Canadian activists
1214:Canadian Who's Who
1165:Simon v. The Queen
1146:Plank, 2001, p.137
1094:2014-10-19 at the
1054:2011-12-27 at the
992:2012-04-26 at the
805:2012-04-26 at the
618:Canadian Who's Who
577:Jean-Baptiste Cope
557:Jean-Baptiste Cope
489:" of the Mi'kmaq.
415:Jean-Baptiste Cope
356:"Daniel N. Paul's
1277:978-0-8020-7665-6
1111:(See Reid, p. 36)
927:978-1-4875-1676-5
895:Raid on Dartmouth
475:Father Rale's War
419:Edward Cornwallis
270:Growing Up Native
111:
110:
1395:
1314:
1281:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1124:p. 121; see also
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1005:
996:
983:
977:
976:
955:. Third Series.
946:
940:
939:
909:
903:
891:
885:
880:
874:
870:, 24 Jun 2011 –
865:
859:
853:
844:
838:
829:
822:
813:
793:
787:
781:
772:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
744:
738:
737:
735:
733:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
701:
695:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
663:
657:
652:
646:
641:
606:Casteel incident
561:maritime history
392:Charles Lawrence
211:Liberty Magazine
125:
82:
60:December 5, 1938
59:
57:
41:
19:
18:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1318:
1317:
1278:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1096:Wayback Machine
1076:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1056:Wayback Machine
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
994:Wayback Machine
984:
980:
965:10.2307/3491676
947:
943:
928:
910:
906:
892:
888:
881:
877:
866:
862:
854:
847:
839:
832:
823:
816:
807:Wayback Machine
794:
790:
782:
775:
770:
766:
756:
754:
746:
745:
741:
731:
729:
724:
723:
719:
709:
707:
703:
702:
698:
691:
687:
677:
675:
665:
664:
660:
653:
649:
642:
631:
627:
614:
598:Anthony Casteel
573:
553:
539:engaged history
388:William Shirley
372:
293:Living Treaties
289:Dawnland Voices
285:
203:Indian Brook 14
195:
117:
96:Alma mater
80:
71:
64:Indian Brook 14
61:
55:
53:
52:
51:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:John Grenier.
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1201:
1199:, pp. 125-138.
1189:
1177:
1169:1985 CanLII 11
1157:
1148:
1139:
1137:, p. 184.
1127:
1113:
1104:
1100:Globe and Mail
1084:Halifax Herald
1070:
1059:
1040:
1029:
1026:. Sep 16, 2011
1011:
997:
978:
941:
926:
904:
886:
875:
868:Globe and Mail
860:
845:
830:
814:
788:
773:
764:
739:
717:
696:
685:
658:
647:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
613:
610:
572:
571:Treaty of 1752
569:
552:
547:
507:We Were Not...
371:
368:
367:
366:
346:
345:
317:
316:
284:
281:
194:
191:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
83:(aged 84)
77:
73:
72:
62:
49:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
25:
23:Daniel N. Paul
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:Reid, John G.
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1173:Supreme Court
1170:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1135:Wicken (2002)
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:National Post
1018:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
995:
991:
988:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:(1): 77–106.
958:
954:
953:
945:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
915:
908:
901:
896:
890:
884:
879:
873:
869:
864:
857:
852:
850:
842:
837:
835:
827:
826:Wicken (2002)
821:
819:
812:
808:
804:
801:
799:
798:National Post
792:
785:
780:
778:
768:
753:
749:
743:
727:
721:
706:
700:
694:
689:
674:
673:
668:
662:
656:
651:
645:
640:
638:
636:
634:
629:
619:
616:
615:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
584:
582:
578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
492:
491:Post-colonial
488:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
395:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
363:
359:
355:
354:
353:
351:
350:Thomas Naylor
344:
341:
337:
333:
332:Euro-American
329:
322:
321:
320:
314:
313:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
259:
254:
250:
245:
243:
237:
235:
230:
228:
224:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
189:(1984–2012).
188:
184:
183:Lawrence Paul
180:
179:the Maritimes
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
138:First Nations
135:
134:
129:
124:
120:
115:
106:
104:Occupation(s)
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
79:June 27, 2023
78:
74:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
35:
31:
28:
20:
1305:(2): 78–97.
1302:
1296:
1266:
1254:
1238:
1218:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1130:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1082:
1073:
1062:
1043:
1032:
1023:
981:
956:
950:
944:
917:
907:
899:
889:
878:
867:
863:
855:
840:
824:See William
797:
791:
783:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
730:. Retrieved
720:
708:. Retrieved
699:
688:
676:. Retrieved
670:
661:
650:
593:
585:
574:
554:
549:
527:
525:in Halifax.
519:"Cornwallis"
506:
500:
483:
427:John G. Reid
408:
396:
376:
373:
357:
347:
324:
318:
308:
304:
303:. His novel
300:
296:
292:
288:
286:
278:
273:
269:
263:
256:
246:
241:
238:
231:
215:
210:
206:
196:
156:
149:
131:
113:
112:
81:(2023-06-27)
1333:2023 deaths
1328:1938 births
531:mercenaries
515:John Gorham
511:New England
439:New England
417:. Further,
400:mercenaries
381:New England
370:Controversy
362:reparations
261:newspaper.
207:Star Weekly
175:Nova Scotia
148:bestseller
146:Dee Brown's
88:Nationality
68:Nova Scotia
1322:Categories
1298:Acadiensis
1232:References
594:in extenso
503:Caucasians
445:border in
437:along the
411:Protestant
223:bag ladies
56:1938-12-05
1047:Also see
710:March 26,
602:the Crown
581:the Crown
541:and even
535:criminals
1311:41501739
1291:(2009).
1175:(Canada)
1092:Archived
1052:Archived
990:Archived
858:, p. 71.
803:Archived
612:See also
565:Americas
487:genocide
435:settlers
328:European
91:Canadian
70:, Canada
1187:p. 122.
1167:,
973:3491676
732:28 June
678:28 June
563:of the
559:in the
533:" and "
513:Ranger
266:Halifax
128:Miꞌkmaq
1309:
1274:
1220:5 July
971:
934:
924:
757:5 July
477:, and
443:Acadia
404:French
343:does."
340:bounty
299:, and
283:Author
218:Boston
1307:JSTOR
1077:(See
969:JSTOR
932:JSTOR
625:Notes
447:Maine
336:Scalp
227:Truro
201:, to
121:
1272:ISBN
1222:2019
985:See
922:ISBN
759:2019
734:2023
712:2024
680:2023
467:1745
463:1724
459:1723
455:1703
451:1688
365:it."
330:and
193:Life
76:Died
46:Born
961:doi
481:).
123:ONS
30:ONS
1324::
1303:38
1301:.
1295:.
1212:.
1098:.
1081:.
1014:^
1000:^
967:.
957:61
930:.
848:^
833:^
817:^
776:^
750:.
669:.
632:^
567:.
473:,
465:,
461:,
457:,
453:,
295:,
291:,
276:.
209:,
119:CM
116:,
66:,
27:CM
1313:.
1280:.
1224:.
975:.
963::
938:.
761:.
736:.
714:.
682:.
485:"
441:-
338:-
58:)
54:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
