4613:
29:
324:
3122:
315:
the case of radio-controlled low-cost time keepers without the help of exterior antennas. The accuracy of the DCF77 amplitude-modulated time signals suffices for the every-day use of clocks and watches by consumers where primarily the long-term accuracy matters. Further industrial time-keeping systems at railway stations, in the field of telecommunication and information technology, and at radio and TV stations are radio-controlled by DCF77 as well as tariff change-over clocks of energy supply companies and clocks in traffic-light facilities.
3372:
3110:
1489:
control unit can be called up with the aid of a telecontrol system. Furthermore, the carrier phase time and the states of the second markers are compared in
Braunschweig with the setpoints specified by the PTB's atomic master clocks that provide the UTC (PTB). Of these atomic clocks the CS2 atomic clock in Braunschweig provides the German national legal time standard, and can be used as a highly accurate frequency standard. If there are deviations, the necessary corrections will be made via the telecontrol system.
359:
3098:
3086:
256:), on behalf of the PTB. With Media Broadcast GmbH, a temporal transmission availability of at least 99.7% per year or under 26.28 hours of annual downtime has been agreed upon. Most service interruptions are short-term disconnections of under two minutes. Longer lasting transmission service interruptions are generally caused by strong winds, freezing rain or snow-induced T-antenna movement. This manifests itself in electrical detuning of the antenna resonance circuit and hence a measurable
4607:
340:
468:
improve the reliability of the broadcast and also the ease of maintenance by the operator, Media
Broadcast GmbH has announced that it will build a second remote-controllable high-performance transmitter in 2022. The facilities will then be completely duplicated on site. In the past the PTB expressed it will initialize new negotiations if modernization activities at the transmitting station to improve the signal reception reliability throughout Europe are deemed necessary.
3050:
161:
1480:(PTB) in Braunschweig to the transmitting radio station in Mainflingen but is generated at the place of emission using a control unit developed by the PTB. This control unit, which is housed in an air conditioned room of the transmitting station, is shielded against high-frequency interferences and controlled from Braunschweig. For reasons of operational reliability, the control signal is generated by three independent control channels all equipped with their own
4388:
3420:
3158:
1409:
3062:
3384:
1528:
3134:
3408:
3170:
3038:
3396:
3146:
3074:
4398:
505:
1465:
2475:
1401:
2013:
1628:
for timekeeping between daily DCF77 synchronization attempts, as they will be most accurate immediately after a successful synchronization and will become less accurate from that point forward until the next synchronization. Some DCF77 controlled consumer grade quartz movements promote accurate time
1391:
The phase modulation generally encodes the same data as the amplitude modulation, but differs for bits 59 through 14, inclusive. Bit 59 (no amplitude modulation) is phase-modulated as a 0-bit. Bits 0–9 are phase modulated as 1 bits, and bits 10–14 are phase modulated as 0 bits. The civil protection
798:
Two flags warn of changes to occur at the end of the current hour: a change of time zones, and a leap second insertion. These flags are set during the hour up to the event. This includes the last minute before the event, during which the other time code bits (including the time zone indicator bits)
742:
When compared to amplitude modulation, phase modulation makes better use of the available frequency spectrum and results in a more precise low frequency time distribution with less sensitivity to interferences. Phase modulation is however not used by many DCF77 receivers. The reason for this is the
495:
broadcast from France), DCF77 marks seconds by reducing carrier power for an interval beginning on the second. The duration of the reduction is varied to convey one bit of time code per second, repeating every minute. The carrier is synchronized so the rising zero-crossing occurs on the second. All
458:
for 60 different regions in Europe. The forecast data is provided by and under responsibility of the Swiss company Meteo Time GmbH and is transferred in a proprietary transfer protocol. The same 14 bits are employed in a way that ensures compatibility with the transmission protocols of the warning
1563:
Further inaccuracies may be caused by the type of wave the receiver records. If pure ground wave reception is anticipated and the reception location is permanent a constant may be included in the calculation, while in the case of pure space waves the receiver cannot compensate for the fluctuations
1488:
is available on site. To avoid incorrect emissions the output of these three channels are compared in two electronic switch circuits on site. Output for transmission is only generated when at least two of the three channels are in agreement. Via the public telephone network operational data of the
314:
have been very popular in Europe since the late 1980s and, in mainland Europe, most of them use the DCF77 signal to set their time automatically. The DCF77 longwave radio emission offers penetration into buildings and the time-transmissions can be received by small ferrite antennas incorporated in
1603:
the reproduced signal at the receiving end can be used to determine the beginning of the second markers much more accurately. The drawback of using phase-modulated time signals lies in the complex instrument grade receiving hardware required for using this time signal reception method. Using this
1623:
and circuits with non optimal digital signal processing delay and can therefore only be expected to determine the beginning of a second with a practical accuracy uncertainty of ± 0.1 second. This is sufficient for radio controlled low cost consumer grade clocks and watches using standard-quality
467:
The signal distribution contract between the PTB and the DCF77 transmitter operator Media
Broadcast GmbH is periodically renewed. After negotiations in 2021 the PTB and Media Broadcast GmbH agreed to continue the dissemination of the German national legal time for the next 10 years. In order to
1436:
D-layer. As an example, reception with consumer grade clocks — assuming the employed radio clock can manage reception with ≈ 100 μV/m signal strength — is possible in Norway (Bodø), Russia (Moscow), Turkey (Istanbul), Gibraltar and
Portugal (during night hours). Metal structures or
520:) for 0.1 or 0.2 seconds at the beginning of each second. A 0.1 second reduction (7750 cycles of the 77500 Hz carrier amplitude) denotes a binary 0; a 0.2 second reduction denotes a binary 1. As a special case, the last second of every minute is marked with no carrier power reduction.
1437:
interference caused by other electronic devices can cause reception problems within this range. At shorter distances the DCF77 signal strength is much higher. As an example, under 500 km (311 mi) from the transmitter in
Mainflingen the expected signal strength of the
552:. The chip sequence contains equal amounts of each phase, so the average phase remains unchanged. Each chip spans 120 cycles of the carrier, so the exact duration is cycles 15500 through 76940 out of 77500. The last 560 cycles (7.23 ms) of each second are not phase-modulated.
775:
and the
Galileo April, May, June 2021 Quarterly Performance Report by the European GNSS Service Centre reported the UTC Time Dissemination Service Accuracy was ≤ 4.3 ns, computed by accumulating samples over the previous 12 months and exceeding the ≤ 30 ns target).
260:
of the received signal. When the maladjustment is too large, the transmitter is taken out of service temporarily. In the year 2002, almost 99.95% availability, or just over 4.38 hours of downtime, was realized. The timestamp sent is either in
3174:
1514:
than the atomic clocks used in the DCF77 facility in
Mainflingen. With the aid of external corrections from Braunschweig the control unit of DCF77 in Mainflingen is expected to neither gain nor lose a second in approximately 300,000 years.
1518:
In theory, a DCF77 controlled external clock should be able to synchronize to within one half of the period of the transmitted 77.5 kHz carrier frequency of the DCF77 signal, or within ± 6.452 × 10 s or ± 6.452 microseconds.
1416:, on the south coast of Spain 1,801 km (1,119 mi) from the transmitter. Around 1 AM it peaks at ≈ 100 μV/m signal strength. During the day, the signal is weakened by ionization of the ionosphere due to solar activity.
735:
with the LFSR output. The final chipped sequence is used to modulate the transmitter phase. During 0 chips the carrier is transmitted with a +15.6° phase advance, while during 1 chips it is transmitted with a −15.6° phase lag.
1539:
Due to the propagation process, phase and/or frequency shifts observed in received signals the practical obtainable accuracy is lower than originally realized with the atomic clocks at the place of transmission. As with any
445:
Since 22 November 2006 the DCF77 transmitter uses bits 1–14 to transmit warning messages and weather information. Under responsibility of the German
Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (the German
527:
station identification until 2006, sent during minutes 19, 39 and 59 of each hour, however this was discontinued as the station is easily identifiable by the characteristic signal. A 250 Hz tone was generated by
1587:
to the transmitter's antenna in
Mainflingern to ensure the best possible interference-free time signal reception at fixed locations, can achieve a practical accuracy uncertainty better than ± 2 milliseconds.
459:
messages. For decoding the weather forecast data a license is required. Since the bits previously reserved for the PTB are used, older radio clocks should not be affected by the weather data signal.
532:
modulating the carrier between 100% and 85% power, and that tone was used to send one letter per second, between the second marks. During seconds 20–32, the call sign "DCF77" was transmitted twice.
2682:
479:(Germany), C = long wave signal, F = the longwave transmitters on the premises of the transmitting station Mainflingen (due to its vicinity to Frankfurt am Main), 77 = frequency: 77.5 kHz.
3008:
2159:
1849:
2300:
The date XX00-02-28 must fall on a Monday, Sunday, Friday, or
Wednesday. Only the first case is a leap year, followed by Tuesday the 29th. In the other three cases, the next day is March 1.
1608:(PTB) measured standard deviations of ± 2 to 22 microseconds between UTC (PTB) and UTC (DCF77), depending on the time in the day and season. This was done in Braunschweig located 273
2259:
767:. Due to the GPS signal structure and the larger bandwidth available, the GPS reception would, in principle, achieve an uncertainty of the time transmission that is lower by at least
1676:
3078:
1619:
Normal low cost consumer grade DCF77 receivers solely rely on the amplitude-modulated time signals and use narrow band receivers (with 10 Hz bandwidth) with small ferrite
1424:, the DCF77 transmissions can reliably be received in large parts of Europe, as far as 2,000 km (1,243 mi) from the transmitter in Mainflingen. Within this range the
739:
In lieu of the special minute marker used in the amplitude code, bit 59 is transmitted as an ordinary 0-bit, and the first 10 bits (seconds 0–9) are transmitted as binary 1.
450:, BBK), warnings to the population can be transmitted using these 14 bits. As a further extension of the information content transmitted by DCF77, appropriately equipped
1369:
Although the time code only includes two digits of year, it is possible to deduce two bits of century using the day of week. There is still a 400-year ambiguity, as the
4511:
2440:
2415:
4434:
2085:
1452:). This is associated with a significant decrease in the signal strength and depends on many factors, e.g., the daytime and season, the angle of incidence of the
3209:
1366:
In the event of an added leap second, a 0-bit is inserted during second 59, and the special missing bit is transmitted during the leap second itself, second 60.
2571:
2646:
182:
radio station. It started service as a standard-frequency station on 1 January 1959. In June 1973 date and time information was added. Its primary and backup
3412:
3327:
2464:
2668:
2063:
1510:. The four German primary caesium (fountain) atomic clocks (CS1, CS2, CSF1 and CSF2) in use by the PTB in Braunschweig ensure significantly less long term
2657:
1807:
1506:
relative uncertainty is 2 × 10 over a 24-hour period and 2 × 10 over 100 days, with a deviation in phase with respect to UTC that never exceeds 5.5 ± 0.3
2243:
3054:
3015:
1828:
2275:
Piester, D.; Bauch, A.; Becker, J.; Polewka, T.; Rost, M.; Sibold, D.; Staliuniene, E. (2006-12-05), "PTB's Time and Frequency Activities in 2006",
2152:
2378:
1853:
2637:
1544:
the precise establishment of time is affected by the distance to the transmitter, as the time signal propagates to a time signal receiver at the
795:
The first 20 seconds are special flags. The minutes are encoded in seconds 21–28, hours during seconds 29–34, and the date during seconds 36–58.
3090:
2719:
2184:
3102:
2034:
5211:
4427:
1560:
late. Such a small deviation will seldom be of interest and if desired instrument grade time receivers can be corrected for transit delay.
2926:
1940:
2214:
1564:
since these are the result of the changing altitude of the reflecting and bending layer of the ionosphere. Similar problems arise where
3150:
1733:
66:
2596:
1591:
In addition to the amplitude-modulated time signal transmission this information is also transmitted since June 1983 by DCF77 via a
152:
4965:
1432:(PTB) is ≥ 100 μV/m. This signal strength assessment was made according to the reflection model with a reflection (one hop) on the
771:
than the uncertainty that can be achieved with DCF77 phase modulation receiving hardware (GPS time is accurate to about ± 10 to 30
4420:
3997:
3833:
1992:
3066:
1754:
2612:
5201:
3462:
3138:
2043:
1902:
1605:
1477:
1469:
1429:
371:
The DCF77 station signal carries an amplitude-modulated, pulse-width coded 1 bit/s data signal. The same data signal is also
238:
110:
3042:
4934:
3162:
1583:
Corrected instrument grade DCF77 receivers, using the amplitude-modulated time signals with accompanying antennas oriented
5191:
2444:
2419:
2185:"Galileo Open Service and Search and Rescue – Quarterly Performance Reports, containing measured performance statistics"
2712:
2127:
1922:
4685:
1791:
1764:
2552:
1448:
and multiple reflections (hops) and local interference the DCF77 signal can sometimes be received further away (see
3114:
3001:
2687:
2683:
Time and frequency dissemination with DCF77: 1959–2009 and beyond" – a detailed description of the history of DCF77
2643:
49:
516:
to transmit digitally coded time information by reducing the amplitude of the carrier to 15% of normal (−16½
3947:
3602:
1572:
overlap. This field is not constant but changes in the course of the day between approximately 600 to 1,100
541:
384:
229:. The transmitter generates a nominal power of 50 kW, of which about 30 to 35 kW can be radiated via a
2665:
28:
4758:
3826:
2916:
2654:
1898:
760:
556:
4939:
2931:
2705:
2562:(in German). Vol. 36, no. 8. Heidelberg, Germany: Dr. Alfred Hüthig Verlag GmbH. pp. 279–282.
2113:
1373:
repeats weeks every 400 years, but this is sufficient to determine which years ending in 00 are leap years.
189:
3909:
3126:
1634:
1620:
1532:
1284:
2623:
1541:
4894:
4874:
4820:
4705:
4541:
4200:
748:
4561:
4546:
4484:
4463:
3552:
3532:
2087:
Time dissemination via the LF transmitter DCF77 using a pseudo-random phase-shift keying of the carrier
788:. It represents civil time, including summer time adjustments. The time transmitted is the time of the
768:
323:
266:
262:
362:
The low-frequency T-aerial antennas of the continuously operated DCF77 signal in Mainflingen at night
4715:
4526:
4263:
4112:
3992:
3542:
3455:
2957:
2921:
1899:"DCF77 fit für die Zukunft. PTB-Zeitsignal-Aussendung per Langwellensender ist "runderneuert" worden"
752:
1531:
Consumer grade radio clock movement with the DCF77 receiver (right) in the clock. The small ferrite
5196:
3962:
3305:
2906:
2188:
1449:
433:
emergency signals. This is an experimental service, aimed to one day replace the German network of
4975:
4753:
4655:
4571:
4566:
4218:
3869:
344:
2522:
3572:
513:
351:
2210:
2153:"EUROPEAN GNSS (GALILEO) SERVICES OPEN SERVICE QUARTERLY PERFORMANCE REPORT APRIL - JUNE 2021"
1954:
5128:
4401:
4033:
3978:
3932:
3917:
3562:
1659:(phase modulation) when a standard DCF77 time receiver is used as the reference time source.
1646:
1556:) away from the DCF77 transmitter, due to transit delay the receiver will be set more than 3
1311:
403:
380:
4955:
4869:
4695:
4556:
4284:
4253:
3702:
3597:
3448:
2893:
2875:
1250:
785:
407:
270:
2510:
8:
5206:
5165:
4960:
4815:
4680:
4632:
4158:
3617:
3577:
3353:
3338:
3268:
3252:
3236:
3198:
2867:
2847:
2827:
2817:
2789:
2779:
2774:
434:
252:
4501:
2364:
2278:
Proc. 38th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting
5140:
4914:
4838:
4768:
4107:
4085:
3952:
3776:
3747:
3682:
3675:
3376:
3343:
3289:
3284:
3187:
2947:
2812:
2784:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2342:
1596:
1370:
549:
4988:
4853:
4670:
4188:
4067:
3967:
3820:
3723:
3627:
3279:
2967:
2952:
2883:
2744:
2563:
2334:
1877:. German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK). 2013-03-09
1787:
1760:
1600:
1503:
1485:
1445:
792:
minute; e.g. during December 31 23:59, the transmitted time encodes January 1 00:00.
744:
540:
In addition, for 793 ms beginning at 200 ms, each time code bit is transmitted using
222:
2346:
559:(LFSR), repeats every second, and begins with 00000100011000010011100101010110000….
5133:
4879:
4858:
4810:
4773:
4586:
4306:
4294:
4122:
4090:
3922:
3791:
3707:
3697:
3612:
3257:
2692:
2677:
2609:
2326:
2311:
1971:
1592:
1481:
455:
257:
2632:
2312:"Performance analysis and receiver architectures of DCF77 radio-controlled clocks"
1718:
4864:
4843:
4675:
4647:
4412:
4368:
4233:
4210:
4178:
4130:
4117:
4080:
4062:
3692:
3687:
2672:
2661:
2650:
2627:
2616:
1781:
1630:
1425:
492:
372:
358:
301:
1874:
562:
A software implementation of a Galois LFSR can generate the full chip sequence:
429:
Since 2003, fourteen previously unused bits of the time code have been used for
5160:
4919:
4909:
4848:
4805:
4637:
4627:
4596:
4496:
4468:
4311:
4301:
4100:
3972:
3942:
3927:
3712:
3670:
3665:
3537:
3097:
2804:
1783:
Collecting (Vintage) Watches: Wristwatches, antique- and vintage pocket watches
1545:
289:
246:
laboratory and transmits in continuous operation (24 hours). It is operated by
1392:
warnings and weather information is not included in the phase-modulated data.
5185:
5047:
4998:
4983:
4929:
4700:
4536:
4531:
4447:
4391:
4341:
4289:
4223:
4195:
4183:
4173:
4163:
4045:
3889:
3815:
3764:
3717:
3632:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3515:
3085:
2567:
1697:
1224:
Call bit: abnormal transmitter operation. Previously: backup antenna in use.
430:
332:
328:
204:
191:
81:
68:
34:
2330:
2131:
5145:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5009:
4748:
4363:
4357:
4023:
3957:
3879:
3810:
3759:
3660:
3607:
3547:
2486:
2338:
1625:
1565:
732:
376:
339:
297:
293:
136:
1 January 1959; continuous date and time information was added in June 1973
2993:
2498:
1376:
The time zone bits can be considered a binary-coded representation of the
160:
5155:
5150:
4795:
4778:
4710:
4690:
4576:
4458:
4373:
4351:
4258:
4243:
4038:
4018:
4008:
3937:
3894:
3874:
3803:
3622:
3524:
3049:
2728:
2390:
1557:
1511:
1507:
1438:
1433:
1340:
1074:
545:
529:
451:
394:
307:
218:
183:
175:
53:
2553:"Anregung zum Nachbau: Einfacher Empfänger für DCF77-Zeitzeichensignale"
5170:
5123:
5107:
4993:
4899:
4720:
4581:
4551:
4489:
4268:
4168:
4075:
4050:
3853:
3637:
2697:
1408:
772:
524:
417:
348:
2560:
Funk-Technik - Fachzeitschrift für die gesamte Unterhaltungselektronik
2319:
IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
311:
5067:
4904:
4788:
4763:
4743:
4660:
4612:
4606:
4591:
4331:
4248:
3884:
3796:
3771:
3752:
3642:
3419:
3157:
2972:
2276:
2016:(in German). Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB). 2021-10-25
1609:
1573:
1549:
1527:
472:
230:
179:
2093:. 2nd European Frequency and Time Forum. Neuchâtel. pp. 351–364
1700:(in German). Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). 2003-02-21
1651:
Network Time Protocol time servers display the reference ID (REFID)
5102:
5082:
4924:
4830:
4730:
4521:
4516:
3899:
3742:
3652:
3510:
3500:
3316:
2837:
2736:
488:
387:
modulation). The transmitted data signal is repeated every minute.
172:
37:
5097:
5087:
5017:
4889:
4800:
4665:
4238:
4228:
4150:
4141:
4126:
4013:
3858:
3781:
3490:
3383:
3133:
3061:
2911:
2871:
1926:
1584:
1569:
1453:
756:
517:
243:
226:
4028:
1925:
A blog post describing decoding the weather information with an
400:
Imminent change of CET to CEST, or vice versa, Announcement bit;
5092:
5042:
5037:
4336:
3495:
3407:
3400:
3388:
3371:
3348:
3169:
3109:
3037:
2901:
2832:
2822:
2620:
1385:
1381:
764:
440:
1464:
424:
5072:
4884:
4783:
4738:
4346:
4095:
3786:
3734:
3395:
3145:
3121:
3073:
2551:
Dietze, Andreas; Kriedt, Hans; Wondra, Jürgen (August 1981).
1413:
504:
300:. The DCF77 time signal is used for the dissemination of the
1640:
1400:
296:
that are linked with the German master clocks at the PTB in
5077:
5062:
5052:
4506:
4443:
3485:
3471:
3424:
3241:
3231:
2977:
2962:
2857:
2852:
2794:
1637:
their time automatically more than once spread over a day.
1613:
1577:
1553:
4512:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
2693:
A historical visit at DCF77 Mainflingen by Ekkehard Plicht
1993:"Auch weiterhin auf Sendung: das Zeitsignal auf Langwelle"
5057:
3358:
3220:
2982:
2842:
2769:
2274:
1831:. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). 2010-03-12
1810:. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). 2021-11-29
1736:. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). 2013-08-08
1679:. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). 2014-02-03
1377:
508:
Amplitude modulated signal of DCF77 as a function of time
1412:
DCF77 signal strength over a 24-hour period measured in
496:
modulation changes also occur at rising zero-crossings.
491:
time transmitters (akin to the 162 kHz 800 kW
327:
The DCF77 time signal is used by organizations like the
3440:
2604:
2501:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2010.
1476:
The control signal is not transmitted by wire from the
448:
Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe
1780:
Meine, Thomas M.; Stannard, Matthew (30 April 2021).
1719:"Time and Standard Frequency Station DCF77 (Germany)"
799:
encode the time of the first minute after the event.
2529:(in German). Meinberg Radio Clocks GmbH & Co. KG
2365:
In which area can the DCF77 time signal be received?
2264:, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 2007-05-09
2248:, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 2022-07-14
4442:
2550:
413:Abnormal transmitter operation identification bit;
2416:"With what accuracy do PTB's atomic clocks work?"
2374:
2372:
1698:"Das abwechslungsreichste Radioprogramm der Welt"
1535:used in this alarm clock can be seen at the left.
548:sequence and encoded on the carrier using ±15.6°
5183:
2261:Warnings to the general public by means of CF77?
2145:
1947:Weather data description of the Meteotime System
544:. The bit is mixed with a 512-bit pseudo-random
2203:
2014:"Die Zeit auf Langwelle gibt es auch weiterhin"
1938:
1677:"DCF77 Receiver authorization and availability"
2476:SI seconds ever more accurate, PTB-News 3-2019
2369:
2111:
1850:"Zeitumstellung - Zeit und Uhren bei der Bahn"
4428:
3456:
3009:
2713:
2511:RADIO-CONTROLLED WALLCLOCK INSTRUCTION MANUAL
2158:. European GNSS Service Centre. 1 July 2021.
2036:Zeit- und Normalfrequenzverbreitung mit DCF77
1942:Wetterdatenbeschreibung des Systems Meteotime
1779:
2688:How to build a clock DCF (archive.org copy)
441:Civil protection and weather forecast signal
3023:
2397:(in German). Robert Heret und Thomas Losert
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2079:
2077:
2075:
1359:
1350:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1246:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1152:
1146:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1082:
1070:
1056:
1050:
1036:
1030:
1014:
1011:
1005:
991:
985:
971:
965:
949:
946:
940:
926:
918:
915:
887:
884:
875:
779:
425:Experimental civil defence emergency signal
4435:
4421:
3463:
3449:
3016:
3002:
2720:
2706:
2605:The atomic clock in Frankfurt/Main Germany
2499:"How Accurate is a Radio Controlled Clock?
2213:. European GNSS Agency. 15 December 2016.
1711:
1548:. For a DCF77 receiver located 1,000
555:The chip sequence is generated by a 9-bit
2638:Observation of DCF77 during a leap second
1893:
1891:
1641:Network Time Protocol reference clock use
908:of Civil protection and Disaster Relief).
4966:International Commission on Stratigraphy
2727:
2229:
2072:
1526:
1463:
1428:of the DCF77 signal as specified by the
1407:
1399:
731:Each time code bit to be transmitted is
503:
357:
338:
322:
159:
2309:
2303:
2068:, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
1616:) from the transmitter in Mainflingen.
1456:on the D-layer and the solar activity.
499:
462:
5184:
2083:
1995:(in German). pro-physik.de. 2021-10-26
1888:
1734:"Realisation of Legal Time in Germany"
1468:Atomic master clock CS2 in use at the
1360:Minute mark: no amplitude modulation.
898:
109:Media Broadcast GmbH on behalf of the
4416:
3444:
2997:
2701:
2044:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
1903:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
1606:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
1478:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
1430:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
1404:DCF77 reception area from Mainflingen
331:railway company to synchronize their
239:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
4397:
2217:from the original on 15 January 2021
1345:Set during hour before leap second.
482:
5212:1959 establishments in West Germany
1599:sequence of 512 bits length. Using
899:Civil warning bits, provided by the
749:global navigation satellite systems
535:
408:Central European Summer Time (CEST)
276:The highly accurate 77.5 kHz (
13:
2597:Official DCF77 web page at the PTB
2544:
1756:Market Intelligence Report: Clocks
1329:Even parity over date bits 36–58.
1233:Even parity over hour bits 29–35.
910:Also contains weather broadcasts.
14:
5223:
4686:Discrete time and continuous time
2590:
1580:) from the transmitter position.
1395:
879:Start of encoded time. Always 1.
221:, about 25 km south-east of
4611:
4605:
4396:
4387:
4386:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
1420:With a relatively high power of
902:Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz
745:(precise time reference) signals
50:Mainflingen longwave transmitter
40:antennas of DCF77 in Mainflingen
27:
16:German time signal radio station
2577:from the original on 2021-07-10
2515:
2504:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2433:
2408:
2383:
2358:
2294:
2268:
2252:
2177:
2165:from the original on 2021-11-30
2128:"Common View GPS Time Transfer"
2120:
2105:
2056:
2027:
2006:
1985:
1964:
1932:
1916:
1867:
1497:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1257:
1255:Set during hour before change.
1249:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1104:
1093:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1008:
1002:
999:
988:
982:
979:
968:
962:
959:
943:
937:
934:
923:
912:
895:
881:
878:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
542:direct-sequence spread spectrum
385:direct-sequence spread spectrum
4759:History of timekeeping devices
2391:"Reichweite des DCF77-Senders"
1939:Meteo Time GmbH (2006-10-27),
1842:
1821:
1800:
1773:
1747:
1726:
1690:
1669:
743:worldwide availability of the
557:linear feedback shift register
366:
354:to elevate the DCF77 antennas.
1:
2932:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
2642:DCF77 Arduino implementation
1974:. Meteo Time GmbH. 2013-03-09
1662:
1542:time signal radio transmitter
144:2,000 km (1,243 mi)
5202:Transmitter sites in Germany
2487:How the DCF77-receiver works
2310:Engeler, Daniel (May 2012),
2114:"The Science of Timekeeping"
2084:Hetzel, P. (16 March 1988).
1522:
250:(previously a subsidiary of
7:
4706:Gravitational time dilation
4542:Barycentric Coordinate Time
4201:Geological history of Earth
2527:Network Time Protocol (NTP)
1953:(in German), archived from
1852:(in German). Archived from
1595:of the carrier wave with a
1492:
870:Start of minute. Always 0.
784:The time is represented in
404:Central European Time (CET)
391:Current date and time bits;
236:DCF77 is controlled by the
22:DCF77 time code transmitter
10:
5228:
5192:Time signal radio stations
4562:Geocentric Coordinate Time
4547:Barycentric Dynamical Time
4485:Coordinated Universal Time
3553:Orders of magnitude (time)
2441:"How is time transmitted?"
2130:. nist.gov. Archived from
1972:"Welcome at Meteotime.com"
1655:(amplitude modulation) or
1644:
1459:
827:
816:
302:German national legal time
263:Coordinated Universal Time
242:(PTB), Germany's national
5116:
5007:
4974:
4948:
4829:
4729:
4716:Time-translation symmetry
4646:
4620:
4603:
4527:International Atomic Time
4477:
4454:
4382:
4324:
4277:
4264:Time translation symmetry
4209:
4149:
4139:
4061:
3988:
3908:
3849:
3733:
3651:
3561:
3523:
3509:
3478:
3029:
2940:
2922:Global Positioning System
2892:
2866:
2803:
2735:
2621:Global Frequency Database
2523:"Checking the NTP Status"
1786:. BoD – Books on Demand.
1380:offset. Z1 set indicates
888:Day of month (continued)
835:
832:
829:
824:
821:
818:
813:
810:
807:
753:Global Positioning System
318:
148:
140:
132:
124:
116:
105:
97:
60:
45:
26:
21:
3470:
1759:. Global Sources. 2004.
1450:tropospheric propagation
1077:over minute bits 21–28.
780:Time code interpretation
564:
292:is generated from local
101:113 m (371 ft)
4976:Astronomical chronology
4949:Archaeology and geology
4656:Absolute space and time
4572:IERS Reference Meridian
4567:International Date Line
4478:International standards
4219:Absolute space and time
3870:Astronomical chronology
3024:Time signal authorities
2465:DCF77 carrier frequency
2331:10.1109/TUFFC.2012.2272
2112:David W. Allan (1997).
1472:to check for deviations
904:und Katastrophenwarnung
454:can provide a four-day
345:Mainflingen transmitter
164:Low cost DCF77 receiver
4269:Time reversal symmetry
3573:Italian six-hour clock
2558:. Applikationsseiten.
2065:DCF77 phase modulation
1536:
1502:The DCF77 transmitted
1473:
1417:
1405:
769:one order of magnitude
514:amplitude-shift keying
512:The DCF77 signal uses
509:
363:
355:
336:
165:
4935:Weekday determination
4821:Sundial markup schema
4034:Time and fate deities
3979:The Unreality of Time
3918:A series and B series
2633:Time code description
2497:Michael A. Lombardi,
2395:Die Funk-Uhr Homepage
1723:100503 eecis.udel.edu
1647:Network Time Protocol
1530:
1486:rubidium atomic clock
1467:
1411:
1403:
1384:, while Z2 indicates
507:
475:DCF77 stands for D =
381:pseudorandom sequence
379:using a 512 bit long
361:
342:
326:
163:
4956:Chronological dating
4696:Theory of relativity
4557:Daylight saving time
4285:Chronological dating
4254:Theory of relativity
3598:Daylight saving time
2729:Time signal stations
1482:caesium atomic clock
1444:Depending on signal
786:binary-coded decimal
500:Amplitude modulation
463:Future and call sign
435:civil defence sirens
271:daylight saving time
248:Media Broadcast GmbH
205:50.01556°N 9.01083°E
82:50.01556°N 9.01083°E
5166:Time value of money
4961:Geologic time scale
4816:History of sundials
4681:Cosmological decade
4633:Greenwich Mean Time
4464:Orders of magnitude
3578:Thai six-hour clock
2211:"Galileo Goes Live"
1131:Year within century
952:Monday=1, Sunday=7
804:
253:Deutsche Telekom AG
201: /
78: /
5141:Mental chronometry
4769:Marine chronometer
4621:Obsolete standards
4108:Rosy retrospection
4086:Mental chronometry
3910:Philosophy of time
2671:2013-07-25 at the
2660:2013-07-24 at the
2649:2013-07-22 at the
2626:2013-03-30 at the
2615:2012-03-31 at the
2116:. Hewlett Packard.
1829:"Benefit of DCF77"
1808:"Benefit of DCF77"
1621:loopstick antennas
1597:pseudorandom noise
1537:
1474:
1418:
1406:
1371:Gregorian calendar
802:
550:phase-shift keying
510:
364:
356:
337:
166:
5179:
5178:
4989:Nuclear timescale
4671:Continuous signal
4410:
4409:
4320:
4319:
4295:Circadian rhythms
4113:Tense–aspect–mood
3968:Temporal finitism
3845:
3844:
3821:Grandfather clock
3438:
3437:
3433:
3432:
2991:
2990:
2884:Radio Data System
2191:on 26 August 2019
1601:cross-correlation
1576:(373 to 684
1533:loopstick antenna
1504:carrier frequency
1364:
1363:
523:There was also a
483:Time code details
223:Frankfurt am Main
210:50.01556; 9.01083
158:
157:
87:50.01556; 9.01083
5219:
4880:Dominical letter
4811:Equation of time
4774:Marine sandglass
4615:
4609:
4587:Terrestrial Time
4444:Time measurement
4437:
4430:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4400:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4307:Glottochronology
4147:
4146:
4063:Human experience
3923:B-theory of time
3521:
3520:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3399:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3375:
3374:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3136:
3125:
3124:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2603:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2557:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:. Archived from
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2418:. Archived from
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:, pp. 37–47
2283:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2187:. Archived from
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2081:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1593:phase modulation
1484:. In addition a
1423:
805:
803:DCF77 time code
801:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
536:Phase modulation
456:weather forecast
287:
285:
281:
269:+2 depending on
258:phase modulation
216:
215:
213:
212:
211:
206:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
93:
92:
90:
89:
88:
83:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
31:
19:
18:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5197:Time in Germany
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5112:
5003:
4970:
4944:
4825:
4725:
4676:Coordinate time
4648:Time in physics
4642:
4616:
4610:
4601:
4473:
4450:
4441:
4411:
4406:
4378:
4369:Time immemorial
4316:
4273:
4234:Coordinate time
4205:
4159:Geological time
4135:
4118:Time management
4081:Generation time
4065:
4057:
4002:
3984:
3904:
3863:
3841:
3729:
3647:
3564:
3557:
3513:
3505:
3474:
3469:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3363:
3332:
3321:
3310:
3294:
3273:
3262:
3246:
3225:
3214:
3203:
3192:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3025:
3022:
2992:
2987:
2936:
2888:
2862:
2799:
2785:TDF time signal
2731:
2726:
2673:Wayback Machine
2662:Wayback Machine
2651:Wayback Machine
2628:Wayback Machine
2617:Wayback Machine
2601:
2593:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2555:
2547:
2545:Further reading
2542:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2349:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2245:DCF77 time code
2242:
2241:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1905:PTB. 2006-12-12
1897:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1649:
1643:
1525:
1500:
1495:
1462:
1426:signal strength
1421:
1398:
1344:
1265:
1254:
1132:
1101:
1016:
951:
920:
909:
907:
906:(Federal Office
903:
900:
782:
747:transmitted by
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
538:
502:
493:TDF time signal
485:
465:
443:
427:
373:phase modulated
369:
321:
304:to the public.
283:
279:
277:
209:
207:
203:
200:
195:
192:
190:
188:
187:
186:are located at
133:Began operation
86:
84:
80:
77:
72:
69:
67:
65:
64:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5225:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Time metrology
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5117:Related topics
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4806:Dialing scales
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4638:Prime meridian
4635:
4630:
4628:Ephemeris time
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4597:180th meridian
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4312:Time geography
4309:
4304:
4302:Clock reaction
4299:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:time signature
4098:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3973:Temporal parts
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Eternal return
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:Chronocentrism
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3713:Hindu Panchang
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2607:
2599:
2592:
2591:External links
2589:
2588:
2587:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2514:
2503:
2490:
2479:
2468:
2457:
2432:
2407:
2382:
2379:Reach of DCF77
2368:
2357:
2325:(5): 869–884,
2302:
2293:
2267:
2251:
2228:
2202:
2176:
2144:
2119:
2104:
2071:
2055:
2026:
2005:
1984:
1963:
1931:
1915:
1887:
1875:"BBK homepage"
1866:
1841:
1820:
1799:
1792:
1772:
1765:
1746:
1725:
1710:
1689:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1645:Main article:
1642:
1639:
1546:speed of light
1524:
1521:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1461:
1458:
1397:
1396:Reception area
1394:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:is in effect.
1310:Set to 1 when
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:is in effect.
1283:Set to 1 when
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
917:
914:
911:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
809:
781:
778:
733:exclusive-ored
565:
537:
534:
501:
498:
484:
481:
464:
461:
442:
439:
426:
423:
422:
421:
414:
411:
401:
398:
392:
368:
365:
347:uses isolated
333:station clocks
320:
317:
290:carrier signal
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:Official range
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
62:
58:
57:
47:
43:
42:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5224:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5010:units of time
5006:
5000:
4999:Sidereal time
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Galactic year
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4940:Weekday names
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Tropical year
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:Intercalation
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:(lunar Hijri)
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Time dilation
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:24-hour clock
4535:
4533:
4532:12-hour clock
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4290:Chronobiology
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Arrow of time
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Geochronology
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:Wheel of time
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Periodization
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Digital clock
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Relative hour
3591:
3589:
3588:24-hour clock
3586:
3584:
3583:12-hour clock
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3258:BBC (198 kHz)
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Time from NPL
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2447:on 2012-06-02
2446:
2442:
2436:
2422:on 2012-09-25
2421:
2417:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2134:on 2012-10-28
2133:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2045:
2042:(in German),
2038:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1960:on 2009-12-29
1956:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1904:
1901:(in German).
1900:
1894:
1892:
1876:
1870:
1856:on 2017-11-07
1855:
1851:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1793:9783744894920
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1766:9789627853596
1762:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:synchronizing
1627:
1626:quartz clocks
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1441:is ≥ 1 mV/m.
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1343:announcement.
1342:
1332:
1313:
1302:
1286:
1275:
1264:Day of month.
1253:announcement.
1252:
1242:
1216:
1197:
1196:
1177:
1176:
1157:
1156:
1137:
1136:
1112:
1111:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1040:
1021:
1020:
996:
995:
976:
975:
956:
955:
931:
930:
905:
892:
891:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
806:
800:
796:
793:
791:
787:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
740:
737:
734:
563:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
526:
521:
519:
515:
506:
497:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
469:
460:
457:
453:
449:
438:
436:
432:
431:civil defence
419:
415:
412:
409:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
360:
353:
352:lattice masts
350:
346:
341:
334:
330:
329:Deutsche Bahn
325:
316:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:atomic clocks
291:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
185:
181:
178:and standard-
177:
174:
170:
162:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
36:
35:low frequency
30:
25:
20:
5146:Decimal time
4875:Astronomical
4754:Complication
4749:Atomic clock
4364:Time capsule
4358:Tempus fugit
4356:
4278:Other fields
3977:
3958:Perdurantism
3880:Calendar era
3832:
3825:
3811:Cuckoo clock
3748:astronomical
3722:
3548:Unit of time
3479:Key concepts
3349:RNS (CHAYKA)
3300:
2764:
2579:. Retrieved
2559:
2531:. Retrieved
2526:
2517:
2506:
2493:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:the original
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2360:
2350:, retrieved
2322:
2318:
2305:
2296:
2286:, retrieved
2277:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2219:. Retrieved
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2147:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2122:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2086:
2064:
2058:
2048:, retrieved
2035:
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2008:
1997:. Retrieved
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1966:
1955:the original
1946:
1941:
1934:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1879:. Retrieved
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1844:
1833:. Retrieved
1823:
1812:. Retrieved
1802:
1782:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1728:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1671:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1618:
1590:
1582:
1562:
1558:milliseconds
1538:
1517:
1508:microseconds
1501:
1498:Transmission
1475:
1443:
1419:
1390:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1015:Month number
901:
797:
794:
789:
783:
741:
738:
730:
561:
554:
539:
522:
511:
486:
476:
470:
466:
452:radio clocks
447:
444:
428:
397:warning bit;
370:
308:Radio clocks
306:
298:Braunschweig
288:wavelength)
275:
251:
247:
237:
235:
171:is a German
168:
167:
5156:System time
5151:Metric time
4870:Solar Hijri
4796:Water clock
4779:Radio clock
4711:Time domain
4691:Proper time
4577:Leap second
4459:Chronometry
4374:Time travel
4352:System time
4259:Time domain
4244:Proper time
4068:use of time
4039:Father Time
4019:Immortality
4009:Ages of Man
3938:Endurantism
3895:Regnal year
3875:Big History
3804:water-based
3703:Solar Hijri
3613:Hexadecimal
3563:Measurement
3525:Chronometry
3511:Measurement
2602:(in German)
2169:30 November
2046:, p. 6
1629:keeping by
1604:method the
1512:clock drift
1446:propagation
1439:ground wave
1434:ionospheric
1341:Leap second
1251:Summer time
1075:Even parity
950:Day of week
773:nanoseconds
669:output_chip
530:square wave
477:Deutschland
418:parity bits
395:Leap second
367:Time signal
265:(UTC)+1 or
219:Mainflingen
208: /
184:transmitter
176:time signal
85: /
61:Coordinates
54:Mainflingen
5207:Call signs
5186:Categories
5171:Timekeeper
5124:Chronology
5108:Millennium
4994:Precession
4900:Julian day
4721:T-symmetry
4582:Solar time
4552:Civil time
4076:Chronemics
4051:Kalachakra
3963:Presentism
3948:Eternalism
3854:Chronology
3792:mechanical
3743:Main types
3661:Main types
3344:RJH (Beta)
2581:2021-07-10
2533:2011-08-29
2451:2012-05-29
2426:2012-05-29
2401:2010-12-12
2352:2013-12-05
2288:2009-03-24
2221:1 February
2138:2011-07-23
2097:11 October
2050:2009-08-12
2020:2021-11-29
1999:2021-11-29
1978:2013-03-09
1909:2010-12-12
1881:2013-03-09
1860:2017-11-04
1835:2014-09-10
1814:2021-11-29
1740:2013-09-26
1704:2013-10-02
1683:2014-09-10
1663:References
1635:correcting
1612:(170
1585:tangential
1552:(621
525:Morse code
487:Like most
70:50°00′56″N
5068:Fortnight
4915:Lunisolar
4905:Leap year
4839:Gregorian
4789:stopwatch
4764:Hourglass
4744:Astrarium
4661:Spacetime
4592:Time zone
4469:Metrology
4448:standards
4332:Leap year
4249:Spacetime
4123:Yesterday
4024:Dreamtime
3998:Mythology
3885:Deep time
3797:stopwatch
3772:hourglass
3753:astrarium
3683:Gregorian
3676:Lunisolar
3653:Calendars
3643:Time zone
3516:standards
3306:DCF (EFR)
2973:Radio VNG
2894:Satellite
2805:Shortwave
2678:Meteotime
2586:(4 pages)
2568:0016-2825
1923:Meteotime
1523:Reception
790:following
751:like the
684:>>=
473:call sign
375:onto the
231:T-antenna
196:9°00′39″E
193:50°0′56″N
180:frequency
117:Frequency
98:Elevation
73:9°00′39″E
56:, Germany
5129:Duration
5103:Saeculum
5083:Olympiad
4925:Solstice
4854:Holocene
4831:Calendar
4731:Horology
4522:ISO 8601
4517:ISO 31-1
4392:Category
4140:Time in
4131:Tomorrow
3993:Religion
3933:Duration
3900:Timeline
3834:Timeline
3633:Sidereal
3501:Eternity
3175:VNIIFTRI
2838:ROA Time
2737:Longwave
2669:Archived
2658:Archived
2647:Archived
2644:Hardware
2624:Archived
2613:Archived
2572:Archived
2347:11484317
2339:22622972
2215:Archived
2160:Archived
1570:skywaves
1493:Accuracy
836:Meaning
825:Meaning
814:Meaning
639:unsigned
567:unsigned
489:longwave
416:Several
173:longwave
120:77.5 kHz
106:Operator
46:Location
38:T-aerial
5098:Century
5088:Lustrum
5018:Instant
4890:Equinox
4859:Islamic
4801:Sundial
4666:Chronon
4402:Commons
4325:Related
4239:Instant
4229:Chronon
4211:Physics
4151:Geology
4142:science
4014:Destiny
3859:History
3827:History
3782:sundial
3765:quantum
3708:Chinese
3698:Islamic
3608:Decimal
3603:Chinese
3565:systems
3491:Present
2941:Defunct
2917:Galileo
2912:GLONASS
2619:on the
2195:3 March
1927:Arduino
1460:Control
1454:skywave
919:Minutes
761:Galileo
757:GLONASS
755:(GPS),
377:carrier
312:watches
286: m
244:physics
227:Germany
149:Website
5093:Decade
5048:Moment
5043:Minute
5038:Second
5008:Other
4865:Julian
4844:Hebrew
4490:offset
4342:Moment
4337:Memory
4189:period
3777:marine
3760:atomic
3735:Clocks
3693:Hebrew
3688:Julian
3623:Metric
3496:Future
3401:JN53DV
3389:HD2IOA
3188:ALS162
2902:BeiDou
2833:JN53DV
2823:HD2IOA
2655:Signal
2566:
2345:
2337:
1949:]
1790:
1763:
1657:.DCFp.
1653:.DCFa.
1566:ground
1266:01–31
1133:00–99
1017:01–12
921:00–59
833:Weight
822:Weight
811:Weight
765:BeiDou
319:Signal
153:DCF 77
5134:music
5073:Month
5033:Jiffy
5028:Shake
5023:Flick
4920:Solar
4910:Lunar
4885:Epact
4849:Hindu
4784:Watch
4739:Clock
4347:Space
4179:epoch
4169:chron
4127:Today
4096:tempo
4091:Music
3953:Event
3787:watch
3671:Lunar
3666:Solar
3638:Solar
3628:Roman
3618:Hindu
3301:DCF77
3210:MIKES
3179:Other
3067:MIKES
3055:KRISS
2927:IRNSS
2907:DORIS
2765:DCF77
2610:DCF77
2575:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2343:S2CID
2315:(PDF)
2282:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2091:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1945:[
1422:50 kW
1414:Nerja
1386:UTC+1
1382:UTC+2
1102:0–23
1100:Hours
720:0x110
660:&
349:guyed
169:DCF77
128:50 kW
125:Power
5078:Year
5063:Week
5053:Hour
4507:DUT1
4446:and
4066:and
4029:Kāla
3724:List
3718:Maya
3514:and
3486:Past
3472:Time
3425:YVTO
3242:WWVH
3232:WWVB
3127:NTSC
3091:NIST
3079:NICT
3043:ANFR
2978:WWVL
2963:OLB5
2858:YVTO
2853:WWVH
2795:WWVB
2760:Beta
2666:Code
2564:ISSN
2335:PMID
2223:2017
2197:2019
2171:2021
2099:2011
1788:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1633:and
1568:and
1285:CEST
763:and
714:lfsr
708:lfsr
699:chip
681:lfsr
675:chip
657:lfsr
651:chip
645:chip
618:<
585:lfsr
579:lfsr
546:chip
471:The
410:bit;
343:The
310:and
284:7806
282:.289
33:The
5058:Day
4184:era
4174:eon
4164:age
3543:TAI
3533:UTC
3413:PPE
3377:BSF
3359:RWM
3354:RTZ
3339:RBU
3328:LOL
3317:EBC
3290:BPM
3285:BPL
3280:BPC
3269:CHU
3253:MSF
3237:WWV
3221:JJY
3199:HLA
3163:SHN
3151:ROA
3139:PTB
3115:NRC
3103:NPL
2983:Y3S
2968:OMA
2958:NAA
2953:HBG
2948:BSF
2876:UHF
2868:VHF
2848:WWV
2843:RWM
2828:HLA
2818:CHU
2813:BPM
2780:RTZ
2775:RBU
2770:JJY
2755:BSF
2750:BPL
2745:BPC
2327:doi
1470:PTB
1378:UTC
1354::59
1348::39
1334::19
1323::58
1317::38
1312:CET
1304::18
1299:80
1296::57
1290::37
1277::17
1272:40
1269::56
1258::36
1244::16
1239:20
1236::55
1227::35
1218::15
1213:10
1210::54
1207:20
1204::34
1198::14
1190::53
1187:10
1184::33
1178::13
1170::52
1164::32
1158::12
1150::51
1144::31
1138::11
1125::50
1119::30
1113::10
1108:10
1105::49
1094::29
1088::09
1080::48
1068::28
1062::08
1054::47
1051:40
1048::27
1042::07
1034::46
1031:20
1028::26
1022::06
1009::45
1006:10
1003::25
997::05
989::44
983::24
977::04
969::43
963::23
957::03
944::42
938::22
932::02
927:20
924::41
913::21
893::01
882::40
873::20
861::00
856:AM
853:PhM
847:PhM
841:PhM
830:Bit
819:Bit
808:Bit
642:int
621:512
597:for
570:int
280:868
267:UTC
217:in
111:PTB
5188::
4502:ΔT
4497:UT
4129:–
4125:–
3538:UT
2872:FM
2664:,
2653:,
2570:.
2525:.
2393:.
2371:^
2341:,
2333:,
2323:59
2321:,
2317:,
2231:^
2074:^
1890:^
1614:mi
1610:km
1578:mi
1574:km
1554:mi
1550:km
1388:.
1351:8
1337:A2
1326:P3
1320:4
1307:Z2
1293:2
1280:Z1
1247:A1
1230:P2
1201:0
1193:8
1181:0
1173:4
1167:8
1161:0
1153:2
1147:4
1141:0
1122:2
1116:0
1091:1
1083:8
1071:P1
1065:1
1057:4
1045:1
1037:2
1025:1
1000:1
992:4
986:8
980:1
972:2
966:4
960:1
941:2
935:1
885:10
850:AM
844:AM
759:,
717:^=
702:||
693:if
678:);
630:++
518:dB
437:.
406:/
273:.
233:.
225:,
52:,
4436:e
4429:t
4422:v
3464:e
3457:t
3450:v
3017:e
3010:t
3003:v
2874:/
2870:/
2721:e
2714:t
2707:v
2584:.
2536:.
2454:.
2429:.
2404:.
2329::
2225:.
2199:.
2173:.
2141:.
2101:.
2023:.
2002:.
1981:.
1929:.
1912:.
1884:.
1863:.
1838:.
1817:.
1796:.
1769:.
1743:.
1721:.
1707:.
1686:.
1357:0
1261:1
1221:R
1128:1
1097:1
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947:1
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896:1
876:S
867:M
864:1
726:}
723:;
711:)
705:!
696:(
690:;
687:1
672:(
666:;
663:1
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648:;
636:{
633:)
627:i
624:;
615:i
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606:=
603:i
600:(
594:;
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588:=
582:;
576:,
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383:(
335:.
278:3
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