3128:
479:
time service was to furnish mariners in the seaboard cities with the means of regulating their chronometers; but, like many another governmental activity, its scope has gradually broadened until it has become of general usefulness. The electrical impulse which goes forth from the
Observatory at noon each day, now sets or regulates automatically more than 70,000 clocks located in all parts of the United States, and also serves, in each of the larger cities of the country, to release a time-ball located on some lofty building of central location. The dropping of the time-ball – accompanied, at some points, with the simultaneous firing of a cannon – is the signal for the regulation by hand of hundreds of other clocks and watches in the vicinity.
448:
307:
3122:
623:
2903:
726:, the CBS Radio Network all-news station in Los Angeles, broadcasts this "bong" sound on the hour. However, due to buffering of the digital broadcast on some computers, this signal may be delayed as much as 20 seconds from the actual start of the hour (this is presumably the same situation for all CBS Radio stations, as each station's digital stream is produced and distributed in a similar manner), though unlike program content which is on a
2913:
496:
478:
One of the most important functions of the Naval
Observatory is found in the daily distribution of the correct time to every portion of the United States. This is effected by means of telegraphic signals, which are sent out from Washington at noon daily, except Sundays. The original object of this
86:
were among the first customers for time signals, which allowed synchronization of their operations over wide geographic areas. Dedicated radio time signal stations transmit a signal that allows automatic synchronization of clocks, and commercial broadcasters still include time signals in their
293:
served as public time signals before radio made them obsolete. Sometimes, the tradition of a factory whistle becomes so deeply entrenched in a community that the whistle is maintained long after its original function as a time keeper became obsolete. For example, the
687:" system are contractually required to delay their analog broadcast by about eight seconds, so it remains in sync with the digital stream. Thus, network-generated time signals and service cues will also be delayed by about eight seconds. (Because of the delay, when
775:
also broadcasts time signals, using a chime every half-hour. Time signals on CBC broadcasts may be delayed up to 3 seconds due to network processing delays between the local radio transmitter and the time signal origin in Ottawa. The CBC's predecessor, the
721:
Television
Network, at the top of the hour immediately before the beginning of any televised program, in the 1960s and 1970s.) An automated "chirp" at one second before the hour signals a switch to the radio network broadcast. As an example,
288:
are tested regularly at a specified time (say, noon each
Saturday); while not primarily intended to mark the time, local people often check their watches when they hear this signal. In many non-seafaring communities, loud factory
595:
are used, the delays are often more than 100 ms, due to the multiple access methods used to share cell channels. In rare instances when the telephone connection is made by satellite, the time is delayed by 250–500 ms.
586:
broadcasts can also be heard by telephone. The time announcements are normally delayed by less than 30 ms when using land lines from within the continental United States, and the stability (delay variation) is generally
640:
time signals formerly were also used for radio clock synchronization, by augmenting their highly accurate frequency transmissions with external measurements of the offsets of LORAN navigation signals against time standards.
466:. On that November day, the US Naval Observatory telegraphed a signal that coordinated noon at Eastern standard time with 11 am Central, 10 am Mountain, and 9 am Pacific standard time.
695:
was broadcasting time markers, and was simulcast on an FM station that broadcast in HD; the FM signal did not carry the time signal. WBEN does not broadcast in HD.) Local signals may also be delayed.
668:
have distinctive beginning-of-the-hour tones, though the WINS signal is only approximate (several seconds error). WINS also has a tone at 30 minutes past the hour for those setting their clocks.
114:. These clocks are only as good as the clockwork that activates them, but they have improved substantially since the first clocks from the 14th century. Until modern times, a public clock such as
1371:
784:, CNRO (originally CKCH), at 9 pm daily and also on its Moncton station, CNRA, beginning in 1923. CNRA closed in 1931 but the broadcasts continued on CNRO when the station was acquired by the
552:
band can cover wider areas with relatively low-power transmitters, but the varying distance that the signal travels increases the uncertainty of the time signal on a scale of milliseconds.
165:
of the 6:00 pm Sunday closing of fishing.) The 9:00 pm firing was later established as a time signal for the general population. Until a time gun was installed, the nearby
29:
649:
As radio receivers became more widely available, broadcasters included time information in the form of voice announcements or automated tones to accurately indicate the hour. The
748:(AM-FM) in Salt Lake City uses a "clang" that originates from the Nauvoo Bell on Temple Square, in Salt Lake City, which has been a staple on the station since the early 1960s.
391:. This included a system for synchronising the drop of the time ball at Greenwich with other time balls around the country, one of which was atop the Electric's offices in the
1308:
660:
In the United States many information-based radio stations (full-service, all-news and news/talk) also broadcast time signals at the beginning of the hour. In New York,
3026:
1476:
2949:
354:, London, and the time ball has dropped at 1:00 pm every day since then. The first American time ball went into service in 1845. In New York City, the ceremonial
822:) can be delayed by tens of seconds due to buffering and error correction, making time signals received on a digital radio unreliable when accuracy is needed.
334:, visible signals enabled greater precision than audible ones, although audible signals could operate better under conditions of reduced visibility. The first
1382:
1337:
730:
for content concerns, the time signal airs as-is over-the-air, meaning it can sometimes be talked over during a live news event or sports play-by-play.
1648:
1652:
1681:
2942:
1283:
458:
came into existence in the United States on 18 November 1883. Earlier, on 11 October 1883, the
General Time Convention, forerunner to the
436:
proposed a single 24-hour clock for the entire world. At a meeting of the Royal
Canadian Institute on 8 February 1879 he linked it to the
1888:
102:. Where this is not available, a locally connected GNSS receiver can precisely set the time using one of several software applications.
78:
used a visual signal, the dropping of a ball, to allow mariners to check the chronometers used for navigation. The advent of electrical
1496:
430:
starting in 1865. By the late 1800s, many U.S. observatories were selling accurate time by offering a regional time signal service.
3480:
1004:
182:
1107:
129:
available, although they did not keep perfect time. A number of accurate audible or visible time signals were established in many
2935:
2512:
2348:
1593:
1618:
1094:
785:
98:
available to accurately indicate the local time, both for business and residential use. Computers often set their time from an
1977:
1267:
899:
756:
94:) radio signals are used to precisely distribute time signals over much of the world. There are many commercially available
3449:
1035:
211:. The tradition, which started in the 1860s under British colonial rule, has become a tourist attraction in recent times.
1484:
375:
The first telegraph distribution of time signal in the United
Kingdom, indeed, in the world, was initiated in 1852 by the
3706:
1456:
1674:
1525:— The VNG Users' Consortium was working on ways to solve the problem of the lack of accurate time signals in Australia.
326:
relating the number of seconds required for the report of the time gun to reach various locations in the city. Because
269:
for about twenty years until 21 April 1959, the 2712th anniversary of Rome's founding, and has been in use since then.
169:
lighthouse keeper detonated a stick of dynamite. Elsewhere in Canada, a "Noon Gun" is fired daily from the citadels in
115:
1061:
3200:
1439:
1204:
1161:
869:
706:, of which WCBS is the flagship, air a "bong" (at a frequency of 440 Hz – the international standard for the
298:'s power plant whistle has been reinstated several times by popular demand after numerous attempts to silence it.
2462:
2117:
935:
853:
427:
3273:
2341:
1878:
1581:
1239:
791:
In
Australia, many information-based radio stations broadcast time signals at the beginning of the hour, and a
253:
since 1904 a cannon is fired daily at noon towards the river as a time signal. This was introduced in 1847 by
3454:
1893:
1667:
1542:
534:
490:
2424:
459:
3409:
3389:
3335:
3220:
3056:
2715:
909:
677:
347:
158:
1529:
717:) that immediately precedes each top-of-the-hour network newscast. (The same bong could be heard on the
265:
for a few months until it was placed in its current position. The cannon was silenced from the start of
3076:
3061:
2999:
2978:
2067:
2047:
885:
815:
437:
399:
376:
178:
170:
3230:
3041:
2778:
2627:
2507:
2057:
1970:
1919:
1883:
548:
characteristics, which gives low uncertainty in the received time signals. Stations operating in the
343:
2477:
1868:
1490:
741:
3490:
3268:
3170:
3086:
3081:
2733:
2384:
1510:
197:
1290:
1196:
2087:
1567:
847:
3711:
3643:
2916:
2548:
2493:
2447:
2432:
2077:
858:
806:
is a radio station which has a time signal over news. Radio Reloj translates to Clock Radio.
707:
654:
519:
388:
315:
258:
759:
from 5 November 1939 until 9 October 2023. The simulcast would occur daily at 1pm
3470:
3384:
3210:
3071:
2799:
2768:
2217:
2112:
1963:
1855:
1837:
1095:
The
Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture
914:
530:
8:
3680:
3475:
3330:
3195:
3147:
2673:
2132:
2092:
1829:
1809:
1789:
1779:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1504:
792:
604:
579:
384:
174:
3016:
1012:
82:
allowed widespread and precise distribution of time signals from central observatories.
3655:
3429:
3353:
3283:
2622:
2600:
2467:
2291:
2262:
2197:
2190:
1909:
1774:
1746:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1189:
1115:
522:
473:
describes the role of the United States Naval
Observatory as a source of time signals:
295:
231:
126:
1601:
447:
3716:
3503:
3368:
3185:
2703:
2582:
2482:
2335:
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1929:
1914:
1845:
1706:
1642:
1626:
1550:
1435:
1263:
1235:
1200:
1144:
836:
703:
692:
545:
533:
systems. Time signals have been transmitted by radio since 1905. There are dedicated
514:
The telegraphic distribution of time signals was made obsolete by the use of AM, FM,
415:
355:
227:
1570:
at Washington, DC – the determination of time and other important astronomical work.
3648:
3394:
3373:
3325:
3288:
3101:
2821:
2809:
2637:
2605:
2437:
2306:
2222:
2212:
2127:
555:
Radio time signal stations broadcast the time in both audible and machine-readable
433:
380:
219:
150:
146:
1309:"'The beginning of the long dash' indicates 75 years of official time on CBC"
978:
3379:
3358:
3190:
3162:
2927:
2883:
2748:
2725:
2693:
2645:
2632:
2595:
2577:
2207:
2202:
880:
727:
599:
The audio from the broadcasts is available by telephone by dialling U.S. numbers
515:
285:
235:
33:
3675:
3434:
3424:
3363:
3320:
3152:
3142:
3111:
3011:
2983:
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2615:
2487:
2457:
2442:
2227:
2185:
2180:
2052:
1766:
875:
819:
734:
in Philadelphia broadcasts a time signal at the top of the hour along with its
699:
392:
331:
327:
166:
111:
814:
Program material, including time signals, that is transmitted digitally (e.g.
306:
3700:
3562:
3513:
3498:
3444:
3215:
3051:
3046:
2962:
2906:
2856:
2804:
2738:
2710:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2560:
2404:
2330:
2279:
2232:
2147:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2030:
1460:
904:
863:
752:
627:
592:
500:
455:
234:" is still in operation. A cannon located at the top of Santa Lucia Hill, in
22:
3660:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3524:
3263:
2878:
2872:
2538:
2472:
2394:
2325:
2274:
2175:
2122:
2062:
1554:
1069:
842:
764:
760:
526:
444:
could be used locally, but they were subordinate to his single world time.
359:
254:
154:
1165:
1148:
622:
3670:
3665:
3310:
3293:
3225:
3205:
3091:
2973:
2888:
2866:
2773:
2758:
2553:
2533:
2523:
2452:
2409:
2389:
2318:
2137:
2039:
1690:
1594:"Distributed time service: An upgrade to current time station technology"
803:
745:
630:
560:
503:
322:
In 1861 and 1862, the Edinburgh Post Office Directory published time gun
272:
For many years an old cannon was fired "about noon" from a mountain near
262:
204:
99:
95:
59:
53:
1459:. Liverpool, UK: Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. 2007. Archived from
564:
3685:
3638:
3622:
3508:
3414:
3235:
3096:
3066:
3004:
2783:
2683:
2590:
2565:
2368:
2152:
1659:
673:
411:
403:
339:
122:
74:; however, audible signals (even signal guns) have limited range. Busy
37:
284:
In many Midwestern US cities where tornadoes are a common hazard, the
67:
3582:
3419:
3303:
3278:
3258:
3175:
3127:
3121:
3106:
2846:
2763:
2399:
2311:
2286:
2267:
2157:
1934:
832:
796:
777:
768:
688:
665:
661:
556:
549:
463:
441:
407:
351:
335:
311:
246:
223:
215:
208:
193:
162:
142:
79:
1516:
1405:
953:
153:" is still shot every night at 9 pm. (This gun was brought to
3617:
3597:
3439:
3345:
3245:
3036:
3031:
2414:
2257:
2167:
2025:
2015:
1799:
1698:
1376:
1348:
1313:
723:
684:
568:
541:
426:
Telegraph signals were used regularly for time coordination by the
189:
28:
1338:"The end of the long dash: CBC stops broadcasting official 1
795:
service was also available until October 2019. However, the
3612:
3602:
3532:
3404:
3315:
3180:
2753:
2743:
2665:
2656:
2641:
2528:
2373:
2296:
2005:
1873:
1833:
669:
637:
290:
130:
83:
2543:
257:
to synchronise all the church bells of Rome. It was situated in
3607:
3557:
3552:
2851:
2010:
1863:
1794:
1784:
1232:
Communications: An international history of the formative years
1036:"Midwestern towns with sirens weigh nostalgia against nuisance"
781:
735:
731:
495:
63:
49:
788:
in 1933 and by the CBC in 1936 before going national in 1939.
462:, approved a plan that divided the United States into several
279:
196:, since 1806. The gun is fired daily from the Lion Battery at
3587:
3399:
3298:
3253:
2861:
2610:
2301:
2249:
1726:
273:
250:
71:
3592:
3577:
3567:
3021:
2958:
2000:
1986:
1939:
1924:
1819:
1814:
1756:
1253:
1251:
934:
Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (10 April 2019).
894:
889:
772:
612:
583:
572:
266:
242:
91:
75:
3027:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
1432:
Spring Forward: The annual madness of Daylight Saving Time
3572:
1944:
1804:
1731:
718:
650:
323:
1248:
751:
In Canada, the national English-language non-commercial
451:
Advertisement for a telegraph time signal service (1900)
1955:
680:
at the beginning of the hour continuously, since 1943.
133:
cities to enable navigators to set their chronometers.
16:
Signal used as a reference to determine the time of day
1404:
Kruijshoop, Alfred; Walker, Marjorie. "Introduction".
1289:(Report). iBiquity Digital Corporation. Archived from
118:
was the only time standard the general public needed.
1141:
The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History
799:
dedicated time signal service has been discontinued.
491:
Radio clock § List of radio time signal stations
1258:
McCarthy, Dennis D.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2009).
936:"Noon Day Gun - Signal Hill National Historic Site"
933:
509:
214:A cannon was fired at one o'clock every weekday at
121:Accurate knowledge of time of day is essential for
105:
2957:
1619:"Receiving, identifying and decoding time signals"
1257:
1188:
619:toll-free) are disconnected after 2 minutes.
48:is a visible, audible, mechanical, or electronic
3698:
346:. One was installed in 1833 on the roof of the
2943:
1971:
1675:
1580:Magazine was published from 1904–1905 by the
1005:"The Old Noon Day Gun of Kabul - Afghanistan"
683:Broadcast stations using iBiquity Digital's "
567:. Typically, they use a national or regional
1647:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1403:
854:Global Positioning System § Timekeeping
398:Other synchronised time balls were atop the
90:Today, global navigation satellite systems (
1549:. Vol. 3, no. 1. pp. 19–26.
1260:Time: From Earth rotation to atomic physics
1162:"Timekeeping at the U.S. Naval Observatory"
280:Sirens, whistles, and other audible signals
2950:
2936:
1978:
1964:
1682:
1668:
1651:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1225:
1223:
365:
40:in 1905 before the widespread use of radio
1296:on 13 July 2011 – via ibiquity.com.
1135:
1133:
1062:"The enduring exhalations of The Whistle"
3481:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1689:
1306:
778:Canadian National Railways Radio network
621:
559:form that can be used as references for
494:
446:
305:
27:
21:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1540:
1457:"The Time Ball and the One O'clock Gun"
1429:
1335:
1220:
767:, broadcasts a similar signal at noon.
644:
633:receiver, antenna left, receiver right.
440:(now 180°). He suggested that standard
3699:
1329:
1186:
1130:
786:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
387:was distributed by telegraph from the
362:is a vestige of a visual time signal.
230:to establish the time. The Edinburgh "
125:, and ships carried the most accurate
2931:
1959:
1663:
1229:
1195:. Stanford University Press. p.
1143:, pp. 52-53, David and Charles, 1973
1089:
1087:
900:Time synchronization in North America
780:, broadcast the time signal over its
757:National Research Council Time Signal
571:digital signal; for example, station
484:
183:St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
52:used as a reference to determine the
2912:
1381:. CBC Archives. 1939. Archived from
1059:
1033:
578:The audio portions of the shortwave
110:One sort of public time signal is a
1499:. Durr Cannon / Research Projects.
1307:Bartlett, Geoff (5 November 2014).
763:. Its French-language counterpart,
676: V for victory to the tune of
544:radio band have highly predictable
66:gave way to automatically operated
32:These automatic signal clocks were
13:
1564:– via babel.hathitrust.org.
1423:
1416:– via tufi.alphalink.com.au.
1097:p.164. Duke University Press, 2010
1084:
342:, England in 1829 by its inventor
14:
3728:
3201:Discrete time and continuous time
1616:
1449:
870:Smart Personal Objects Technology
370:
301:
3126:
3120:
2911:
2902:
2901:
1372:"The beginning of the long dash"
1336:Taekema, Dan (10 October 2023).
809:
510:Dedicated time signal broadcasts
421:
261:until 1903 when it was moved to
106:Audible and visible time signals
1479:. Travel in Western Australia.
1397:
1364:
1300:
1276:
1180:
1154:
540:Time stations operating in the
428:United States Naval Observatory
3274:History of timekeeping devices
1582:Armour Institute of Technology
1543:"Distribution of time signals"
1541:Fawcett, Waldon (March 1905).
1509:— mentions the time cannon at
1503:. South Africa. Archived from
1489:— mentions the time cannon at
1100:
1053:
1027:
997:
971:
946:
927:
136:
62:or voices announcing hours of
1:
1894:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
1600:. New Zealand. Archived from
1566:Many-sided activities of the
921:
657:in its broadcasts from 1922.
1034:Ross, Jenna (9 April 2015).
755:network broadcast the daily
460:American Railway Association
207:serves a similar purpose in
100:Internet atomic clock source
7:
3221:Gravitational time dilation
3057:Barycentric Coordinate Time
2716:Geological history of Earth
1625:. Australia. Archived from
1517:"The VNG User's Consortium"
1060:Snee, Tom (18 April 2011).
910:Time and frequency transfer
825:
615:(Hawaii). Calls (which are
10:
3733:
3707:Time signal radio stations
3077:Geocentric Coordinate Time
3062:Barycentric Dynamical Time
3000:Coordinated Universal Time
2068:Orders of magnitude (time)
1262:. Wiley-VCH. p. 256.
535:radio time signal stations
488:
438:anti-meridian of Greenwich
400:Nelson Monument, Edinburgh
379:in collaboration with the
377:Electric Telegraph Company
358:drop on New Year's Eve in
20:
3631:
3522:
3489:
3463:
3344:
3244:
3231:Time-translation symmetry
3161:
3135:
3118:
3042:International Atomic Time
2992:
2969:
2897:
2839:
2792:
2779:Time translation symmetry
2724:
2664:
2654:
2576:
2503:
2423:
2364:
2248:
2166:
2076:
2038:
2024:
1993:
1902:
1884:Global Positioning System
1854:
1828:
1765:
1697:
1430:Downing, Michael (2005).
1284:Licensing fact sheet 2009
983:Christian Science Monitor
744:-owned news/talk station
330:travels much faster than
1985:
1530:"The Edinburgh time gun"
1040:Minneapolis Star Tribune
742:Bonneville International
678:Beethoven's 5th Symphony
565:radio-controlled watches
3491:Astronomical chronology
3464:Archaeology and geology
3171:Absolute space and time
3087:IERS Reference Meridian
3082:International Date Line
2993:International standards
2734:Absolute space and time
2385:Astronomical chronology
1434:. Shoemaker and Hoard.
1187:Bartky, Ian R. (2000).
1112:greenwichmeantime.co.uk
366:Electrical time signals
159:Department of Fisheries
96:radio controlled clocks
2784:Time reversal symmetry
2088:Italian six-hour clock
1568:U.S. Naval Observatory
848:Extended Data Services
634:
506:
469:A March 1905 issue of
452:
319:
238:, is shot every noon.
188:In the same manner, a
41:
3450:Weekday determination
3336:Sundial markup schema
2549:Time and fate deities
2494:The Unreality of Time
2433:A series and B series
1521:tufi.alphalink.com.au
1191:Selling the true time
1108:"Greenwich Time Ball"
859:Greenwich Time Signal
625:
520:Network Time Protocol
498:
450:
389:Greenwich Observatory
316:Greenwich Observatory
309:
249:, a hill west of the
31:
3471:Chronological dating
3211:Theory of relativity
3072:Daylight saving time
2800:Chronological dating
2769:Theory of relativity
2113:Daylight saving time
1691:Time signal stations
1617:Hacko, Nick, VK2DX.
1604:on 27 September 2007
1463:on 27 September 2007
1234:. IET. p. 121.
1230:Burns, R.W. (2004).
915:Time synchronization
645:General broadcasters
531:satellite navigation
402:; the sailors' home
3681:Time value of money
3476:Geologic time scale
3331:History of sundials
3196:Cosmological decade
3148:Greenwich Mean Time
2979:Orders of magnitude
2093:Thai six-hour clock
1623:GenesisRadio.com.au
1547:The Technical World
1168:on 19 December 2017
1139:Kieve, Jeffrey L.,
1009:digitalsilver.co.uk
575:in the U.S. .
471:The Technical World
414:, installed by the
385:Greenwich Mean Time
161:originally to warn
127:marine chronometers
3656:Mental chronometry
3284:Marine chronometer
3136:Obsolete standards
2623:Rosy retrospection
2601:Mental chronometry
2425:Philosophy of time
1507:on 7 January 2009.
1118:on 23 October 2010
653:has included time
635:
537:around the world.
507:
485:Radio time sources
453:
320:
296:University of Iowa
259:Castel Sant'Angelo
192:has been fired in
42:
3694:
3693:
3504:Nuclear timescale
3186:Continuous signal
2925:
2924:
2835:
2834:
2810:Circadian rhythms
2628:Tense–aspect–mood
2483:Temporal finitism
2360:
2359:
2336:Grandfather clock
1953:
1952:
1846:Radio Data System
1269:978-3-527-40780-4
1015:on 28 August 2017
837:Radio Data System
704:CBS Radio Network
693:Buffalo, New York
546:radio propagation
356:Times Square Ball
348:Royal Observatory
3724:
3395:Dominical letter
3326:Equation of time
3289:Marine sandglass
3130:
3124:
3102:Terrestrial Time
2959:Time measurement
2952:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2822:Glottochronology
2662:
2661:
2578:Human experience
2438:B-theory of time
2036:
2035:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:on 24 April 2012
1613:
1611:
1609:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1537:
1534:edinphoto.org.uk
1524:
1508:
1488:
1483:. Archived from
1481:Travel Downunder
1472:
1470:
1468:
1445:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1194:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1164:. Archived from
1158:
1152:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1114:. Archived from
1104:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1068:. Archived from
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:. Archived from
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
950:
944:
943:
931:
715:
714:
702:stations of the
610:
607:(Colorado), and
602:
590:
434:Sandford Fleming
381:Astronomer Royal
286:emergency sirens
147:British Columbia
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3627:
3518:
3485:
3459:
3340:
3240:
3191:Coordinate time
3163:Time in physics
3157:
3131:
3125:
3116:
2988:
2965:
2956:
2926:
2921:
2893:
2884:Time immemorial
2831:
2788:
2749:Coordinate time
2720:
2674:Geological time
2650:
2633:Time management
2596:Generation time
2580:
2572:
2517:
2499:
2419:
2378:
2356:
2244:
2162:
2079:
2072:
2028:
2020:
1989:
1984:
1954:
1949:
1898:
1850:
1824:
1761:
1747:TDF time signal
1693:
1688:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1559:
1557:
1528:
1515:
1495:
1487:on 2 July 2005.
1475:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1442:
1426:
1424:Further reading
1421:
1411:
1409:
1406:Time NZ & A
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1228:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1072:on 22 June 2018
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
985:. 22 April 1982
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
952:
951:
947:
932:
928:
924:
919:
881:Synchronization
828:
812:
728:broadcast delay
710:
709:
647:
608:
600:
589:less than 1 ms.
588:
516:shortwave radio
512:
493:
487:
424:
373:
368:
344:Robert Wauchope
338:was erected at
314:on the roof of
304:
282:
232:One O'Clock Gun
157:in 1894 by the
139:
108:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3676:Time metrology
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3632:Related topics
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Dialing scales
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3153:Prime meridian
3150:
3145:
3143:Ephemeris time
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3112:180th meridian
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2827:Time geography
2824:
2819:
2817:Clock reaction
2814:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:time signature
2613:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2488:Temporal parts
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Eternal return
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Chronocentrism
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:Hindu Panchang
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1614:
1598:hireme.geek.nz
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1538:
1526:
1513:
1501:museums.org.za
1493:
1473:
1451:
1450:External links
1448:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1396:
1385:on 8 June 2016
1363:
1328:
1299:
1275:
1268:
1247:
1240:
1219:
1205:
1179:
1153:
1129:
1099:
1083:
1052:
1026:
996:
979:"The noon gun"
970:
945:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
883:
878:
876:Speaking clock
873:
867:
861:
856:
851:
845:
840:
829:
827:
824:
820:Internet radio
811:
808:
793:speaking clock
782:Ottawa station
771:radio station
700:all-news radio
646:
643:
609:(808) 335-4363
601:(303) 499-7111
591:However, when
511:
508:
486:
483:
482:
481:
423:
420:
372:
371:United Kingdom
369:
367:
364:
303:
302:Visual signals
300:
281:
278:
226:, and also at
167:Brockton Point
138:
135:
112:striking clock
107:
104:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3729:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3525:units of time
3521:
3515:
3514:Sidereal time
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Galactic year
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3455:Weekday names
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Tropical year
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Intercalation
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:(lunar Hijri)
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Time dilation
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:24-hour clock
3050:
3048:
3047:12-hour clock
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:Chronobiology
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Arrow of time
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Geochronology
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:Wheel of time
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Periodization
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Digital clock
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
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2108:Relative hour
2106:
2104:
2103:24-hour clock
2101:
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2098:12-hour clock
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
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1981:
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1755:
1753:
1752:Time from NPL
1750:
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1441:1-59376-053-1
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1206:9780804738743
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1109:
1103:
1096:
1093:Aubin, David
1090:
1088:
1071:
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1056:
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905:Time transfer
903:
901:
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871:
868:
865:
864:Low frequency
862:
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852:
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838:
834:
831:
830:
823:
821:
817:
810:Digital delay
807:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:CBC Radio One
749:
747:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
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708:musical note
705:
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629:
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593:mobile phones
585:
581:
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547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:atomic clocks
524:
521:
517:
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502:
497:
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480:
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474:
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457:
456:Standard time
449:
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422:United States
419:
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151:9 O'Clock Gun
148:
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124:
119:
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103:
101:
97:
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88:
87:programming.
85:
81:
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69:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
39:
35:
30:
24:
23:Time standard
19:
3712:Time signals
3661:Decimal time
3390:Astronomical
3269:Complication
3264:Atomic clock
2879:Time capsule
2873:Tempus fugit
2871:
2793:Other fields
2492:
2473:Perdurantism
2395:Calendar era
2347:
2340:
2326:Cuckoo clock
2263:astronomical
2237:
2063:Unit of time
1994:Key concepts
1633:28 September
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1622:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:the original
1597:
1579:
1565:
1558:. Retrieved
1546:
1533:
1523:. Australia.
1520:
1505:the original
1500:
1485:the original
1480:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1431:
1410:. Retrieved
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:the original
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1347:
1344:time signal"
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1312:
1302:
1291:the original
1278:
1259:
1231:
1210:. Retrieved
1190:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1156:
1140:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1111:
1102:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:the original
1065:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1008:
999:
987:. Retrieved
982:
973:
961:. Retrieved
958:bokaap.co.za
957:
954:"Noon Gun -"
948:
940:www.pc.gc.ca
939:
929:
843:Clock signal
813:
801:
790:
765:Radio-Canada
761:Eastern Time
750:
740:
711:
697:
682:
659:
648:
636:
616:
598:
577:
561:radio clocks
554:
539:
513:
477:
470:
468:
454:
432:
425:
397:
374:
360:Times Square
321:
283:
271:
255:Pope Pius IX
240:
213:
202:
187:
155:Stanley Park
140:
120:
109:
89:
60:Church bells
58:
45:
43:
34:synchronized
18:
3671:System time
3666:Metric time
3385:Solar Hijri
3311:Water clock
3294:Radio clock
3226:Time domain
3206:Proper time
3092:Leap second
2974:Chronometry
2889:Time travel
2867:System time
2774:Time domain
2759:Proper time
2583:use of time
2554:Father Time
2534:Immortality
2524:Ages of Man
2453:Endurantism
2410:Regnal year
2390:Big History
2319:water-based
2218:Solar Hijri
2128:Hexadecimal
2078:Measurement
2040:Chronometry
2026:Measurement
1608:13 December
1536:. Scotland.
1412:23 November
804:Radio Reloj
631:radio clock
626:A low cost
525:as well as
518:, Internet
504:Radio clock
410:and one at
406:, Glasgow;
263:Monte Mario
205:Noonday Gun
198:Signal Hill
179:Signal Hill
175:Quebec City
137:Signal guns
54:time of day
46:time signal
3701:Categories
3686:Timekeeper
3639:Chronology
3623:Millennium
3509:Precession
3415:Julian day
3236:T-symmetry
3097:Solar time
3067:Civil time
2591:Chronemics
2566:Kalachakra
2478:Presentism
2463:Eternalism
2369:Chronology
2307:mechanical
2258:Main types
2176:Main types
1497:"Noon Gun"
1356:2 December
1241:0863413277
922:References
674:Morse code
489:See also:
464:time zones
442:time zones
412:Deal, Kent
404:Broomielaw
340:Portsmouth
123:navigation
80:telegraphs
70:on public
38:telegraphy
3583:Fortnight
3430:Lunisolar
3420:Leap year
3354:Gregorian
3304:stopwatch
3279:Hourglass
3259:Astrarium
3176:Spacetime
3107:Time zone
2984:Metrology
2963:standards
2847:Leap year
2764:Spacetime
2638:Yesterday
2539:Dreamtime
2513:Mythology
2400:Deep time
2312:stopwatch
2287:hourglass
2268:astrarium
2198:Gregorian
2191:Lunisolar
2168:Calendars
2158:Time zone
2031:standards
1935:Radio VNG
1856:Satellite
1767:Shortwave
1560:2 January
1511:Cape Town
1149:655205099
833:Car radio
802:In Cuba,
769:Vancouver
672:uses the
557:time code
550:shortwave
499:A modern
416:Admiralty
408:Liverpool
352:Greenwich
336:time ball
312:time ball
247:Janiculum
245:, on the
224:Edinburgh
218:, at the
216:Liverpool
209:Hong Kong
194:Cape Town
177:and from
163:fishermen
143:Vancouver
3717:Horology
3644:Duration
3618:Saeculum
3598:Olympiad
3440:Solstice
3369:Holocene
3346:Calendar
3246:Horology
3037:ISO 8601
3032:ISO 31-1
2907:Category
2655:Time in
2646:Tomorrow
2508:Religion
2448:Duration
2415:Timeline
2349:Timeline
2148:Sidereal
2016:Eternity
1800:ROA Time
1699:Longwave
1643:cite web
1408:(Report)
1379:(cbc.ca)
1377:CBC News
1351:(cbc.ca)
1349:CBC News
1316:(cbc.ca)
1314:CBC News
1212:29 March
1172:10 April
1066:Iowa Now
872:, (SPOT)
826:See also
685:HD Radio
569:longwave
542:longwave
318:, London
291:whistles
236:Santiago
190:Noon Gun
84:Railways
76:seaports
3613:Century
3603:Lustrum
3533:Instant
3405:Equinox
3374:Islamic
3316:Sundial
3181:Chronon
2917:Commons
2840:Related
2754:Instant
2744:Chronon
2726:Physics
2666:Geology
2657:science
2529:Destiny
2374:History
2342:History
2297:sundial
2280:quantum
2223:Chinese
2213:Islamic
2123:Decimal
2118:Chinese
2080:systems
2006:Present
1903:Defunct
1879:Galileo
1874:GLONASS
1555:9990027
1477:"Perth"
1389:8 April
1321:8 April
1122:8 April
1076:21 June
1045:21 June
1019:8 April
989:8 April
963:8 April
850:and PBS
689:WBEN-AM
638:Loran-C
523:servers
171:Halifax
131:seaport
116:Big Ben
3608:Decade
3563:Moment
3558:Minute
3553:Second
3523:Other
3380:Julian
3359:Hebrew
3005:offset
2857:Moment
2852:Memory
2704:period
2292:marine
2275:atomic
2250:Clocks
2208:Hebrew
2203:Julian
2138:Metric
2011:Future
1864:BeiDou
1795:JN53DV
1785:HD2IOA
1553:
1467:2 June
1438:
1266:
1238:
1203:
1147:
866:, (LF)
736:jingle
732:KYW-AM
655:"pips"
393:Strand
220:Castle
72:clocks
68:chimes
64:prayer
50:signal
3649:music
3588:Month
3548:Jiffy
3543:Shake
3538:Flick
3435:Solar
3425:Lunar
3400:Epact
3364:Hindu
3299:Watch
3254:Clock
2862:Space
2694:epoch
2684:chron
2642:Today
2611:tempo
2606:Music
2468:Event
2302:watch
2186:Lunar
2181:Solar
2153:Solar
2143:Roman
2133:Hindu
1889:IRNSS
1869:DORIS
1727:DCF77
1491:Perth
1294:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
839:(RDS)
332:sound
328:light
274:Kabul
251:Tiber
228:Perth
149:, a "
3593:Year
3578:Week
3568:Hour
3022:DUT1
2961:and
2581:and
2544:Kāla
2239:List
2233:Maya
2029:and
2001:Past
1987:Time
1940:WWVL
1925:OLB5
1820:YVTO
1815:WWVH
1757:WWVB
1722:Beta
1653:link
1649:link
1635:2011
1610:2006
1562:2024
1551:OCLC
1469:2008
1436:ISBN
1414:2013
1391:2018
1358:2023
1341:P.M.
1323:2018
1264:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1214:2019
1201:ISBN
1174:2018
1145:OCLC
1124:2018
1078:2018
1047:2018
1021:2018
991:2018
965:2018
895:WWVB
890:VITC
773:CKNW
698:The
670:WTIC
666:WINS
664:and
662:WCBS
613:WWVH
611:for
603:for
584:WWVH
582:and
573:WWVB
563:and
324:maps
310:The
267:WWII
243:Rome
203:The
173:and
92:GNSS
3573:Day
2699:era
2689:eon
2679:age
2058:TAI
2048:UTC
1945:Y3S
1930:OMA
1920:NAA
1915:HBG
1910:BSF
1838:UHF
1830:VHF
1810:WWV
1805:RWM
1790:HLA
1780:CHU
1775:BPM
1742:RTZ
1737:RBU
1732:JJY
1717:BSF
1712:BPL
1707:BPC
1197:199
886:VBI
816:DAB
797:VNG
746:KSL
724:KNX
719:CBS
691:in
651:BBC
617:not
605:WWV
580:WWV
529:in
383:.
350:in
241:In
222:in
181:in
141:In
36:by
3703::
3017:ΔT
3012:UT
2644:–
2640:–
2053:UT
1834:FM
1645:}}
1641:{{
1621:.
1596:.
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1132:^
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1086:^
1064:.
1038:.
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818:,
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628:LF
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200:.
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44:A
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1979:e
1972:t
1965:v
1836:/
1832:/
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1612:.
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